# Hunt

> District Court, N.D. Ohio · January 6, 2026

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11236714

## Case

- **Full name:** Anthony Hunt v. Warden Anthony Davis
- **Court:** District Court, N.D. Ohio
- **Decided:** January 6, 2026
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11236714

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- describing habeas as an “extraordinary remedy, reserved for only extreme malfunctions in the state criminal justice system and different in kind from providing relief on direct appeal”
- holding that petitioner “must show that the trial judge not only misread state law but also misread it so badly that it violated the [Constitution]”

## Opinion text

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
EASTERN DIVISION

ANTHONY HUNT, CASE NO. 4:24-CV-01820-JPC
Petitioner, JUDGE J. PHILIP CALABRESE
vs. MAGISTRATE JUDGE DARRELL A. CLAY
WARDEN ANTHONY DAVIS, REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION
Respondent.

INTRODUCTION
With the aid of counsel, Petitioner Anthony Hunt, a prisoner in state custody, seeks a writ
of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. (ECF #1). The District Court has jurisdiction under
§ 2254(a) and the matter is referred to me to prepare a Report and Recommendation.1
(Non-document entry of Jan. 10, 2025). Respondent Warden Anthony Davis, as Warden of the
Trumbull Correctional Institution (hereinafter, the State), filed the Return of Writ with the state
court record. (ECF #6). Mr. Hunt filed a Traverse and the State responded with a surreply.
(ECF #13, 14).
Challenging his convictions for felonious assault and having a weapon while under a
disability, Mr. Hunt asserts two grounds for relief. As outlined below, I recommend the District
Court DENY Grounds One and Two, DISMISS the petition, and DENY a certificate of
appealability (COA) on all grounds.

1 This matter was originally referred to Magistrate Judge Reuben Sheperd who
recused himself on January 10, 2025. (ECF #7).
PROCEDURAL HISTORY
A. State court factual findings
The Ohio Court of Appeals, Eighth Appellate District, set forth the operative facts here,
which are presumed correct unless Mr. Hunt rebuts them by clear and convincing evidence. See

