# Croney

> District Court, N.D. New York · February 17, 2026

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11305128

## Case

- **Full name:** Norman Croney v. D. Russell, D. Myatt
- **Court:** District Court, N.D. New York
- **Decided:** February 17, 2026
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

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## Opinion text

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK

NORMAN CRONEY,
Plaintiff, No. 9:23-CV-01188
V. (DNH/PJE)
D. RUSSELL, D. MYATT,

Defendants.

APPEARANCES: OF COUNSEL:
Norman Croney
16-A-0510
P.O. Box 618
Auburn, New York 13021
4| Plaintiff pro se
NYS Office of the Attorney General CHI-HSIN E. ENGELHART, ESQ.
State Capitol
Albany, New York 12224
Attorneys for defendants
PAUL J. EVANGELISTA
U.S. MAGISTRATE JUDGE
REPORT-RECOMMENDATION AND ORDER’
Plaintiff pro se Norman Croney, who, at all relevant times, was incarcerated at
Clinton Correctional Facility and Marcy Correctional Facility, commenced this action on
September 18, 2023. See Dkt. No. 1 (“Compl.”). Presently before the undersigned is
defendant Devyn Russell and defendant David Myatt’s Motion for Summary Judgment

matter was referred to the undersigned for Report-Recommendation and Order pursuant to 28
U.S.C. § 636(b) and N.D.N.Y. L.R. 72.3(c).

pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (“Fed. R. Civ. P.”) 56. Plaintiff opposed.
See Dkt. No. 60. Defendants replied. See Dkt. No. 61. For the reasons that follow, it is
recommended that defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment be denied.
Il. Legal Standards
A. Summary Judgment
Fed. R. Civ. P. 56 instructs courts to grant summary judgment if “there is no
genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law.” FED. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A fact is “material” if it “might affect the outcome of
the suit under the governing law,” and a dispute is “genuine” if “the evidence is such that
a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson v. Liberty
Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). Thus, while “[f]actual disputes that are irrelevant

Or Unnecessary” will not preclude summary judgment, summary judgment cannot be
granted if “the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the
nonmoving party.” /d.; see also Taggart v. Time, Inc., 924 F.2d 43, 46 (2d Cir. 1991)
(“Only when no reasonable trier of fact could find in favor of the nonmoving party should
summary judgment be granted.”). The party seeking summary judgment bears the
burden of informing a court of the basis for its motion and identifying those portions of

the record that the moving party claims will demonstrate the absence of a genuine
dispute of material fact. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986).
After the moving party has met its initial burden, the nonmoving party “must do
more than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts”
to defeat summary judgment. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475
U.S. 574, 586 (1986). The nonmoving party may not rely on “mere conclusory

allegations, speculation, or conjecture,” Fischer v. Forrest, 968 F.3d 216, 221 (2d Cir.
2020), and must present more than a mere “scintilla of evidence” to support its claims,
Anderson, 477 U.S. at 252. At the same time, a court must resolve all ambiguities and
draw all inferences in favor of the nonmoving party. See Reeves v. Sanderson
Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S 133, 150 (2000). The Court “may not make any
credibility determinations or weigh the evidence.” /d. Thus, a court's duty in reviewing a
motion for summary judgment is “carefully limited to discerning whether there are any
genuine issues of material fact to be tried, not to deciding them.” Gallo v. Prudential
Residential Servs., Ltd. P’ship, 22 F.3d 1219, 1224 (2d Cir. 1994).
Where, as here, a plaintiff proceeds pro se, the court must grant him “special
solicitude,” construe his submissions “liberally,” and read such submissions “to raise the

_,| strongest arguments that they suggest.” Triestman v. Fed. Bureau of Prisons, 470 F.3d
471, 477 (2d Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks omitted) (citing Ruotolo v. LR.S., 28
F.3d 6, 8 (2d Cir. 1994)). This is because “a pro se litigant generally lacks both legal
training and experience and, accordingly, is likely to forfeit important rights through
inadvertence if [ ] not afforded some degree of protection.” Tracy v. Freshwater, 623
F.3d 90, 101 (2d Cir. 2010) (citing Triestman, 470 F.3d at 475). However, the Second

mi| Circuit has cautioned district courts that they “cannot read into pro se submissions
claims that are not consistent with the pro se litigant’s allegations or arguments that the
submissions themselves do not suggest.” Triestman, 470 F.3d at 477 (citations
omitted). Further, the “special solicitude” standard does not excuse “frivolous or
vexatious filings by pro se litigants,” nor does it “exempt a party from compliance with
relevant rules of procedural and substantive law.” /d.

B. N.D.N.Y. Local Rule 56.1
N.D.N.Y. Local Rule 56.1 requires a party moving for summary judgment to file
and serve a Statement of Material Facts “set[ting] forth, in numbered paragraphs, a
short and concise statement of each material fact about which the moving party
contends there exists no genuine issue.” N.D.N.Y. L.R. 56.1(a). Where the opposing
party is incarcerated and proceeding pro se, the moving party is required to notify the
opposing party of the possible consequences of failing to respond to the motion. See
Champion v. Artuz, 76 F.3d 483, 486 (2d. Cir. 1996). The opposing party must then file
a statement “admitting and/or denying each of the movant’s assertions in matching
numbered paragraphs.” N.D.N.Y. L.R. 56.1(b). Each fact listed in the parties’
statements must “set forth a specific citation to the record where the fact is established.”

fd.
Where a pro se litigant fails to respond to the movant’s statement of material
facts, and the pro se litigant has been notified of the possible consequences for failing
to respond, the movant’s facts may be deemed true to the extent that they are
supported by evidence in the record. See N.D.N.Y. L.R. 56.1(b) (“The court shall deem
admitted any properly supported facts set forth in the Statement of Material Facts that

m| the opposing party does not specifically controvert.”). “Similarly, in this District, where a
non-movant has willfully failed to respond to a movant’s properly filed and facially
meritorious memorandum of law, the non-movant is deemed to have ‘consented’ to the
legal arguments contained in that memorandum under Local Rule 56.1(b).” Sullivan v.
Snider, 8:19-CV-0129 (GTS/DJS), 2021 WL 1294595, at *10 (N.D.N.Y. Apr. 7, 2021).?

