# Novitskaya v. Secretary of Health and Human Services

> United States Court of Federal Claims · January 5, 2026

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11235515

## Case

- **Court:** United States Court of Federal Claims
- **Decided:** January 5, 2026
- **Precedential status:** Unpublished
- **Opinion:** Opinion
- **Judges:** Herbrina D S Young
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11235515

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- stating that an idiopathic diagnosis cannot be a “factor unrelated,” as it is idiopathic
- explaining that the respondent’s burden is to show that the “factor unrelated” was the “sole substantial factor” in causing the injury

## Opinion text

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
OFFICE OF SPECIAL MASTERS
Filed: December 11, 2025

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
KATERINA NOVITSKAYA, parent of *
N.G., a minor *
*
Petitioner, * No. 19-1214V
*
v. * Special Master Young
*
SECRETARY OF HEALTH *
AND HUMAN SERVICES, *
*
Respondent. *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Ronald Craig Homer, Conway, Homer, P.C., Boston, MA, for Petitioner.
Debra A. Filteau Begley, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for Respondent.

DECISION ON ENTITLEMENT1

On August 15, 2019, Katerina Novitskaya (“Petitioner”) filed a petition in the National
Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (the Program”),2 on behalf of minor N.G., alleging that
“[a]s a result of receiving the rotavirus, pneumococcal conjugate (“Prevnar 13”), and Pentacel
vaccinations on June 30, 2017, N.G. suffered atopic dermatitis.”3 Pet. at 1, ECF No. 1. Respondent
contested whether the vaccine caused N.G.’s injury, arguing that N.G.’s diagnosis was unclear and
that she had a pre-existing topical infection which may have caused his condition. Resp’t’s Rept.
at 7, ECF No. 16.

1
Because this Decision contains a reasoned explanation for the action taken in this case, it must be made
publicly accessible and will be posted on the United States Court of Federal Claims’ website, and/or at
https://www.govinfo.gov/app/collection/uscourts/national/cofc, in accordance with the E-Government Act
of 2002. 44 U.S.C. § 3501 note (2018) (Federal Management and Promotion of Electronic Government
Services). This means the Decision will be available to anyone with access to the internet. In
accordance with Vaccine Rule 18(b), Petitioner has 14 days to identify and move to redact medical or
other information, the disclosure of which would constitute an unwarranted invasion of privacy. If, upon
review, I agree that the identified material fits within this definition, I will redact such material from
public access.
2
National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986, Pub L. No. 99-660, 100 Stat. 3755 (“the Vaccine Act”
or “Act”). Hereinafter, for ease of citation, all “§” references to the Vaccine Act will be to the pertinent
subparagraph of 42 U.S.C. § 300aa (2018).
3
Atopic dermatitis is “a common, chronic type of dermatitis, thought to be hereditary, sometimes associates with
other allergic conditions such as allergic rhinitis, hay fever, or asthma.” Atopic Dermatitis, DORLAND’S ONLINE
MED. DICTIONARY, https://www.dorlandsonline.com/dorland/definition?id=69246 (hereinafter, Dorland’s).
A careful analysis and weighing of all the evidence and testimony presented in this case in
accordance with the applicable legal standards4, reveals that Petitioner has failed to provide
preponderant evidence that one or more of the vaccines N.G. received on June 30, 2017, caused
her to suffer from atopic dermatitis or any other condition. Accordingly, Petitioner is not entitled
to an award of compensation.
I. Procedural History

Petitioner filed the petition on August 15, 2019. Pet. Petitioner filed medical records and a
declaration on August 28, 2019, and additional medical records on November 25, 2019. Pet’r’s
Exs. 1–7, ECF No, 8; Pet’r’s Exs. 8–9, ECF No. 9; Pet’r’s Ex. 10, ECF No. 12. On April 27, 2020,
Respondent filed his Rule 4(c) report opposing compensation. Resp’t’s Rept.

On March 5, 2021, Petitioner filed an expert report from Richard F. Horan, M.D. Pet’r’s
Ex. 11, ECF No. 25. On July 6, 2021, Respondent filed an expert report from Andrew MacGinnitie,
M.D., Ph.D. Resp’t’s Ex. A, ECF No. 29. On March 9, 2022, Petitioner filed a supplemental expert
report from Dr. Horan. Pet’r’s Ex. 23, ECF No. 35.

In January 2024, the parties agreed via email communications to resolve the case with a
ruling on the record in lieu of a hearing. Informal Comm., dated Jan. 24, 2024. Petitioner filed
additional medical records on February 8, 2024. Pet’r’s Ex. 24, ECF No. 37. On April 4, 2024,
Petitioner field a motion for a ruling on the record and supporting brief. Pet’r’s Mot., ECF No. 43.
On June 3, 2024, Respondent filed a responsive brief. Resp’t’s Resp., ECF No. 45. And on July
10, 2024, Petitioner filed a reply brief. Pet’r’s Reply, ECF No. 47. This matter is now ripe for
consideration.

II. Factual History

A. Medical Records

1. Pre-Vaccination Medical Records

N. G. was born via cesarean section on April 27, 2017, following an uneventful pregnancy
and delivery. Pet’r’s Ex. 6 at 6–7. Dr. Neel Dipak Patel examined N.G. for her newborn
examination at five days old and noted normal development, despite a nine percent decrease in
birth weight. Pet’r’s Ex. 4 at 46. N.G. was administered a hepatitis B vaccine without noted
incident. Id. During N.G.’s one-month wellness examination on May 26, 2017, Dr. Patel diagnosed

4
While I have reviewed all of the information filed in this case, only those filings and records that are
most relevant to the decision will be discussed. Moriarty v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 844 F.3d
1322, 1328 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (“We generally presume that a special master considered the relevant record
evidence even though he does not explicitly reference such evidence in his decision.”) (citation omitted);
see also Paterek v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 527 F. App’x 875, 884 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (“Finding
certain information not relevant does not lead to—and likely undermines—the conclusion that it was not
considered.”).

2
N.G. with baby acne and seborrhea.5 Id. at 93. N.G. was unable to receive her second hepatitis B
vaccination less than one month following her first, so it was postponed until her two-month
wellness visit. Id.

2. Vaccination

On June 30, 2017, N.G. was seen for her two-month well visit. Pet’r’s Ex. 4 at 109. She
was assessed with cradle cap and received the Prevnar 13, rotavirus, and Pentacel (consisting of
diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis (“DTaP”), Haemophilus influenza B (“Hib”), inactivated
poliovirus (“IPV”)) vaccines during that check-up. Id. There were no noted adverse incidents at
the time of vaccination. Id.

3. Post-Vaccination Medical Records

N.G. was taken to her pediatrician’s office, approximately ten days later, on July 10, 2017,
with a “rash on bilateral cheeks/ temples/ bilateral outer arms and extensor surfaces of legs.” Pet’r’s
Ex. 4 at 132. N.G.’s “cradle cap on scalp” was also noted in her history of present illness. Id.
Petitioner explained that N.G.’s rash persisted for the last four to five days but had become “more
wet and oozy over the last few days.” Id. Physical examination of N.G.’s skin revealed “bilateral
cheeks with significant seb[orrheic] dermatitis rash with right upper cheek/temple [one] cm patch
of crusting and serious discharge. +cradle cap on scalp. +scattered dry patches on bilateral upper
outer arms and legs.” Id. at 133. Dr. Sawsan Salman Kara assessed N.G. with seborrheic
dermatitis,6 cradle cap, and impetigo.7 Id. N.G. was prescribed hydrocortisone as needed and a
ten-day course of mupirocin. Id. Petitioner was advised to avoid scented soaps and detergents, and
she was encouraged to apply thicker emollients to N.G. after baths and several times during the
day. Id. Dr. Kara emailed Dr. Patel on the evening of July 10, 2017, to note that N.G. had “quite
extensive seb[orrheic] dermatitis rash with overlying localized infection.” Id. at 158.