28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1). On reconsideration, the Eighth District determined:
{¶3} Hunt was charged with one count of aggravated murder (Count 1), two counts
of murder (Counts 2 and 3), two counts of felonious assault (Counts 4 and 5), one
count of tampering with evidence (Count 6), one count of having a weapon while
under disability (Count 7), one count of illegally possessing a firearm in a liquor-
permit premises (Count 8), and two counts of aggravated riot (Counts 9 and 10). The
charges were brought against Hunt in connection with the shooting death of
Ge’Ongela Rivers (“Rivers”) that occurred at My Friends Restaurant in Cleveland,
Ohio, on March 22, 2021. Hunt exercised his right to a jury trial on all counts except
Count 7, which was tried to the court.
{¶4} Skyla Johnson (“Johnson”), Hunt’s girlfriend, testified at trial that she was living
with Hunt and his brother, Keondre Austin (“Austin”), at the time of the shooting.
In the early morning hours of March 22, 2021, Johnson, Hunt, and Austin took an
Uber to My Friends Restaurant in Cleveland. At the restaurant, they sat in a booth
and ate some food.
{¶5} Meanwhile, Rivers and her friend, Antonio Ortiz (“Ortiz”), entered the
restaurant to order food to go. They were sitting on stools at a counter near the front
of the restaurant looking at a menu when they began to interact with Austin, who
passed them as he was going outside to see if the Uber Johnson had called was outside
the restaurant.
{¶6} While Austin was speaking with Ortiz, Johnson went outside to smoke a
cigarette, and Hunt, who remained at the booth, began putting leftover food into
carry-out boxes. Hunt testified that as he was packing up the food, he noticed that
Austin and Ortiz were engaged in conversation that was not “positive.” Cetewayo
Fuller (“Fuller”), a patron from a nearby booth, also stated that the tone of the
conversation was “aggressive.” Nicole Hanna (“Hanna”), a server who was standing
at the counter ringing up a to-go order at the time of the shooting, testified there was
“tension” between Ortiz and Austin. Neither Johnson nor Hunt knew Rivers or Ortiz
prior to the shooting incident. Nevertheless, Hunt became concerned for Austin’s
safety due to the tone of the conversation.
{¶7} Hunt testified that he called Austin back to the booth, in an apparent effort to
stop him from engaging with Ortiz. Surveillance video, admitted into evidence as
state’s exhibit No. 602 shows that Austin responded to Hunt and began walking back
to the booth but then turned back toward Ortiz and Rivers. State’s exhibit No. 602
shows that when Austin walked back toward Ortiz, Ortiz stood up and began walking
toward the front door to the restaurant. Austin followed Ortiz, and Hunt followed
Austin.
{¶8} The video shows that Ortiz walked toward the front of the restaurant and turned
toward Austin while drawing a firearm from inside his jacket. Hunt, who was
standing behind Austin, almost simultaneously drew a firearm from his inside
pocket. Austin was unarmed and Hunt knew he was unarmed. According to Tom
Ciula (“Ciula”), the video forensic analyst with the Cleveland Police Department
who authenticated state’s exhibit No. 602, the video evidence establishes that Ortiz
began shooting three twenty-fifths of a second before Hunt began shooting. Both
Ortiz and Hunt fired numerous shots at each other. Ortiz shot from behind a wall
in the vestibule area of the restaurant, and Hunt fired several shots toward the door,
where Ortiz was taking cover. At some point during the shooting, Hunt was shot in
the ankle and fell to the floor. In that moment, Ortiz ran out the front door of the
restaurant to a car parked in the parking lot and fled the scene, leaving Rivers alone
in the restaurant.
{¶9} Meanwhile, Hunt realized he had been shot but continued shooting. He
explained at trial that he had heard numerous gunshots, he did not know where all
the bullets were coming from, and decided to shoot Rivers, who was behind him
because he thought the bullets may have also come from her. He explained:
Well, I couldn’t understand where the gunshots were coming from.
And when I finally realized that I was shot, I heard movement behind
me, and I really didn’t have enough time to see who that was behind
me or if they had a firearm or not before I had to make a split[-]second
decision on whether or not to possibly end the threat that was behind
me.
The video evidence confirms that Hunt quickly decided to shoot Rivers, who was
unarmed and running away.
{¶10} Upon being shot, Rivers initially fell to the floor but subsequently stood up
and walked outside the restaurant where she collapsed. An autopsy revealed that
Rivers sustained two gunshot wounds. One wound was composed of injuries to her
liver, left kidney, pancreas, abdominal arteries, and portal vein. The other wound
was composed of injuries to Rivers’s skeletal muscle and cecum. According to Dr.
David Dolinak, a deputy medical examiner with the Cuyahoga County Medical
Examiner’s Office, Rivers died as a result of these injuries. Austin sustained six
gunshot wounds and also died from his injuries.
{¶11} Hunt argued at trial that he was acting in self-defense when he shot Rivers.
Detective Robby Prock (“Det. Prock”) of the Cleveland Police Department testified
that he collected 21 casings from Ortiz’s FN five-seven firearm, most of which were
recovered from the vestibule area of the restaurant. Det. Prock also recovered 14
cartridge casings from Hunt’s Glock. The video evidence demonstrates that all of the
shooting occurred during a six-second timeframe.
{¶12} The trial court granted a defense motion for acquittal on Counts 8, 9, and 10,
which alleged one count of illegal possession of a firearm in a liquor-permit premises
charge and two counts of aggravated riot. Defense counsel requested jury instructions
on self-defense, transferred intent, and on lesser-included offenses. The court denied
counsel’s request for a lesser-included-offense instruction but provided instructions
on self-defense and transferred intent.
{¶13} The jury found Hunt guilty on Counts 4 and 5, which alleged felonious assault
and identified Rivers as the victim, but it acquitted him of the other charges. The
court found Hunt guilty of having a weapon while under disability as alleged in
Count 7. The court merged Counts 4 and 5 and sentenced Hunt to a minimum of
eight years on Count 5, plus three years on an attendant firearm specification for an
aggregate minimum prison term of 11 years. The court sentenced Hunt to 36 months
on the having weapons-while-under-disability charge and ordered the 36-month
sentence to be served consecutive to the sentence on Count 5, for an aggregate
minimum 14-year prison term. And, pursuant to the Reagan Tokes Law, the court
sentenced Hunt to an indefinite prison term of 14–18 years in prison.
(ECF #6-1 at PageID 212-16 (citations omitted); see also State v. Hunt, No. 111892, 2023 WL
4010521, at *1-3 (Ohio Ct. App. June 15, 2023), appeal not allowed, 220 N.E.3d 814 (Ohio 2023)
(table)).
B. Direct appeal
Through counsel, Mr. Hunt timely appealed his convictions to the Eighth District where
he raised five assignments of error:
1. [Mr. Hunt] was denied the due process of law under the United States and
Ohio Constitutions [due to] errors in jury instructions on transferred intent
and mistake of fact, and missing instructions on reckless assault.
2. Hunt was denied due process by way of inconsistent verdicts.
3. Prosecutorial misconduct and/or ineffective assistance of counsel in closing
arguments.
4. The State of Ohio presented insufficient evidence that [Mr. Hunt] did not
act in self-defense.
5. The manifest weight of the evidence did not support a conviction of felonious
assault.
(See ECF #6-1 at PageID 99) (cleaned up). On May 11, 2023, the Eighth District affirmed. (See id.
at PageID 165).
Mr. Hunt timely sought reconsideration under Ohio Appellate Rule 26(A), arguing the
Eighth District applied the wrong standard of review to the first assignment of error and, as to the
other assignments of error, made factual mistakes and did not address arguments made. (Id. at
PageID 191-99). On June 15, 2023, the Eighth District granted reconsideration on the first
assignment of error only, vacated its prior decision, and issued a new decision again affirming Mr.
Hunt’s convictions. (Id. at PageID 209, 211).

