# TALBERT

> District Court, W.D. Pennsylvania · March 23, 2026

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11304530

## Case

- **Full name:** Charles Talbert v. Department of Corrections, et al
- **Court:** District Court, W.D. Pennsylvania
- **Decided:** March 23, 2026
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11304530

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- affirming the district court’s decision to dismiss “all of the remaining state and common law claims after awarding summary judgment to [d]efendants on all of the federal claims over which it had original jurisdiction’
- holding that the service, program, or activity element is “at the foundation of ... [a] Title II claim ... [as] a necessary first step to determining whether his claim is cognizable”

## Opinion text

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
ERIE DIVISION

)
CHARLES TALBERT, 1:24-CV-00166-RAL
) RICHARD A. LANZILLO
) Chief United States Magistrate Judge
Plaintiff )
) MEMORANDUM OPINION ON
) PLAINTIFF'S MOTION FOR
V. ) JUDGMENT ON THE PLEADINGS
) [77], DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR
) JUDGMENT ON THE PLEADINGS
DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, ) [83], PLAINTIFF'S MOTION FOR
et al, ) SUMMARY JUDGMENT [91], and
) DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR
) SUMMARY JUDGMENT [103]
Defendants )
)

I. Introduction
Plaintiff Charles Talbert, an inmate formerly in the custody of the
Pennsylvania Department of Corrections (DOC),! initiated this action by filing a pro
se complaint in the Court of Common Pleas of Forest County. ECF No. 1. Defendants
filed a timely Notice of Removal on June 12, 2024. Id. After seeking leave to amend,
Talbert filed his Second Amended Complaint — the currently operative pleading — on
July 8, 2025. ECF No. 70. He asserts federal claims pursuant to the Americans with
Disabilities Act, the Rehabilitation Act, and the Eighth Amendment, as well as state
law claims of assault and battery and civil conspiracy to commit libel. Jd. As

! Plaintiff served his maximum sentence and was released from DOC custody on November 12, 2025.

Defendants, Talbert has identified the DOC, DOC Secretary Laurel Harry, and
corrections officers Lowe, Lesko, Crose, Young, and Keppel. Id.
Talbert and Defendants have filed both cross-motions for judgment on the
pleadings and cross-motions for summary judgment.? See ECF Nos. 77, 83, 91, 103.
Each motion is ripe for adjudication.
IT. Factual Background
According to Talbert, on May 29, 2024, Defendant Crose, “without justification,
and in reckless disregard of Plaintiff being a known asthmatic, ... maliciously and
sadistically deployed the DOC’s strongest OC spray, named Phantom, into Plaintiffs
RHU cell, in grossly large amounts.” ECF No. 70 § 23. As a result, Talbert
experienced breathing difficulties and a burning sensation in his lungs “for a
substantial period of time.” Id. § 25. To cover up his malicious use of spray, Crose
conspired with Lowe, Lesko, Young, and Keppel to “knowingly file a false misconduct
report” alleging that Talbert had refused to obey an order and made threatening
comments to Crose. Id. § 29.
Talbert filed two administrative grievances after the incident. In Grievance
# 1091293, Talbert accused Crose of “maliciously and sadistically spray[ing] OC into
[his] cell, in large amounts, causing [his] breathing to be labored.” ECF No. 105-4.
That grievance was denied on initial review, see id. at p. 6, and Talbert did not appeal.
See ECF No. 105-7 § 16.
Talbert’s second grievance related to the same incident, Grievance # 1091297,

? Because the parties have each submitted cross-motions for summary judgment on a more fully developed record,
their respective motions for judgment on the pleadings will be denied as moot.

