# Grabis

> United States Bankruptcy Court, S.D. New York · January 31, 2026

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11248924

## Case

- **Full name:** In re: Michael Grabis v. Navient Solutions, LLC, et al.
- **Court:** United States Bankruptcy Court, S.D. New York
- **Decided:** January 31, 2026
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

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## Opinion text

UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT NOT FOR PUBLICATION
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
------------------------------------------------------------------------x
In re: : Chapter 7
:
Michael Grabis, :
:
Debtor. : Case No. 13-10669 (JLG)
------------------------------------------------------------------------x
:
Michael Grabis, :
:
Plaintiff, :
:
v. : Adv. P. No.: 15-01420 (JLG)
:
Navient Solutions, LLC, et al., :
:
Defendants. :
------------------------------------------------------------------------x
MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER

A P P E A R A N C E S :

Michael Grabis
Appearing Pro Se
1 Hay Drive
Morristown, NJ 07960

PAUL J. HOOTEN & ASSOCIATES
Attorney for Navient Solutions, LLC.
5505 Nesconset Highway, Suite 203
Mt. Sinai, NY 11706
By: Paul J. Hooten, Esq.

LAW OFFICE OF KENNETH L. BAUM
Attorney for ECMC
167 Main Street
Hackensack, NJ 07601
By: Kenneth L. Baum, Esq.
HON. JAMES L. GARRITY, JR.
U.S. BANKRUPTCY JUDGE
INTRODUCTION1
Michael Grabis (“Plaintiff”) is a chapter 7 debtor. He financed his college education at
Lafayette College (“Lafayette”), at least in part, with Student Loans. He paid the proceeds of those
loans in satisfaction of “qualified education costs” associated with his college education. He is in
default under the loans. Plaintiff is acting pro se in this adversary proceeding. The operative
complaint is his “Third Adversary Complaint for Discharge of Student Loans” (the “Complaint”).2
Educational Credit Management Corporation (“ECMC”) and Navient Solutions, LLC (“Navient”)
are the remaining defendants (the “Defendants”) in the Complaint.

Plaintiff commenced this adversary proceeding seeking two forms of relief. First, he sought
a determination that his Student Loan Debt is not excepted from discharge under section 523(a)(8)
of title 11 of the United States Code (the “Bankruptcy Code”), based on his alleged inability to
pay the debts, and application of the factors set forth in Brunner v. New York Higher Educ. Servs.,
831 F.2d 395 (2d Cir. 1987) (per curiam) (“Brunner”). Second, he asserted damage claims against
Lafayette, Sallie Mae and Navient based on their alleged participation in a tax fraud scheme. Now,
he says that his Student Loans are not “qualified education loans” because Lafayette, and other
institutions throughout the United States (the “Institutions”) are inflating the cost of education for
student borrowers and using the proceeds of the inflated student loans to subsidize secret weapon

sales by Raytheon Inc. (“Raytheon”) and Northrop Gruman (“Northrop”) to Saudi Arabia;

1 Capitalized terms shall have the meanings ascribed to them herein. “ECF No. ” refers to a document filed in
Plaintiff’s chapter 7 case (No. 13-10669-JLG). “AP ECF No. ___” refers to a document filed in this adversary
proceeding.
2 See AP ECF No. 84.
Raytheon and Northrop allegedly launder the payments from Saudi Arabia through the
Institutions’ endowment funds.
In resolving motions filed in this action, the Court dismissed Plaintiff’s claims for damages

and ruled that Lafayette’s and the Institutions’ alleged tax fraud has no bearing on whether the
Student Loan Debt is excepted from discharge under section 523(a)(8). In each of four Scheduling
Orders, the Court directed the parties to submit a Joint Pre-Trial Order and Joint Exhibit Book and
scheduled a trial of the adversary proceeding. ECMC and Navient complied with each order;
Plaintiff ignored them. He refuses to proceed to trial on the terms set forth by the Court. Instead,
in response to the orders, on multiple occasions, he has sought leave to amend the Complaint to
prosecute damage claims against the Institutions and their alleged supporters (including President
Trump and President Biden), on behalf of student loan borrowers nationwide, and to conduct wide-
ranging discovery in support of those claims for relief.

The matter before the Court is the Court’s Rule 41(b) Show Cause Order.3 The Court issued
it in the wake of (i) Plaintiff’s failure to comply with any of the Scheduling Orders, including his
steadfast refusal to provide input to a Joint Pre-Trial Statement and Joint Exhibit Book prepared
by Navient and ECMC, and (ii) Plaintiff’s failure to respond to Defendants’ Rule 41(b) Motion to
dismiss the Complaint.4 The Rule 41(b) Show Cause Order directs Plaintiff to show cause why the
Court should not dismiss the adversary proceeding pursuant to Rule 41(b) of the Federal Rules of
Civil Procedure (“Rule 41(b)”)5 based on Plaintiff’s failure to prosecute this action. In response to

3 Order to Show Cause Why the Court Should Not Dismiss Case for Failure to Prosecute (the “Rule 41(b) Show
Cause Order”), AP ECF No. 530.
4 Joint Motion of Educational Credit Management Corporation and Navient Solutions, LLC, to Dismiss Adversary
Proceeding Pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(b) (the “Rule 41(b) Motion”), AP ECF No. 420.
5 With certain irrelevant conditions, Rule 7041 of the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure makes Rule 41
applicable in adversary proceedings.
the order, by email, he advised the Court that he rested on the papers he has filed herein, and would
not appear at a hearing on the order.
Dismissal of a complaint under Rule 41(b) is a harsh remedy, and particularly so for a pro

se litigant, like Plaintiff. Still, it is appropriate here, as Plaintiff refuses to comply with the
Scheduling Orders and has made it clear that he will not proceed to trial in accordance with the
orders of this Court. Nonetheless, the Court will afford Plaintiff a final opportunity to comply with
the Court’s direction that Plaintiff proceed to trial in this adversary proceeding. The Court directs,
as follows:
1. On or before February 16, 2026 at 5:00 p.m. (ET), Plaintiff shall provide to
ECMC and Navient his comments/contributions to the Joint Pre-Trial Order
and Joint Exhibit Book with exhibits pre-marked. ECMC shall file a status letter
with the Court on February 17, 2026, at 11:00 a.m. (ET).
2. On or before February 20, 2026 at 5:00 p.m. (ET), the parties shall file the
Joint Pre-Trial Order and Joint Exhibit Book with exhibits pre-marked with the
Court.
3. On February 25, 2026, at 10:00 a.m. (ET), the Court shall conduct a final pre-
trial conference via Court Solutions.
Plaintiff’s unexcused failure to comply with this order will result in the entry of an
order dismissing the adversary proceeding, with prejudice, pursuant to Rule 41(b).
JURISDICTION
The Court has jurisdiction to consider this matter pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 157 and 1334
and the Amended Standing Order of Referral of Cases to Bankruptcy Judges of the United States
District Court for the Southern District of New York, dated January 31, 2012 (Preska, C.J.). This
is a core proceeding pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2).
BACKGROUND
The Student Loan Debt
Plaintiff’s unsecured indebtedness includes debts on account of federal and private student
loans (collectively, the “Student Loans” or the “Student Loan Debt”) that he incurred as a student
at Lafayette, as follows:

(i) ECMC, in its capacity as a federal student loan guarantor in the Federal
Family Education Loan Program, holds an interest in two consolidation loans
owed by Plaintiff, each of which was disbursed on or about June 24, 2005, in
the original principal amounts of $19,934 and $30,096 (collectively, the
“Consolidation Loans”).
(ii) Navient, as holder of five private educational loans, with an aggregate
balance, including principal, interest and fees, of more than $119,095.39
(collectively, the “Private Loans”).
Second Omnibus Motion Decision6 at 3, 5.
The Adversary Proceeding
Section 523(a)(8)
Plaintiff received his discharge in bankruptcy.7 Thereafter, he reopened his chapter 7 case,8
for the express purpose of commencing an adversary proceeding seeking a determination that his
Student Loan Debt is not excepted from discharge under section 523(a)(8) of the Bankruptcy
Code.9

6 Memorandum Decision and Order Denying Plaintiff-Debtor’s Statement and New Motions (the “Second
Omnibus Motion Decision”), AP ECF No. 395.
7 Order of Discharged and Order of Final Decree, (the “Discharge Order”), ECF No. 8.
8 Order Reopening Case, ECF No. 12.
9 See Complaint, AP ECF No. 1. Section 523(a)(8) provides that a discharge under section 727 of the Bankruptcy
Code does not discharge an individual debtor from any debt—
(a) A discharge under section 727 . . . of this title does not discharge an individual debtor from any
debt—
The debts within the scope of section 523(a)(8) include “any . . . educational loan that is a
‘qualified education loan’ under section 221(d)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code, incurred by a
debtor who is an individual.” 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(8)(B). Under that section, a “qualified education
loan” is any indebtedness incurred by the taxpayer solely to pay “qualified higher education
expenses.” 26 U.S.C. § 221(d)(2). It means the “cost of attendance (as defined in section 472 of

the Higher Education Act of 1965, 20 U.S.C. 1087ll, as in effect on the day before the date of the
enactment of the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997) at an eligible educational institution,” reduced by
educational expenses paid under certain other programs. Id.10
The Complaint
As filed, Plaintiff’s complaint named Sallie Mae, Navient, Lafayette, and the University of
Vermont as defendants. Over Plaintiff’s objection, the Court granted ECMC leave to intervene as

(8) unless excepting such debt from discharge under this paragraph would impose an undue hardship
on the debtor and the debtor’s dependents, for—
(A)(i) an educational benefit overpayment or loan made, insured, or guaranteed by a
governmental unit, or made under any program funded in whole or in part by a
governmental unit or nonprofit institution; or (ii) an obligation to repay funds received as
an educational benefit, scholarship, or stipend; or
(B) any other educational loan that is a qualified education loan, as defined in section
221(d)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, incurred by a debtor who is an
individual[.]
11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(8).
10 Section 472 of the Higher Education Act includes the following categories of costs within the definition of
“cost of attendance”:
(1) tuition and fees normally assessed a student carrying the same academic workload as determined
by the institution, and including costs for rental or purchase of any equipment, materials, or supplies
required of all students in the same course of study; [and]
(2) an allowance for books, supplies, transportation, and miscellaneous personal expenses, including
a reasonable allowance for the documented rental or purchase of a personal computer, for a student
attending the institution on at least a halftime basis, as determined by the institution[.]
20 U.S.C. § 1087ll.
a defendant.11 In amending the complaint, Plaintiff added the Department of Education (the
“DOE”) as a defendant.
Plaintiff says he filed this adversary proceeding “as an addition to my core bankruptcy

proceeding to discharge my student loans under [Bankruptcy] Rule 4007(b), 11 U.S.C[. §] 523
(a)(8), as per my rights to a ‘fresh start’ under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code.” Complaint at 2. He
alleges there are two reasons why this Court should grant him such relief. First, he says he is
entitled to “the full discharge of the unqualified private loan portion of my debt and full discharge
of my federal debt, both under section 523(a)(8) of the [B]ankruptcy [C]ode[,]” because
[u]nder the standard tests for discharge of student loans I have made a good
faith effort to repay my loans, I am currently unable and will be unable to repay
the loans for a considerable period, and I have not been able to maintain a
minimal standard of living as defined by the poverty guidelines.
Id. He asks this Court
to recognize that the size and nature of my debt make my case fundamentally
different from any guidelines decided under the Brunner case standard which
dealt with federal student loans for graduate education under $15,000 dollars
close to 30 years ago in an economic environment far different from today. My
debt is largely unqualified private student loans which are dischargeable under
the [B]ankruptcy [C]ode. The Southern District of New York has jurisdiction
of the Brunner standard.
Id. Second, he maintains he is entitled to relief under section 523(a)(8) to redress the harm caused
to him by the defendants. He says, “I believe that my degree issuing college and lenders did not
act in good faith in the origination and servicing of my student loans and, in fact, acted to collude,
embezzle, and purposely defraud me as a student borrower.” Id. at 1-2. Thus, in addition to
his Brunner-based arguments, he asserts “I am alleging fraud, breach of contract, and unjust

11 Order Authorizing Educational Credit Management Corporation to Intervene in Adversary Proceeding
Pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 24(a) and (b), AP ECF No. 16.
enrichment in my defense of repayment.” Id. at 2. Plaintiff is asking for damages that he says he
has suffered by reason of the defendants’ fraud. He maintains that although he is “seeking the full
discharge of the unqualified private loan portion of my debt and my federal debt, both under
sections 523(a)(8) of the [B]ankruptcy [C]ode[,] [t]he fraud that occurred also caused damage to
me personally and I am asking the court to grant damages from these parties to pay towards the

debt and personal costs incurred as a result of the fraud.” Id.
Plaintiff stipulated to dismiss the University of Vermont from the adversary proceeding.12
On Lafayette’s motion,13 the Court dismissed it from the adversary proceeding, with prejudice.14
On Navient’s motion, the Court dismissed Sallie Mae from the adversary proceeding and
dismissed all claims against Navient not predicated on section 523(a)(8) of the Bankruptcy Code,
including all of Plaintiff’s damage claims.15 On DOE’s motion,16 the Court dismissed DOE from
the adversary proceeding.17 ECMC and Navient are the remaining defendants in the Complaint.