On July 31, 2023, through counsel, Mr. Hunt timely appealed to the Supreme Court of
Ohio, advancing five propositions of law:
1. A defendant acts in self-defense when a defendant honestly believes they are
in imminent danger of death or serious bodily harm, even when that belief,
while grounded in the factual circumstances of the case, is mistaken. When
the defendant negligently harms another as a result of such a mistaken
believe, self-defense will still apply.
2. SB 201 is unconstitutional on its face and as applied.
3. Defense counsel is ineffective when counsel fails to object to prosecutorial
arguments that incorrectly limit the application of the doctrine of self-
defense.
4. When the jury’s verdict in one count reveals that the jury believed the
defendant acted in self-defense, a guilty verdict for a lesser-included offense
contained in a separate count of the indictment denies the defendant due
process under the Fourteenth Amendment and Article I, Section 2 of the
Ohio Constitution.
5. When a material question of fact is raised regarding the mental state of a
defendant using proportionate force in self-defense, a trial court’s failure to
give an instruction on reckless assault denise the defendant due process
under the Fourteenth Amendment and Article I, Section 2 of the Ohio
Constitution.
(ECF #6-1 at 236-37, 240). On April 2, 2024, the Supreme Court of Ohio declined to hear his
appeal. (Id. at PageID 268; see also Hunt, 220 N.E.3d 814).
FEDERAL HABEAS PETITION
In his petition before this Court, Mr. Hunt raises two grounds for habeas relief:
GROUND ONE: Petitioner was denied due process of law by the trial court’s failure
to properly instruct the jury on self-defense.
Supporting Facts: Petitioner, who had just been shot, mistakenly believed that the
assailant’s companion was working in concert to harm him, and shot and killed the
companion. Instead of instructing the jury that self-defense required both an
objective and subjective standard, the trial court instructed the jury that Petitioner,
to be entitled to a claim or self-defense, must “reasonably and honestly believe” that
he was about to be killed or receive great bodily harm.
GROUND TWO: Petitioner was denied his Sixth Amendment right to the effective
assistance of trial counsel by counsel’s failure to object to prosecutorial misconduct
in closing argument.
Supporting Facts: In closing argument, the prosecutor asserted that Petitioner’s self-
defense argument could be rejected if he acted negligently or recklessly, in
contradiction to the statutory requirements of the offense. Defense counsel offered
ineffective assistance by failing to object to the argument.
(ECF #1 at PageID 3-4).
STANDARD OF REVIEW
The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA) governs Mr. Hunt’s
habeas petition. Lindh v. Murphy, 521 U.S. 320, 336 (1997). AEDPA recognizes that “[s]tate courts
are adequate forums for the vindication of federal rights” so AEDPA acts as a “formidable barrier
to federal habeas relief for prisoners whose claims have been adjudicated in state court.” Burt v.
Titlow, 571 U.S. 12, 19 (2013). AEDPA “dictates a highly deferential standard for evaluating state-
court rulings which demands that state-court decisions be given the benefit of the doubt.” Bell v.
Cone, 543 U.S. 447, 455 (2005) (citation and quotation omitted). Habeas courts review the last-