On July 19, 2017, Dr. Kara evaluated N.G. again for sebaceous dermatitis and a secondary
infection. Pet’r’s Ex. 4 at 166. Petitioner explained that she was applying mupirocin three times a
day, but N.G was not improving. Id. She was not, however, applying the hydrocortisone cream.
Id. N.G. was still exhibiting fluid discharge from her cheeks and golden crusting, there was a
possible new patch of crusting on one shoulder, and she exhibited a newer rough rash on her legs.
Id. On examination, the “rash” on N.G.’s legs was described as “skin colored papules.” Id. at 167.
N.G. was assessed with impetigo, and “superinfected” seborrheic dermatitis. Id. at 171. She was
prescribed an antibiotic. Id.

5
Seborrhea is “excessive secretion of sebum.” Seborrhea, Dorland’s. Sebum is “the secretion of the
sebaceous glands, a thick, semifluid substance composed of fat and epithelial debris from the cells of the
malpighian layer.” Sebum, Dorland’s.
6
Seborrheic dermatitis is “chronic dermatitis with itching, erythema, dry, moist, or greasy scaling, and
yellow crusted patches on the face, scalp, or elsewhere on the body; on the scalp the patches start out
small but slowly spread and may become widespread, with exfoliation of many dry scales (dandruff). The
etiology of this condition is unknown.” Seborrheic Dermatitis, Dorland’s.
7
Impetigo is “a contagious pyoderma, caused by direct inoculation of Staphylococcus aureus or
occasionally a group A streptococcus into superficial cutaneous abrasions or compromised skin, usually
on the face or a limb.” Impetigo, Dorland’s.

3
Dr. Kara provided Petitioner with patient instructions re: pediatric impetigo. Pet’r’s Ex. 4
at 163. The informational sheet explained that impetigo is a skin infection that is common in babies
and children and caused by two types of bacteria: Staphylococci or Streptococci. Id. The infection
causes blisters when the bacteria gets under the surface of skin due to a cut, scrape, scratch, insect
bite or other skin damage. Id. at 163–64. Impetigo is contagious and spreads easily in daycare or
other crowded settings. Id. at 164. The information provided by Dr. Kara also listed signs and
symptoms to include yellow discharge or pus from the site of burst blisters and swollen lymph
glands. Id.

N.G. saw Dr. Patel on July 20, 2017, for a follow-up. Pet’r’s Ex. 4 at 187. Petitioner
explained that N.G.’s rash initially appeared two weeks prior on her cheeks and did not resolve
when moisturizer was applied. Id. The rash also spread to her arms and legs and failed to improve
with mupirocin and hydrocortisone creams. Id. Petitioner stated her hesitancy about giving N.G.
antibiotics and reported that she stopped application after the first dose. Id. Dr. Patel obtained a
skin culture and assessed infant seborrhea likely secondary to impetigo, and cradle cap. Id. at 188.
Dr. Patel stated that antibiotics would be withheld pending a culture. Id. at 189. Petitioner was
again encouraged to apply hydrocortisone cream to N.G.’s skin. Id. On July 24, 2017, Dr. Patel
notified Petitioner that the culture was negative. Id. at 205.

On August 16, 2017, N.G.’s father called Dr. Patel’s office and requested an “urgent
referral” to dermatology. Pet’r’s Ex. 4 at 209. A referral was provided and on August 22, 2017,
N.G. was evaluated by pediatric dermatologist, Dr. Amy Gilliam. Id. at 220. In addition to the
history previously provided, Petitioner and her husband reported that N.G. was “very itchy.” Id.
Petitioner explained that she was using organic soaps and balm, and, because she was still
breastfeeding N.G., she was avoiding dairy, gluten, soy, and eggs in her diet. Id. She stated that
she was still hesitant to use hydrocortisone cream on N.G. because she was worried it would
ultimately result in a more severe skin condition. Id. Petitioner also expressed concern that N.G.’s
eczema was triggered by her vaccinations given at two months of age. Id. On examination, N.G.
exhibited diffuse areas of pink papules forming plaques with some erosion and crusting on her
arms, legs, and trunk. Id. at 222. She also had weeping skin in the axillae and neck flexures. Id.
Dr. Gilliam assessed N.G. with overlapping moderate to severe atopic and seborrheic dermatitis,
impetigo, and yeast overgrowth. Id. Dr. Gilliam recommended apple cider vinegar baths and
regular application of corticosteroids. Id. Dr. Gilliam also explained, “I do not believe [N.G.’s]
[two-]month vaccines caused the eczema – it was probably destined to happen although vaccines
and immune stimuli (i.e. illnesses) can trigger flares of eczema.” Id.

N.G was seen by Dr. Patel for her four-month wellness visit on September 15, 2017. Pet’r’s
Ex. 4 at 234. Petitioner stated that she had only just started applying steroid cream to N.G. “a few
days” prior to this appointment. Id. Petitioner recounted Dr. Gilliam’s explanation that vaccines
could trigger an eczema flare and refused to consent to any more vaccinations for N.G. Id. Dr.
Patel noted that Petitioner “did not internalize that [Dr. Gilliam] also stated that she did not think
it was likely that the vaccines caused the seborrhea.” Id. During a follow-up visit with Dr. Patel on
September 29, 2017, Petitioner explained that she was now supplementing N.G.’s diet with
formula, and she was putting on weight. Id. at 248. She was also applying steroid cream with some

4
improvement, but she was not using the cream consistently. Id. Dr. Patel recommended that
Petitioner apply the steroid cream more regularly. Id.

On October 13, 2017, Petitioner completed an online consultation at
www.eczemaspecialist.com with Dr. John Van Wagner. Pet’r’s Ex. 7 at 11. Petitioner submitted
photographs to Dr. Van Wagner, and he responded that N.G. likely had a “very significant [S]taph
aureus infection complicating the skin in addition to the uncontrolled eczema dermatitis.” Id. He
recommended a topical compound of antibiotics, steroids, and moisturizer. Id. Petitioner then sent
that consultation to Dr. Patel who agreed that the cream recommended by Dr. Van Wagner could
be helpful for N.G. Pet’r’s Ex. 4 at 259.

During a return visit with Dr. Patel on November 21, 2017, N.G. was “much improved,”
following consistent use of the compound cream recommended by Dr. Van Wagner. Pet’r’s Ex. 4
at 277. Petitioner stated her desire to delay further vaccinations until N.G.’s two-year evaluation.
Id. However, N.G. was given her second DTaP vaccine during N.G.’s nine-month evaluation, on
February 6, 2018. Pet’r’s Ex. 7 at 330. On April 26, 2018, N.G. was seen for her 12-month
evaluation, and her parents agreed to start administering one vaccine at a time, although she did
not have any that day due to nasal congestion. Pet’r’s Ex. 6 at 5–6. Petitioner did not report a flare
of N.G.’s skin condition after her DTaP vaccine in February, but Dr. Patel observed “[a]topic patch
at left cheek and lower extremities” during her 12-month examination. Id. at 9. N.G. did not present
for a 15-month wellness check; but on September 25, 2018, Petitioner returned to Dr. Patel and
reported that N.G.’s dermatitis was better. Pet’r’s Ex. 10 at 28. On examination, N.G. did not have
any skin findings. Id. N.G. remained on her one vaccination per visit schedule and was given a
measles, mumps, and rubella (“MMR”) vaccine. Id. at 30.

