# Kincheloe v. Kincheloe

> Court of Appeals of North Carolina · November 5, 2025

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11197659

## Case

- **Court:** Court of Appeals of North Carolina
- **Decided:** November 5, 2025
- **Precedential status:** Published
- **Opinion:** Opinion by Judge Donna Stroud
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

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## Opinion text

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

No. COA23-1147

Filed 5 November 2025

Mecklenburg County, No.13CVD016798-590

CATHERINE KINCHELOE (now WILKINSON), Plaintiff,

v.

JOHNATHAN KINCHELOE, Defendant.

Appeal by defendant from orders entered on 8 March and 24 August 2022 and

31 January and 27 March 2023 by Judge Elizabeth T. Trosch in District Court,

Mecklenburg County. Heard in the Court of Appeals 11 June 2024.

James, McElroy & Diehl, P.A., by Preston O. Odom, III, Haley E. White, and
Kristin J. Rempe, for plaintiff-appellee.

Myers Law Firm, PLLC, by Matthew R. Myers, for defendant-appellant.

STROUD, Judge.

Defendant-father (“Father”) appeals from an “Order Denying [Father]’s Motion

to Dismiss and [Father]’s Motion for Protective Order; Motion to Quash/Amend

Subpoena” (“Order Denying Motion to Dismiss”); an “Order (Re: Sanctions)”

(“Sanctions Order”); an “Order for Attorney’s Fees”; and an “Order Modifying Child

Support” (“2023 Child Support Order”). Because the trial court complied with this

Court’s mandate in Kincheloe v. Kincheloe, 278 N.C. App. 62, 862 S.E.2d 28 (2021)

(“Kincheloe I”), filed on 15 June 2021, as well as Rule 63 of our North Carolina Rules
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Opinion of the Court

of Civil Procedure, the trial court did not err as a matter of law in holding a new

hearing on all issues. The trial court’s findings of fact in the 2023 Child Support

Order are supported by competent evidence, and those findings support the trial

court’s conclusions of law and its determination of child support. We affirm the trial

court’s orders.

I. Procedural Background

This Court addressed a prior appeal in this matter in Kincheloe I. On 10 July

2019, Judge Aretha V. Blake entered an “Order Modifying Child Support,

Establishing Wage-Withholding and Setting Arrears” (“2019 Child Support Order” or

“2019 Order”). Mother appealed the 2019 Order to this Court. Our opinion provides

the case history leading up to the 2019 Child Support Order addressed in that appeal:

[Plaintiff-mother (“Mother”)] and Father had two
children during their marriage. In 2013, the parties
separated. Mother filed a complaint with claims for child
custody, child support, post-separation support, alimony,
and equitable distribution. Father filed an answer and
counterclaims for custody, child support, and equitable
distribution. In December 2013, Mother and Father
entered into a consent order resolving their claims of child
custody, child support, and equitable distribution (“2013
Consent Order”). The 2013 Consent Order did not include
detailed findings regarding the parties’ incomes and
calculation of child support but noted the parties had
agreed upon the calculation based upon their incomes and
the costs of medical and dental insurance provided by
Father. The parties stipulated that the child support of
$820.00 per month was “a compromise and shall not be
deemed to be a deviation from the Guidelines.” Father was
ordered to pay the child support “bi-weekly by bank
transfer.” The 2013 Consent Order also provided for Father

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Opinion of the Court

to maintain medical and dental insurance for the children;
to pay 60% of any uninsured expenses; and to pay 60% of
“the costs of all agreed-upon extracurricular activities.”
The 2013 Consent Order also noted that the parties would
enter into a separate agreement regarding post-separation
support and alimony and Mother would dismiss these
claims.

On 23 May 2017, Mother filed a motion to modify
child custody, to increase child support, and to appoint a
parenting coordinator. Mother alleged the existing child
support order was over three years old and she believed
child support would increase by more than 15% based upon
“the parties’ incomes and child-related expenses.” Father
filed a response, alleging upon information and belief that
the child support amount should be decreased. The parties
agreed to a temporary consent order modifying child
custody and appointing a parenting coordinator. Father
filed a motion to deviate from the child support guidelines,
alleging that guideline child support “may exceed the
reasonable needs of the children or would otherwise be
unjust or inappropriate.” Mother filed a motion for wage
garnishment and to determine child support arrears and
attorney’s fees. She alleged Father had failed to pay the full
amount of his child support in various months when he
deducted “what he believes, Mother owes him for various
medical and extracurricular expenses.”