explained state-court judgment on the federal claim at issue. Ylst v. Nunnemaker, 501 U.S. 797, 805
(1991).
Under AEDPA, habeas relief cannot be granted for a person in custody pursuant to a state
conviction unless the adjudication “(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an
unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law as determined by the Supreme Court
of the United States; or (2) resulted in a decision that was based upon an unreasonable

determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceedings.”
28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).
For the purposes of § 2254(d)(1), “clearly established Federal law” means “the governing
legal principle or principles set forth by the Supreme Court at the time the state court renders its
decision.” Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. 63, 71-72 (2003). It includes “the holdings, as opposed to
dicta, of [Supreme Court] decisions.” Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 412 (2000).

A state court’s decision is “contrary” to Supreme Court precedent if the state court arrives
at a conclusion opposite that reached by the Supreme Court on a question of law or if the state
court decides a case differently than the Supreme Court has decided on a set of materially
indistinguishable facts. Id. at 405. The word “contrary” means “diametrically different, opposite in
character or nature, or mutually opposed.” Id. A state court does not act contrary to Supreme
Court precedent when the precedent of the Supreme Court is ambiguous or nonexistent. See

Mitchell v. Esparza, 540 U.S. 12, 17 (2003) (per curiam).
A state court’s decision involves an “unreasonable application” of Supreme Court
precedent if (1) the state court identifies the correct governing legal rule from the Supreme Court’s
cases but unreasonably applies it to the facts of the state prisoner’s case or (2) the state court either

unreasonably extends a legal principle from the Supreme Court’s precedent to a new context
where it should not be applied or unreasonably refuses to extend that principle in a new context
where it should apply. Williams, 529 U.S. at 407. A state-court decision must be “objectively
unreasonable” to have unreasonably applied Supreme Court precedent which requires more than
the decision being “erroneous” or “incorrect.” See id. at 409-11. “It bears repeating that even a
strong case for relief does not mean the state court’s contrary conclusion was unreasonable.”

Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 102 (2011).
Under § 2254(d)(2), a state court’s factual determinations stand unless they too are
objectively unreasonable in light of the evidence presented in state court. See Harrington, 562 U.S.
at 100. The Supreme Court has repeatedly emphasized “a state court factual determination is not
unreasonable merely because the federal habeas court would have reached a different conclusion.”
Burt, 571 U.S. at 18. Under AEDPA, “a determination of a factual issue made by a state court shall
be presumed to be correct” unless the petitioner offers clear and convincing evidence to the

contrary. See 28 U.S.C. § 2554(e)(1).
Comity principles also require federal courts to defer to a state court’s judgment on issues
of state substantive and procedural law. Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 491 (1986); Engle v. Isaac,
456 U.S. 107, 128-29 (1982). Federal courts must accept a state court’s interpretation of its statutes
and rules of practice. Duffel v. Dutton, 785 F.2d 131, 133 (6th Cir. 1986).
The standard is intended to be difficult to meet and reflects the view that habeas corpus is
a “guard against extreme malfunctions in the state criminal justice systems,” not a substitute for
ordinary error correction through appeal. Harrington, 562 U.S. at 102-03; see also Brown v.

Davenport, 596 U.S. 118, 133 (2022) (describing habeas as an “extraordinary remedy, reserved for
only extreme malfunctions in the state criminal justice system and different in kind from providing
relief on direct appeal”) (cleaned up). To obtain “habeas corpus from a federal court, a state
prisoner must show that the state court’s ruling on the claim being presented in federal court was
so lacking in justification that there was an error well understood and comprehended in existing
law beyond any possibility for fair-minded disagreement.” Harrington, 562 U.S. at 103.