On October 13, 2018, N.G. was brought to urgent care after developing a rash over her
entire body one-hour prior to arrival. Pet’r’s Ex. 10 at 47. Her parents stated that her rash started
abruptly one-hour after a dinner that included pecans. Id. On examination, N.G. was noted to have
“erythematous diffuse raised itchy lesions and scattered patches of dry skin.” Id. She was assessed
with hives associated with a possible pecan allergy, treated with Benadryl, and discharged. Id. On
May 30, 2019, N.G. was seen by Dr. Patel for a rash, cough, and nasal congestion. Id. at 270.
Petitioner was also out of the topical cream used to manage N.G.’s skin condition. Id. Dr. Patel
noted an atopic rash on N.G.’s chin that was possibly infected, and other areas of dermatitis on her
body. Id. Dr. Patel also indicated that N.G. may have seasonal allergies and refilled her
prescription. Id.

B. Petitioner’s Declaration

Petitioner filed a declaration on August 28, 2019, noting that her daughter was born healthy
on April 26, 2017. Pet’r’s Ex. 8 at ¶ 1. Petitioner acknowledged that her daughter “developed some
cradle cap and baby acne, which her pediatrician said was perfectly normal.” Id. Petitioner
described how N.G. received several vaccines on June 30, 2017, and later that day, “seemed to be
in pain and was crying throughout the day.” Id. at ¶ 2. On July 2, 2017, Petitioner “noticed [N.G.]
rubbing her face,” and “the next day, a red rash appeared on her cheek.” Id. at ¶ 3. The rash spread
all over N.G.’s face, “became inflamed, and began to ooze a yellowish fluid.” Id. It continued to
spread to her arms and legs. Id.

5
N.G.’s pediatrician prescribed an antibacterial ointment, which “did not seem to help” and
a steroid ointment, which Petitioner did not use. Pet’r’s Ex. 8 at ¶ 4. N.G.’s pediatrician then tried
an oral antibiotic, but Petitioner “was uncomfortable giving her that because she was not showing
signs of a bacterial infection.” Id. at ¶ 5. Petitioner did independent research once Dr. Gilliam
diagnosed N.G. with atopic and seborrheic dermatitis. Id. at ¶ 7. She then began to try a serious of
holistic treatments. Id.

Eventually, Petitioner spoke with a dermatologist that recommended a treatment “of
compounding steroid ointment and antibacterial ointment heavily diluted with regular cream” that
she was open to trying. Pet’r’s Ex. 8 at ¶ 9. The medication helped, but the dermatitis has not gone
away. Id. at ¶¶ 9–11. N.G. scratches a lot and must “wear pants and socks no matter how hot it [i]s
outside.” Id. at ¶ 10. Petitioner explained that N.G. has developed scars on her legs from scratching
and they must “continue to apply her compound cream multiple times a day on her rash areas,
including her face, neck, arms, legs, chest, and stomach.” Id. at ¶11.

III. Expert Reports

A. Expert Review

1. Petitioner’s Expert, Richard F. Horan, M.D.

Dr. Horan is board certified in allergy and immunology. Pet’r’s Ex. 12 at 1. He received
his M.D. from Harvard Medical School and subsequently completed a residency in dermatology
and a clinical fellowship in rheumatology, immunology, and dermatology. Id. He is currently an
Assistant Clinical Professor of Dermatology at Harvard Medical School, as well as on staff at
Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Faulkner Hospital, and Dana Farber Cancer Institute. Id. at 1–2.
He is also a dermatologist at Center Dermatology. Id. at 2. Dr. Horan has numerous publications.
Id. at 5–8.

2. Respondent’s Expert, Andrew MacGinnitie, M.D., Ph.D.

Dr. MacGinnitie is board certified in allergy and immunology as well as in pediatrics.
Resp’t’s Ex. A at 2. He received his Ph.D. in pathology and his M.D. from the University of
Chicago. Resp’t’s Ex. B at 1. He subsequently completed a residency in pediatrics and fellowships
in allergy/immunology and pediatrics. Id. He is currently an Associate Professor of Pediatrics at
Harvard Medical School and Attending Physician well as the Clinical Chief for the Division of
Immunology at Boston Children’s Hospital. Resp’t’s Ex. A at 1. In his active practice, he sees
more than 1,600 patients annually and routinely treats patients with atopic dermatitis, including
infants. Id. at 2. He also occasionally supervises the Atopic Dermatitis Center “which provides
comprehensive care for infants and children with severe atopic dermatitis.” Id. Dr. MacGinnitie
has published numerous articles. Resp’t’s Ex. B at 12–16.

6
B. Expert Reports

1. Petitioner’s Expert, Dr. Horan

Dr. Horan noted that prior to the vaccinations at issue in this case, N.G. suffered from
seborrhea of infancy and baby acne. Pet’r’s Ex. 11 at 1. Post vaccination, in July of 2017, N.G.
developed a rash on her arms and legs “consistent with atopic dermatitis and inconsistent with
seborrheic dermatitis, which would be confined to her scalp and face.” Id. According to Dr. Horan,
infantile acne is common and is unrelated to the atopic dermatitis that manifested in this case as
“extensive eczema on the arms, legs, and trunk.” Pet’r’s Ex. 23 at 3. Dr. Horan further explained
that N.G.’s dermatitis likely “developed before any infection.” Pet’r’s Ex. 11 at 1.

Dr. Horan agreed with N.G.’s treaters on her diagnosis and stated that the dispute in this
case centered on the cause of her condition. Pet’r’s Ex. 11 at 2. He noted that “the epidemiologic
literature on this point does not identify a causal relationship between vaccinations and atopic
dermatitis.” Id. at 4. Dr. Horan also agreed with N.G.’s pediatrician that “a variety of intercurrent
environmental processes [] can trigger atopic dermatitis.” Id. However, he noted “there has been
suggestion that later rather than earlier administration of DTaP immunization to infants may be
associated with some decreased risk of atopic dermatitis.” Id.

In support of this contention, Dr. Horan cited the Gehrt et al.8 article which recorded “a 6%
lower risk of developing new cases of more severe atopic dermatitis between age [four] months
and age [one] year in a cohort of nearly 900,000 Danish children,” that received their first dose of
DTaP vaccine on a schedule delayed by at least one month. Pet’r’s Ex. 14 at 1. By way of
introduction, the article noted that 25% of children in “high income countries” suffer from atopic
dermatitis, with “up to 90% of cases [occurring] within the child’s first year of life.” Id. at 2. The
authors conceded that the etiology is unknown, but asserted that “skin barrier dysfunction,
heritable and environmental factors, and activation of immune responses” are involved. Id. There
was acknowledgment of potential bias within the study related to ascertainment, i.e., “families who
consult their physician less often would be less likely to get their children vaccinated on time and
less likely to present their child with [atopic dermatitis] symptoms.” Id. at 7. However, if this
health care-seeking behavior resulted in bias, the expectation would be “higher rates of timely
vaccination among children who are diagnosed with [atopic dermatitis] before the date of
recommended vaccination.” Id. However, there was not evidence of this. See id. The authors
cautioned that “because all children eventually receive the vaccine, the results of the analyses only
pertain to the modifying effect of timing of vaccination, and it is not possible to attribute any risk
of [atopic dermatitis] to vaccination with DTaP vaccine alone.” Id. at 8.