2 Except where otherwise noted, plaintiff has been provided copies of unpublished cases cited within this
Report-Recommendation & Order.

“Stated another way, when a non-movant fails to oppose a legal argument asserted by a
movant, the movant may succeed on the argument by showing that the argument
possess [sic] facial merit, which has appropriately been characterized as a ‘modest’
burden.” /d. at 10 (citing N.D.N.Y. L.R. 7.1(a)(3); then citing Rusyniak v. Gensini, No.
07-CV-0279 (GTS/GHL), 2009 WL 3672105, at *1, n.1 (N.D.N.Y. Oct 30, 2009)
(collecting cases); and then citing Este-Green v. Astrue, No. 09-CV-0722 (GTS/GHL),
2009 WL 2473509, at *2 & n.3 (N.D.N.Y. Aug. 7, 2009) (collecting cases)).
However, failure to respond to a motion for summary judgment “does not, of
course, mean that the motion is to be granted automatically.” Champion, 76 F.3d at
486. The Court must assure itself of the movant’s entitlement to summary judgment,
regardless of whether the non-movant responded to the motion. See, e.g., GlobalRock

_,| Networks, Inc. v. MCI Commc’ns Servs., Inc., 943 F. Supp. 2d 320, 329 (N.D.N.Y. May
6, 2013) (“Where the non-movant either does not respond to the motion or fails to
dispute the movant’s statement of material facts, the court may not rely solely on the
moving party’s Rule 56.1 statement; rather, the court must be satisfied that the citations
to evidence in the record support the movant’s assertions.”).
Ill. Facts

A. Noncompliance: N.D.N.Y. Local Rule 56.1
Plaintiff has failed to comply with Local Rule 56.1, as his motion for summary
judgment does not contain a Statement of Material Facts or cite to specific portions of
the record which establish his factual assertions. See Dkt. No. 60.
The Local Rule provides: “[flailure of the moving party to submit an accurate and
complete Statement of Material Facts shall result in a denial of the motion.” N.D.NLY.
L.R. 56.1. “This failure constitutes an independent basis on which the Court could deny

Plaintiff's motion. Although Plaintiff is a pro se litigant and the Court will ‘make
reasonable allowances to protect [him] from inadvertent forfeiture of important rights
because of [his] lack of legal training,’ Caidor v. Onondaga County, 517 F.3d 601, 605
(2d Cir. 2008) (citation omitted), his pro se status does not relieve him of the
“requirement to follow the procedural formalities of Local Rule [56.1(a)],” McZorn v.
"| Endicott Police Dep't, No. 06-cv-33, 2008 WL 163581, at *2 (N.D.N.Y. Jan. 16, 2008).
As plaintiff has been previously cautioned in this action, “[t]he Local Rules are not empty
formalities . . . [they] serve to notify the parties of the factual support for their opponent's
arguments . .. Aparty's failure to comply with these rules is fundamentally unfair to the
opposing party.” Croney v. Russell, No. 9:23-CV-1188 (DNH/PJE), 2025 WL 1089520,
at *3 (N.D.N.Y. Feb. 25, 2025), report and recommendation adopted, No. 9:23-CV-1188,

_,| 2025 WL 854718 (N.D.N.Y. Mar. 19, 2025)8 (citation omitted).
Here, although plaintiff filed opposition to defendants’ motion for summary
judgment, his four-page opposition, consisting of a two-page declaration and two pages
of exhibits, does not set forth a statement of material facts nor does it respond to
defendants’ statement of material facts by “admitting and/or denying each of the
movant’s assertions in matching numbered paragraphs.” N.D.N.Y. L.R. 56.1(b); see

mi| No. 60. Plaintiff's opposition is a rehashing of his complaint. See Dkt. No. 60.
Moreover, in his opposition, plaintiff does not point to evidence in the record to support
any of the claims in his opposition. See N.D.N.Y. L.R. 56.1(b).4

3 See Dkt. No. 50. The undersigned has not included a copy of this decision as plaintiff was served with
a copy when the Court decided his motion for summary judgment.
4 The Court provided plaintiff notice of his response deadline and of the consequences of failing to
respond. See Dkt. No. 57. That notification stated that, for a response to the motion for summary
judgment to be considered “proper,” it must include:
(1) A response to the defendants’ statement of material facts that admits and/or denies
each of the defendants’ assertions in matching numbered paragraphs, and that supports

“Because Plaintiff did not comply with Local Rule 56.1(b), the facts set forth in
Defendanit[Js[’] Rule 56.1 Statement of Material Facts that are supported by record
evidence and are uncontroverted by nonconclusory allegations in Plaintiff's verified
complaint and sworn opposition submission will be accepted as true.” Shabazz v.
Bailey, No. 9:20-CV-00057 (LEK/TWD), 2023 WL 5779533, at *4 (N.D.N.Y. June 28,
2023), report and recommendation adopted, No. 9:20-CV-57 (LEK/TWD), 2023 WL
5622049 (N.D.N.Y. Aug. 31, 2023), aff'd, No. 23-7252, 2025 WL 272602 (2d Cir. Jan.
23, 2025)(citing, inter alia, McAllister v. Call, No. 9:10-CV-610 (FJS/CFH), 2014 WL
5475293, at *3 (N.D.N.Y. Oct. 29, 2014) (finding allegations in the plaintiff's verified
complaint sufficient to controvert facts in statement of material facts on motion for
summary judgment); White v. Mielnicki, No. 9:21-CV-0791 (AMN/TWD), 2025 WL

