# Y.Y.

> District Court, D. New Jersey · June 25, 2026

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11366175

## Case

- **Full name:** Y.Y., et. al v. NORTH ARLINGTON BOARD OF EDUCATION, et. al.
- **Court:** District Court, D. New Jersey
- **Decided:** June 25, 2026
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

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## Opinion text

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF NEW JERSEY

Y.Y., et. al,
Civil Action No. 17-7224 (MCA) (MAH)
Plaintiffs,

v.

NORTH ARLINGTON BOARD OF OPINION
EDUCATION, et. al.,

Defendants.

I. INTRODUCTION
Presently before the Court is the motion of Plaintiff Y.Y. to substitute the Estate of
Wallace Patrick Beaton, with Y.Y. as its executor, in place of deceased Plaintiff Wallace Patrick
Beaton, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 25(a)(1). Mot. for Substitution, D.E. 82, at
2. Y.Y. is W.B.’s wife and a pro se plaintiff in this action. The Court has received no opposition
to the motion. The Court has considered Plaintiff’s submission without oral argument. Fed. R.
Civ. P. 78; Local Civ. R. 78.1. For the reasons set forth below, Y.Y.’s motion is DENIED.
II. BACKGROUND
This Opinion assumes familiarity with the extended facts and procedural history of this
case. However, a summary of the facts and procedural history necessary for the resolution of the
instant motion follows.
a. Factual Background and Procedural History
The minor children of Y.Y. and W.B. (“D.Y.” and “W.Y.”) attended school in North
Arlington until September 23, 2015, when the Defendants removed D.Y. from the school system.
Pls.’ Mem. of Law in Opp’n to Summ. J., Apr. 10, 2026, D.E. 77, at 4. Following D.Y.’s
removal, Y.Y. initiated proceedings before the New Jersey Office for Administrative Law
(“NJOAL”), and eventually appealed to the New Jersey Superior Court, Appellate Division. Id.
On September 15, 2017, Plaintiffs commenced this action against Defendants. Compl., Sept. 15,
2017, D.E. 1. Plaintiffs allege that Defendants conspired to create a pattern of unconstitutional

and unlawful conduct during both their investigation of Plaintiffs’ domicile in North Arlington
for the purposes of school residency and the litigation itself.1 Id. at 4-5; Pls.’ Mem. of Law in
Opp’n to Summ. J., Apr. 10, 2026, D.E. 77, at 4.
The Court stayed the Plaintiffs’ action here on May 24, 2018 while the ALJ and state
court proceedings progressed. Order, D.E. 38. The Court lifted this stay on May 13, 2025.
Order, D.E. 48. On July 4, 2019, during the stay, W.B. passed away. Mot. for Substitution, D.E.
82, at 2. Following W.B.’s death, the New Jersey Surrogate’s Court of Hudson County appointed
Y.Y. the executor of W.B.’s estate according to W.B.’s Last Will and Testament. Id. As court-
appointed executor of the estate of W.B., Y.Y. claims that she has the legal authority to represent
W.B.’s estate pro se. Id. Accordingly, on April 23, 2026, Y.Y. filed a motion to substitute

pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 25(a) and a Suggestion of Death. Id.

1 Plaintiffs bring claims for a deprivation of their right to due process, illegal search and seizure
under the Fourth Amendment, crime of official deprivation of civil rights, deliberate indifference
to the right to due process, deprivation of a free public education, conspiracy, municipal and
governmental liability, supervisory liability, discrimination, negligent training, a violation of the
New Jersey Civil Rights Act, spoliation of evidence, negligent and intentional infliction of
emotional distress, failure to provide a hearing under N.J.A.C. 6A:22-4.3, fraud, legal fraud,
malicious act, common law negligence, official misconduct, conspiracy in violation of N.J.S.A.
2C:5-2, trespass, theft, perjury, receiving stolen property, harassment, criminal mischief, and bias
intimidation. Compl. D.E. 1.
III. DISCUSSION
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 25(a) governs motions for substitution upon suggestion
of death. See Stromberg v. Midland Funding, LLC, No. 16-9288, 2026 WL 949014, at *2 (D.N.J.
Apr. 8, 2026). Rule 25(a) states, in pertinent part, that:

If a party dies and the claim is not extinguished, the court may order
substitution of the proper party. A motion for substitution may be
made by any party or by the decedent’s successor or representative.
If the motion is not made within 90 days after service of a statement
noting the death, the action by or against the decedent must be
dismissed.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 25(a). A court considering a Rule 25 motion “must consider whether: (1) the
motion is timely; (2) the claims pled are extinguished; and (3) the person being substituted is a
proper party.” Veliz v. Cintas Corp., No. 03-1180, 2008 WL 2811171, at *1 (N.D. Cal. July 17,
2008). The trial court has discretion over whether to grant the motion, although denying such a
motion without cause is rare. McKenna v. Pac. Rail Serv., 32 F.3d 820, 836 (3rd Cir. 1994)
(citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 25(a)); see Saylor v. Bastedo, 623 F.2d 230, 237 (2d Cir. 1980) (noting that
“it is difficult to imagine a case where discretion might properly be exercised to deny a motion to
substitute for a deceased plaintiff made within the rule’s time limits”); see also In re Baycol
Prods. Litig., 616 F.3d 778, 783 (8th Cir. 2010) (explaining that “the Advisory Committee on the
1963 amendments to [Rule] 25 intended that motions to substitute be freely granted”).
Under 28 U.S.C. § 1654, “the parties may plead and conduct their own cases personally
or by counsel” when in federal courts. Section 1654 expressly allows non-attorney litigants to
represent themselves. However, the Third Circuit has consistently held that non-attorneys are
barred from representing other parties and their interests. Murray ex rel. Purnell v. City of
Phila., 901 F.3d 169, 171 (3d Cir. 2018) (If an estate has “one or more beneficiaries besides the
administrator . . . . [t]he interests of other parties, such as beneficiaries, may not be represented
by a non-attorney administrator of an estate.”); see also Doncheva v. Citizens Bank of Pa., 820 F.
App’x 133, 135 (3d Cir. 2020) (holding that non-attorney administrators cannot represent estates
that have other beneficiaries because the interests of other parties are at stake).
The limitations governing pro se representation in federal court are clear. “[A] judicial

person cannot proceed in a legal matter pro se.” Wilson v. Correct Care Sol., No. 12-1543, 2017
WL 4769119, at *3 (D.N.J. Sept. 20, 2017) (citing Est. of Casimir v. New Jersey, No. 09-4004,
2009 WL 2778392, at *3 (D.N.J. Aug. 31, 2009)). An estate qualifies as a judicial person and
therefore must be represented by an attorney. Wilson, 2017 WL 4769119, at *3. Because Y.Y. is
not an attorney, allowing her to represent W.B.’s estate would typically contradict established
case law. Id.; see, e.g., Rowland v. Cal. Men’s Colony, 506 U.S. 194, 202, 113 S. Ct. 716, 121
L.Ed.2d 656 (1993) (recognizing that corporations and other judicial persons must be represented
by counsel and that “save in a few aberrant cases, the lower courts have uniformly held that 28
U.S.C. § 1654 ... does not allow corporations, partnerships or associations to appear in federal
court otherwise through a licensed attorney” (footnote omitted)); Simon v. Hartford Life, Inc.,