While acknowledging the mechanism of vaccine-induced dermatitis is unknown, Dr.
Horan asserted that “TH2 cytokines are considered to play a role in the pathogenesis of atopic
dermatitis.” Pet’r’s Ex. 11 at 4. Likewise, “[e]levated TH2 cytokine levels have been associated

8
Lise Gehrt et al., Timeliness of DTaP-IPV-Hib Vaccination and Development of Atopic Dermatitis
Between 4 Months and 1 Year of Age—Register-Based Cohort Study, 9 J. ALLERGY & CLINICAL
IMMUNOLOGY PRACTICE 1520 (2010).

7
with immunization.” Id. The Berger9 Science Commentary article was filed by Dr. Horan and
generally discussed the role of Th2 cytokines in the immune system. Pet’r’s Ex. 16 at 1. Cytokines
are defined as “the hormonal messengers responsible for most of the biological effects in the
immune system.” Id. Th2 cytokines are produced by T lymphocytes that “bear antigen specific
receptors on their cell surface to allow recognition of foreign pathogens.” Id. Specifically, Th2
cytokines can act as a balance to Th1 cytokines and have an anti-inflammatory effect. Id. The
article noted, “[s]ome people have suggested that immunisation programmes (and the subsequent
reduction in microbiological exposure) are responsible for the increasing incidence of atopy. There
is, however, no evidence that immunisation causes atopy.” Id. Brandt & Sivaprasad10 also
suggested further research into “the role of Th2 cytokines in [atopic dermatitis].” Pet’r’s Ex. 17 at
8. “Given the complex nature of [atopic dermatitis] – with genetic, and environmental risk factors
– resulting in either defective skin barrier function, or altered immune function, a great deal of
work remains to be done to delineate the components that contribute to [atopic dermatitis], both in
maintaining skin barrier integrity, and modulation of immune responses.” Id.

The Rowe et al.11 article noted that as of 2005, the DTaP vaccine “ha[d] an improved safety
profile in infants, but little information [wa]s available concerning the nature of the ensuing
immunological memory in older children.” Pet’r’s Ex. 18 at 1. As a result, the researchers sought
to access “vaccine antigen-specific humoral and cellular responses to boosting with DTaP in 4- to
6-year-old children primed during infancy.” Id. The authors found large local reactions in 43% of
children following the booster that “were associated with vigorous T helper 2 (Th2)-polarized
memory responses to vaccine antigen.” Id. The study results “suggest[ed] that the underlying
mechanism involves reactivation of Th2-polarized cellular immune memory.” Id. Rowe et al. also
included a “post hoc analysis of immunological data collected on . . . the reactogenicity of DTaP-
IPV vaccine.” Id. at 4. Analysis “suggest[ed] the possibility that reactivation of Th1-polarized
poliovirus-specific memory cells by IPV may provide “bystander” feedback inhibition of the Th2
component of DTaP-specific memory, both locally and in the draining lymph node.” Id. at 5.

Dr. Horan noted that while seborrheic dermatitis and infantile acne are very common in
babies, “significant atopic dermatitis on the arms, legs, and trunk is not [a] common progression,”
of either of those conditions. Pet’r’s Ex. 11 at 4. However, the timing of the dermatitis following
N.G.’s series of vaccines is suggestive of a relationship, and Dr. Horan identified “the transient
promotion of a TH2 immune response to the two-month vaccines as the causal mechanism. Id. Dr.
Horan argued that the “[t]he lack of defined and precise immunochemical model for the
inflammatory response in this patient is not an impediment to seeing cause and effect.” Pet’r’s Ex.
23 at 1. He continued that in most clinical entities, “a precise model with sequential step-by-step
descriptions of what occurs during a complex immune response” is lacking. Id.

9
Abi Berger, Science Commentary: Th1 and Th2 Responses: What Are They?, 321 BMJ 424 (2000).
10
Eric B. Brandt & Umasundari Sivaprasad, Th2 Cytokines and Atopic Dermatitis, 2 J. CLINICAL
CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY 110 (2011).
11
Julie Rowe et al., Th2-Associated Local Reactions to the Acellular Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis
Vaccine in 4- to 6-Year-Old Children, 73 INFECTION & IMMUNITY 8130 (2005).

8
Dalton et al.12 recorded two cases studies that focused on exacerbation of atopic dermatitis
following bacillus Calmette-Guerin [(“bCG”)] vaccination. Pet’r’s Ex. 20 at 1. The studies
involved an 11-year-old boy and a 12-year-old girl who suffered from atopic dermatitis since
infancy and experienced severe flares one week and two days post vaccination, respectively. Id.
The authors acknowledged that “[c]ause and effect cannot be proved in these two cases.” Id. at 2.
However, they hypothesized that the bCG vaccine initiates a process that leads to production of
Th2 cytokines “thus stimulating B cells, eosinophils and mast cells-responses . . . thought to
mediate the tissue damage seen in patients with atopic dermatitis. Id The theory begins with a
genetic susceptibility that leads to the migration of activated lymphocytes and increased cytokine
production at a site already inflamed due to pre-existing atopic dermatitis. Id. The bCG vaccine
acts “as a superantigen, [and] may induce expression of cutaneous lymphocyte associated (CLA)
antigen on T cells, with such CLA+ cells preferentially accumulating in inflamed skin.” Id.

Dr. Horan explained that in the present case, “a bacterial infection would not be the cause
of the condition, but can often cause a widespread flareup of an existing atopic dermatitis.” Pet’r’s
Ex. 11 at 3. Noting that the culture from N.G.’s sample was negative, Dr. Horan cautioned that “a
negative culture does not exclude the possibility of localized Staph aureus causing a diffuse flare.”
Id. In sum, Dr. Horan stated that “the occurrence of atopic dermatitis after vaccination is consistent
with the immunobiology, physiology, and time course in relation to the vaccinations.” Pet’r’s Ex.
23 at 1. In this specific case, “[t]he issue of causation relates to the specific flare and associated
symptoms and discomfort in this child.” Id.

Petitioner also filed the Wood et al.13 article that discussed vaccine allergies and noted that
eczema is a type of T-cell mediated allergy that can occur following vaccination. Pet’r’s Ex. 19 at
2. The article noted that onset for these type III hypersensitivity reactions are delayed and “usually
manifest in the form of local eczema, starting from [two to] 8 hours up to [two] days after
vaccination. Sometimes the reaction may extend beyond the injection area and may even become
generalized.” Id. at 3.