There were multiple hearings on the various
motions before the trial court. The trial court heard the
motions of both parties regarding child support, wage
garnishment, determination of arrears, and deviation from
the Child Support Guidelines on 26 June and 14 September
2018.

Kincheloe I, 278 N.C. App. at 63-64, 862 S.E.2d at 31-32 (brackets omitted).

In Kincheloe I, we reversed and remanded the 2019 Child Support Order for

entry of a new order complying with North Carolina General Statute Section 50-13.4

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(“Action for support of minor child”). See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-13.4 (2023). Our

mandate directed as follows:

[T]he trial court’s order is reversed and remanded for entry
of a new order which complies with North Carolina General
Statute [Section] 50-13.4. If either party requests
additional hearing after remand, the trial court shall
receive additional evidence prior to entry of a new order. If
neither party requests additional hearing, the trial court
may enter a new order based solely upon the existing
record.

Kincheloe I, 278 N.C. App. at 77, 862 S.E.2d at 39.

After remand, Father filed a motion for a “Protective Order (Rule 26(c)); Motion

to Quash/Amend Subpoena” on 26 August 2021 to quash or amend a subpoena from

Mother which sought financial information from periods after the trial court’s last

hearing date for Mother’s 2017 motion to modify, which took place in September 2018.

Father argued that on remand, the trial court was bound to consider the record as it

existed before the 2019 appeal or to consider evidence as it existed before the last

hearing date in September 2018.

Mother filed an “Amended and Supplemental Motion to Modify Child Support

and Motion for Attorney’s Fees” on 2 September 2021. She contended that Father’s

income had substantially increased between the entry of the 2013 Consent Order and

the 2017 motion to modify child support since the 2017 motion to modify was last

heard in September 2018. Mother also contended her expenses had increased. She

had moved out of her mother’s home into her own home, and the costs of the children’s

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Opinion of the Court

expenses had increased. Mother alleged that Father had not reimbursed her for his

portion of the children’s expenses and had refused to pay child support based on his

allegedly increased income.

Father filed a “Motion to Dismiss (Rule 12)” on 16 September 2021. The motion

was directed toward Mother’s 2 September 2021 “Amended and Supplemental Motion

to Modify Child Support and Motion for Attorney’s fees.” It alleged grounds under

Rules 12(b)(1) and (6) of the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure. Father

specifically alleged that the 2019 Child Support Order had been remanded for the

trial court to make new findings of fact and conclusions of law to support the 2019

Order in compliance with North Carolina General Statute Section 50-13.4, not to

address circumstances irrelevant to the 2019 Order. Essentially, Father argued that

his income and expenses after September 2018 were irrelevant because the trial court

only had the authority to enter an order addressing Mother’s 2017 motion to modify

child support, with an order based on evidence presented and circumstances existing

as of the motion’s last hearing date in September 2018.1 Father also filed an answer

to Mother’s 2017 motion to modify child support.

Judge Blake voluntarily disqualified herself from presiding in the proceedings

over the matter by order entered on 29 September 2021.

1 Father’s response to Mother’s motion denied her factual allegations and asserted that “[a]ny
allegation or evidence subsequent to the circumstances of the parties on [14 September] 2018 is outside
the jurisdiction of the Court at this time.”

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Mother filed a motion to modify child custody and a motion for a psychological

evaluation of one of the minor children on 3 February 2022. Mother asked the trial

court to (1) award her sole legal custody of the children with regard to mental health

decisions, (2) order a psychological examination be conducted for one child, and (3)

direct Father to pay for the examination.

