# Michalopoulos

> District Court, E.D. California · October 14, 2025

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11211659

## Case

- **Full name:** Stefan Michalopoulos v. United States of America, et al.
- **Court:** District Court, E.D. California
- **Decided:** October 14, 2025
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11211659

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- noting that one “becomes a party 15 officially, and is required to take action in that capacity, only upon service of summons or other 16 authority-asserting measure stating the time within which the party must appear to defend”

## Opinion text

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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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11 STEFAN MICHALOPOULOS, Case No. 1:24-cv-01169-CDB

12 Plaintiff, ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFF’S MOTIONS
FOR TEMPORARY RESTRAINING ORDER
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v.
14 (Docs. 12, 16)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, et al.,
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Defendants.
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17 Pending before the Court1 are the motions of Plaintiff Stefan Michalopoulos (“Plaintiff”)
18 for temporary restraining order, filed on November 19, 2024 (Doc. 12) and December 3, 2024 (Doc.
19 16)2, against Defendants United States of America and Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”)
20 (collectively, “Defendants”). For the reasons set forth herein, the Court will deny Plaintiff’s
21 motions for temporary restraining order.
22 ///
23 ///
24 ///
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1 Following all parties’ expression of consent to the jurisdiction of a magistrate judge for
26 all further proceedings in this action, including trial and entry of judgment, on December 16, 2024,
this action was reassigned to the undersigned pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c)(1). (Doc. 20).
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2 Plaintiff’s subsequent motion for temporary restraining order (Doc. 16) is identical to his
1 I. Relevant Background
2 A. Procedural History
3 Plaintiff initiated this action with the filing of a complaint on October 2, 2024. (Doc. 1). In
4 his complaint, Plaintiff asserts a single cause of action against Defendants pursuant to the Federal
5 Tort Claims Act (“FTCA”). See id. at 20. Specifically, Plaintiff alleges Defendants engaged in:

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false accusations, government overdramatization and reckless disregard for the
7 truth, negligent tort, retaliation, discrimination, abuse of discretion, civil rights
violation, unreasonable search and seizure, emotional distress, personal injury,
8 harassment, due process violation, perjury, invasion of privacy by intrusion, equal
protection, grossly disproportionate cruel and unusual treatment and punishment.
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10 Id. at 20-21.
11 On October 22, 2024, Plaintiff filed a document entitled “Important Notice to the Court” in
12 which he reiterated various of the allegations set forth in the complaint and made additional requests
13 for relief, to wit:
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We are seeking legal and court ordered correction to this whole case. A proper court
15 ordered treatment plan using California's Laura's law, and a court order for the FBI
to leave him alone from now on. A letter from the FBI saying they will no longer
16 target Stefan. A letter stating that he has been removed from the Terrorist Screening
Dataset. A letter stating that he has been removed from the International Terrorist
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Watchlist. A letter stating that he has been removed from the World Wide Target
18 list for dangerous targets. Stefan was added to all these watchlists by the FBI for
constitutionally and legally impermissible reasons. This matter will be discussed in
19 detail during the court hearings.
20 (Doc. 6 at 5).
21 Thereafter, Plaintiff made a series of filings, including (1) a motion for leave to amend and
22 lodged first amended complaint; (2) a motion for leave to file supplemental pleading; (3) the
23 pending motion for temporary restraining order; and (4) an identical motion for temporary
24 restraining order.3 (Docs. 10, 11, 12, 15, 16).
25 On December 13, 2024, Defendant the United States of America appeared and filed a joint
26 scheduling report, representing therein that it would seek an order substituting it for Defendant FBI
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3 The undersigned addressed Plaintiff’s motions for leave to file an amended complaint
1 as the only proper party for claims under the FTCA and that it intended to file a motion to dismiss
2 the operative complaint. (Doc. 17 at 2, 3, 5-7). In light of that representation, on December 18,
3 2024, the Court ordered the parties to meet and confer and file a joint report proposing a briefing
4 schedule on Defendants’ anticipated motion to dismiss. (Doc. 21). On December 27, 2024,
5 pursuant to the parties’ stipulated agreement (Doc. 25), the Court ordered Defendants to file any
6 motion to dismiss no later than January 21, 2025, Plaintiff to file either an opposition or statement
7 of non-opposition thereto no later than February 4, 2025, and Defendants to file any reply no later
8 than February 21, 2025, and vacated the January 2, 2025, scheduling conference to be reset as
9 appropriate following the Court’s resolution of Defendant’s anticipated motion to dismiss. (Doc.
10 27).
11 On December 30, 2024, Plaintiff filed a purported opposition to Defendants’ anticipated
12 motion to dismiss (Doc. 28), which the Court disregarded as an improper filing as it was
13 preemptively filed before Defendants filed any motion to dismiss. See Local Rule 230(c)
14 (“Opposition, if any, to the granting of the motion ... shall be filed and served no later than fourteen
15 (14) days after the motion was filed.”) (emphasis added). Further, notwithstanding Plaintiff filed
16 a request for entry of default against Defendants (Doc. 31), because Defendants timely filed a
17 responsive pleading, they are not in default. See (Docs. 8, 9, 13, 14, 17, 30).
18 On January 21, 2025, Defendants filed a motion to dismiss the complaint. (Doc. 30). On
19 March 4, 2025, Plaintiff filed a construed opposition to Defendants’ motion to dismiss (see Docs.
20 35, 36), and on March 13, 2025, Defendants replied (Doc. 37). On October 14, 2025, the Court
21 granted Defendants’ motion to dismiss with leave to amend. (Doc. 39). Therein, the Court
22 separately denied Plaintiff’s motion for default judgment. Id. (citing Doc. 33).
23 B. Factual Background of the Complaint
24 Plaintiff asserts a claim for damages under the Federal Tort Claims Act. (Doc. 1). In his
25 complaint, he alleges that his claims stem from actions taken by investigative officers and other
26 agency officials and employees of the federal government and the FBI “while acting within the
27 scope of their employment.” Id. ¶ 8. He alleges that since March 2003, he has been under audio
1 being surveilled of his cell phone, computer, texts, emails, and in person. Id. ¶¶ 9, 14. He alleges
2 that the FBI is in violation of his civil and constitutional rights based on this “negligent and
3 discriminatory conduct” and that he was “secretly” sentenced to deprivation of his “whole life”
4 without the chance to defend himself. Id. ¶ 9. Plaintiff’s complaint appears to allege that he was
5 impermissibly placed on a government “watchlist,” i.e., the “FBI’s American Domestic ‘Terrorist
6 Screening Dataset’” based on his mental health issues including his belief that “[h]e thinks he is a
7 Navy SEAL[.]” Id. ¶ 12. He alleges that there is a “loophole” in the system because if he is on