2. Respondent’s Expert, Dr. MacGinnitie

Dr. MacGinnitie, briefly summarized Petitioner’s medical records and provided definitions
of relevant conditions. Resp’t’s Ex. A at 3–7. He agreed with Dr. Horan’s explanation of eczema,
noting that although the technical definition refers to a specific type of rash, “in practice,
pediatricians, allergists and dermatologists often use eczema interchangeably with atopic
dermatitis, a practice which has also been noted in the literature.” Id. at 6–7. Atopic dermatitis, he
also described as a specific type of rash, this one usually seen in young children “start[ing] about
[two to six] months of age.” Id. at 7. He noted that atopic dermatitis “is characterized by both
decreased barrier function of the skin and immune mediated inflammation.” Id. Dr. MacGinnitie
explained that “[s]cratching is thought to play a key role in the pathophysiology, which in turn,
“help[s] trigger inflammation.” Id. Lastly, Dr. MacGinnitie defined seborrheic dermatitis as “a
rash often seen in neonates, typically on the scalp with thick, greasy scales.” Id.

12
S.J. Dalton et al., Exacerbation of Atopic Dermatitis After Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccination, 91 J.
ROYAL SOC’Y MED. 133 (1998).
13
Nicholas Wood et al., Antibody and Cell-Mediated Immunity to Pertussis 4 Years After Monovalent
Acellular Pertussis Vaccine at Birth, PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE J. 33 J. 511 (2014).

9
Dr. MacGinnitie stated that he “did not take from Dr. Horan’s report a coherent, step-by-
step theory by which vaccination triggered N.G.’s eczema.” Resp’t’s Ex. A at 7. He understood
Dr. Horan’s theory to involve the vaccine-induced “production of Th2 cytokines which are also
involved in atopic dermatitis.” Id. Dr. MacGinnitie asserted that “Dr. Horan does not provide any
details of which cytokines were involved, describe a pathway by which vaccination might have
triggered onset . . . , or offer any explanation how his theory would support an onset five or six
days after vaccination.” Id.

Warning that 15-20% of children will suffer from atopic dermatitis at some point between
two and six months of age, Dr. MacGinnitie noted that many vaccinations occur during this time
and asserted that “[i]t is important not to confuse temporal correlation with causality.” Resp’t’s
Ex. A at 7–8. Instead, Dr. MacGinnitie argued that many patients who suffer from seborrheic
dermatitis go on to suffer from atopic dermatitis. Id. at 8. He asserted that “although the
pathophysiology of [seborrheic dermatitis] is not well understood, recent data suggest that skin
barrier dysfunction and colonization with bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus are important
predisposing factors for both.” Id. This progression is supported by N.G.’s presentation and “the
fact that Dr. Gillam, the pediatric dermatologist who cared for N.G., diagnosed her with seborrheic
dermatitis/atopic dermatitis overlap.” Id. (citing Pet’r’s Ex. 4 at 220–23). Dr. MacGinnitie opined
that N.G.’s seborrheic and atopic dermatitis “most likely represent overlapping manifestations of
the same underlying skin disorder. As her [seborrheic dermatitis] was present prior to her [two]-
month vaccinations cannot have triggered the onset of her skin disorder.” Id. (emphasis in
original). In support of this contention, Dr. MacGinnitie relied on the Mimouni et al.14 article which
focused on 191 children, aged four to 13 years, that were diagnosed with infantile seborrheic
dermatitis. Resp’t’s Ex. A, Tab 5 at 1. A follow-up with 88 of the children 9.6 years (median) later,
revealed five with atopic dermatitis. Id. at 2. The authors stated, “[t]he finding that 6% of our
patients had atopic dermatitis suggests that in a minority of patients infantile seborrheic dermatitis
may be indistinguishable from atopic dermatitis, even when strict clinical diagnostic criteria are
used.” Id. A second article, published in 1986 by Podmore et al.15 compared a “group of 76 children
diagnosed as having seborrheic eczema and a group of 62 children seen over the same time period
at the same clinic and diagnosed as having atopic eczema.” Resp’t’s Ex. A, Tab 6 at 1. The authors
found that “although seborrheic eczema and atopic eczema in infancy have a higher than normal
incidence of atopic manifestations in later childhood and thus seborrheic eczema may be part of
the spectrum of atopic disease with resultant prognostic implications.” Id. at 9.

Dr. MacGinnitie also submitted the Chadha & Jahnke16 article discussing common
neonatal rashes. Resp’t’s Ex. A, Tab 2 at 1. Chadha & Jahnke noted that atopic and seborrheic
dermatitis are similar in their sites of involvement (face, ears, and trunk) and often initially overlap.
Id. at 5. However, seborrheic dermatitis “usually resolves spontaneously around age [six] months,”
and is not indicated by symptoms of pruritus and oozing. Id. at 24. By comparison, atopic
dermatitis “commonly develops between ages [three] and [six] months.” Id. Symptoms include
“erythema, edema, papules, vesicles, oozing, and crusting. Pruritus is a hallmark feature.” Id. The

14
Karin Mimouni et el., Prognosis of Infantile Seborrheic Dermatitis, 127 J. PEDIATRICS 744 (1995).
15
P. Podmore et al., Seborrheic Eczema—A Disease Entity Or A Clinical Variant of Atopic Eczema?, 115
BRIT. J. DERMATOLOGY 341 (1986).
16
Angad Chadha & Marla Jahnke, Common Neonatal Rashes, 48 Pediatric Annals e16 (2019).

10
authors noted “[e]pidermal barrier dysfunction, immune dysregulation, and environmental
exposures play a role in the pathogenesis.” Id.

The Stander17 article focused on atopic dermatitis and listed common coexisting conditions
in patients, “including food allergies (especially in children), allergic rhinitis, rhinoconjunctivitis,
and asthma.” Resp’t’s Ex. A, Tab 3 at 4. There was also an increased “risk for the development of
bacterial, viral, or fungal skin infections due to skin barrier defects, bacterial skin colonization
(especially by Staphylococcus aureus), and an altered skin microbiome.” Id. The author identified
“[t]he proximate mechanism for eczematous lesions [as] inflammation related to dysregulation of
Th2 cells.” Id. at 31. She explained that the inflammation is thought to be initiated by disruption
of the epidermal barrier and activation of epidermal inflammatory dendritic and innate lymphoid
cells, which attract and interact with invading Th2 cells.” Id.

Dr. MacGinnitie also discounted any possibility that N.G.’s subsequent vaccinations
exacerbated her atopic dermatitis. Resp’t’s Ex. A at 8–9. He noted that assuming Dr. Horan’s
causation theory is applicable, “one would expect subsequent vaccinations to trigger [production
of Th2 cytokines that result in] flares of N.G.’s [atopic dermatitis], but this was not observed.” Id.
Specifically, N.G.’s second DTaP vaccination did not result in a flare of her dermatitis, and “she
was not brought back for treatment until almost 60 days later, on April 26, 2018.” Id. at 8.

Both experts agreed that “the epidemiologic literature on this point does not identify a
causal relationship between vaccinations and atopic dermatitis.” Pet’r’s Ex. 11 at 4; Resp’t’s Ex.
A at 9. Dr. MacGinnitie supported this contention with the Ayasse18 article that concluded, “[n]o
vaccine regimen was consistently associated with developing [atopic dermatisis].” Resp’t’s Ex. A,
Tab 9 at 2. The authors considered 6,515 articles, published from 1997 to 2018, to identify relevant
articles “with primary epidemiologic data reporting the prevalence of [atopic dermatitis] in patients
receiving a vaccination or related vaccination adjuvant.” Id. Ultimately, the review included “44
studies and meta-analysis of 37 studies [and] found no consistent associations of vaccination by
any regimen, and particularly BCG, pertussis, or multiple vaccines with [atopic dermatitis] in
pooled meta-analysis.” Id. at 6. The authors noted “there were no randomized control trials
comparing development of [atopic dermatitis] in children who were vs. were not vaccinated.” Id.