alleged that unnamed medical staff failed to provide adequate treatment following
Crose’s use of OC spray. ECF No. 105-5. Although Talbert appealed the denial of
that grievance to final review, he has not sued any of those medical providers in this
action. See ECF No. 70.
Ill. Standard of Review
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(a) requires the court to enter summary
judgment “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material
fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter □□ law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).
Under this standard “the mere existence of some alleged factual dispute between the
parties will not defeat an otherwise properly supported motion for summary
judgment; the requirement is that there be no genuine issue of material fact.”
Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48 (1986). A disputed fact is
“material” if proof of its existence or nonexistence would affect the outcome of the case
under applicable substantive law. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248; Gray v. York
Newspapers, Inc., 957 F.2d 1070, 1078 (8d Cir. 1992). An issue of material fact is
“genuine” if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the
nonmoving party. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 257; Brenner v. Local 514, United Bhd. of
Carpenters and Joiners of Am., 927 F.2d 1283, 1287-88 (8d Cir. 1991).
When determining whether a genuine issue of material fact remains for trial,
the court must view the record and all reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom
in favor of the nonmoving party. Moore v. Tartler, 986 F.2d 682 (8d Cir. 1998);
Clement v. Consol. Rail Corp., 963 F.2d 599, 600 (8d Cir. 1992); White v. Westinghouse

Electric Co., 862 F.2d 56, 59 (8d Cir. 1988). To avoid summary judgment, however,
the nonmoving party may not rest on the unsubstantiated allegations of his or her
pleadings. Instead, once the movant satisfies its burden of identifying evidence that
demonstrates the absence of a genuine issue of material fact, the nonmoving party
must go beyond his pleadings with affidavits, depositions, answers to interrogatories
or other record evidence to demonstrate specific material facts that give rise to a
genuine issue. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 324 (1986).
Further, under Rule 56, a defendant may seek summary judgment by pointing
to the absence of a genuine fact issue on one or more essential claim elements. The
Rule mandates summary judgment if the plaintiff then fails to make a sufficient
showing on each of those elements. When Rule 56 shifts the burden of production to
the nonmoving party, “a complete failure of proof concerning an essential element of
the nonmoving party’s case necessarily renders all other facts immaterial.” Celotex,
477 U.S. at 323. See Harter v. G.A.F. Corp., 967 F.2d 846, 851 (8d Cir. 1992).
Finally, because Plaintiff is proceeding pro se, the court must “apply the
applicable law, irrespective of whether [the] pro se litigant has mentioned it by
name.” Holley v. Dep’t of Veteran’s Affairs, 165 F.3d 244, 247-48 (8d Cir. 1999).
Nevertheless, “a pro se plaintiff is not relieved of his obligation under [Federal Rule
of Civil Procedure] 56 to point to competent evidence in the record that is capable of
refuting a defendant’s motion for summary judgment.” Dawson v. Cook, 238 F. Supp.
3d 712,717 (E.D. Pa. 2017) (citation omitted). In other words, a plaintiffs pro se
status does not relieve him of his “obligation under Rule 56(c) to produce evidence

that raises a genuine issue of material fact.” Jd. (quoting Boykins v. Lucent Techs.,
Inc., 78 F. Supp. 2d 402, 408 (E.D. Pa. 2000)); see also Winfield v. Mazurkiewicz, 2012
WL 4343176, *1 (W.D. Pa. Sept. 21, 2012).
IV. Analysis
1. Excessive force
Talbert maintains that Crose’s deployment of OC spray in a malicious and
sadistic manner amounted to excessive force in violation of the Eighth Amendment.
Defendants seek summary judgment based, among other things, on Talbert’s failure
to properly exhaust his administrative remedies before initiating this lawsuit.
Because exhaustion is a “prerequisite to an inmate bringing suit,” it is a “threshold
issue that courts must address to determine whether litigation is being conducted in
the right forum at the right time.” Rinaldi v. United States, 904 F.3d 257, 265 (8d
Cir. 2018) (quoting source omitted).
In broad brush, the Prison Litigation Reform Act of 1995, 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a)
(the “PLRA”), requires a prisoner to exhaust any available administrative remedies
before he may bring an action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 challenging the conditions
of his confinement. 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a). This exhaustion requirement applies to all
claims relating to prison life that do not implicate the duration of the prisoner's
sentence. Porter v. Nussle, 534 U.S. 516, 532 (2002). Failure to exhaust
administrative remedies under the PLRA is an affirmative defense that defendants
must plead and prove. Ray v. Kertes, 285 F.3d 287, 295 (3d Cir. 2002).