_,| 2933212, at *4 (N.D.N.Y. Aug. 27, 2025), report and recommendation adopted, 2025 WL
2775921 (Sep. 30, 2025) (quoting McCallister v. Call, No. 9:10-CV-610 (FJS/CFH), 2014
WL 5475293, at *3 (N.D.N.Y. Oct. 29, 2014) (“As such, balancing plaintiff's insufficient
response with his pro se status, the Court will “accept as true” “the facts set forth in

each denial with citations to record evidence; (2) Copies of all record evidence that you
cite in your response to the defendants’ statement of material fact; and (3) A response
memorandum of law . . . that responds to each of the legal arguments contained in the
defendants’ memorandum of law, and that contains any additional legal arguments you
may have in response to the defendants’ motion for summary judgment.
Id. at 2. The notification further alerted plaintiff:
WARNING: if you do not submit a proper response to the defendants’ statement of material
facts, the Court may deem you to have admitted the defendants’ factual statements. If you
do not submit copies of record evidence in support of your denials, the Court may deem
defendants’ factual statements to be true. If you do not submit a proper response
memorandum of law, the Court may deem you to have conceded the defendants’
arguments. If you do not respond to this motion properly (or at all), summary judgment
may be entered against you, meaning that SOME OR ALL OF YOUR CLAIMS MAY BE
DISMISSED.
Id.

defendant's Rule 56.1 statement of material facts to the extent such facts are supported
by record evidence and uncontroverted by nonconclusory allegations in plaintiff's
verified complaint . . . [.]”)). The Court will also review the record for “any genuine
disputes of material fact [which would] preclud[e] summary judgment.” Cade v. Hart,
No. 9:22-CV-00751 (ECC/PJE), 2025 WL 2324129, at *4 (citing Holtz v. Rockerfeller &
Co., 258 F.3d 62, 73 (2d Cir. 2001), abrogated on other grounds by Gross v. FBI Fin.
Sves., Inc., 557 U.S. 167 (2009)).
B. Facts®
Plaintiff was incarcerated at Clinton Correctional Facility from February 28, 2023,
to March 21, 2023. See Dkt. No. 55-34 at 3 (citing Dkt. No. 55-13). He was transferred
to Marcy Correctional Facility on March 21, 2023, where he remained in the Marcy
_,|R.M.H.U. until April 30, 2024. See id.; Dkt. No. 55-13 at 4. Defendants, citing plaintiff's
complaint, provide that on March 20, 2023, plaintiff's property was packed into three
draft bags. See Dkt. No. 55-34 at 3 (citing Compl. at 4). Plaintiff contended that on that
same day, he received mail from “multiple lawyers.” /d. (quoting Compl. at 4). On
March 21, 2023, “as Plaintiff was being brought from his cell to be processed for the
transfer, Plaintiff became agitated and demanded the above-mentioned unpacked mail

m| be handled differently.” /d. Myatt told plaintiff that “another officer will put it in a bag and
carry it onto the bus and instructed Plaintiff to tell the officers processing his transfer
about the unpacked mail.” /d. at 3-4.

© AAs the undersigned has decided this motion on the issue of exhaustion, the facts section contains only
those facts and allegations needed to provide a background to plaintiff's allegations underlying the
complaint.

Plaintiff arrived in the draft room, set in the gymnasium area, and informed
defendant Russell about his unpacked mail. See Dkt. No. 55-34 at 4 (citing Compl. at 5,
Dkt. No. 55-2 at 38). Officer Russell took the mail out of the bag it was in to inspect it
for contraband and put it into a different paper bag, without reading the papers. See id.
at 4. Russell told plaintiff the papers would travel with an officer on the bus. See jd.
(citing Dkt. No. 55-2 at 33, 72-73). Plaintiff became agitated and aggressive. See id.
(citing Dkt. No. 55-2 at 33, 73). Plaintiff expressed that his mail should be treated like
“regular property.” /d. Defendants assert that while removing plaintiff's restraints to
prepare to strip frisk him, plaintiff punched Russell “about” his mouth several times and
bit Russell's finger, and Russell and other officers had to exercise reasonable force to
subdue plaintiff and reapply the restraints. Dkt. No. 55-28 at J] 8-10.

Defendants provide that plaintiff was then brought to the facility hospital where he
was strip frisked in preparation for his transfer. See Dkt. No. 55-35 at 5. The strip frisk
recovered contraband, a lighter, from plaintiff's sock. See id. (quoting Dkt. No. 55-24 at
Defendants provide that plaintiff reported no injuries and sought no follow-up care.
See Dkt. No. 55-4 at 5; Dkt. No. 55-2 at 53.
By contrast, plaintiff contends that when he expressed his opinion to Russell that

mi| his mail should be treated “like regular property,” Russell told plaintiff to shut up, choked
him, and repeatedly punched plaintiff in the face. Dkt. No. 55-34 at 4. Then multiple
officers began punching plaintiff “everywhere.” /d. Plaintiff asserts that he did not
comply with direct orders to put his hands behind his back because he was trying to
block the attack. See id. Plaintiff contends that he did not punch or put his hands on
any of the officers. See Dkt. No. 55-2 at 37, 40, 48.

Plaintiff asserts that, while he was handcuffed at the facility hospital, Myatt
“started throwing multiple punches’ to plaintiff's face and ribs and put a plastic bag over
plaintiff's face while assaulting him. See Dkt. No. 60 at 2. Plaintiff avers that he did not
report any injury to the facility nurse on that day because Myatt threatened his life if he
reported any injuries. See Dkt. No. 55-2 at 50-51. Plaintiff contends that he never
"| received his legal mail that was placed in the separate bag. See Dkt. No. 60 at 2;
Compl. at 7.
IV. Arguments
Defendants first argue that plaintiff failed to exhaust his administrative remedies
with respect to his excessive force, retaliation, and property claims. See Dkt. No. 55-3
at 9. They argue that “[t]o the extent that Plaintiff's prior filings [submitted in support of

his motion for summary judgment, dkt. no. 37 at 7-9], could be construed as a copy of
any purported grievance . . . neither Marcy IGRC nor COR[C] have any records of this
grievance being filed, much less being appealed.” /d. at 10.6 Defendants contend that
plaintiff's claim at his deposition that he reported the alleged incidents of excessive
force to “the deputy superintendent of mental health,” that is not “the proper party to
address any grievance concerns.” /d. at 11. Finally, defendants argue that plaintiff has

Not argued that administrative remedies were unavailable to him and to the extent
plaintiff's “specul[ation]’ that the mailbox was “not secure” may be why his grievance
was never received, plaintiff testified that he “can’t say anybody intercepted [his]
grievances” and other unrelated grievances plaintiff filed at Marcy and mail plaintiff sent
were received. /d.