546 F.3d 661, 667 (9th Cir. 2008) (holding that a non-lawyer could not litigate pro se on behalf
of an ERISA plan).
However, under certain rare circumstances, a person can successfully move to substitute
themselves to represent a decedent-plaintiff’s estate pro se. To prevail, a pro se plaintiff seeking
to take the place of the estate must show “that the estate has no other beneficiaries or creditors.”
Laibow v. Menashe, No. 19-4549, 2019 WL 6243368, at *12 (D.N.J. Nov. 11, 2019); see Wilson,
2017 WL 4769119, at *3 (denying the plaintiff’s motion for substitution because she failed to
demonstrate “that she is the sole beneficiary of the estate and that there are no creditors to the
estate”); Ferguson v. Warden Schuylkill FCI, 647 F. App’x 70, 71 (3d Cir. 2016) (holding that the
plaintiff could not represent the estate pro se because he failed to allege that he was the sole
beneficiary). The purpose of this rule is to protect the rights of the estate’s beneficiaries or
creditors. Laibow, 2019 WL 6243368, at *12.
The Court must determine whether Y.Y., as a non-attorney and executor of the estate of

W.B., would be representing her “own” case if substituted as the plaintiff on behalf of W.B.’s
estate. Y.Y. claims that she is the court-appointed executor of W.B.’s estate and its sole
beneficiary with identical claims to the estate. Id. at 3-4. Given these circumstances, Y.Y.
alleges that she qualifies her for an “exception” established by Iannaccone v. Law, 142 F.3d 553,
558 (2d Cir. 1998), which would allow a pro se plaintiff to represent estates. Id. Furthermore,
Y.Y. asserts that requiring her to retain separate counsel would cause her severe financial
burdens. Id. at 4. Thus, Y.Y. argues that the interests of justice and judicial resources should
permit her to represent the estate. Id.
Y.Y’s arguments are unpersuasive for two reasons. First, it is clear on the record before
the Court that Y.Y. was named the executor of W.B.’s estate. Y.Y. has submitted the Letters

Testamentary naming her as such. See Letters Testamentary, D.E. 82-2. But while Y.Y. claims
that she is the sole beneficiary, she lacks a factual basis for this assertion. Id. at 2-4. For
example, she fails to provide a copy of W.B.’s Will or some other document demonstrating that
she is the sole beneficiary. In fact, Y.Y. brings the instant action on behalf of her and W.B.’s
children. Yet, Y.Y. is silent on whether the children are also beneficiaries with interests in W.B.’s
estate. If they are, then Y.Y. would be prohibited from representing W.B.’s estate, even though
she is the named executor and a likely beneficiary. Ferguson, 647 F. App’x at 71. Similarly, Y.Y.
completely fails to address whether there are creditors of the estate. Thus, on the facts before it,
the Court cannot determine that Y.Y. is the sole beneficiary and there are no creditors of the
estate.
Second, Y.Y.’s sole reliance on Iannaccone fails. Y.Y. claims that, as a pro se plaintiff,
she can represent an estate when she is “the court-appointed personal representative and sole

beneficiary of the estate, and where the estate’s claims are identical to and derivative of the
plaintiff’s own claims.” Mot. for Substitution, D.E. 82, at 3-4. Although Iannaccone provides
support for Y.Y.’s assertion by discussing the possibility and conditions for pro se representation
of an estate, Iannaccone alone does not save Y.Y.’s argument. See Iannaccone 142 F.3d at 559
(“[A] representative of an estate may not proceed pro se in an action by the estate where the
estate has beneficiaries or creditors other than the representative.”). As noted above, Y.Y. fails to
demonstrate that she is the sole beneficiary of W.B.’s estate or that there are no creditors of the
estate. Thus, even if Iannaccone supports Y.Y.’s assertion, she still lacks the factual basis to
successfully prevail. Because Y.Y. fails to establish the requisite factual basis, Iannaccone is
irrelevant to the analysis, and the Court need not reach the pro se estate representation

“exception.” Accordingly, the Court concludes that Y.Y. cannot represent the estate pro se and
her motion for substitution must be denied.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, the motion to substitute is denied. The Court shall issue
an accompanying Order.

/s/ Michael A. Hammer_________
United States Magistrate Judge
Date: June 25, 2026

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11366175. Public record. Not legal advice.