The grievance system utilized in Pennsylvania’s prison system requires
inmates to satisfy a three-step grievance and appeals process. First, “within 15
working days after the event upon which the claim is based,” the prisoner must
submit a written grievance for review by the Facility Grievance Coordinator (““FGC”)
using the appropriate form. DC-ADM 804, § 1.4.8. See also Lewis v. Sutherland,
2024 WL 6957719, at *5 (W.D. Pa. Oct. 18, 2024). The FGC must provide an initial
review response to the grievance to the inmate “within 15 working days from the date
the grievance was entered into the Automated Inmate Grievance Tracking System.”
DC-ADM 804 at § 1.C.5.g. Second, “if the FGC has rejected the grievance or the
inmate is otherwise dissatisfied with the initial review response,” the inmate may
appeal to the prison’s Facility Manager “within 15 working days from the date” the
inmate receives “the initial review response/rejection.” Lewis, 2024 WL 6957719, at
*5; DC-ADM 804 at § 2.A.1.a, b. The Facility Manager must then notify the inmate
in writing “of his/her decision within 15 working days of receiving the appeal.” Jd. at
§ 2.A.2.d. Finally, “[a]ny inmate who is dissatisfied with the disposition of an appeal
from the [Facility Manager]” may appeal to the Secretarys Office of Inmate
Grievances and Appeals ““SOIGA”) “within 15 working days from the date of the
[Facility Manager’s] decision.” Jd. at § 2.B.1.b. Once these three steps have been
satisfied, a grievance has ordinarily been administratively exhausted for purposes of
the PLRA.
In support of their PLRA exhaustion affirmative defense, Defendants have
submitted Talbert’s complete grievance history and a declaration from Michael Bell,

a SOIGA records custodian. See ECF No. 105-3; 105-7. Bell explains that, as a
SOIGA officer, he has access to all inmate records regarding grievances. ECF No.
105-7 § 12. He explains that he has reviewed the pertinent DOC records for inmate
Talbert and, based on that review, attests that Talbert never appealed Grievance #
1091293 to SOIGA for final review. See id. {{ 15-16. Bell further attests that the
only other grievance filed by Talbert in relation to the OC spray incident alleged
medical abuse on the part of unnamed medical staff, none of whom are defendants in
this action. Id. { 17.
Based on these submissions, Defendants have met their threshold burden of
demonstrating through record evidence that Talbert did not administratively exhaust
his excessive force claim against Crose. Talbert has offered no evidence to support a
contrary finding. Therefore, no genuine dispute exists regarding Talbert’s failure to
exhaust his administrative remedies as to his excessive force claim against Crose.
Talbert does not dispute this failure. Instead, he claims in his summary
judgment response that he “did not receive or otherwise have the ability to respond
[to the denial of Grievance # 1091293] due to him being transferred to SCI Fayette
and not receiving the initial grievance response.” ECF No. 110 at p. 3. The United
States Supreme Court has identified “three kinds of circumstances in which an
administrative remedy, although officially on the books, is not capable of use to obtain
relief.” Ross v. Blake, 578 U.S. 632, 643 (2016). First, an administrative procedure is
not available “when (despite what regulations or guidance materials may promise) it
operates as a simple dead end—with officers unable or consistently unwilling to