Elements Of Plaintiff’s Claim
For Plaintiff to establish that his Student Loan Debt is not excepted from discharge, he
must demonstrate either (i) the Consolidation Loans and Private Loans do not fall within the scope
of section 523(a)(8)(A) or section 523(a)(8)(B); or (ii) excepting such loans from discharge would

12 Stipulation of Dismissal [of the University of Vermont], AP ECF No. 15.
13 Motion of Lafayette College to Dismiss Adversary Proceeding Pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6) and Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 7012, AP ECF 40.
14 See Order Dismissing Adversary Proceeding, AP ECF No. 43.
15 See Order Granting Navient Solutions, Inc.’s Motion to Dismiss ‘sallie Mae, Inc.” as a Defendant in This
Adversary Proceeding Pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 21 and Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7021 and to Dismiss All Claims for Relief
in Plaintiff’s Third Amended Complaint Not Based on 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(8) Pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1) &
(6) and Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7012(b), AP ECF No. 45.
16 Department of Education Motion To Dismiss, AP ECF No. 102.
17 Memorandum Decision Granting Department of Education’s Motion to Dismiss, AP ECF No. 132.
impose an undue hardship on him. In Brunner, the Second Circuit established a three-prong test to
determine if a debtor is eligible for an “undue hardship” discharge of its student loan debt.
Under Brunner, Plaintiff must prove:

(1) that he cannot maintain, based on current income and expenses, a “minimal”
standard of living for himself and his dependents if forced to repay the loans;
(2) that additional circumstances exist indicating that this current state of affairs
is likely to persist for a significant portion of the repayment period; and
(3) that he has made good faith efforts to repay the loans.
Brunner, 831 F.2d at 396. Plaintiff must establish all three prongs of this test by a preponderance
of the evidence. See Davis v. Educ. Credit Mgmt. Corp. (In re Davis), 373 B.R. 241, 245 (Bankr.
W.D.N.Y. 2007); Garneau v. New York State Higher Educ. Servs. Corp. (In re Garneau), 122 B.R.
178, 180 (Bankr. W.D.N.Y. 1990).
The Consolidation Loans fall within the scope of section 523(a)(8)(A); to establish they
are not excepted from discharge, Plaintiff must demonstrate that under Brunner, excepting such
loans from discharge would impose an undue hardship on him. To prove that the Private Loans
are not excepted from discharge, Plaintiff must establish either (i) the Private Loans are not
“qualified education loans” incurred by an individual debtor under section 523(a)(8)(B), or
(ii) under Brunner, it will be an undue hardship for him to repay that debt.
Whether The Student Loans Are “Qualified Education Loans”
Throughout this litigation, Plaintiff has ignored the Brunner allegations in his Complaint.
He has not submitted evidence or argument to support his contention that he satisfies the Brunner

standards. Rather, he has focused on his contention that the Student Loans were discharged upon
entry of the Discharge Order because they do not qualify as “qualified education loans.” Initially
he argued that is so because (i) with the assistance of Sallie Mae, Lafayette and other
colleges/universities forced him and other students to take out student loans in amounts that
exceeded the students’ “cost of attendance,” as defined in 26 U.S.C.§ 221(d)(1); and (ii) Lafayette,
with Sallie Mae’s assistance, engaged in tax fraud by withholding funds from Plaintiff and others.
See Discovery Decision at 9.18 In his Discovery Motion,19 Plaintiff sought broad discovery from
Navient, DOE and Lafayette, including discovery relating to the alleged tax fraud. All of them

objected to the motion.20
The Court sustained those objections, in part. In substance, the Court directed Lafayette
and Navient to produce documents relevant to whether the Student Loan Debt is comprised of
qualified education loans. The Court directed Navient and Lafayette to produce documents relating
to Plaintiff’s “cost of attendance” as relevant to Plaintiff’s “qualified higher education expenses.”
Discovery Decision at 19. However, the Court denied Plaintiff’s requests for discovery related to
Lafayette and Sallie Mae’s alleged “tax fraud” as irrelevant to the whether the Student Loans are
“qualified education loans” or any other issue underlying section 523(a)(8). Id. at 25-30. Indeed,

Plaintiff “admit[ed] that the purpose behind his request for Lafayette’s financial information is not
to support the grounds for dischargeability, but to prove his theory that Lafayette, like other

18 See Memorandum Decision and Order Resolving Debtor’s Request for Document Discovery (the “Discovery
Decision”), AP ECF No. 226. Specifically, Plaintiff contended that Lafayette engaged in tax fraud by withholding
grant money from him and others, id. at 9, and Sallie Mae aided the alleged tax fraud scheme by (i) pushing Lafayette
and other schools to break tax laws by causing students to borrow funds in excess of the “cost of instruction”; and (ii)
repeatedly loaning out funds it knew were dischargeable in bankruptcy but at the same time attempted to buy
government influence to later deem the loans exempt from discharge under § 523(a)(8) provision, id.
19 The “Discovery Motion” is comprised of the following documents filed by Plaintiff: (i) Discovery Dispute –
Request for Information, AP ECF No. 103; Discovery Request Simplified, AP ECF No. 125; and (iii) Further
Description of Previously Filed Amended Schedule and Supplemental Discovery Demand, AP ECF No. 191.
20 See Department of Education’s Opposition to Plaintiffs’ Discovery Motions, AP ECF No. 138; Department of
Education’s Opposition to Plaintiff’s Further Description of Previously Filed Amended Schedule and Supplemental
Discovery Demand, AP ECF No. 196; Navient Solutions, LLC’s Response to Plaintiff’s Discovery Request Simplified,
AP ECF No. 134; Navient Solutions, LLC’s Response to Plaintiff’s Further Description of Previously Filed Amended
Schedule and Supplemental Discovery Demand, AP ECF No. 195; Non-Party Lafayette College’s Objection to
Plaintiff’s Discovery Requests, AP ECF No. 172; Non-Party Lafayette College’s Further Objections to Plaintiff’s
Discovery Requests, AP ECF No. 197.
colleges and universities across America, and in conjunction with the DOE, Sallie Mae, and
ECMC, is engaged in a massive illegal tax fraud that profits from students.” Id. at 26.
After the Court closed discovery, Plaintiff filed certain “Additional Supplemental
Discovery Requests” directed to Lafayette, DOE and the Defendants.21 Lafayette and Navient

objected to the supplemental demands.22 The Court denied those requests because they ran afoul
of the Discovery Order, as they did not relate to matters relevant to the issue of whether the Student
Loans are “qualified education loans.” See First Omnibus Motion Decision23 at 48-60.
Debtor Ignores The Scheduling Orders And Multiplies Litigation
With the close of discovery, the Court entered scheduling orders (collectively, the
“Scheduling Orders”) each directing Plaintiff and Defendants to submit a Joint Pre-Trial Order
and Joint Exhibit Book. As briefly described below, Plaintiff ignored or refused to comply with
them, and, instead, filed meritless motions for relief previously denied by the Court.

First Scheduling Order
The First Scheduling Order24 (i) directed the parties to submit a proposed Joint Pre-Trial
Order and Joint Exhibit Book, and (ii) fixed dates for a Final Pre-Trial Conference and the trial of
the adversary proceeding. ECMC and Navient prepared a Joint Pre-Trial Order and Joint Exhibit
Book. Plaintiff refused to comply with the order and failed to provide comments to either
document.