On 16 December 2021, Mecklenburg County Chief District Court Judge

Elizabeth Thorton Trosch held a hearing on Father’s “Protective Order (Rule 26(c));

Motion to Quash/Amend Subpoena.” The trial court entered an Order Denying

Motion to Dismiss on 8 March 2022. The trial court made findings of fact regarding

the procedural history of the case and determined that following remand from this

Court, Mother had requested an additional hearing. Therefore, the trial court found

that “an additional hearing must be held.” The trial court found that

[i]n Kincheloe [I], [this Court] reversed and remanded the
2019 Modification Order with instructions to hold an
additional hearing if requested by either party. Th[is
Court] did not otherwise specify or limit the scope of the
evidence that may be received at the hearing on remand,
leaving that decision entirely within the trial court’s
discretion.

The trial court ruled that it would consider additional evidence “including evidence

which has arisen since the 2018 Evidentiary Hearings” and could “enter a new order

based on the existing evidence or new evidence presented at the additional hearing.”

The court (1) denied Father’s motion for protective order, (2) denied Father’s motion

to dismiss Mother’s amended and supplemental motion, and (3) allowed the parties

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to present evidence on the children’s current needs. The trial court indicated that it

would determine the parties’ arrearages based on Mother’s 2017 motion to modify

and 2021 amended and supplemental motion to modify. The court decreed that

“[w]ithin 60 days from the entry of th[e] Order, [ ]Father shall respond to [ ]Mother’s

[f]irst [r]equest for [p]roduction of [d]ocuments.”

On 12 July 2022, Mother filed a motion for sanctions under “Rules 11 and Rule

37(b)(2) of the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure and Rule 8 and Rule 22” of

Mecklenburg County’s “Local Rules for Domestic Cases.” She alleged that Father

had produced financial documents from a six-month period between October 2021

(the month after Mother filed her amended and supplemental motion) through March

2022 but had otherwise “refused” to produce documents covering 1 January 2018

through the date of her motion. Mother asked the trial court to sanction Father by

prohibiting him from presenting evidence of his expenses and requiring him to pay

Mother’s attorney’s fees incurred in prosecuting the motion. The court heard the

motion on 13 July 2022.

In the Sanctions Order entered on 24 August 2022, the trial court found that

in Father’s supplemental responses to Mother’s request for production of documents,

he had failed to produce bank statements and credit card statements from the period

of 1 January 2017 through September/November 2021. Despite the trial court’s

rejection on 8 March 2022 of Father’s argument in his motion to dismiss that the trial

court could only consider evidence up to September 2018 in the hearing on remand,

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Father continued to assert his claim that evidence after that date was irrelevant, in

support of his objections to Mother’s discovery requests.

The remanded child support determination had been scheduled for 13 July

2022. The trial court made detailed findings of fact regarding the procedural history

and Father’s refusal to provide several years’ worth of financial information. The

trial court found that Father’s failure to comply with the court’s order to provide

complete discovery responses prejudiced the court and Mother. Although Mother had

requested that the trial court sanction Father by striking his 2018 and 2022 financial

affidavits and “prohibiting him from offering evidence of his expenses,” the trial court

ordered the “lesser sanctions” of ordering Father to: (1) produce the requested

documents to Mother, including bank account and credit card statements dated 1

January 2018 through August 2022 and (2) reimburse Mother’s attorney’s fees

related to her motion for sanctions, with the amount of fees to be determined at the

“remanded child support proceeding” scheduled for 30 August 2022.

Following hearings conducted on 13 and 14 July 2022 and 30 August 2022, the

trial court entered the 2023 Child Support Order on 27 March 2023. The 2023 Child

Support Order comprises 26 pages including detailed findings of fact, several tables

summarizing findings of the parties and expenses of the children, conclusions of law,

and decree provisions. Of note for this appeal, the trial court concluded that as Chief

District Court Judge, she had authority to “act in substitution of Judge Blake

pursuant to Rules Civ[il] Proc[edure], [North Carolina General Statute Section] 1A-

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1, Rule 63 to effectuate the directive of the North Carolina Court of Appeals and

finalize the [2019 Child Support Order,]” but this authority “[wa]s limited to

ministerial acts necessary to finalize an act already performed by a trial judge who

has become unavailable.” Because Chief Judge Trosch could not “make findings of

fact, conclusions of law, or declare a judgment based upon evidence presented at a

trial over which she did not preside,” she was unable to “effectuate the directive of

the Court of Appeals to enter more adequate findings of fact based on the evidence

presented at the 2018 trial” based on the existing record. Instead, the parties had

the opportunity to present all relevant evidence to establish child support.