provide any relief to aggrieved inmates.” Jd. Second, a procedure is not available
when it is “so opaque that it becomes, practically speaking, incapable of use.” Id. at
643-44. Finally, a procedure is unavailable when “prison administrators thwart
inmates from taking advantage of a grievance process through machination,
misinterpretation, or intimidation.” Id. at 644.
To the extent that Talbert is challenging the availability of the administrative
process, he has provided no factual record to support his claim that the DOC failed to
provide him with the initial review denial. “Once the defendant has established that
the inmate failed to resort to administrative remedies, the onus falls on the inmate
to show that such remedies were unavailable to him.” Kendrick v. CO Hann, 2021
WL 2914986, at *5 (M.D. Pa. July 12, 2021) (citing Rinaldi v. United States, 904 F.3d
257, 268 (3d Cir. 2018)). Talbert’s unsupported statement in a legal brief that he
never received that document is insufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact
on an issue concerning which he bears the ultimate burden of proof.3 See Childers v.
Joseph, 842 F.2d 689, 694-95 (3d Cir. 1988) (“If the moving party has satisfied its
initial burden, the nonmoving party must, in their opposition to the motion, identify
evidence of record that creates a genuine issue of material fact.”); Player v. Motiva
Enterprises, LLC, 240 Fed. Appx. 513, 522 n. 4 (8d Cir. 2007) (“Where the party
opposing a motion for summary judgment bears the ultimate burden of proof, the
moving party may discharge its initial burden of showing that there is no genuine

2 While Talbert also denies receiving that document in his Responsive Concise Statement, he does not cite any
evidence to support that denial. The only exhibit that he submitted in connection with his summary judgment
response is a declaration that does not address exhaustion. See ECF No. 111.

issue of material fact ‘by showing — that is, pointing out to the district court — that
there is an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party’s case.”) (quoting
UPMC Health Sys. v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 391 F.3d 497, 502 (8d Cir. 2004)). See also
Jersey Cent. Power & Light Co. v. Twp. of Lacey, 772 F.2d 1103, 1109-10 (8d Cir.
1985) (noting that arguments made in briefs “are not evidence and cannot by
themselves create a factual dispute sufficient to defeat a summary judgment
motion”). As such, Defendants are entitled to summary judgment on this claim.
2. ADA/RA
Talbert next claims that the DOC is violating the ADA and RA by “permitting
reckless staff violence with OC spray in nearly all correctional institutions under its
jurisdiction” and “failing to make reasonable accommodations for disabled inmates
with asthma.” ECF No. 70 § 33. The crux of Talbert’s argument appears to be that
the DOC failed to reasonably accommodate his asthmatic condition by exempting him
from the use of OC spray.
Title II of the ADA provides that “no qualified individual with a disability shall,
by reasons of such disability, be excluded from participation in or be denied the
benefits of the services, programs, or activities of a public entity, or be subjected to
discrimination by any such entity.” 42 U.S.C. § 12182. Section 504 of the RA
similarly provides that “[nJo otherwise qualified individual with a disability in the
United States ... shall, solely by reason of her or his disability, be excluded from the
participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any
program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.” 29 U.S.C. § 794(a).

“Because the same standards govern both the [Rehabilitation Act] and ADA claims,”
both claims may be addressed “in the same breath.” Chambers ex rel. Chambers v.
School Dist. of Phila. Board of Educ., 587 F.3d 176, 189 (8d Cir. 2009) (citing
McDonald v. Pennsylvania, 62 F.3d 92, 95 (3d Cir. 1995) (‘Whether suit is filed under
the Rehabilitation Act or under the Disabilities Act, the substantive standards for
determining liability are the same.” (citation omitted)).4 To establish a violation of
either statute, a plaintiff must demonstrate: (1) that he is a qualified individual; (2)
with a disability; and (8) that he was denied the opportunity to participate in or
benefit from the services, programs, or activities of a public entity, or was otherwise
subject to discrimination by that entity, by reason of his disability. Bowers v.
National Collegiate Athletic Association, 475 F.3d 524, 553 c. 32 (8d Cir. 2007).
Assuming Talbert’s alleged asthma constitutes a disability within the meaning
of the ADA and RA, he has failed to allege facts or provide evidentiary support for the
proposition that the DOC excluded him from or discriminated against him in
connection with any service, program, or activity because of his disability. This Court
recently rejected a nearly identical claim on a similar record in Barksdale v.
Department of Corrections, 2024 WL 5238210 (W.D. Pa. Dec. 27, 2024). In Barksdale,
as here, the plaintiff brought an ADA claim against the DOC based on a staff
member’s use of OC spray on two occasions despite knowing that he suffered from
asthma, hypertension, and mental health issues. Jd. at *1. As in the instant case,