Plaintiff did not submit these purported grievances in opposition to defendants’ motion for summary
judgment, but in support of his motion for summary judgment.
10

Defendants next argue that plaintiff's First, Fourth, and Eighth Amendment claims
against Myatt should be dismissed for lack of personal involvement. See Dkt. No. 55-34
at 12. They assert that plaintiff claimed that Myatt was not present during the excessive
force incident. See Dkt. No. 55-34 at 13. As to his allegations of excessive force at the
facility hospital, defendants contend that the video footage, along with Myatt’s testimony,
demonstrates that he was not in the same room as plaintiff. See id. Further,
defendants point out that plaintiff testified that he named Myatt as a defendant because
he was the area supervisor, but he was unable to provide any physical description for
Myatt. See id.
Next, defendants argue that plaintiff's First Amendment retaliation claims against
Myatt and Russell must be dismissed because plaintiff did not engage in protected

_, activity. See Dkt. No. 55-34 at 14. They assert that plaintiff's expression of
dissatisfaction with how his mail was being transported was not protected conduct. See
id. at 16. Further, defendants assert that plaintiff failed to demonstrate a causal
connection between any allegedly-protected activity and the alleged retaliation. See id.
at 17-18.
Defendants contend that plaintiff's Fourth Amendment claim should be dismissed

because there exists no reasonable expectation of privacy in prison and because
plaintiff conceded that defendant Russell did not read his mail but inspected it for
contraband, making the intrusion reasonable. See Dkt. No. 55-34 at 19-20.
Defendants next argue that plaintiff's Eighth Amendment claim against defendant
Russell must be dismissed because his use of force was necessary and de minimis
under the circumstances. See Dkt. No. 55-34 at 20. They argue that the evidence they

11

presented of Russell’s injuries contradicts plaintiff's allegations that he never “physically
assaulted or even touched the involved Corrections Officers.” Dkt. No. 55-34 at 21.
Further, defendants aver, “the record evidence shows that Plaintiff sustained, at most, a
minor abrasion with bruising and swelling about his forehead and welts on his arm for
which he did not require any follow-up medical treatment.” /d. at 23. Defendants also
point out that plaintiff has “change[d] the narrative” on multiple occasions as to when
plaintiff contends “the use of force ceased,” first stating at his disciplinary hearing in
March 2023 that force was used “from the barber shop all the way to medical.” /d. at
25. Once plaintiff's counsel was provided with a copy of the video of the escort which
“definitively disproves that account{[,]” plaintiff “stopped alleging that the force continued
‘all the way to medical” in his “subsequent spontaneous accounts.” /d. As to plaintiff's

“purported grievance paperwork”; complaint; November 19, 2023, statement to the
Office of Special Investigations; and June 2024 Motion for Summary Judgment,
defendants assert that “none of them mention any use of force between him being
handcuffed in the draft room and reaching the facility hospital.” /d. Yet, during his
January 2025 deposition, “plaintiff conveniently change (sic) the narrative once again,
this time offering, unprompted, that he was actually assaulted only until the facility
m| Camera began rather than ‘all the way to medical.” /d. Lastly, defendants argue that
they are entitled to qualified immunity on all claims. See Dkt. No. 55-4 at 27-28.
Plaintiff's opposition does not directly address any of the arguments defendants
raise in the motion for summary judgment. See Dkt. No. 60.
In reply, defendants argue that their statement of material facts should be
admitted in its entirety under N.D.N.Y. Local Rule 56.1(b). See Dkt. No. 61 at 3. They

12

argue that their arguments should be deemed conceded because plaintiff did not
respond, or sufficiently respond, to their arguments regarding exhaustion, their personal
involvement arguments regarding Myatt, his Fourth Amendment claim, or their
allegations that plaintiff struck and bit Russell, Russell sustained significant injuries, and
that contraband was recovered on plaintiff's person. See id. at 4-6. Finally, defendants
assert that an evidentiary hearing is not warranted as to the issue of exhaustion
because plaintiff “did not raise any genuine dispute of material facts with respect to his
failure to properly exhaust his administrative remedies prior to commencing this
action[.]’ /d. at 6.
V. Discussion
A. Exhaustion Standards

The Prison Litigation Reform Act (“PLRA”) requires that an incarcerated
individual must exhaust any administrative remedies available to him or her before
bringing an action for claims arising out of his or her incarceration. See Porter v.
Nussle, 534 U.S. 516, 524 (2002); see also Woodford v. Ngo, 548 U.S. 81 (2006). The
exhaustion requirement applies “to all inmate suits about prison life, whether they
involve general circumstances or particular episodes, and whether they allege
m| excessive force or some other wrong.” Porter, 534 U.S. at 532. Further, the exhaustion
requirement applies even where the prisoner seeks relief not available in the
administrative grievance process, such as monetary damages. See id. at 524. To
exhaust administrative remedies, the inmate must complete the full administrative
review process set forth in the rules applicable to the correctional facility in which he or

13

she is incarcerated. See Jones v. Bock, 549 U.S. 199, 218 (2007) (internal citation
omitted).
New York State affords state prison inmates the opportunity to seek redress of
complaints regarding prison conditions through a three-tiered grievance procedure
called the Inmate Grievance Program (“IGP”). See N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs.
(“N.Y.C.R.R.”) tit. 7, §§ 701.1, 701.5. First, the inmate must file a complaint with an
inmate grievance program clerk within twenty-one days of the alleged incident.’ See id.
§ 701.5(a)(1). The inmate is able to request, in writing, an extension to file a grievance
on the basis of “mitigating circumstances” as long as the request is submitted within
forty-five days of the alleged occurrence. 7 N.Y.C.R.R. § 701.6(g)(1)(i)(a). An IGP
representative has sixteen calendar days to informally resolve the issue. See id. §

_,| 701.5(b)(1). If no informal resolution occurs, the IGRC must hold a hearing within
sixteen days of receipt of the grievance and must issue a written decision within two
working days after the conclusion of the hearing. See id. §§ 701.5(b)(2)(i)-(ii)._ If the
determination is unfavorable to the inmate, the inmate may appeal the IGRC’s
determination to the facility Superintendent within seven calendar days of receipt of the
determination. See id. § 701.5(c)(1). Generally, the Superintendent has twenty
calendar days from receipt of the appeal to render a decision. See id. § 701.5(c).
If the Superintendent's determination is unfavorable, the inmate may appeal to
CORC within seven days after receipt of the Superintendent’s determination. See &
N.Y.C.R.R. §§ 701.5(d)(i)-(ii). CORC must “review each appeal, render a decision on
the grievance, and transmit its decision to the facility, with reasons stated, for the