There had been a substantial change in circumstances since the entry of the

2013 Consent Order for child support until the filing of the 23 May 2017 motion to

modify child support. The trial court concluded that Mother’s 2 September 2021

amended and supplemental motion to modify child support and motion for attorney’s

fees was premature as there was no final order of permanent child support (other

than the 2013 Consent Order) to modify on 2 September 2021. Citing Crews v.

Paysour, 261 N.C. App. 557, 821 S.E.2d 469 (2018) (Crews II), the trial court also

concluded that the motion was moot. It was obligated to take evidence of the parties’

current circumstances, and

[a]n order establishing permanent child support effective
the date of the last hearing after remand from the Court of
Appeals [wa]s necessary and appropriate to ensure that the
current reasonable needs of the minor children for support
and maintenance [we]re met by the parties without the

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Opinion of the Court

burden and expense of additional motions, hearings and
delay.

The trial court determined that Father was responsible for child support of

$1,902.40 per month, effective from 1 June 2017 through 30 August 2022, and ordered

Father to pay Mother child support arrearages of $79,127.46 ($1,648.49 per month

for 48 months). The court determined that Father was responsible for 60% of the

uninsured medical, hospitalization, therapy, orthodontic, dental, and vision expenses

for the minor children from 1 June 2017 through 30 August 2022 and Mother 40%;

Father was responsible for 60% of costs for agreed-upon extracurricular activities and

Mother was to pay 40%. For expenses incurred between 2015 and 2022, Father was

ordered to pay Mother $6,548.96 in monthly payments of $136.44 for forty-eight

months.

Beginning 1 September 2022, Father’s child support obligation went up to

$2,062.66 per month, and he was ordered to: maintain health insurance coverage for

the children; pay 75% of the children’s uninsured medical, therapy, dental, and vision

expenses; and pay 75% of agreed upon extracurricular activity expenses. Mother was

to pay 25% of the children’s uninsured medical, therapy, dental, and vision expenses,

and pay 25% of agreed upon extracurricular activity expenses.

Father appeals the Order Denying Motion to Dismiss entered on 8 March 2022,

the Sanctions Order entered on 24 August 2022, the Order for Attorney’s Fees entered

on 31 January 2023, and the 2023 Child Support Order.

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Opinion of the Court

II. Appeal

A. Scope of Hearing on Remand

We first address Father’s challenges to the trial court’s Order Denying Motion

to Dismiss and the 2023 Child Support Order followed by challenges raised against

the Sanctions Order and the Order for Attorney’s Fees. We note that Father does not

make any specific argument on appeal regarding the trial court’s Order Denying

Motion to Dismiss. Although Father’s motion to dismiss was based on Rule 12(b)(1)

and (6), he makes no argument as to why Mother’s motion would be subject to

dismissal under those Rules. Instead, his arguments are based on conclusion of law

6 in the 2023 Child Support Order. His primary argument on appeal, other than

some challenges to particular findings of fact, is that the trial court did not comply

with this Court’s mandate in Kincheloe I, and on remand, it was required to enter an

order for modification of child support based only on evidence presented during the

2018 child support hearing.

1. Trial Court’s Compliance with Mandate of Kincheloe I

Father argues that the trial court erred by making findings of fact and

conclusions of law based on “inadmissible” evidence in both the Order Denying

Motion to Dismiss and the 2023 Child Support Order. Father contends this Court

did not anticipate the lower court’s consideration of evidence pertaining to any period

beginning after the 2019 Child Support Order was entered or even after the

underlying evidentiary hearings concluded in September 2018. In its 2023 Child

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Support Order, the court calculated the parties’ child support obligations and

arrearages based on evidence of the parties’ incomes and expenses between 2017 and

2022. According to Father, the trial court violated this Court’s mandate to correct

the 2019 Child Support Order. He also asserts that “[i]n [c]onclusion of [l]aw 6, the

trial court went beyond the scope of what was to be considered on remand in order to

correct the deficiencies in the order.” We disagree.