21 See Debtor’s Letter Requesting Additional Supplemental Discovery, AP ECF No. 289.
22 See Navient Solutions, LLC’s Responses to Plaintiff’s Additional Supplemental Discovery Requests, AP ECF
No. 291; Lafayette College’s Letter in Opposition to Request of Michael Grabis for Additional Supplemental
Discovery Requests, AP ECF No. 293.
23 Memorandum Decision and Order Denying Plaintiff-Debtor’s Omnibus Motion and the Additional Discovery
Requests (the “First Omnibus Motion Decision”), AP ECF No. 343.
24 Scheduling Order (the “First Scheduling Order”), AP ECF No. 271.
Plaintiff’s First and Second Omnibus Motions
Instead, Plaintiff filed a baseless motion seeking leave to amend the Complaint to add
claims for relief, including a claim of fraud on the court. First Omnibus Motion at 1-2.25 Plaintiff
also petitioned the Court to recuse itself from this action, in favor of then Chief Judge Cecelia
Morris, id. at 4, and sought leave to add Sallie Mae, President Biden, Lafayette and the DOE as

defendants in his fraud upon the court claim, id. The Court denied the First Omnibus Motion. See
First Omnibus Motion Decision. Thereafter, Plaintiff filed a Statement26 in the chapter 7 case and
a motion in the adversary proceeding. In those submissions, Plaintiff asserted that Navient is guilty
of “criminal impersonation” and that it is committing that crime to further a massive billion-dollar
tax and securities fraud scheme that it hatched with the support and assistance of its counsel,
together with President Biden, ECMC, the DOE, the Federal Courts, Lafayette and other
Institutions throughout the United States. Second Omnibus Motion ¶ 1.27 In broad strokes, in the
Statement and Second Omnibus Motion, Plaintiff petitioned the Court to refer the alleged criminal
impersonation and billion dollar tax and securities fraud scheme to the United States Attorney

General, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”), the
Securities and Exchange Commission, New York and New Jersey Tax Authorities, the Office of
the United States Trustee, and the New York Sheriff to investigate Navient, Lafayette, the DOE,

25 Motion for Fraud Upon the Court, Breach of Contract, Breach of Fiduciary Duty, Spoilation of Evidence by
Navient, Sallie Mae, ECMC, Lafayette College, Department of Education, Judge Garrity, Motion for Class Action
Designation, Motion for Sanction, Motion for Default Judgment (the “First Omnibus Motion”), AP ECF No. 311.
Briefly, Plaintiff asserted that Navient and other parties sought to block borrowers” student loan payments in an effort
to keep those borrowers from satisfying the third prong of the Brunner test for dischargeability of student loans. First
Omnibus Motion at 1. He also asserted that Navient was guilty of fraud on the court for misrepresenting itself as
holder of his student loans. Id. at 2.
26 Fraud Upon the Court Filing and Criminal Complaint (Criminal Impersonation), Grievance Motion to Chief
Judge Morris, Discovery Motion Under Crime Fraud Exception (the “Statement”), ECF No. 66.
27 New Motions (the “Second Omnibus Motion”), AP ECF No. 362.
President Biden and Reed Auerbach, Esq. (as Navient’s alleged counsel). Statement at 8; Second
Omnibus Motion ¶ 9. Plaintiff also sought to (i) reopen discovery, (ii) amend the Complaint to add
Lafayette and the DOE as defendants to seek sanctions from them for their alleged support of
Navient’s criminal activities and, (iii) obtain miscellaneous other relief including the Court’s
recusal from this case in favor of Judge Morris. See generally Second Omnibus Motion. The Court

denied the Statement and Second Omnibus Motion. See Second Omnibus Motion Decision.
Second Scheduling Order
The Second Scheduling Order28 directed the parties to confer and submit a proposed Joint
Pre-Trial Order. Debtor disregarded the order. Navient’s counsel filed a letter with the Court29
stating “Counsel for Navient and Counsel for ECMC attempted to get Plaintiff involved in drafting
a proposed trial scheduling order and in supplying date(s) when he would be available for trial.
Plaintiff refused to participate in the process and indicated that he was not ready to schedule a trial
date.”

Third Scheduling Order
The Third Scheduling Order30 directed the parties to submit a proposed Joint Pre-Trial
Order and a Joint Exhibit Book, and scheduled dates for a Final Pre-Trial Conference and the trial
of the adversary proceeding. ECMC and Navient complied with the order as they submitted a Pre-
Trial Order and Joint Exhibit Book; in addition, each filed a witness list for trial.31 Plaintiff refused

28 Minutes of Proceedings (the “Second Scheduling Order”), AP ECF No. 348.
29 Letter to the Honorable James L. Garrity, Jr., AP ECF No. 352.
30 Scheduling Order (the “Third Scheduling Order”), AP ECF No. 399. The Court also entered an Order
Establishing Procedures for Remote Evidentiary Trial to Determine the Dischargeability of the Debtor/Plaintiff’s
Student Loans, AP ECF No. 401.
31 Educational Credit Management Corporation’s Trial Witness List, AP ECF No. 404; Navient Solutions, LLC’s
Witness List, AP ECF No. 405.
to comply with the order. Instead, he filed the Third Omnibus Motion32 seeking a wide-range of
meritless relief, including that the Court reopen discovery and recuse itself from the adversary
proceeding in favor of Judge Morris. The Court denied the Third Omnibus Motion.33

Fourth Scheduling Order
The Fourth Scheduling Order34 directed the parties to submit a proposed Joint Pre-Trial
Order and a Joint Exhibit Book, with exhibits pre-marked, and fixed dates for the Final Pre-Trial
Conference and trial of the Complaint. The Procedures Order35 established procedures for the trial.
Plaintiff refused to comply with those orders. ECMC filed a Status Letter36 explaining that Plaintiff
advised ECMC and Navient that he had “withdrawn” his “filing” and would not be proceeding to
trial. Status Letter at 1. ECMC requested that the Court convert the scheduled pre-trial conference
to a status conference, and advised that Defendants would seek leave to file a motion to dismiss
the Complaint. Id. The Court granted the requested relief and converted the Final Pre-Trial
Conference to a status conference.37 The Court conducted the status conference. Plaintiff did not

attend the conference.
The Defendants’ Rule 41(b) Motion
In the face of Plaintiff’s refusal to comply with the Scheduling Orders, ECMC and Navient
jointly filed a motion to dismiss the adversary proceeding under Rule 41(b). See Rule 41(b)

32 Motion for Transfer, Suspension, or Withdrawal of Case No:15-01420-JLG in lieu of Judicial Fraud, Fraud
upon the Court, Criminal Referral for DOE, Reed Auerbach, Navient, ECMC, Lafayette College, Others (the “Third
Omnibus Motion”), AP ECF No. 406.
33 Memorandum Endorsed Order, AP ECF No. 407.
34 Scheduling Order (the “Fourth Scheduling Order”), AP ECF No. 410.
35 Order Establishing Procedures for Remote Evidentiary Trial to Determine the Dischargeability of the
Debtor/Plaintiff’s Student Loans (the “Procedures Order”), AP ECF No. 412.
36 Status of Trial (the “Status Letter”), AP ECF No. 415.
37 Memorandum Endorsed Order, AP ECF No. 416.
Motion. As support for the motion, the Defendants relied on the declaration of Kenneth L. Baum,38
counsel for ECMC. The exhibits to the Baum Declaration, included an email from Navient’s
counsel to Plaintiff39 and three responsive emails from Plaintiff to Navient’s counsel (the
“Plaintiff’s Emails”).40 In substance, Navient’s counsel requested Plaintiff to provide his input on
the Joint Pre-Trial Order and Joint Exhibit Book, and Plaintiff’s Emails advised that he had

withdrawn his filing and would not be proceeding to trial in this adversary proceeding. ECMC and
Navient submitted a memorandum of law in further support of the motion.41 Plaintiff failed to
respond to the motion. In an email addressed to the Court and counsel to Navient and ECMC,
Plaintiff advised that he was not available on the scheduled return date of the Rule 41(b) Motion.
In response to the email, in recognition of Plaintiff’s pro se status, the Court sua sponte entered an
order42 extending Plaintiff’s time to provide his input to the Joint Pre-Trial Order and Joint Exhibit
Book, and adjourning the hearing on the Rule 41(b) Motion. Plaintiff did not comply with the
order.