ANALYSIS
1. Ground One lacks merit because even if the jury instruction on self-defense were faulty,
Mr. Hunt has not demonstrated the instruction violated clearly established federal law.
In Ground One, Mr. Hunt argues the trial court violated his due-process rights by
erroneously instructing the jury that self-defense required a defendant reasonably and honestly
believe that death or great bodily harm would occur when the proper instruction was that a
defendant must subjectively believe he is in danger and that belief must be objectively reasonable.
(ECF #1 at PageID 3; ECF #13 at PageID 1618-20). The State responds that the state courts
determined the instruction was correct under state law and Mr. Hunt has not shown the
instruction rendered the trial fundamentally unfair or violated the United States Constitution. (See
ECF #6 at PageID 50-51).

The correctness of a jury instruction typically is a matter of state law. Keahey v. Marquis,
978 F.3d 474, 478 (6th Cir. 2020). To warrant habeas relief, a petitioner must show his
“conviction violated the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States.” Estelle v. McGuire,
502 U.S. 62, 68 (1991). Claims that allegedly erroneous jury instructions violate federal
constitutional guarantees of due process are subjected to heightened scrutiny because the Supreme
Court has cautioned that the category of jury instructions rising to a due process violation is drawn

“very narrowly.” Id. at 72-73. The relevant inquiry is “whether the ailing instruction by itself so
infected the entire trial that the resulting conviction violates due process.” Cupp v. Naughten,
414U.S. 141, 147 (1973); see also Keahey, 978 F.3d at 478 (holding that petitioner “must show that
the trial judge not only misread state law but also misread it so badly that it violated the
[Constitution]”).
Mr. Hunt challenges this instruction:

Tests for reasonable grounds and honest belief: In deciding whether the Defendant
had reasonable grounds to believe and an honest belief that he was in imminent or
immediate danger of death, you must put yourself in the position of the Defendant,
with his characteristics, his knowledge or lack of knowledge, and under the
circumstances and conditions that surrounded him at the time. You must consider
the conduct of Ge’Ongela Rivers and/or Antonio Ortiz and decide his or her . . . acts
and words caused the Defendant to reasonably and honestly believe that the
Defendant was about to be killed or receive great bodily harm.
(ECF #6-7 at PageID 1481).
Mr. Hunt argues the state court “conflated the subjective and objective components of self-
defense; essentially, it required the ‘honest belief’ to be objectively reasonable.” (ECF #13 at
PageID 1622). He advances several cases to argue the instruction was incorrect under Ohio law.
(Id. at PageID 1618-19). But the state courts already rejected this argument and held the
instruction was “an accurate statement of the law relative to the second element of a self-defense
claim” and was “virtually identical” to another instruction the Supreme Court of Ohio previously
upheld. (See ECF #6-1 at PageID 221-23) (citing State v. Thomas, 673 N.E.2d 1339, 330-31 (Ohio
1997)). Federal habeas courts do not function as another state appellate court reviewing state
courts’ decisions on state law. See Allen v. Morris, 845 F.2d 610, 614 (6th Cir. 1988). Mindful of
this role, this Court need not decide whether the instruction was correct as a matter of state law
because even if erroneous, the instruction did not violate clearly established federal law.

As discussed above, clearly established federal law means “the governing legal principle or
principles set forth by the Supreme Court at the time the state court renders its decision.” Andrade,
538 U.S. at 71-72. It includes “the holdings, as opposed to dicta, of [Supreme Court] decisions.”
Williams, 529 U.S. at 412. Thus, Mr. Hunt must show the erroneous instruction “violated concrete
Supreme Court holdings,” “not generalized principles.” Keahey, 978 F.3d at 478 (citing Marshall v.
Rodgers, 569 U.S. 58, 61 (2013) and Woods v. Donald, 575 U.S. 312, 318 (2015)).

Mr. Hunt cites Cupp, 414 U.S. at 147, to assert the instruction “so infected the entire trial
that the resulting conviction violates due process.” (See ECF #13 at PageID 1621, 1623). Beyond
citing Cupp’s generalized principle, Mr. Hunt offers just one case, Barker v. Yukins, 199 F.3d 867,
876 (6th Cir. 1999), as an example of where an erroneous self-defense instruction warranted
habeas relief. (ECF #14 at PageID 1621-22). But Barker is a Sixth Circuit decision and the
Supreme Court has held “[Sixth Circuit] precedent does not constitute ‘clearly established Federal