We review the trial court’s conclusions of law, including its compliance with

this Court’s mandate in Kincheloe I, de novo. State v. Watkins, 246 N.C. App. 725,

730, 783 S.E.2d 279, 282 (2016) (“[T]his Court’s interpretation of its own mandate is

properly considered an issue of law reviewable de novo.”). In its 2023 Child Support

Order, the trial court’s conclusion of law 6 states that it

is obligated, after four years of litigation on the 2017
[m]otion to [m]odify, to take evidence during the hearing
on remand to determine the current reasonable needs of
the minor children for maintenance and support and the
relative ability of the parties to provide support and to
enter an order that addresses the current circumstances.
[Crews II], 261 N.C. App[.] 557 (2018).

The trial court also addressed this issue in its conclusions of law in the Order

Denying Motion to Dismiss:

3. It is well established in the [S]tate of North Carolina that
“on the remand of a case after appeal, the mandate of the
reviewing court is binding on the lower court, and must be
strictly followed, without variation and departure from the
mandate of the appellate court.” Bodie v. Bodie, 239 N.C.
App. 281, 284, 768 S.E.2d 879, 881 (2015) [(citation and
quotation marks omitted)].

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4. It is further established that when the Court of Appeals
is silent on a particular matter, the Court of Appeals leaves
that decision in the trial court’s sound discretion. See In re
S.M.M., 374 N.C. 911, 914, 845 S.E.2d 8, 11-12 (2020). If
the Court of Appeals vests discretion through silence, a
trial court has the authority to conduct a hearing and take
evidence on events and factual changes that have occurred
since entry of the original, reversed order. See [Crews II],
261 N.C. App. 557, 561, 821 S.E.2d 469, 472 (2018) . . . .
However, “if no additional evidence is presented on
remand, the trial court can make its findings of fact and
conclusions of law only based on the [existing record].” [Id.]

5. While the decision to receive additional evidence on
remand is ordinarily left within the discretion of the trial
court, the trial court may only exercise discretion to accept
or refuse additional evidence “so long as the reviewing
court’s mandate does not specify otherwise.” In re R.L.O.,
375 N.C. 655, 658, 850 S.E.2d 283, 287 (2020) [(citation
omitted)].

6. Good cause does not exist to enter a Protective Order
pursuant to Rule 26(c) of the North Carolina Rules of Civil
Procedure.

(Emphasis added and brackets omitted.)

Father contends that the trial court did not follow this Court’s mandate in

Kincheloe I. “It is well established that the mandate of an appellate court is binding

upon the trial court and must be strictly followed without variation or departure. No

judgment other than that directed or permitted by the appellate court may be

entered.” In re S.M.M., 374 N.C. 911, 914, 845 S.E.2d 8, 11 (2020) (citation, quotation

marks, and brackets omitted). Father notes that this Court mandated a new trial in

Crews II but did not mandate a new trial in Kincheloe I. He argues that “[t]he

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Opinion of the Court

mandate [in this case] would have allowed the trial court to make a ruling based on

the existing record. This indicates that additional evidence of circumstances after 14

September 2018 was not anticipated by the panel of the Court when the case was

remanded.” He is partially correct. A new hearing was not mandated—although it

was required if either party requested to present additional evidence. But he

overlooks the reason this Court mandated a new trial in Crews II and the scope of

discretion granted to the trial court in Kincheloe I. Here, the trial court’s conclusions

in both orders demonstrate that it understood our mandate and complied.

Kincheloe I did mandate a new evidentiary hearing on remand because Mother

requested a hearing after remand; that option was part of the mandate. Father’s

argument is misguided as to what this Court may have “anticipated” upon remand.

This Court can never anticipate what the circumstances at the time of remand will

be. Many important circumstances may change while a case is on appeal; a party

may lose their job, become totally disabled by an accident or illness, or a myriad of

other unpredictable events may arise. Or circumstances may be essentially the same.

The parties may agree to stipulate to facts on matters such as current incomes and

expenses to avoid the time and cost of another hearing. The trial court is normally

in a better position to determine how to proceed, so we generally leave the decision of

whether to receive additional evidence to the trial court’s discretion. Because this

decision is in the trial court’s discretion, the court may decide to receive additional

evidence or not. See Crews II, 261 N.C. App. at 561, 821 S.E.2d at 472; In re R.L.O.,

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375 N.C. 655, 658, 850 S.E.2d 283, 287 (2020) (“Whether or not to receive additional

evidence on remand is a determination within the trial court’s discretion so long as

the reviewing court’s mandate does not specify otherwise.” (citation omitted));

Holland v. Holland, 169 N.C. App. 564, 572, 610 S.E.2d 231, 237 (2005) (same). But

the need for additional evidence on remand will also depend on the reason for the

remand and the facts and issues the trial court must address in its new order. Crews

II presents a good illustration of the error the trial court here did not make.