4 While causation standards are slightly different under the ADA and RA — under the RA, “the disability must be the
sole cause of the discriminatory action, while the ADA only requires but-for causation” — the allegations in this case
are sufficient to establish causation under both standards. See Furgess v. Penn. Dep’t of Corr., 933 F.3d 285, 291 n.
25 (3d Cir. 2019).

the plaintiff challenged the use of OC spray without identifying any “service,
program, or activity offered by the DOC and for which he was qualified and from
which he was excluded.” Jd. at *5. The Court held that this failure was fatal to his
ADA claim:
Assuming for purposes of Defendants’ motion that Barksdale's
alleged asthma and other medical conditions rendered
Barksdale disabled, his ADA claim nevertheless fails because he
has not alleged facts to support that the DOC excluded him from
or discriminated against him in any service, program, or activity
because of his disability. Indeed, Barksdale has not identified
any service, program, or activity offered by the DOC and for
which he was qualified and from which he was excluded. The
absence of factual allegations to support this fundamental
element precludes a viable Title II claim. See Geness v. Admin.
Off. of Pennsylvania Cts., 974 F.3d 263, 275 (8d Cir. 2020)
(holding that the service, program, or activity element is “at the
foundation of ... [a] Title II claim ... [as] a necessary first step to
determining whether his claim is cognizable”).
Id.
The same conclusion is required here. Neither Talbert’s pleading nor his
summary judgment response includes any facts suggesting that he was deprived of
access to a service, program, or activity because of his ability. Rather, he simply
argues that the DOC “failed to reasonably accommodate [him] by subjecting him to
OC spray.” ECF No. 70 § 33. This conclusory averment does not cure the deficiencies
outlined above and, as such, cannot salvage his claim.
3. Supervisory lability
Talbert’s final federal ground for relief, titled “supervisory liability,” accuses
DOC Secretary Harry of generally “permitting reckless staff violence with OC spray
and failing to reasonably accommodate disabled inmates with asthma.” ECF No. 70

44. Talbert maintains that Harry’s failure to curtail the use of OC spray led to him
being “maliciously and sadistically OC sprayed without any justification.” Id.
Talbert has failed to allege the degree of personal involvement necessary to
hold Harry liable for any injuries stemming from the May 29, 2024 incident. To
prevail on a § 1983 claim, a plaintiff “must show that each and every defendant was
‘personal[ly] involve[d] in depriving him of his rights.” Kirk v. Roan, 2006 WL
2645154, at *3 (M.D. Pa. 2006) (quoting Evancho v. Fischer, 423 F.3d 347, 353 (3d
Cir. 2006)). This means that each defendant must have played an “affirmative part”
in the complained-of misconduct. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 677 (“In a § 1983 suit ... [a]bsent
vicarious liability, each Government official, his or her title notwithstanding, is only
liable for his or her own misconduct.”); Oliver v. Beard, 358 Fed. Appx. 297, 300 (8d
Cir. 2009). In the absence of specific allegations that a defendant played a role in
depriving the plaintiff of a constitutional right, dismissal is appropriate. See, e.g.,
Mearin v. Swartz, 951 F.Supp.2d 776, 781-82 (W.D. Pa. 2013) (dismissing claims
pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) because the plaintiffs had failed to set forth sufficient facts
to establish that certain defendants had played an affirmative part in the alleged
Kighth Amendment violation).
These principles apply with equal force where the defendants are supervising
prison officials. See, e.g., Rode v. Dellarciprete, 845 F.2d 1195, 1207 (8d Cir. 1998)
(noting that liability for supervisory officials must still be based on “personal .
involvement in the alleged wrongs”); Evancho v. Fisher, 423 F.3d 347, 353 (8d Cir.
2005) (“[L]iability cannot be predicated solely on the operation of respondeat