Plaintiff Does Not Challenge Merits Of Rule 41(b) Motion
Plaintiff did not respond to the Rule 41(b) Motion. Instead, he filed a number of
motions/requests which, together, sought a wide range of relief including, (i) to stay prosecution
of the Rule 41(b) Motion, (ii) for the Court to reconsider certain rulings, and (iii) to grant him

38 Declaration of Kenneth L. Baum, Esq., in Support of Joint Motion of Educational Credit Management
Corporation and Navient Solutions, LLC, to Dismiss Adversary Proceeding Pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(b) (the
“Baum Declaration”), AP ECF No. 421-2.
39 The email is annexed to the Baum Declaration as Exhibit A.
40 The emails are annexed to the Baum Declaration as Exhibit B.
41 Memorandum in Further Support of Joint Motion of Educational Credit Management Corporation and Navient
Solutions, LLC, To Dismiss Adversary Proceeding Pursuant To Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(b), AP ECF No. 433.
42 Order, AP ECF No. 424.
leave to (a) amend the Complaint, (b) reopen discovery, and (c) file motions for summary judgment
motion and/or recusal.43 In doing so, Plaintiff purported to pursue his claims of tax fraud.
Plaintiff contends that Reed Auerbach and Jamie Gorelick formulated a scheme (the

alleged “Auerbach-Gorelick Scheme”) pursuant to which Institutions throughout the United States
are using student loan assets to illegally subsidize weapons manufacturing by Raytheon and
Northrop. Pursuant to the Auerbach-Gorelick Scheme, Institutions allegedly overcharged student
borrowers and used the increased principal amounts of student loans to raise funding (the “Student
Loan Funds”) to subsidize Raytheon’s and Northrop’s weapons sales to Saudi Arabia, and to avoid
taxation for these sales by laundering the payments from Saudi Arabia through the Institutions’
endowment funds. April 2025 Order at 17.44 Plaintiff says that Auerbach and Gorelick organized

43 Motion for Reconsideration and Other Relief, AP ECF No. 426; Motion to Present the Auerbach Gorelick Plan
in Court with IRS Criminal Division and Chief Judge of Southern District Present, AP ECF No. 432; Motion for Stay
of Dismissal to Plead Special Matter – Rule 9 Civil Procedure, Notice of FOIL Filing, Request for Subpoenas, AP
ECF No. 433; Addendum to Motion for Special Matter, Stay, Request for Subpoenas, Adding Defendants, AP ECF
No. 434; Motion to Compel ECMC to Admit Concealed Representation of Raytheon and Filing Intervention on False
Grounds in Withholding the Pertinent Facts from this Court in this Proceeding. Executing Withholding of Pertinent
Facts as an Overt Action to Block Dischargeability of Loans from the Borrower and the Court, Commit Fraud Upon
the Court. Motion to Court to Declare Failure of Compliance with Discovery by Navient, ECMC in Concealing,
Withholding Raytheon Information and Contracts, AP ECF No. 454; Motion for Summary Judgment for Offering a
False Instrument for Filing in Order to Hide Dischargeability – Fraud on the Court Scheme as Defined by 18 U.S.
Code 157 – also known as the Bankruptcy Fraud Statute, AP ECF No. 475; Addendum to Prior Motion- Motion for
Fraud Upon the Court Determination and Criminal Referral for False Instrument Filing, Impersonation. Blocking
Trial and Motion to Vacate ECMC’s approved Motion to Intervene, Motion to Recall the US Department of Education,
AP ECF No. 482; Motion for Stay and Motion to Add Defendants, AP ECF No. 484; Motion for Stay and New Fraud
Evidence and to Add Defendants, AP ECF No. 488.
44 See Memorandum Decision and Order Resolving Motions Filed by Plaintiff, Educational Credit Management
Corporation and Navient Solutions, LLC (the “April 2025 Order”), AP ECF No. 527. Plaintiff asserts the Auerbach-
Gorelick Scheme calls for Institutions to:
i. overcharge students far beyond the cost of attendance and thereby raise the principal
amounts charged to students,
ii. restrict the award of grants to students,
iii. force students to incur large amounts of student loan indebtedness,
iv. package the student loans into transferable securities,
v. funnel the loan proceeds to offshore accounts without alerting the Internal Revenue Service
and in violation of the Internal Revenue Code,
and perpetrated the scheme with the assistance of a number of executives for Raytheon and The
Carlyle Group. Id. at 18.45 He says his Student Loan Debt (and the debts of millions of other student
loan borrowers) is dischargeable in bankruptcy because under that scheme, the Institutions are not
applying Student Loan Funds for education purposes. Id. at 21.

Accordingly, Plaintiff sought to litigate the merits of his claims that (i) the Auerbach-
Gorelick Scheme exists, (ii) Lafayette is party to the scheme, (iii) the Student Loans are not
“qualified education loans” excepted from discharge under section 523(a)(8) of the Bankruptcy
Code based upon Lafayette’s alleged use of the Student Loan Funds to underwrite Raytheon’s and
Northrop’s alleged illegal munitions sales, and (iv) that he is entitled to damages. Plaintiff sought
leave to name additional defendants to the Complaint and to conduct broad third-party discovery
relating to the Auerbach-Gorelick Scheme. He also sought miscellaneous forms of relief against
ECMC and Navient, and asserted that the Court is party to the alleged scheme and must recuse
itself from the adversary proceeding.