8 these watchlists, then he is “automatically a National Security Threat” even though there is no
9 probable cause. Id. He asserts that warrants obtained for this surveillance are facially deficient and
10 unlawful with false information and that the FBI “covertly administers mind-altering substances”
11 that impairs his ability to function. Id. ¶ 14.
12 He asserts the “circumstances of this case have deprived [him]” of various constitutional
13 rights, including the rights to be presumed innocent, to equal protection, to freedom from
14 government discrimination, privacy, and other claimed rights. Id. ¶¶ 18-20. He asserts that
15 equitable relief is necessary to stop “this illegal surveillance because the FBI intention is to have
16 [him] under surveillance ‘for life.’” Id. ¶ 23. He alleges that the FBI mandates that he be drugged
17 in order to minimize and neutralize him as a threat because he “used to work out a lot and enjoy
18 health and fitness, and kept getting stronger … over the years [and] [] have been seen as a huge
19 threat than just mentally disabled.” Id. ¶ 26.
20 He alleges that in 2019 on the island of St. Croix, the FBI wanted him to leave the island
21 because it is a small community and for the safety of the people and the FBI administered
22 testosterone and other substances causing him to overdose for many months, leading to mental and
23 physical pain. Id. ¶ 29. He alleges that later in November 2019, he ran away to Canada to visit his
24 brother and was interrogated by various investigative units of the federal government when he
25 arrived. Id. He further alleges that the Canadian Security and Intelligence Service insisted he was
26 dangerous without probable cause. Id. Plaintiff’s complaint proceeds to repeat several of his
27 allegations including of being misinterpreted as “crazy” because “he thinks he is a Navy SEAL”
1 In his claim for violation of the FTCA, he asserts that his allegations “constitute negligent
2 and wrongful acts and omissions of agents and employees” of the federal government including
3 “false accusations, … negligent tort, retaliation, discrimination, civil rights violation,” and a
4 number of other violations. Id. ¶ 38. He asserts that the “intentional infliction of … psychological
5 torture and mental suffering” based on “the administration or application of mind-altering
6 substances or other procedures calculated to disrupt profoundly the senses or the personality” are
7 “circumstances where the defendant United States, if a private person, would be liable to the
8 Plaintiff[.]” Id.
9 Plaintiff asserts he has suffered damages and alleges an extensive list of injuries, including
10 physical, mental, emotional, and financial injuries. See id. ¶ 39(a)-(m); see also id. ¶¶ 40-46. For
11 example, Plaintiff alleges he has been tortured by “effects calculated by the FBI to impair [his]
12 brain and body” causing him various physical issues including “extreme bloating and
13 uncontrollable weight gain” and sexual dysfunction, insomnia, and other issues. See id. ¶ 40. He
14 alleges that since “overdosing in 2019, every day for many years now and until present day, [he
15 has] testicular pain from the FBI administration of these substances containing variations of
16 testosterones.” Id. ¶ 43. He alleges the FBI puts these substances in his food, prescription pills,
17 sprays it on his bed, towels, and other personal toiletries, belongings, and food items and “watches”
18 him shower and “knows” if he is “eating the food, sleeping in [his] bed, [etc.]” Id. ¶ 44. He alleges
19 that “[a]s a direct result of the actions of the government, [he has] been greatly distressed,
20 humiliated, and embarrassed” and has “sustained intense and severe mental suffering and
21 distress[.]” Id. ¶ 45. He asserts a cause of action for privacy and the tort of invasion of privacy
22 which “allows [him] to recover damages for [] deprivation of [his] solitude and seclusion and []
23 that [his] private life is publicly given, allowing recovery for the harm resulting to [his] reputation
24 from the publicity” and to recover damages “for the harm to [his] reputation from the position in
25 which [he is] placed” and damages for emotional distress and humiliation. Id. ¶ 46.
26 In his prayer for relief, Plaintiff seeks the following: damages in the amount of $500 million
27 dollars; injunctive relief to have him “removed from all domestic and international watchlists … to
1 to travel abroad”; to quash and traverse the warrants against him as constitutionally void and for
2 the “fruits of the poisonous tree” evidence to be destroyed “as though [he] was never under
3 surveillance”; and the costs of the action. Id. ¶ 47. The complaint is signed and dated October 2,
4 2024. Id. at 25. Plaintiff attaches to the complaint a form titled “Claim for Damage, Injury, or
5 Death” purporting to bear his signature and a letter from the U.S. Department of Justice (“DOJ”)
6 dated September 9, 2024, indicating that the FBI has denied his claim for personal injury for a sum
7 certain amount of $500 million dollars. Id. at 26.
8 II. Governing Authority
9 “A preliminary injunction [or TRO] is an extraordinary remedy never awarded as of right.”4
10 Winter v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 24 (2008) (citation omitted). The purpose of a
11 TRO is to preserve the status quo pending a fuller hearing. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 65.