Dr. MacGinnitie also responded to the literature that Dr. Horan submitted in support of
causation. Resp’t’s Ex. A at 9. Dr. MacGinnitie argued that the results from the Rowe et al. article
were inapplicable to N.G.’s case because the study related to booster shots and identified “large
localized reactions to DTaP of redness and swelling at the injection site of vaccination in [four to
six] year old children, not [atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis], or eczema.” Id. (citing Pet’r’s
Ex. 18). Dr. MacGinnitie further noted that the Dalton et al. case studies were irrelevant because
N.G. was not comparable in age to these subjects, had not received a booster at the time of her
dermatitis onset, and did not exhibit “redness and swelling at the site of vaccination.” Id. (citing
Pet’r’s Ex. 20).

17
Sonja Stander, Atopic Dermatitis, 384 NEJM 1136 (2021).
18
Marissa Ayasse et al., Vaccines Do Not Cause Atopic Dermatitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-
Analysis, 39 VACCINE 1805 (2021).

11
IV. Applicable Legal Standards

To receive compensation under the Vaccine Act, a petitioner must demonstrate either that:
(1) the petitioner suffered a “Table injury” by receiving a covered vaccine and subsequently
developing a listed injury within the time frame prescribed by the Vaccine Injury Table set forth
at § 14, as modified by 42 C.F.R. § 100.3; or (2) that petitioner suffered an “off-Table injury,” one
not listed on the Table, as a result of his receiving a covered vaccine. See § 11(c)(1)(C); Moberly
v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 592 F.3d 1315, 1321 (Fed. Cir. 2010); Capizzano v. Sec’y of
Health & Hum. Servs., 440 F.3d 1317, 1319–20 (Fed. Cir. 2006). Petitioner does not allege a Table
injury in this case; thus, she must prove that her injury was caused-in-fact by a Table vaccine.

To establish causation-in-fact, a petitioner must demonstrate by a preponderance of the
evidence that the vaccine was the cause of the injury. § 13(a)(1)(A). A petitioner is required to
prove that the vaccine was “not only a but-for cause of the injury but also a substantial factor in
bringing about the injury.” Moberly, 592 F.3d at 1321–22 (quoting Shyface v. Sec’y of Health &
Hum. Servs., 165 F.3d 1344, 1352–53 (Fed. Cir. 1999)).

In the seminal case of Althen v. Sec’y of the Dept. of Health & Hum. Servs, the Federal
Circuit set forth a three-pronged test used to determine whether a petitioner has established a causal
link between a vaccine and the claimed injury. See 418 F.3d 1274, 1278–79 (Fed. Cir. 2005). The
Althen test requires petitioners to set forth: “(1) a medical theory causally connecting the
vaccination and the injury; (2) a logical sequence of cause and effect showing that the vaccination
was the reason for the injury; and (3) a showing of a proximate temporal relationship between
vaccination and injury.” Id. at 1278. To establish entitlement to compensation under the Program,
a petitioner is required to establish each of the three prongs of Althen by a preponderance of the
evidence. Id. “[C]lose calls regarding causation are resolved in favor of injured claimants.” Id. at
1280. Further, evidence used to satisfy one prong of the test may overlap to satisfy another prong.
Capizzano, 440 F.3d at 1326.

Under the first prong of Althen, a petitioner must offer a scientific or medical theory that
answers in the affirmative the question: “can the vaccine[] at issue cause the type of injury
alleged?” Pafford v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 01-0165V, 2004 WL 1717359, at *4 (Fed.
Cl. Spec. Mstr. July 16, 2004), mot. for rev. den’d, 64 Fed. Cl. 19 (2005), aff’d, 451 F.3d 1352
(Fed. Cir. 2006). To satisfy this prong, a petitioner’s theory must be based on a “sound and reliable
medical or scientific explanation.” Knudsen v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 35 F.3d 543, 548
(Fed. Cir. 1994). Such theory must only be “legally probable, not medically or scientifically
certain.” Id. at 548–49. Petitioners are not required to identify “specific biological mechanisms”
to establish causation, nor are they required to present “epidemiologic studies, rechallenge[] the
presence of pathological markers or genetic disposition, or general acceptance in the scientific or
medical communities.” Capizzano, 440 F.3d at 1325 (quoting Althen, 418 F.3d at 1280). Scientific
and “objective confirmation” of the medical theory with additional medical documentation is
unnecessary. Althen, 418 F.3d at 1278–81; see also Moberly, 592 F.3d at 1322. However, as the
Federal Circuit has made clear, “simply identifying a ‘plausible’ theory of causation is insufficient
for a petitioner to meet her burden of proof.” LaLonde v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 746 F.3d
1334, 1339 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (citing Moberly, 592 F.3d at 1322). Indeed, the Federal Circuit has
“consistently rejected theories that the vaccine only ‘likely caused’ the injury and reiterated that a

12
‘plausible’ or ‘possible’ causal theory does not satisfy the standard.” Boatmon v. Sec’y of Health
& Hum. Servs., 941 F.3d 1351, 1360 (Fed. Cir. 2019) (citing Moberly, 592 F.3d at 1322 and
LaLonde, 746 F.3d at 1339). Rather, “[a] petitioner must provide a reputable medical or scientific
explanation that pertains specifically to the petitioner’s case.” Moberly, 592 F.3d at 1322. In
general, “the statutory standard of preponderance of the evidence requires a petitioner to
demonstrate that the vaccine more likely than not caused the condition alleged.” LaLonde, 746
F.3d at 1339.

Furthermore, establishing a sound and reliable medical theory connecting the vaccine to
the injury often requires a petitioner to present expert testimony in support of his claim. Lampe v.
Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 219 F.3d 1357,1361 (Fed. Cir. 2000). The Supreme Court’s
opinion in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. requires that courts determine the
reliability of an expert opinion before it may be considered as evidence. 509 U.S. 579 (1993).
However, in the Vaccine Program, the Daubert factors are used in the weighing of the reliability
of scientific evidence proffered. Davis v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 94 Fed. Cl. 53, 66–67
(2010) (“[U]niquely in this Circuit, the Daubert factors have been employed also as an acceptable
evidentiary-gauging tool with respect to persuasiveness of expert testimony already admitted.”);
see also Cedillo v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 617 F.3d 1328, 1339 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (citing
Terran v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 195 F.3d 1302, 1316 (Fed. Cir. 1999)). Under Daubert,
the

factors for analyzing the reliability of testimony are: (1) whether a theory or
technique can be (and has been) tested; (2) whether the theory or technique has
been subjected to peer review and publication; (3) whether there is a known or
potential rate of error and whether there are standards for controlling the error; and
(4) whether the theory or technique enjoys general acceptance within a relevant
scientific community.

Terran, 195 F.3d at 1316 n.2 (citing Daubert, 509 U.S. at 592–95).

The Daubert factors are “meant to be helpful, not definitive.” Kumho Tire Co. v.
Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 151 (1999). The factors do not “constitute ‘a definitive checklist or
test’” and may be applied differently depending on the facts of a particular case. Id. at 150 (quoting
Daubert, 509 U.S. at 593).