Court Denies Plaintiff’s Motions and Denies Rule 41(b) Motion Without Prejudice
The Court denied Plaintiff’s motions/requests:
(i) for leave to amend the Complaint to add claims for fraud upon the Court and
against additional defendants, April 2025 Order at 22-25,

vi. use the proceeds to subsidize contract sales of military grade munitions manufactured by
Raytheon and Northrop to Saudi Arabia, and
vii. receive payment for the munitions from Saudi Arabia through college and university
endowment funds.
April 2025 Order at 17 (citations omitted).
45 Plaintiff identifies the following individuals as “key operatives” who were hired by Raytheon and The Carlyle
Group to propel the Auerbach-Gorelick Scheme: Victoria Nuland, Robert Kagan, Merrick Garland, David Rubenstein,
Glenn Youngkin, Wayne Abernathy, Jared Kushner, Craig Annis, Jerome Powell, Arthur Rothkopf, President Biden
and President Trump. April 2025 Order at 18.
(ii) to subpoena various witnesses and reopen discovery in the adversary
proceeding, id. at 26-29,
(iii) to compel ECMC to admit that in student loan discharge cases, they are
representing the interests of Raytheon, id. at 29-31,
(iv) for summary judgment that ECMC and Navient, in conjunction with
Raytheon and The Carlyle Group have offered false documents in this adversary
proceeding to hide their scheme to commit fraud on the Court, id. at 31-33, and
(v) for the Court to recuse itself from the case, id. at 33-36.
The Court also denied Defendants’ Rule 41(b) Motion, without prejudice. Id. at 36-37. In
so ruling, in recognition of the Plaintiff’s pro se status, the Court provided Plaintiff with another
opportunity to cure his defaults under the Scheduling Orders. The Court directed, as follows:
1. The parties shall submit a proposed Joint Pre-Trial Order and a Joint Exhibit
Book with exhibits pre-marked, on or before May 8, 2025.
2. A final pre-trial conference will be held on May 22, 2025 at 2:00 p.m. (ET)
via Court Solutions.
Id. at 37. Plaintiff failed to comply with the April 2025 Order. See ECMC Letter46 (representing
that ECMC sent an email to Plaintiff requesting his input on the Joint Pre-Trial Order and Joint
Exhibit Book and that Plaintiff failed to respond to the email or otherwise provide input to the
order).
The Rule 41(b) Show Cause Order
In the wake of Plaintiff’s default under the April 2025 Order, the Court issued the Rule
41(b) Show Cause Order directing Plaintiff to appear before the Court and show cause why the
Court should not dismiss this adversary proceeding pursuant to Rule 41(b) for Plaintiff’s failure to
prosecute the action and failure to comply with the Scheduling Orders and the April 2025 Order

46 Letter to the Court dated May 8, 2025 (the “ECMC Letter”), AP ECF No. 529.
(the “Show Cause Hearing”). The Court further directed that Plaintiff file any written response to
the Rule 41(b) Show Cause Order.
Plaintiff Defaults Under The Rule 41(b) Show Cause Order
Plaintiff did not respond to the Rule 41(b) Show Cause Order, and remains in breach of the

April 2025 Order, as he refuses to provide Defendants with his input on the Joint Pre-Trial Order
and Joint Exhibit Book. By email to Chambers and counsel, Plaintiff (i) advised that due to family
issues, he was unable to attend the Show Cause Hearing, and requested a “short adjournment” of
the hearing, and (ii) advised that he “[has] been focused on formulating a response” and “within
the next day” he will be “filing motions.” See Rescheduling Order at 1-2.47
The Court adjourned the Show Cause Hearing to May 30, 2025, and extended Plaintiff’s
time to submit any response to the Rule 41(b) Show Cause Order to on or before May 27, 2025.
Id. at 3. The Court directed ECMC and Navient to submit any response to the reply on or before
May 29, 2025. Id. The Court further adjourned the May 22 Hearing to June 5, 2025.48 Plaintiff did

not respond to the Rule 41(b) Show Cause Order. He remains in default under that order.
Court Denies Plaintiff’s “New Motions”
Instead, on May 27, 2025, Plaintiff filed his “New Motions”49 in which he purports to assert
the following claims for relief:
(i) Motion for Relief From/Vacate the April 2025 Order,

47 See Order Rescheduling May 22 Hearing On the Court’s Show Cause Order (the “Rescheduling Order”), AP
ECF No. 532.
48 Amended Order Rescheduling May 22 Hearing On the Court’s Show Cause Order, AP ECF No. 533.
49 New Motions Submission: Motion for Emergency Stay, Motion for Relief of Recent Orders, Motion to Vacate
Orders, Motion for Recusal, Motion to Submit Fraud on Court With Navient and Raytheon Fraud Findings and
Raytheon Auerbach Whistleblower Complaint Under False Claims Act, Submission of Criminal Complaint, Motion
for Leave/Suspension of Adversary Proceeding to File Whistleblower Complaint (the “New Motions”), AP ECF No.
536.
(ii) Motion for Recusal,
(iii) Motion to Submit Evidence,
(iv) Motion for Leave to File Criminal Complaint and Whistleblower
Complaint, and
(v) Motion for Emergency Stay.
See generally New Motions. ECMC and Navient submitted a joint response in opposition to the
New Motions.50
On June 5, 2025, the Court held a hearing on these matters (the “June 5 Hearing”). At the
hearing, the Court inquired why Plaintiff had not complied with the Scheduling Orders, and asked

if Plaintiff intended to adhere to the Court’s orders and participate in the trial and extended, “for
the last time,” Plaintiff’s time to cure his defaults and directed Plaintiff to submit his input to the
proposed Joint Pre-Trial Order and Joint Exhibit Book by June 13, 2025. Thereafter, the Court
further adjourned the proceedings to June 20, 2025. See June 5 Minute Order.51 During the hearing,
the Court advised that Plaintiff’s failure to comply by June 13 would indicate to the Court that
Plaintiff is refusing to go forward to trial.
Plaintiff, again, failed to adhere to the Court’s directives. In a letter dated June 16, 2025,
counsel for ECMC advised the Court that neither ECMC or Navient received any response from
Plaintiff to the proposed Pre-Trial Order and Exhibit Book. See June 16 Letter.52 Thereafter, the

50 Joint Response of Navient Solutions, LLC and Educational Credit Management Corporation’s Response to
Plaintiff’s Motion for Emergency Stay, Motion for Relief of Recent Order, Motion to Vacate Orders, Motion for
Recusal, Motion to Submit Evidence for Fraud on Court with Navient and Raytheon Fraud Findings and Raytheon
Auerbach Whistleblower Complaint Under False Claims Act, Submission of Criminal Complaint, Motion for
Leave/Suspension of Adversary Proceeding to File Whistleblower Complaint, AP ECF No. 537.
51 Minutes of Proceedings (the “June 5 Minute Order”), AP ECF No. 538.
52 Letter Confirming Plaintiff’s Non-Compliance (the “June 16 Letter”), AP ECF No. 540.
Court sua sponte adjourned the proceedings scheduled for June 20 to July 11, 2025.53 Nonetheless,
Plaintiff did not submit his input to the proposed Joint Pre-Trial Order and Joint Exhibit Book to
ECMC or Navient. Plaintiff did not otherwise attempt to show cause for his noncompliance with
the June 5 Minute Order, April 2025 Order, Scheduling Orders, and Rule 41(b) Show Cause Order.
Plaintiff remains in default of the Court’s orders. By order dated August 7, 2025,54 the Court denied

the New Motions as meritless.
LEGAL PRINCIPLES
Rule 41(b) states:
If the plaintiff fails to prosecute or to comply with these rules or a court order,
a defendant may move to dismiss the action or any claim against it. Unless the
dismissal order states otherwise, a dismissal under this subdivision (b) . . .
operates as an adjudication on the merits.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(b); see Tenesca v. Gemelli Rest. Grp. Inc., No. 19-CV-10976, 2021 WL
4041105, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 3, 2021) (“[T]he usual sanction for failure to prosecute under Rule
41(b) is dismissal with prejudice.”) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(b)). “Although the text of Fed. R.
Civ. P. 41(b) expressly addresses only the case in which a defendant moves for dismissal of an
action, it is unquestioned that Rule 41(b) also gives the district court authority to dismiss a
plaintiff’s case sua sponte for failure to prosecute.” LeSane v. Halls Sec. Analyst, Inc., 239 F.3d
206, 209 (2d Cir. 2001) (citing Link v. Wabash R.R. Co., 370 U.S. 626, 630 (1962)); see also
Martens v. Thomann, 273 F.3d 159, 179-80 (2d Cir. 2001) (“A district court also has the power
[under Rule 41(b)] to dismiss for failure to prosecute sua sponte.” (citation omitted)).