7 “The complaint may only be filed at the facility where the inmate is housed even if it pertains to another
facility.” 7 N.Y.C.R.R. § 701.5(a)(1).
14

[inmate], the grievance clerk, the superintendent, and any direct parties within thirty (30)
calendar days from the time the appeal was received.” /d. § 701.5(d)(3)(ii).
Each step of the IGP process requires that a decision be rendered within a
specified time period. See 7 N.Y.C.R.R. § 701.5. With a harassment grievance,® there
is an expedited schedule. Harassment grievances are still to be filed with the IGP clerk
must forward it to the Superintendent by the close of the business day to determine
whether the complaint is properly considered a harassment claim. If the Superintendent
does not consider it to be a “bona fide harassment claim,” it is returned to the IGRC and
handled like all other grievances. 7 N.Y.C.R.R. § 701.8(c). If the Superintendent
determines it is a “bona fide” harassment issue, an investigation is initiated. /d.; 7
N.Y.C.R.R. § 701.8(d)(1)-(3). The Superintendent “will render a decision on the

_,| grievance’ within twenty-five calendar days of receipt. /d. at § 701.8(f). Should the
Superintendent fail to respond within the twenty-five day time frame, “the [inmate] may
appeal his/her grievance to CORC” by “filing a notice of decision to appeal [] with the
inmate grievance clerk.” /d. at § 701.8(g). If the inmate receives the Superintendent's
response and “wishes to appeal the superintendent's response to CORC, he/she must
file a notice of decision to appeal [] with the inmate grievance clerk within seven

m| Calendar days of receipt of that response.” /d. at § 701.8(h). With both the regular
grievance procedure and the expedited harassment procedure, if there is lack of timely
response, an inmate must appeal “to the next step.” /d. at § 701.6(g)(1)(b)(ii)(2); see
also Eleby v. Smith, No. 9:15-CV-0281 (TJM/DEP), 2017 WL 986123, at *4 (N.D.NLY.

Harassment grievances are based on “employee conduct meant to annoy, intimidate, or harm an inmate.
These grievances go directly to a superintendent.” Dabney v. Pegano, 604 F.App’x 1, 3 (2d Cir. 2015)
(summary order).

15

Jan. 9, 2017), report and recommendation adopted, No. 9:15-CV-00281 (TJM/DEP),
2017 WL 979040 (N.D.N.Y. Mar. 13, 2017); Smith v. Kelly, 985 F. Supp. 2d 275, 281
(N.D.N.Y. 2013) (Suddaby, J.) (“[A]ny failure by the IGRC or the superintendent to timely
respond to a grievance or first-level appeal . .. can—and must—be appealed to the
next level, including CORC, to complete the grievance process.”) (citing 7 N.Y.C.R.R. §
*!701.6(g)).
Although the Supreme Court of the United States has deemed exhaustion
mandatory, the Second Circuit has recognized that “certain caveats apply.” Ruggiero v.
Cty. of Orange, 467 F.3d 170, 175 (2d Cir. 2006) (citation omitted). In Ross v. Blake, the
Supreme Court held in that “[cJourts may not engraft an unwritten ‘special
circumstances’ exception onto the PLRA’s exhaustion requirement.” Ross v. Blake, 578

_,| U.S. 632, 635 (2016). Although Ross eliminated the “special circumstances” exception,
courts must still consider the PLRA's “textual exception to mandatory exhaustion.”
Ross, 879 U.S. at 637. Under this exception, courts must determine whether
administrative remedies were “available” to a prisoner. /d. The Supreme Court
identified three circumstances where administrative remedies may be unavailable to a
prisoner. /d. at 633. First, “an administrative procedure is unavailable when (despite
m| What regulations or guidance materials may promise) it operates as a simple dead end
— with officers unable or consistently unwilling to provide any relief to aggrieved
inmates.” /d. (citing Booth v. Churner, 532 U.S. 731, 736, 738 (2001)). “Next, an
administrative scheme might be so opaque that it becomes, practically speaking,
incapable of use.” /d. Lastly, administrative remedies are unavailable where “prison

16

administrators thwart inmates from taking advantage of a grievance process through
machination, misrepresentation, or intimidation.” /d.
“[T]he defendants have the burden of proving that [the plaintiff's] claim has not
been exhausted[.]” Key v. Toussaint, 660 F. Supp. 2d 518, 523 (S.D.N.Y. 2009)
(citations omitted). A defendant satisfies this burden by “establishing . . . that a
grievance process exists,” and that the plaintiff failed to use the grievance procedure.
Hubbs v. Suffolk Cnty. Sheriff's Dep’t, 788 F.3d 54, 59 (2d Cir. 2015) (citing Mojias v.
Johnson, 351 F.3d 606, 610 (2d Cir. 2003), then citing Snider v. Melindez, 199 F.3d 108,
114 (2d Cir. 1999)). “[O]nce a defendant has produced reliable evidence that such
remedies were generally available, and the plaintiff nevertheless failed to exhaust those
remedies, the plaintiff must then counter the defendant’s proof by showing that, as to
or her, the remedy was unavailable.” Coleman v. Nolan, No. 9:15-CV-40 (ATB),
2018 WL 4732778, at *4 (N.D.N.Y. Oct. 2, 2018) (citing Smith v. Kelly, 985 F. Supp. 2d
275, 284 (N.D.N.Y. 2013). As such, “the burden of production’ may shift to a plaintiff
when a court considers whether the grievance process was unavailable[.]” /d. (citing
Kelly, 985 F.Supp. 2d at 284).
Generally, if it is found that the inmate has not exhausted all available

administrative remedies, his or her case should be dismissed without prejudice unless
the time for permitting administrative remedies has expired. See Standard Inv.
Chartered, Inc. v. Nat'l Ass’n of Sec. Dealers, Inc., 560 F.3d 118, 124 (2d Cir. 2009)
(citation omitted); see Berry v. Kerik, 366 F.3d 85, 87 (2d Cir. 2003) (amended 2004)
(quoting Snider v. Melindez, 199 F.3d 108, 111-12 (2d Cir. 1999)). DOCCS is required
to maintain grievance files for the current calendar year and the previous four calendar