“In short, the requirement that an expert’s testimony pertain to ‘scientific knowledge’
establishes a standard of evidentiary reliability.” Daubert, 509 U.S. at 590 (citation omitted). Thus,
for Vaccine Act claims, a “special master is entitled to require some indicia of reliability to support
the assertion of the expert witness.” Moberly, 592 F.3d at 1324. Nothing requires the acceptance
of an expert’s conclusion “connected to existing data only by the ipse dixit of the expert,”
especially if “there is simply too great an analytical gap between the data and the opinion
proffered.” Snyder v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 88 Fed. Cl. 706, 743 (2009) (quoting Gen.
Elec. Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136, 146 (1997)); see also D’Tiole v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs.,
No. 15-085V, 2016 WL 7664475, at *24 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Nov. 28, 2016) (stating that the
Vaccine Act “require[s] a chain of reliable propositions supporting [a] petitioner’s theory”).

13
Under the second prong of Althen, a petitioner must prove that the vaccine actually did
cause the alleged injury in a particular case. See Pafford, 2004 WL 1717359, at *4; Althen, 418
F.3d at 1279. The second Althen prong requires proof of a logical sequence of cause and effect,
usually supported by facts derived from a petitioner’s medical records. Althen, 418 F.3d at 1278;
Capizzano, 440 F.3d at 1326; Grant v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 956 F.2d 1144, 1148 (Fed.
Cir. 1992). A petitioner does not meet this obligation by showing only a temporal association
between the vaccination and the injury; instead, the petitioner “must explain how and why the
injury occurred.” Pafford, 2004 WL 1717359, at *4 (emphasis in original). The special master in
Pafford noted petitioners “must prove [] both that her vaccinations were a substantial factor in
causing the illness . . . and that the harm would not have occurred in the absence of the
vaccination.” Id. (citing Shyface, 165 F.3d at 1352). A reputable medical or scientific explanation
must support this logical sequence of cause and effect. Hodges v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs.,
9 F.3d 958, 961 (Fed Cir. 1993) (citation omitted). Nevertheless, “[r]equiring epidemiologic
studies . . . or general acceptance in the scientific or medical communities . . . impermissibly raises
a claimant’s burden under the Vaccine Act and hinders the system created by Congress.”
Capizzano, 440 F.3d at 1325–26. “[C]lose calls regarding causation are resolved in favor of injured
claimants.” Althen, 418 F.3d at 1280.

In Program cases, contemporaneous medical records and the opinions of treating
physicians are favored. Capizzano, 440 F.3d at 1326 (citing Althen, 418 F.3d at 1280). Indeed,
when reviewing the record, a special master must consider the opinions of treating physicians.
Capizzano, 440 F.3d at 1326. This is because “treating physicians are likely to be in the best
position to determine whether ‘a logical sequence of cause-and-effect show[s] that the vaccination
was the reason for the injury.’” Id. In addition, “[m]edical records, in general, warrant
consideration as trustworthy evidence. The records contain information supplied to or by health
professionals to facilitate diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions. With proper treatment
hanging in the balance, accuracy has an extra premium. These records are also generally
contemporaneous to the medical events.” Cucuras v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 993 F.2d
1525, 1528 (Fed. Cir. 1993). However, there is no “presumption that medical records are accurate
and complete as to all of the patient’s physical conditions.” Kirby v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs.,
997 F.3d 1378, 1383 (Fed. Cir. 2021) (finding that a special master must consider the context of a
medical encounter before concluding that it constitutes evidence regarding the absence of a
condition). While a special master must consider these opinions and records, they are not “binding
on the special master or court.” § 13(b)(1). Rather, when “evaluating the weight to be afforded to
any such . . . [evidence], the special master . . . shall consider the entire record.” Id.

In determining the accuracy and completeness of medical records, special masters will
consider various explanations for inconsistencies between contemporaneously created medical
records and later given testimony. The Court of Federal Claims has identified four such
explanations for explaining inconsistencies: (1) a person’s failure to recount to the medical
professional everything that happened during the relevant time period; (2) the medical
professional’s failure to document everything reported to her or him; (3) a person’s faulty
recollection of the events when presenting testimony; or (4) a person’s purposeful recounting of
symptoms that did not exist. La Londe v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 110 Fed. Cl.
184, 203 (2013), aff’d, 746 F.3d 1334 (Fed. Cir. 2014).

14
To satisfy the third Althen prong, a petitioner must establish a “proximate temporal
relationship” between the vaccination and the alleged injury. Althen, 418 F.3d at 1281. This
“requires preponderant proof that the onset of symptoms occurred within a timeframe for which,
given the medical understanding of the disorder’s etiology, it is medically acceptable to infer
causation-in-fact.” de Bazan v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 539 F.3d 1347, 1352 (Fed. Cir.
2008). Typically, “a petitioner’s failure to satisfy the proximate temporal relationship prong is due
to the fact that onset was too late after the administration of a vaccine for the vaccine to be the
cause.” Id. However, “cases in which onset is too soon” also fail this prong; “in either case, the
temporal relationship is not such that it is medically acceptable to conclude that the vaccination
and the injury are causally linked.” Id.; see also Locane v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 685
F.3d 1375, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (“[If] the illness was present before the vaccine was administered,
logically, the vaccine could not have caused the illness.”).

Although a temporal association alone is insufficient to establish causation, under the third
prong of Althen, a petitioner must also show that the timing of the injury fits with the causal theory.
See Althen, 418 F.3d at 1278. The special master cannot infer causation from temporal proximity
alone. See Thibaudeau v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 24 Cl. Ct. 400, 403–04 (1991); see also
Grant, 956 F.2d at 1148 (“[T]he inoculation is not the cause of every event that occurs within the
ten[-]day period . . . [w]ithout more, this proximate temporal relationship will not support a finding
of causation.” (quoting Hasler v. United States, 718 F.2d 202, 205 (6th Cir. 1983))).

A petitioner who satisfies all three prongs of the Althen test has established a prima facie
showing of causation. Hammitt v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 98 Fed. Cl. 719, 726 (2011). A
petitioner who demonstrates by a preponderance of the evidence that he suffered an injury caused
by vaccination is entitled to compensation unless the respondent can demonstrate by a
preponderance of the evidence that the injury was caused by factors unrelated to the vaccination.
See Althen, 418 F.3d at 1278; Knudsen, 35 F.3d at 547. In such a case, the government must not
merely prove the existence of an alternative cause, but that such an alternative actually caused the
injury. Knudsen, 35 F.3d at 549. Consequently, when and if the petitioner establishes a prima facie
case, the burden then shifts to the government to prove that an alternative cause, unrelated to the
administration of the vaccine, was the “sole substantial factor” in causing the alleged injury. See
de Bazan v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 539 F.3d 1347, 1354 (Fed. Cir. 2008); see also
Hammitt, 98 Fed. Cl. at 726 (explaining that the respondent’s burden is to show that the “factor
unrelated” was the “sole substantial factor” in causing the injury). Additionally, a factor unrelated
“may not include ‘any idiopathic, unexplained, unknown, hypothetical, or undocumentable cause,
factor, injury, illness or condition.’” § 13(a)(2); see also Doe v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs.,
601 F.3d 1349 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (stating that an idiopathic diagnosis cannot be a “factor unrelated,”
as it is idiopathic).