53 Notice of Adjournment, AP ECF Nos. 541, 543, 545.
54 Memorandum Decision and Order Denying Plaintiff’s New Motions Submission (the “New Motions Decision”),
AP ECF No. 556.
Rule 41(b) does not define “failure to prosecute.” However, it “can evidence itself either
in an action lying dormant with no significant activity to move it or in a pattern of dilatory tactics.”
In re Madoff Sec. Int’l Ltd., No. 09-12998, 2024 WL 2309717, at *2 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. May 21,
2024) (quoting Lyell Theatre Corp. v. Loews Corp., 682 F.2d 37, 42-43 (2d Cir. 1982)). In short,
“[t]his power to dismiss . . . may be exercised when necessary to achieve orderly and expeditious

disposition of cases.” Freeman v. Lundrigan, No. 95-CV-1190, 1996 WL 481534, at *1 (N.D.N.Y.
Aug. 22, 1996). While dismissal is a harsh remedy, “the authority to invoke it for failure to
prosecute is vital to the efficient administration of judicial affairs and provides meaningful access
for other prospective litigants to overcrowded courts.” Pena v. Zazzle Inc., 587 F. Supp. 3d 109,
113 (S.D.N.Y. 2022) (quoting Lyell, 682 F.2d at 43); see also McLean v. City of New York, No.
04-CV-8353, 2007 WL 415138, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 6, 2007) (“[The] court should not have to
beg the parties before it to litigate the cases they initiate.”). Moreover, “[w]hile the Second Circuit
has cautioned that pro se plaintiffs should be granted special leniency regarding procedural
matters, courts in this district have recognized that even pro se litigants must prosecute claims

diligently, and dismissal with prejudice is warranted where the Court gives warning.” Zeigler v.
Annucci, No. 23-CV-707, 2025 WL 1056904, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 8, 2025) (cleaned up and
internal citations omitted).
The decision whether to dismiss a complaint for failure to prosecute under Rule 41(b) is
within the Court’s discretion. See Minnette v. Time Warner, 997 F.2d 1023, 1027 (2d Cir. 1993);
accord Peart v. City of New York, 992 F.2d 458, 461 (2d Cir. 1993). In exercising that discretion,
the Court considers the following five factors:
(1) the duration of the plaintiff’s failures, (2) whether plaintiff had received
notice that further delays would result in dismissal, (3) whether the defendant
is likely to be prejudiced by further delay, (4) whether the district judge has
taken care to strike the appropriate balance between alleviating court calendar
congestion and protecting a party’s right to due process and a fair chance to be
heard, and (5) whether the judge has adequately assessed the efficacy of lesser
sanctions.
Shannon v. General Electric Co., 186 F.3d 186, 193-94 (2d Cir. 1999); see also Fezzani v. Bear,
Stearns & Co. Inc., 527 F. App’x 89, 92 (2d Cir. 2013). “[N]o one factor is dispositive,” and the
determination is based on the “record as a whole.” Lewis v. Rawson, 564 F.3d 569, 576 (2d Cir.
2009) (citing United States ex rel. Drake v. Norden Systems, Inc., 375 F.3d 248, 254 (2d Cir.
2004)).
ANALYSIS
The “primary rationale” for dismissal pursuant to Rule 41(b) is “the failure of plaintiff in
his duty to process his case diligently.” Pena, 587 F. Supp. 3d at 113 (quoting Lyell, 682 F.2d at
43). That is plainly applicable here. Without limitation, Plaintiff has failed to comply with any of
the Court’s Scheduling Orders, or to respond to the Rule 41(b) Motion and the Rule 41(b) Show

Cause Order. Instead, Plaintiff persists needlessly multiplying baseless litigation in pursuing
claims dismissed by the Court and matters not relevant to the adversary proceeding. Application
of the Shannon factors weighs in favor of dismissing Plaintiff’s case, with prejudice.
The Duration of Plaintiff’s Failures
“There are two aspects of this factor: (1) that the failures were those of the plaintiff; and
(2) that these failures were of significant duration.” Jackson v. City of New York, 22 F.3d 71, 75
(2d Cir. 1994). Both elements are present here, as Plaintiff knowingly and intentionally failed to
comply with any of the Scheduling Orders and defaulted under both the Rule 41(b) Motion and
Rule 41(b) Show Cause Order. Moreover, “[t]he duration factor is of limited significance where

[as here] a party deliberately disobeys court orders.” Peart, 992 F.2d at 461. The impetus for
dismissal derives from the willfulness of the party’s actions rather than the time period that has
elapsed as a result of those actions. Feurtado v. City of New York, 225 F.R.D. 474, 478 (S.D.N.Y.
2004).
Plaintiff has disobeyed the Court’s orders and multiplied litigation by filing meritless

motions that reassert claims and theories previously rejected by the Court. As summarized above,
the Court denied Plaintiff’s requests for discovery related to his tax fraud allegations, denied his
motions to amend the Complaint to add damage claims, and denied his requests to reopen
discovery to investigate the alleged Auerbach-Gorelick Scheme. Notwithstanding these rulings,
Plaintiff continued to file motions raising the same issues—repackaged under different labels but
substantively identical to those already rejected. See, e.g., First Omnibus Motion; Second Omnibus
Motion; Third Omnibus Motion; New Motions. The Court’s rulings made clear that the only issues
germane to this adversary proceeding are those arising under section 523(a)(8) of the Bankruptcy
Code. Plaintiff’s refusal to accept those rulings, and his insistence on litigating matters outside the
scope of this proceeding, shows the first factor is satisfied here given Plaintiff’s intentional and

willful disregard of the Scheduling Orders, the Rule 41(b) Motion and Rule 41(b) Show Cause
Order.
Notice That Further Delays Might Result in Dismissal
“The Second Circuit requires that the plaintiff receive adequate notice that the case could
be dismissed due to inaction.” Folk v. Rademacher, No. 00-CV-199S, 2005 WL 2205816, at *4
(W.D.N.Y. Sept. 9, 2005) (citing Martens, 273 F.3d at 180-81). In the April 2025 Order, the Court
denied the Rule 41(b) Motion without prejudice but warned Plaintiff that he must comply with the
Court’s orders and participate in the pre-trial process. The Court stated that dismissal for failure to
prosecute would be appropriate if Plaintiff continued to fail to participate in these proceedings. In