12 A federal district court may issue emergency injunctive relief only if it has personal
13 jurisdiction over the parties and subject matter jurisdiction over the lawsuit. See Murphy Bros., Inc.
14 v. Michetti Pipe Stringing, Inc., 526 U.S. 344, 350 (1999) (noting that one “becomes a party
15 officially, and is required to take action in that capacity, only upon service of summons or other
16 authority-asserting measure stating the time within which the party must appear to defend”). The
17 court may not attempt to determine the rights of persons not before it. See, e.g., Hitchman Coal &
18 Coke Co. v. Mitchell, 245 U.S. 229, 234-35 (1916); Zepeda v. INS, 753 F.2d 719, 727-28 (9th Cir.
19 1983). Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65(d)(2), an injunction binds only “the parties to the
20 action,” their “officers, agents, servants, employees, and attorneys,” and “other persons who are in
21 active concert or participation.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(d)(2)(A)-(C). “When a plaintiff seeks injunctive
22 relief based on claims not pled in the complaint, the court does not have the authority to issue an
23 injunction.” Pac. Radiation Oncology, LLC v. Queen’s Med. Ctr., 810 F.3d 631, 633 (9th Cir.
24 2015).
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27 4 “The legal standards applicable to TROs and preliminary injunctions are substantially
identical.” Babaria v. Blinken, 87 F.4th 963, 976 (9th Cir. 2023) (quotations and citations omitted).
1 “A plaintiff seeking a preliminary injunction [or TRO] must establish that he is likely to
2 succeed on the merits, that he is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary
3 relief, that the balance of equities tips in his favor, and that an injunction is in the public interest.”
4 Glossip v. Gross, 576 U.S. 863, 876 (2015) (quoting Winter, 555 U.S. at 20). “Under Winter,
5 plaintiffs must establish that irreparable harm is likely, not just possible, in order to obtain a
6 preliminary injunction.” Alliance for the Wild Rockies v. Cottrell, 632 F.3d 1127, 1131 (9th Cir.
7 2011). Because the first factor “is a threshold inquiry and is the most important factor,” a “court
8 need not consider the other factors” if a movant fails to show a likelihood of success on the merits.
9 Baird v. Bonta, 81 F.4th 1036, 1040 (9th Cir. 2023) (internal quotation marks and citations
10 omitted); see, e.g., Babaria, 87 F.4th at 980 (“We need not consider the remaining Winter factors
11 because plaintiffs fail to show a likelihood of success on the merits.”).
12 III. Discussion
13 A. Plaintiff’s Motion
14 In Plaintiff’s motion for temporary restraining order, he seeks to require Defendant FBI
15 cease all operations, including any surveillance and “drugging operations” towards him without
16 lawful probable cause and a warrant for an indefinite period. (Doc. 12 at 1). Plaintiff’s assertions
17 in his TRO application largely mirror the same largely incoherent and conclusory allegations as
18 pleaded in his complaint, including unspecified assertions of being tortured and surveilled by the
19 FBI in violation of his constitutional rights. See id.; see generally (Doc. 1). He asserts his motion
20 is based upon the “Convention Against Torture” which he purports “clearly states [he has] the right
21 to complain and not be retaliated upon.” (Doc. 12 at 3). He asserts that, pursuant to an unspecified
22 court case entitled “United States v. US District Court,” the Court is required to mandate his TRO.
23 Id. He seeks the Court waive the requirement to give notice to Defendants of his motion for TRO
24 because “the FBI already knows” of the filing and that Defendants’ “agents are literally watching
25 me make this [m]otion.” Id. at 3-4. Plaintiff proceeds to assert a chronology of events regarding
26 conflicting, indecipherable findings of various Canadian-based law enforcement entities before
27 expounding upon his claims of being “drugged” with nerve agents, “tortured for life,” surveilled,
1 and on whether he truly believes that he is “a Navy SEAL.” See id. at 4-39. He asserts that he is
2 requesting a TRO because he “need[s] it from these crazy people.” Id. at 39.
3 In the “Argument” section of his motion, Plaintiff asserts that the Court must grant a TRO
4 based on the “Convention Against Torture, 1984[,] Article #2” to protect him from the FBI’s
5 torture, punishment, crimes against humanity, and experimentation against him. Id. at 49. He
6 asserts that he is likely to succeed on the merits and the public interest factor weighs in favor of his
7 TRO for two reasons, including because “[t]his whole case is disgusting” as evident from his variety
8 of allegations and because “[t]his whole case is demeaning to the American Human Rights
9 Reputation” as he “was literally a mental slave to the FBI for a full 23,280 hours.” Id. at 50
10 (emphasis removed). Plaintiff asserts good cause exists to grant him early discovery as he requires
11 information to be able to move for a preliminary injunction. Id. at 51. Plaintiff concludes his
12 motion by listing various international treaties and conventions and state and federal statutes upon
13 which his claims rely. Id. at 52-58. The motion is signed and dated on November 18, 2024. Id. at
14 59.
15 B. Analysis
16 Plaintiff fails to establish the requisite factors to succeed on his request for a TRO and for