17

years whenever an incarcerated individual appeals a grievance to CORC. See 7
N.Y.C.R.R. § 701.6(k)(3).
B. Did Plaintiff Exhaust his Administrative Remedies?
The undisputed facts demonstrate that plaintiff failed to fully and properly exhaust
his administrative remedies. The record before the Court indicates that Marcy had a
fully-functioning grievance program during the relevant time period, and plaintiff failed to
file any grievances relating to the alleged excessive force incidents or property claims.
Defendants submit a declaration from Rachael Seguin, Director of the Incarcerated
Grievance Program. See Dkt. No. 55-19. Ms. Seguin declared that all incarcerated
persons are instructed on using the grievance process and “advised of’ Directive #4040
during orientation. See id. at 2. Further, she declared that Directive #4040 was

available in every facility’s Law Library and Grievance Office during all relevant times.
See id. Ms. Seguin declared that Marcy had, at all relevant times, a fully functioning
grievance process that was available to incarcerated individuals. See id. at 4. Ms.
Seguin conducted “a diligent search of CORC records for any grievance appeals filed
by Plaintiff relating to Plaintiff's allegations in this action.” /d.; Dkt. No. 55-20. Based on
that search, plaintiff did not appeal any grievances to CORC about the relevant

m| incidents while housed at Marcy. See Dkt. No. 55-19.
Similarly, defendants submitted the declaration of Brayden Hemming, Office
Assistant at Marcy “assisting in Accreditation, Program Committee, Internal Controls,
and the Incarcerated Grievance Program.” Dkt. No. 55-13. Mr. Hemming conducted “a
diligent search of DOCCS records for any grievances filed by Plaintiff relating to
Plaintiff's allegations in this action.” /d. at 4-5. Plaintiff filed four grievances while

18

incarcerated at Marcy, in March and April 2023, unrelated to the incidents underlying
this complaint. See id. at 5; Dkt. Nos. 55-15, 55-16, 55-17. Mr. Hemming indicates that
his search also revealed “that Marcy’s grievance office did not receive any written
correspondence from Plaintiff concerning his allegations in this matter.” /d.9 The search
did not reveal any records showing that
Plaintiff ever followed up with the IGRC Office about a missing grievance
relating to the above allegations. Had Plaintiff done so, the IGRC Office
would have informed him that it did not receive any grievances related to
the above allegations, asked him to resubmit, and worked with him on
getting the grievances filed and/or obtaining extensions to do so.
Id.
Plaintiff does not address exhaustion in his complaint or his opposition to the
Motion for Summary Judgment. In his opposition, he states that he reported the
“misconduct” to the Office of Special Investigation on March 22, 2023, and a “Sgt.” Dkt.
60 at 2. Plaintiff testified at his deposition that he is familiar with the grievance
process and had previously followed all three steps of the grievance process while
housed at a different facility. See Dkt. No. 55-2 at 19-20, 58-59; Dkt. No. 55-2 at 17,
19.'° Plaintiff testified that he filed a grievance regarding the incident while at Marcy
R.M.H.U. See id. at 55. He says he “wrote my name and stuff on the envelope,” but
that at Marcy R.M.H.U. “they don’t have a separate box designated for grievances. And
tt
then the mailbox at the time when | was there was unlocked.” /d. Plaintiff testified, “|
can’t say anybody intercepted my grievances. All | can say is that it was not secure.”

Mr. Hemming provided, for inmates “incarcerated in an RMHU, grievances were collected along with
regular mail and sorted in the mail room to be forwarded to the IGRC Office. Once a grievance arrives at
the IGRC Office, it is designated with a code and grievance number, logged into a logbook, and entered
into the computer. A receipt is then sent to the grievant informing them as such.” Dkt. No. 55-13 at 4.
10 Citations to plaintiff's deposition transcript refer to the pagination of the original document, located at
the top right-hand corner of the page.
19

Id. Plaintiff contends that his grievance was never answered. See jd. at 58. Plaintiff
testified that he reported the lack of response to the “deputy superintendent of mental
health about the grievance because the grievance supervisor was not doing the rounds”
who told him, “you need to go to the next process.” /d. at 59. He testified that he
“appealed all the way to C.O.R.C.” /d. After sixteen days passed with no answer, he
“| “went to the superintendent” “before seven days was up after the grievance sixteen.” /d.
at 60. Plaintiff testified, “after the sixteen days was up, | spoke to the -- deputy
superintendent of mental health” “because it was her time now to handle the grievance.”
ld. The Deputy Superintendent said, “I'll check into it.” /d. Plaintiff stated that he
appealed to CORC by sending a “letter” or “a form that you write out to appeal.” /d.
Here, defendants have demonstrated that plaintiff has not exhausted his

administrative remedies. Whereas plaintiff testified in his deposition that he submitted
his grievance, received no response, and appealed to the Superintendent and then to
CORC, defendants have submitted declarations from the IGRC supervisor and a Marcy
employee who both testified that there existed a fully-functioning grievance program at
Marcy at all relevant times. See Dkt. Nos. 55-13, 55-19. They further testified to
performing a search of their relevant records and finding no evidence that plaintiff filed a

m| grievance about the incidents of March 21, 2023, or appealed to CORC. See generally
Foskey v. Paige, No. 9:20-CV-0504 (LEK/TWD), 2024 WL 2880715, at *7 (N.D.N.Y. Mar.
4, 2024), report and recommendation adopted, No. 9:20-CV-504 (LEK/TWD), 2024 WL
2109150 (N.D.N.Y. May 10, 2024) (“While Plaintiff testified he drafted a response to the
superintendent’s denial of grievance WSH7781-19, signed it, and placed it his SHU cell
door, ... both Washington IGP office and CORC records revealed no appeal was