superior.”). Although a supervisor cannot encourage constitutional violations, “a
supervising public official has [no] affirmative constitutional duty to supervise and
discipline so as to prevent violations of constitutional rights by his or her
subordinates.” Chinchello v. Fenton, 805 F.2d 126, 133 (8d Cir. 1986); Brown v.
Grabowski, 922 F.2d 1097, 1120 (3d Cir. 1990). Rather, a supervisor-defendant may
only be liable for unconstitutional acts undertaken by subordinates if the supervisor
either: (1) with deliberate indifference to the consequences, established and
maintained a policy, practice or custom which directly caused [the] constitutional
harm; or (2) participated in violating the plaintiffs rights, directed others to violate
them, or, as the person in charge, had knowledge of and acquiesced in the
subordinate’s unconstitutional conduct. A.M. ex rel. J.M_K. v. Luzerne Cty. Juvenile
Det. Ctr., 372 F.3d 572, 586 (8d Cir. 2004).
In the instant case, Talbert alleges only that Harry permitted DOC staff to
“recklessly” use OC spray on asthmatic inmates “without any legal justification.”
This conclusory averment is unsupported by any evidence in the record suggesting
that Harry played any role in the use of OC spray against Talbert or any injury that
might have ensued. Because Talbert’s § 1983 claim against Harry is based entirely
upon her supervisory role DOC, it is no more than an assertion of respondeat
superior. As such, it is insufficient under § 1983 to establish personal involvement
in the deprivation of a constitutional right. See, e.g., Rode, 845 F.2d at 1207. Harry
is entitled to summary judgment.

4. State law claims
Talbert also asserts state law claims for assault and battery and conspiracy to
commit libel. Having dismissed all claims over which the Court has original
jurisdiction, the Court will decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over those
claims. “Federal courts are of limited jurisdiction, and may only decide cases
consistent with the authority afforded by the Constitution or statutes of the United
States.” Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of America, 511 U.S. 375, 378 (1994).
Thus, “[w]hen the claims over which a district court has original jurisdiction are
resolved before trial, the district court must decline to decide the pendent state claims
unless considerations of judicial economy, convenience, and fairness to the parties
provide an affirmative justification for doing so.” Neelu Pal v. Jersey City Med. Ctr.,
658 Fed. Appx. 68, 74 n. 6 (8d Cir. 2016) (emphasis in original) Gnternal quotation
marks and citations omitted); see also Yue Yu v. McGrath, 597 Fed. Appx, 62, 68 (3d
Cir. 2014) (affirming the district court’s decision to dismiss “all of the remaining state
and common law claims after awarding summary judgment to [d]efendants on all of
the federal claims over which it had original jurisdiction’). “Importantly, pendent
jurisdiction is a doctrine of discretion, not a plaintiffs right.” Yue Yu, 597 Fed. Appx.
at 68.
As each of Plaintiffs remaining claims are entirely grounded in state law, the
Court will decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over those claims. Id. at 68;
see also 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3) (permitting a district court to decline to exercise
supplemental jurisdiction where it has “dismissed all claims over which it has

original jurisdiction”). Consequently, Plaintiffs assault and battery and conspiracy
to commit libel claims will be remanded to the Forest County Court of Common Pleas
for further proceedings.
V. Conclusion
Consistent with the foregoing, the Court concludes that Defendants are
entitled to summary judgment on the ADA, RA, Eighth Amendment, and supervisory
liability claims set forth in Counts 1, 2, 3, and 6 of the Second Amended Complaint.
As to each of those claims, Defendants’ motion for summary judgment will be granted
and Talbert’s motion for summary judgment will be denied.
Having resolved all claims over which the Court has original jurisdiction, the
Court declines to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the state law claims set
forth at Counts 5 and 6. Those claims will be remanded to the Forest County Court
of Common Pleas for further proceedings pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(8).
Finally, the parties’ cross-motions for judgment on the pleadings will be denied
as moot.
An appropriate order will follow.

DATED this 23"4 day of March, 2026.

SUBMITTED BY:

Chief United States Magistrate Judge

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11304530. Public record. Not legal advice.