law,’ as determined by the Supreme Court” under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1). See Parker v. Matthews,
567 U.S. 37, 48-49 (2012). Therefore, Sixth Circuit precedent “cannot form the basis for habeas
relief under AEDPA” either on its own or “on the ground that they merely reflect what has been
‘clearly established’ by [the Supreme Court’s] cases.” Id.
Even if Barker alone could provide the basis for habeas relief, Barker does not apply to Mr.
Hunt’s situation. In Barker, the Sixth Circuit held that a trial court’s failure to give a self-defense

instruction specifically stating the defendant was justified in using deadly force to repel a rape
under Michigan law violated the petitioner’s due-process rights and rendered the trial
fundamentally unfair. Id. The Michigan Supreme Court held the jury instruction was erroneous
under Michigan law, but the error was harmless because no reasonable juror would have believed

the defendant’s claim of self-defense. Id. at 870. The issue in Barker was thus “whether, under
[AEDPA], the Michigan Supreme Court’s finding of harmless error was contrary to, or involved an
unreasonable application of, federal law.” 199 F.3d at 871-72. In contrast, as noted above, Ohio
courts found the jury instruction given at Mr. Hunt’s trial was correct under Ohio law and did not
make a harmless-error finding. Thus, Barker’s holding that the Michigan court violated federal law
in its harmless-error analysis is inapplicable here. See Gimotty v. Elo, 40 F.App’x 29, 36 (6th Cir.

2002) (distinguishing Barker on this basis).
I thus recommend the District Court DENY Ground One as without merit.
2. Ground Two lacks merit because the state court reasonably rejected Mr. Hunt’s
ineffective-assistance claim.
In his second ground, Mr. Hunt argues his trial counsel provided constitutionally deficient
assistance by not objecting to the prosecutor’s remarks during closing argument conflating the
subjective and objective components to self-defense to suggest the jury could reject Mr. Hunt’s self-
defense theory if he acted negligently or recklessly. (See ECF #1 at PageID 3; ECF #13 at
PageID 1622-23). The State responds that the state court’s decision receives AEDPA deference and
it applied the controlling federal law and reasonably rejected Mr. Hunt’s ineffective-assistance
claim. (ECF #6 at PageID 52-53).

As noted earlier, AEDPA “dictates a highly deferential standard for evaluating state-court
rulings which demands that state-court decisions be given the benefit of the doubt.” Bell, 543 U.S.
at 455 (citation and quotation omitted). Accordingly, Mr. Hunt must demonstrate the Eighth
District’s adjudication of his ineffective-assistance claim either “(1) resulted in a decision that was
contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law as
determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or (2) resulted in a decision that was based

upon an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State
court proceedings.” See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).
The two-part test in Strickland v. Washington, 486 U.S. 668 (1984), is the clearly established
federal law governing ineffective-assistance claims. This standard requires the habeas petitioner
establish (1) counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness based on
all the circumstances in the case, such that the attorney did not function as “counsel” guaranteed

by the Sixth Amendment, and (2) counsel’s deficient performance prejudiced the defense.
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687-88. To satisfy the deficiency prong, the habeas petitioner “must show
that counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.” Id. at 668. To
satisfy the prejudice prong, the habeas petitioner must show “a reasonable probability that, but for
counsel’s errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is
one sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id. at 694.

Establishing that a state court’s application of Strickland was unreasonable under § 2254(d)
is all the more difficult. See Harrington, 562 U.S. at 105. First, the standards of Strickland and
§ 2254(d) are both highly deferential. See Strickland, 486 U.S. at 689; Lindh, 521 U.S. at 333, n.7.
When both apply, the ordinary deference in habeas review is “doubly so.” Knowles v. Mirzayance,
556 U.S. 111, 123 (2009). Second, unreasonableness under Strickland is different from
unreasonableness under § 2254(d). Harrington, 562 U.S. at 105. When § 2254(d) applies, the

question is not whether counsel’s actions were reasonable. Id. Instead, the question is whether a
reasonable argument exists that counsel satisfied Strickland’s deferential standard. Id. Because the
Strickland standard is a general one, the range of reasonable applications is substantial. Mirzayance,
556 U.S. at 123.