20

received. Therefore, the Court finds Plaintiff failed to exhaust his administrative
remedies under the DOCCS IGP prior to commencing this action.”); see also Place v.
Vespa, No. 22-CV-6356 CJS-MJP, 2025 WL 3003720, at *8 (W.D.N.Y. Oct. 27, 2025)
(finding the defendants met initial burden of proving failure to exhaust where they
submitted sworn affidavits indicating that the plaintiff “completely failed to utilize the
established DOCCS inmate grievance procedures, since there is no evidence he ever
filed any grievances or appeals concerning the alleged assault” by the defendants).
C. Were Administrative Remedies Available to Plaintiff?
Plaintiff testified in his deposition that some “facilities” are “violating the grievance
process” by not giving incarcerated persons “a separate box designated for grievances.”
Dkt. No. 55-2 at 18. Plaintiff also testified, generally, about the grievance process as he

experienced it during his eleven years of incarceration, stating, “a lot of my grievances
go unanswered,” referring to a grievance regarding attendance at religious services at
an unspecified correctional facility that “has just been fixed” despite not having it fixed
through the grievance procedure. /d. at 19. He testified that of all of the grievances he
has ever filed while incarcerated, he received a response from CORC once. See id. at
22. Specific to Marcy, plaintiff testified that he put his grievance into a mailbox at Marcy
m| R.M.H.U. but that the mailbox was not secure. See jd. He does not assert that his mail
was diverted or that any specific officer was responsible for so diverting. He submitted
copies of the alleged grievance and appeals to this Court along with his Motion for
Summary Judgment. See Dkt. No. 37 at 7-9."

"Plaintiff also submitted a purported copy of a Tier 3 misbehavior hearing appeal. However, the appeal
of a misbehaver report would not serve to exhaust his administrative remedies on a grievance. See DKt.
No. 37 at 10.
21

Courts have held that generalized claims of grievances being lost or destroyed
does not suffice to excuse the exhaustion requirement. See Foskey v. Paige, No. 9:20-
CV-0504 (LEK/TWD), 2024 WL 2880715, at *8 (N.D.N.Y. Mar. 4, 2024), report and
recommendation adopted, No. 9:20-CV-504 (LEK/TWD), 2024 WL 2109150 (N.D.N.Y.
May 10, 2024) (citing cases). However, that does not necessarily end the assessment.
Although plaintiff has not submitted any statement in his complaint or in association with
the pending motion stating that he exhausted his administrative remedies or that they
were unavailable, he did swear under penalty of perjury at his deposition that he filed a
grievance and appealed each nonresponse to the next level and referred to submitting
copies of those grievances with his earlier motion for summary judgment. Cf. Smith v.
Dodge, No. 9:18-CV-01066 (MAD/TWD), 2022 WL 19771697, at *9 (N.D.N.Y. Jan. 19,

_,| 2022), report and recommendation adopted, No. 9:18-CV-01066 (MAD/TWD), 2023 WL
2986826 (N.D.N.Y. Apr. 18, 2023) (citing Hudson v. Kirkey, No. 9:20-CV-0581
(LEK/DJS), 2021 WL 1966721, at *4 (N.D.N.Y. May 17, 2021) (“In applying Williams,
this Court has held that it is sufficient for a plaintiff to “submit [ ] a sworn statement that
he gave his grievance to a correction officer,” and the plaintiff is “not then required to
produce a greater amount of evidence than normally required of a non-movant at the

m| Summary judgment stage.”)). Plaintiff also testified that he asked the Superintendent of
Marcy R.M.H.U. about the status of his grievance. Although this conversation does not
serve to satisfy any exhaustion of any remedies, it does show an attempt to follow up
when his grievance allegedly went unfiled and unanswered.
[T]his Court has granted a defendant’s motion for summary judgment where
the plaintiff testified during a “deposition that he filed a grievance by leaving
a plain envelope addressed to the grievance committee for the mail
personnel to collect,” but did not submit documentary evidence to support

22

the contention and did not verbally follow up with anyone at the prison about
the grievance.
Dodge, 2022 WL 19771697, at *10 (quoting Ozzborn v. Cornell, 9:17-CV-1039
(MAD/ATB), 2021 WL 2227829, at *4-5 (N.D.N.Y. June 2, 2021)); then citing Sankara v.
Montgomery, No. 9:16-CV-00885 (FJS/TWD), 2018 WL 4610686, at *8 (N.D.N.Y. June
25, 2018), report and recommendation adopted, 2018 WL 3408135 (N.D.N.Y. July 13,
2018) (“finding the plaintiff's exhaustion claim insufficient where the plaintiff “provided no
evidence that he actually did write grievances; when they were written; the content of
the grievances . . . the officers named in the grievance(s) . . . ; the specific steps taken
by [the plaintiff] to provide them to an officer to send to the grievance office; and any
specific follow up with the grievance office[.]”’).
Although defendants reference plaintiff's successful use of Marcy’s grievance
system with respect to other, unrelated grievances, plaintiff filed at the same time to
support their argument that administrative remedies must have been available to
plaintiff, the undersigned observes that those grievances do not appear to involve
allegations of assault. Cf. Bradshaw v. Piccolo, 772 F. Supp. 3d 331, 345 (W.D.N.Y.
2025) (rejecting the plaintiff's allegations that prison administrators thwarted his efforts
to file grievances as the plaintiff appealed several other grievances to CORC, including
" several allegations of assault by staff, during the time period of alleged unavailability);
see also Dodge, 2022 WL 19771697, at *10 (N.D.N.Y. Jan. 19, 2022) (rejecting the
defendants’ argument that the plaintiff knew how to use the grievance program and he
filed eight grievances while in the SHU at Great Meadow, made to bolster their
argument that the plaintiff likely did not exhaust the assault complaint in question,
concluding it did “not ring true” that the plaintiff would file grievances about minor issues

23

“but not file a grievance regarding an assault which caused injuries requiring hospital
treatment’). Further, this argument may go to plaintiff's credibility, but it does not
necessarily eliminate a material question of fact about availability given the specific
facts presented here.
Many courts in this Circuit have been hesitant to grant summary judgment for
“| failure to exhaust without first holding an exhaustion hearing when the plaintiff
(1) contends that he submitted his grievance, (2) contends that the grievance went
unanswered and unfiled, (3) contends that he appealed to the Superintendent and
CORC, but received no response, (4) indicated that his mail could have been
intercepted, and (5) submitted copies of purported grievances and appeals, concluding
that availability of administrative remedies hinges on a credibility determination that