17 a preliminary injunction. The undersigned finds Plaintiff is not likely to succeed on the merits of
18 his claims given the Court has dismissed his complaint with leave to amend, and Plaintiff has not
19 shown he is likely to suffer immediate and irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary injunctive
20 relief. See (Doc. 39). Indeed, Plaintiff is not entitled to emergency relief because he has not yet
21 filed a viable amended complaint in this matter. See Simmons v. Alston, No. 2:23-CV-01076-LK,
22 2023 WL 4704745, at *2 (W.D. Wash. July 24, 2023) (“[T]he Court cannot address a motion
23 premised on a nonexistent complaint with nonexistent claims for relief.”); Frick v. Dy, No. C22-
24 801-JHC-MLP, 2022 WL 4348567, at *1 (W.D. Wash. Aug. 23, 2022), report and recommendation
25 adopted, 2022 WL 4315689 (W.D. Wash. Sept. 19, 2022); e.g., Williams v. Duffy, No. 18-cv-
26 06921-BLF, 2019 WL 95924, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 3, 2019) (“In light of the Court’s determination
27 that Plaintiff’s complaint fails to state a claim, he cannot establish that he is likely to succeed or
1 the Court need not reach the remainder of the Winter factors.”) (citing Pimentel v. Dreyfus, 670
2 F.3d 1096, 1111 (9th Cir. 2012)); Canero v. EMC Mortg. Corp., No. C 09–4696 JF (HRL), 2010
3 WL 1135979, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 22, 2010) (denying application for TRO and dismissing
4 complaint with leave to amend where the “complaint fails to provide a clear recitation of the events
5 giving rise to the instant lawsuit and fails to set forth sufficient facts regarding each defendant's
6 role in the subject transaction.”).
7 Because the Court’s order granting Defendants’ motion to dismiss (Doc. 39) found that
8 Plaintiff’s claims under the FTCA are barred for lack of subject matter jurisdiction insofar as
9 Plaintiff asserts constitutional tort violations under the FTCA and assert the claim against the FBI—
10 claims for which the United States and the FBI both are immune under the doctrine of sovereign
11 immunity—and that Plaintiff otherwise failed to state a claim for his remaining causes of action,
12 there is no likelihood of success such that the Court is necessarily may not to grant Plaintiff’s
13 motions for TRO. See, e.g., Church of Scientology of Cal. v. United States, 920 F.2d 1481, 1491
14 (9th Cir. 1990) (upholding denial of injunctive relief that was based on lack of subject matter
15 jurisdiction as plaintiff failed to demonstrate “that under no circumstances could the Government
16 prevail” and “has failed to establish that it will suffer irreparable harm unless an injunction is
17 issued.”); Hookano v. Capitol One Auto Fin. Inc., No. 2:09–3282 MCE GGH, 2009 WL 4510123,
18 at *1 (E.D. Cal. Nov. 25, 2009) (denying TRO motion where court lacked subject matter
19 jurisdiction).
20 Aside from being unable to show a likelihood of prevailing on the merits, Plaintiff fails to
21 establish that he is likely to suffer immediate and irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary
22 injunctive relief. Glossip, 576 U.S. at 876. His conclusory assertion that Defendants’ actions put
23 him “in danger of immediate, irreparable harm … guarantees that the FBI will continue to retaliate
24 upon [him]” is unsupported by sufficient factual detail as to what and how he is being retaliated
25 against and what specific harm he faces absent the relief he seeks. Additionally, the Court notes
26 that Plaintiff filed his application for TRO approximately seven weeks after he filed his complaint,
27 a “long delay [which] implies a lack of urgency and irreparable harm.” Oakland Tribune, Inc. v.
1 | show he is likely to suffer immediate and irreparable injury other than general and conclusory
2 | allegations that he is being “drugged” and “surveilled for life,” Plaintiff's TRO fails on this factor.
3 | Mazurek v. Armstrong, 529 U.S. 968, 972 (1997) (The likely harm must be supported by a “clear
4 | showing.”). Indeed, Plaintiff’s claims to being irreparably harmed absent the Court’s grant of
5 || emergency, injunctive relief are undermined by his most recent representations that he seeks to put
6 | “ahold on this case until further notice” and that he “will continue this lawsuit another time.” See
7 1 (Doc. 35 at 1-2)
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9 In sum, as Plaintiff is unlikely to succeed on the merits of his non-cognizable claims over
10 | which this Court has found it lacks subject matter jurisdiction and Plaintiff fails to persuasively
11 show a likelihood of irreparable harm in the absence of relief, the Court finds no basis to issue the
12 || extraordinary remedy of a temporary restraining order or a preliminary injunction. Winter, 555
13 | US. at 20, 24; Lopez v. Brewer, 680 F.3d 1068, 1072 (9th Cir. 2012) (A preliminary injunction is
14 | ‘an extraordinary and drastic remedy, one that should not be granted unless the movant, by a clear
15 | showing, carries the burden of persuasion’”). Accordingly, Plaintiff's motions for temporary
16 | restraining order (Docs. 12, 16) will be dined.
17 | IV. Conclusion and Order
18 Based on the foregoing, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Plaintiff's motions for temporary
19 | restraining order (Docs. 12, 16) are DENIED.
20 | IT IS SO ORDERED.
Dated: _ October 14, 2025
22 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11211659. Public record. Not legal advice.