Mr. Hunt argues his counsel was ineffective for not objecting when the prosecutor asserted
during closing argument that the jury could reject his self-defense argument if it found he acted
negligently or recklessly. (See ECF #1 at PageID 4; ECF #13 at PageID 1622-23). The Eighth
District addressed this claim alongside Mr. Hunt’s standalone claim for prosecutorial misconduct
for that statement:
{¶45} In the third assignment of error, Hunt argues the state engaged in prosecutorial
misconduct by impermissibly asserting during closing argument that Hunt should be
subject to a negligence or recklessness standard when evaluating his claim of self-
defense.
* * *
{¶47} Hunt argues, in the alternative, that because defense counsel failed to object to
the prosecutorial misconduct during trial, he was deprived of his constitutional right
to the effective assistance of counsel. To establish ineffective assistance of counsel,
the defendant must demonstrate that counsel’s performance fell below an objective
standard of reasonable representation and that he or she was prejudiced by that
deficient performance. In the context of ineffective assistance of counsel, prejudice
is established when the defendant demonstrates “a reasonable probability that, but
for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been
different.”
{¶48} Hunt objects to the following closing remarks by the prosecutor:
I am not saying that Anthony Hunt needs to get up off the floor and
dust himself off and have a cup of coffee and properly assess the
situation. That’s not what I am saying. If you take one half second
more, you’re already turned, already looking at Ms. Rivers as she's
running away. Her back is turned. Just take that extra half second. It’s
your responsibility. You’re the one claiming to be acting in self-
defense. The situation is unfolding too quickly because he chose for
it to unfold too quickly. The harm that Mr. Ortiz causes is
reprehensible and distinct from any harm that you could possibly
fathom Ms. Rivers had caused to him. You need to slow it down, not
the situation. You control the situation. That’s a test of
reasonableness, my friends. Just one more second, and she’s alive
today, and we might not be here. It’s not reasonable to make
assumptions in situations like this.
Hunt contends these statements lowered the state’s burden of proof for conviction.
As previously stated, defense counsel failed to object to these remarks and thus
forfeited all but plain error.
{¶49} Hunt argues the prosecutor’s statements subjected him to a negligence standard
of reasonableness, which was lower than the standard that should have applied to
him. However, Hunt fails to identify and explain the standard he claims should have
been applied to him instead. Moreover, as previously stated, the reasonableness of a
defendant’s actions when acting in self-defense involves both a subjective and
objective component. With respect to the objective component, Thomas holds that
the jury must consider “all of the defendant’s particular characteristics, knowledge,
or lack of knowledge, circumstances, history, and conditions at the time of the
attack” to determine whether he reasonably believed that he was imminent danger
when he acted in self-defense.
{¶50} The prosecutor argued that Hunt had a duty to act reasonably. The prosecutor
acknowledged that a defendant may defend himself, but he argued that the
defendant cannot unreasonably kill the people around him even though he is under
attack. To hold otherwise would negate the objective reasonableness element of a
self-defense claim. The prosecutor noted that Rivers had her back turned to Hunt
because she was running away when he shot her. Thus, the prosecutor was asking the
jury to consider whether Hunt’s decision to shoot her was objectively reasonable
under these circumstances. There is nothing unfairly prejudicial about this argument
because it comports with the objective standard articulated in Thomas and is,
therefore, consistent with the law on self-defense.
(ECF #6-1 at PageID 229-31; see also Hunt, 2023 WL 4010521, at *9-10) (citations omitted).
As discussed above, under the doubly deferential standard of review, Mr. Hunt must show
the state court’s application of Strickland was unreasonable—in other words, he must show no
reasonable argument exists that counsel satisfied Strickland’s deferential standard. See Harrington,
562 U.S. at 105. Mr. Hunt argues that counsel’s failure to object was deficient and prejudicial
because:
Again, self-defense was the only issue in this case. There is no reasonable trial strategy
that would have allowed the prosecutor to conflate, as the judge did, the objective
and subjective components of self-defense and allow the jury to conclude that he was
guilty of felonious assault if [he] was merely mistaken as to the threat that Rivers
presented.
(ECF # 13 at PageID 1623). But the Eighth District concluded the prosecutor was not conflating
the objective and subjective components of self-defense, rather “the prosecutor was asking the jury
to consider whether Hunt’s decision to shoot [Ms. Rivers] was objectively reasonable.” (ECF #6-1
at PageID 231). This factual finding is presumed correct unless Mr. Hunt proves otherwise by clear
and convincing evidence. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1). Mr. Hunt offers no argument or evidence to
suggest the state court incorrectly read the transcript of closing argument. Thus, there remains a
reasonable argument that counsel satisfied Strickland’s deferential standard because an objection
that the prosecutor conflated the elements of self-defense would be meritless. See Piontek v. Palmer,