V. Discussion

A. Althen Prong One

Petitioner’s expert Dr. Horan argued in favor of vaccine-caused atopic dermatitis based on
a belief in the medical community that Th2 cytokines play a large role in the immune cell-mediated
condition and studies that have revealed elevated Th2 cytokine levels post immunization. Indeed,

15
there are several articles filed by Petitioner and Respondent that illustrate the paramount role of
Th2 cytokines in the immune system generally. Furthermore, the nature of a patient’s immune
system response to a foreign antigen is central to vaccine efficacy, as well as the development of
an allergic dermatological condition. However, as Respondent’s expert Dr. MacGinnitie noted, Dr.
Horan did not present any support for his contention that the elevated levels of Th2 cytokines that
develop post vaccination result in the diffuse inflammation and epidermal barrier dysfunction that
is the hallmark of atopic dermatitis. In plainer language, there is no link between the presence of
Th2 cytokines due to vaccination and pathogenesis. Th2 cytokines are key proteins used by the
immune system’s early line of defense against invaders. It may be just as well that elevated Th2
cytokines may be a component of an adaptive immune response and not the impetus for one.

The Berger article filed by Petitioner noted that despite suggestions of a possible
relationship, there is “no evidence of that immunsation causes atopy.” Pet’r’s Ex. 16 at 1. A second
article, Dalton et al., cautioned that even pursuant to a hypothesis that a vaccine can exacerbate
atopic dermatitis, “[c]ause and effect cannot be proven.” Pet’r’s Ex. 20 at 2. Furthermore, unlike
in the current case, the theory presented by Dalton et al. applies to pre-existing atopic dermatitis
that is worsened by the live bCG vaccine. Notably, Dr. Horan focused on N.G.’s DTaP vaccine
for his causation theory and not the live rotavirus that N.G. received. Petitioners are not required
to present evidence of proven cause and effect. However, the theory presented must be sound and
reliable. It is not enough to identity a component of the immune system without explaining how
said component’s upregulation is indicia of but-for or substantial factor causation.

Lastly, Petitioners are not required to present epidemiological studies in support of their
claims. Indeed, the Federal Circuit has explicitly identified the types and uses of many different
types of medical evidence that can be used to constitute preponderant evidence of causation,
solely or in the aggregate. See Broekelschen, 618 F.3d 1339; Knudsen, 35 F.3d 543. In cases
where large scale studies have been done however, they are certainly persuasive evidence to be
considered on behalf of the submitting party. In this case, Dr. MacGinnitie filed the Ayasse et al.
article “with primary epidemiologic data” which “found no consistent associations of vaccination
by any regimen . . . with [atopic dermatitis] in pooled meta-analysis.” Resp’t’s Ex. A, Tab 9 at 2.
While not dispositive, this certainly qualifies as strong evidence that was not adequately
addressed by Dr. Horan. In sum, Petitioner did not provide preponderant evidence that one or
more of the vaccines she received, rotavirus, Prevnar 13, or Pentacel, can cause atopic dermatitis.

B. Althen Prong Two

Without the articulation of a sound and reasonable theory pursuant to Althen prong one, it
is impractical to conduct the prong two analysis. Using aspects of the medical literature that Dr.
Horan filed, the absence of an initial localized hypersensitivity would weigh against an atopic
dermatological reaction in response to an injection. Additionally, the clinical presentation,
progression, and exacerbation of N.G.’s atopic dermatitis is consistent with her prior history of
infant seborrheic dermatitis, her age at onset, and the presumed presence by her treaters of the
Staphylococcus aureus that is described in the literature as common with this condition. It is also
notable that N.G.’s second DTaP vaccination did not result in an atopic dermatitis flare. Dr.
MacGinnitie raised this point, and Dr. Horan did not respond. It remains inconsistent with Dr.
Horan’s proposed theory that vaccines generally, and DTaP specifically, triggered Th2 cytokine

16
productivity resulting in N.G.’s initial atopic dermatitis flare. Indeed, N.G. is not similarly situated
to the children identified in the case studies, in age, location of initial rash, or type of vaccine. She
was younger, with multiple initial rashes on various sites on her body, and in response to an initial
vaccine (not a booster). Petitioner has not presented preponderant evidence of vaccine causation
in N.G.’s case.

C. Althen Prong Three

The parties do not dispute that N.G. suffered from atopic dermatitis. Petitioner contends
that N.G.’s atopic dermatitis developed independently of her seborrheic dermatitis, post
vaccination. Respondent contends that N.G.’s atopic and seborrheic dermatitis were overlapping
manifestations of the same disorder; therefore, the initial symptoms of N.G.’s condition developed
pre vaccination. The medical literature filed partly supports the contentions of both parties. The
Chadha & Jahnke article noted that while seborrheic and atopic dermatitis are similar conditions
that can overlap, there are distinctions, including location and presentation, that can be used for
differential diagnosis. Notably, the authors did not state the former and the latter are manifestations
of the same condition. Further, the Podmore et al. article noted that the relationship between the
two conditions is an increased risk of atopic dermatitis in patients that suffer from infantile
seborrheic dermatitis. Within the medical literature is preponderant evidence that these two
conditions, while similar in nature, are not the same. It follows that the manifestation of N.G.’s
atopic dermatitis is evidenced by the distinct symptom of a wet and oozing rash that extended to
her outer arms and legs for several days prior to the first reporting on July 10, 2017, ten days post
vaccination. That would place the onset at approximately five-to-seven days post vaccination.

Dr. Horan cited the Wood et al. article that described eczema as a type III hypersensitivity,
manifesting locally at the site of antigen interaction, starting from two to eight hours up to two
days after vaccination. It does not appear that N.G.’s atopic symptoms occurred within this
timeframe. It also does not appear that N.G.’s symptoms originally appeared at the site of injection
in her arm and spread outward. Dr. Horan does not specifically outline what an appropriate
timeframe for post-vaccination atopic dermatitis onset would be; but the two case studies that Dr.
Horan referenced involve onset of two days and one week. The timeframe in this case would seem
to be more consistent with those examples, although the vaccine at issue in those cases was not
administered to N.G. The record does not contain preponderant evidence of an articulated temporal
relationship between one or more of the vaccines N.G. received and her atopic dermatitis. While
the cases studies in the filed literature identify a potential proximate temporal relationship between
the bCG vaccine and the development of eczema, Dr. Horan does not present preponderant
evidence of the similarities between those cases and the present one. After a consideration of the
evidence filed and the arguments presented, Petitioner has not presented preponderant evidence of
an appropriate temporal relationship for general vaccine causation that can be applied here.
Petitioner has not met her burden pursuant to Althen prong three.

VI. Conclusion

After a careful review of the record, Petitioner has failed to prove by preponderant evidence
that N.G.’s atopic dermatitis was caused-in-fact by one or more of her June 30, 2017 vaccinations.
While the record does contain preponderant evidence that her relevant symptoms developed post

17
vaccination, given the age of onset for most children that suffer from atopic dermatitis, (two to six
months), the temporal relationship would suggest vaccine causation for every child that has
adhered to the CDC’s suggested vaccination schedule to date. That alone is not sufficient to meet
Petitioner burden. Accordingly, Petitioner’s claim is DENIED. Absent a timely motion for review,
the Clerk is directed to enter judgment dismissing this case for insufficient proof in accordance
with Vaccine Rule 11(a).19

IT IS SO ORDERED.

s/Herbrina D.S. Young
Herbrina DS Young
Special Master

19
Pursuant to Vaccine Rule 11(a), entry of judgment is expedited by the parties’ joint filing of a notice
renouncing the right to seek review.

18

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11235515. Public record. Not legal advice.