_,| cannot be made on summary judgment. See, e.g., Place, 2025 WL 3003720, at *8'2
(noting that although the plaintiff “has not specifically controverted” affidavits the
defendant submitted stating that there was no evidence the plaintiff filed grievances or
appeals about the subject conduct, the court held that there existed a triable issue of
fact due to the plaintiff's sworn deposition testimony that he did attempt to file
grievances but there were availability questions); see also Thaxton v. Simmons, No. 10-

m| CV-1318, 2013 WL 4806457, at *4 (N.D.N.Y. Sept. 9, 2013) (“[A] question of fact exists
as to whether [p]laintiff never filed his initial grievance on April 29, as [djefendants claim,
or that, as [p]laintiff claims, he filed a timely grievance that was lost or tampered with by
[djefendants. Such credibility assessments are to be resolved by a trier of fact.”); see
generally Colson v. Mingo, No. 18 Civ. 2765 (JGLC), 2024 WL 1018582, at *8-9

The undersigned cites this case here as an example of the Court relying on the plaintiff's deposition
testimony to concede that there existed a triable issue of fact as to exhaustion and availability.
24

(S.D.N.Y. Mar. 8, 2024) (denying summary judgment as to whether the plaintiff
exhausted his excessive force by staff claim where the plaintiff asserted he filed a
grievance but the prison argued it never received it). “This is not a case where a
plaintiff provided absolutely no evidence to support his contentions.” Funches v. Miller,
No. 9:20-CV-676 (MAD/CFH), 2023 WL 2864818, at *13 (N.D.N.Y. Jan. 3, 2023), report
"| and recommendation adopted, No. 9:20-CV-00676 (MAD/CFH), 2023 WL 2495832
(N.D.N.Y. Mar. 14, 2023).
Accordingly, it is recommended that defendants’ motion for summary judgment
be denied and that the Court hold an exhaustion hearing. It is recommended that the
denial be with leave to renew following the hearing. “Since the Court is required to draw
reasonable inferences in Plaintiffs favor, the Court must infer that the grievance was

never filed because prison authorities did not file it, not because Plaintiff did not submit
it.” McLean v. LaClair, No. 9:19-CV-1227 (LEK/ATB), 2021 WL 671650, at *8 (N.D.N.Y.
Feb. 22, 2021); Fann v. Graham, No. 15-CV-1339 (DNH/CFH), 2018 WL 1399331, at *6
(N.D.N.Y. Jan. 11, 2018) (“Viewing the facts in the light most favorable to plaintiff, the
record suggests that plaintiff's grievances were submitted, but were unfiled and
unanswered, creating an issue of fact as to whether the grievance process was

available and whether plaintiff attempted to exhaust his administrative remedies[.]’),
report and recommendation adopted, 2018 WL 1399340 (N.D.N.Y. Mar. 19, 2018);
Thaxton, 2013 WL 4806457, at “4 (“[A] question of fact exists as to whether [p]laintiff
never filed his initial grievance on April 29, as [djefendants claim, or that, as [p]laintiff
claims, he filed a timely grievance that was lost or tampered with by [djefendants. Such
credibility assessments are to be resolved by a trier of fact.”); see also Woodward v.

25

Lytle, No. 9:16-CV-1174 (NAM/DEP), 2018 WL 4643036, at *4-5 (N.D.N.Y. Sept. 27,
2018) (finding an issue of fact as to the availability of the grievance process where the
plaintiff drafted and submitted a grievance that was never filed or answered) (collecting
cases).
As to defendants’ arguments on the merits of plaintiff's claims, “[t]he Court need
| not address” them “because summary judgment is being recommended based upon
Plaintiff's failure to exhaust administrative remedies.” Deans v. Green, No. 9:24-CV-
00374 (BKS/TWD), 2025 WL 4081222, at *8 (N.D.N.Y. Dec. 8, 2025), report and
recommendation adopted, No. 9:24-CV-374 (BKS/TWD), 2026 WL 196557 (N.D.N.Y.
Jan. 26, 2026) (citing Donald v. Leonard, No. 9:22-CV-793 (BKS/PJE), 2025 WL
2933340, at *12 (N.D.N.Y. Feb. 25, 2025), report and recommendation adopted, 2025

WL 2582802 (N.D.N.Y. Sept. 8, 2025)).
VI. Conclusion
Wherefore, for the reasons set forth herein, it is hereby
RECOMMENDED, that defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment, dkt. no. 55,
be DENIED, that an exhaustion hearing be held, and that the denial be without
prejudice and with leave to renew following the exhaustion hearing; and it is
tri ORDERED, that the Clerk serve this Report-Recommendation & Order on parties
in accordance with the Local Rules.
Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1), plaintiff has FOURTEEN (14) days within which to
file written objections to the foregoing report. Such objections shall be filed with the
Clerk of the Court. FAILURE TO OBJECT TO THIS REPORT WITHIN FOURTEEN (14)
DAYS WILL PRECLUDE APPELLATE REVIEW. See Roldan v. Racette, 984 F.2d 85,

26

89 (2d Cir. 1993) (citing Small v. Sec’y of Health and Human Servs., 892 F.2d 15 (2d Cir.
1989)); see also 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1); FED. R. Civ. P. 6(a), 72.'5
Dated: February 17, 2026
Albany, New York
fen
Paul J. Evangelista
U.S. Magistrate Judge

"3 If you are proceeding pro se and are served with this Report-Recommendation and Order by mail, three
additional days will be added to the fourteen-day period, meaning that you have seventeen days from the
date the Report-Recommendation and Order was mailed to you to serve and file objections. See FED. R.
Civ. P. 6(d). If the last day of that prescribed period falls on a Saturday, Sunday, or legal federal holiday,
then the deadline is extended until the end of the next day that is not a Saturday, Sunday, or legal federal
holiday. See id. § 6(a)(1)(c).
27

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11305128. Public record. Not legal advice.