546 F.App’x 543, 551 (6th Cir. 2013) (“Defense counsel does not perform deficiently under
Strickland by failing to undertake futile tasks or raise meritless claims.”).
Mr. Hunt also argues “the court’s erroneous instruction, combined with defense counsel’s
ineffective assistance in failing to object to the prosecution’s misconduct in closing argument, so
infected the entire trial that the resulting conviction violates due process.” (ECF #13 at PageID
1623) (quotation omitted). A petitioner is not entitled to habeas relief based on the cumulative

weight of errors that individually do not support habeas relief. See Williams v. Anderson, 460 F.3d
789, 816 (6th Cir. 2006) (“[T]he law of this Circuit is that cumulative error claims are not
cognizable on habeas because the Supreme Court has not spoken on this issue.”). Thus, to the
extent Mr. Hunt seeks to cumulate Grounds One and Two, such an argument does not entitle
him to habeas relief.
I thus recommend the District Court DENY Ground Two as without merit.
CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY
A habeas petitioner may not appeal the denial of an application for a writ of habeas corpus
unless a judge issues a COA and specifies the issues that can be raised on appeal. 28 U.S.C.

§ 2253(c). “A [COA] may issue . . . only if the applicant has made a substantial showing of the
denial of a constitutional right.” § 2253(c)(2). When a district court has determined a petitioner’s
constitutional claim to lack merit, the petitioner “must demonstrate that reasonable jurists would
find the district court’s assessment of the constitutional claim debatable or wrong” before receiving
a COA. Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000). When the district court denies a habeas
petition on procedural grounds without reaching the petitioner’s underlying constitutional claim,
a COA should issue when the prisoner shows, at least, that jurists of reason would find it

debatable whether the petition states a valid claim of the denial of a constitutional right and that
jurists of reason would find it debatable whether the district court was correct in its procedural
ruling. Id. A showing that the appeal would succeed on the claim is not needed to grant a COA.
Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 337 (2003).
Mr. Hunt has not made a substantial showing that he was denied any federal constitutional
right. Jurists of reason would not find it debatable whether the grounds for relief are meritorious

federal constitutional claims. I thus recommend the District Court DENY Mr. Hunt a COA.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
For these reasons, I recommend the District Court DENY Grounds One and Two as
without merit and DISMISS the petition. I further recommend the District Court DENY Mr.
Hunt a COA on all grounds.
Dated: January 6, 2026

/
DARRELL A. CLAY
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

Objections, Review, and Appeal
Within 14 days after being served with a copy of this Report and
Recommendation, a party may serve and file specific written objections to the
proposed findings and recommendations of the Magistrate Judge. See Fed. R. Civ.
P. 72(b)(2); see also 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1); Local Civ. R. 72.3(b). Properly asserted
objections shall be reviewed de novo by the assigned district judge.
Failure to file objections within the specified time may result in the forfeiture or
waiver of the right to raise the issue on appeal, either to the district judge or ina
subsequent appeal to the United States Court of Appeals, depending on how or
whether the party responds to the Report and Recommendation. Berkshire v.
Dahl, 928 F.3d 520, 530 (6th Cir. 2019). Objections must be specific and not
merely indicate a general objection to the entirety of the Report and
Recommendation; “a general objection has the same effect as would a failure to
object.” Howard v. Sec’y of Health and Hum. Servs., 932 F.2d 505, 509 (6th Cir.
1991). Objections should focus on specific concerns and not merely restate the
arguments in briefs submitted to the Magistrate Judge. “A reexamination of the
exact same argument that was presented to the Magistrate Judge without specific
objections ‘wastes judicial resources rather than saving them and runs contrary to
the purpose of the Magistrates Act.’”” Overholt v. Green, No. 1:17-CV-00186, 2018
WL 3018175, at *2 (W.D. Ky. June 15, 2018) (quoting Howard, 932 F.2d at 509).
The failure to assert specific objections may in rare cases be excused in the interest
of justice. See United States v. Wandahsega, 924 F.3d 868, 878-79 (6th Cir. 2019).

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11236714. Public record. Not legal advice.