entering the Rule 41(b) Show Cause Order, the Court advised Plaintiff that it would dismiss the
adversary proceeding under Rule 41(b) if he did not show grounds for the Court not to do so. He
ignored that order. Application of this factor weighs in favor of dismissing the adversary
proceeding, with prejudice. See Nolan v. Primagency, Inc., No. 07 Civ. 134, 2008 WL 1758644,
at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 16, 2008) (“The Second Circuit has held that where a court puts a plaintiff
on notice that the court is considering dismissal, and a plaintiff fails to file a document explaining

the failures and outlining why the action should not be dismissed, this element has been met.”)
(citing Shannon, 186 F.3d at 194-95)); accord Europacific Asset Mgmt. Corp. v. Tradescape,
Corp., 233 F.R.D. 344, 353 (S.D.N.Y. 2005) (“A court’s prior warning of dismissal, and
subsequent inaction by a plaintiff, weighs in favor of dismissal.”).
Whether Defendants Are Likely To Be Prejudiced By Further Delay
“Prejudice to defendants resulting from unreasonable delay may be presumed, but in cases
where delay is more moderate or excusable, the need to show actual prejudice is proportionately
greater.” Lyell Theatre, 682 F.2d at 43 (citations omitted); see also Beauford v. Doe #1, No. 04

Civ. 7533, 2007 WL 549432, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 16, 2017) (“The Court can presume that the
defendant[ ] ha[s] been prejudiced and will continue to be by further delay where as here the
plaintiff has already been unresponsive for a long period of time.”) Plaintiff’s complete failure to
comply with the Scheduling Orders is neither excusable nor moderate. Nor is his failure to respond
to the Rule 41(b) Motion and Rule 41(b) Show Cause Order. The Court presumes prejudice to the
Defendants, and finds that the third Shannon factor weight in favor of dismissal.
Whether Plaintiff Has Been Accorded A Fair Chance To Be Heard
In assessing the fourth Shannon factor, the Court considers the type of delay caused by
Plaintiff. This factor favors a plaintiff when the delay is “silent and unobtrusive rather than

vexatious and burdensome,” meaning the plaintiff simply “did not make submissions required by
the court” instead of “swamp[ing] the court with irrelevant or obstructionist filings.” Brown v.
Gen. Nutrition Companies, Inc., 356 F. App’x 482, 487 (2d Cir. 2009) (quoting Lucas v. Miles, 84
F.3d 532, 535 (2d Cir.1996)).

Application of this factor cuts against Plaintiff. He did not merely ignore the Court’s orders
throughout the course of this case. Unlike cases in which a plaintiff was “silent and unobtrusive”
Plaintiff has swamped “the court with irrelevant or obstructionist filings.” Brown, 356 F. App’x at
487. He multiplied litigation by filing meritless motions in the wake of the Court’s orders. In
entering the Scheduling Orders, and sua sponte extending Plaintiff’s time to comply with orders,
the Court accorded Plaintiff every opportunity to be heard at trial of the adversary proceeding. He
rejected all of those opportunities. Instead, he responded by filing additional meritless motions.
The New Motions sought the same relief previously denied—including leave to file a fraud-upon-
the-court claim, to submit evidence of the alleged Auerbach-Gorelick Scheme, and for the Court
to recuse itself. See New Motions. The Court denied these motions as meritless. See New Motions

Decision. Plaintiff showed that he has no intention of proceeding to trial on the issues properly
before the Court. Rather, he has used every extension of time as an opportunity to further multiply
litigation on claims that are not germane to this adversary proceeding. At minimum, he has plainly
been accorded a fair opportunity to participate at a trial on the merits of his Complaint.
Plaintiff’s failure to litigate this matter cannot be construed as the denial of the right to
present his case. Henderson v. Levy, 15-CV-802, 2019 WL 1410867, at * 4 (W.D.N.Y. Mar. 1,
2019); see also Dodson v. Runyon, 957 F.Supp. 465, 470 (S.D.N.Y. 1997) (“any claim that
plaintiff’s due process rights were violated thus cannot prevail because the delay and resultant
dismissal of plaintiff’s case are of his own making.”). This factor weighs solidly in favor of

dismissal, with prejudice.
The Efficacy Of Lesser Sanctions
As to the fifth Shannon factor, dismissal with prejudice is the appropriate sanction.
Although “dismissal with prejudice is a harsh remedy to be utilized only in extreme situations,”
Lyell, 682 F.2d at 42 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted), a case may be dismissed
where “there are no lesser sanctions . . . that are suitable,” Coss v. Sullivan Co. Jail Adm’r, 171

F.R.D. 68, 72 (S.D.N.Y. 1997). That is the case here. “The Court has no reason to suspect that
Plaintiff would be responsive if lesser sanctions or court orders were imposed. Given that Plaintiff
has . . . failed to respond to orders of this Court, lesser sanctions would be useless.” Ctr. for
Monitoring Impact of Peace, Inc. v. Ctr. for Monitoring Impact of Peace, R.A., No. 06 CIV 2390,
2010 WL 3958823, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 24, 2010) (citing Feurtado, 225 F.R.D. at 480 (S.D.N.Y.
2004) (“[R]epeated violation of orders of this Court leads to the inexorable conclusion that no
sanction short of dismissal would effectively address [plaintiff’s] conduct.”) (citations omitted));
Smith v. Human Res. Admin., No. 91 Civ. 2295, 2000 WL 307367, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 24, 2000)
(“[L]esser sanctions are not appropriate . . . [because c]ourt orders and direction have not prompted

plaintiff to move her case forward.”). Moreover, as Plaintiff has continuously failed to comply
with deadlines and Court orders, there is little indication that monetary sanctions would persuade
Plaintiff’s participation. Monetary sanctions are usually not appropriate for a plaintiff proceeding
pro se or in forma pauperis. Henderson, 2019 WL 1410867, at *4.
CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, the Court will dismiss the adversary proceeding, with prejudice.
However, the Court will afford Plaintiff a final opportunity to comply with the Court’s direction
that he proceed to trial in this adversary proceeding. The Court directs, as follows:

1. On or before February 16, 2026, at 5:00 p.m. (ET), Plaintiff shall provide to
ECMC and Navient his comments/contributions to the Joint Pre-Trial Order
and Joint Exhibit Book with exhibits pre-marked. ECMC shall file a status letter
with the Court on February 17, 2026, at 11:00 a.m. (ET).
2. On or before February 20, 2026, at 5:00 p.m. (ET), the parties shall file the
Joint Pre-Trial Order and Joint Exhibit Book with exhibits pre-marked with the
Court.
3. On February 25, 2026, at 10:00 a.m. (ET), the Court will conduct a final pre-
trial conference on via Court Solutions.
Plaintiff’s unexcused failure to comply with this order will result in the dismissal of
the adversary proceeding, with prejudice, pursuant to Rule 41(b).
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Dated: January 30, 2026
New York, New York
/s/ James L. Garrity, Jr.
Honorable James L. Garrity, Jr.
United States Bankruptcy Judge

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11248924. Public record. Not legal advice.