In Crews v. Paysour, No. COA16-604, 252 N.C. App. 426 (2017) (unpublished)

(“Crews I”), this Court had vacated the trial court’s child support order and remanded

without limiting the trial court’s discretion on remand. Specifically, we stated that

[o]n remand, the trial court is free to decide, in its
discretion, whether additional evidence or a hearing is
necessary, or whether the case may be decided based on the
existing record.

....

For the reasons discussed above, we vacate the trial court’s
order and remand for further proceedings consistent with
this opinion.

Crews I, slip op. at 3 (citation omitted). The first hearing to establish child support

had been held on 30 September 2014. See id., slip op. at 1. We noted in Crews II that

the first hearing was “unusual, particularly for a non-guideline child support case,

because . . . the parties presented little evidence regarding their living expenses,

minimal evidence regarding the child’s needs and expenses, and they were only

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Opinion of the Court

allotted thirty minutes each.” 261 N.C. App. at 562-63, 821 S.E.2d at 473. Based on

the trial court’s misapprehension of the law at the first hearing, it had apparently

“limit[ed] the evidence presented at the hearing.” Id. at 563, 821 S.E.2d at 473. The

case had begun as a guideline child support case in 2012 when both parents had much

lower incomes, but by 2014, the parties were both practicing physicians with joint

incomes placing them above the child support guidelines. See id. The first child

support order, based on the 2014 hearing, was entered over a year after the hearing

in December 2015. The order on remand was entered three years after the hearing.

We noted that

much of the difficulty in this child support order was
caused by the delay in entry of an order, and certainly the
passage of more time for appeals has only made matters
worse. The child support hearing was held on 30
September 2014; this was the only evidentiary hearing. On
22 October 2015, a hearing was held to address the fact
that it was thirteen months after the hearing and no order
had been entered. The first order was entered 7 December
2015, over a year after the hearing. The order on remand
was entered almost three years after the hearing. At the
time of this opinion, over four years have passed since the
hearing.

....

[T]he trial court did not receive any evidence on remand,
but despite the lack of evidence, entered findings of fact
regarding child support payments. [The m]other
challenges these findings of fact as unsupported by the
evidence, and since the only evidentiary hearing was in
September 2014, any findings about any events after
September 2014 are obviously unsupported by the record.

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Opinion of the Court

Id. at 560, 821 S.E.2d at 471.

Here, Father seems to make a similar argument as presented by the father in

Crews II. In Crews II, the father argued “that Crews I left it in the trial court’s

discretion as to whether to receive additional evidence on remand, so the trial court

properly made findings addressing the time period after the evidentiary hearing.” Id.

at 561, 821 S.E.2d at 472. This Court rejected the argument reasoning that “when

this Court leaves the matter of receiving additional evidence to the discretion of the

trial court, this does not mean that the trial court can make findings of fact regarding

something not addressed by the evidence at the hearing.” Id. Because there was no

evidence to support the trial court’s findings as to facts after the September 2014

hearing, we vacated the order, and in the second remand, we mandated a new trial

to ensure there was no further confusion. Id. at 568, 821 S.E.2d at 476.

We mandated a new trial in Crews II because it would be impossible for the

trial court to establish child support in accord with Section 50-13.6 without receiving

evidence from September 2014 to the date of hearing on remand about changes to

incomes and expenses. “It is well established that child support obligations are

ordinarily determined by a party’s actual income at the time the order is made or

modified.” Hartsell v. Hartsell, 189 N.C. App. 65, 77, 657 S.E.2d 724, 731 (2008)

(emphasis added) (citation and quotation marks omitted). Or, as we noted in Crews

II,

in any case, . . . if no additional evidence is presented on

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Opinion of the Court

remand, the trial court can make its findings of fact and
conclusions of law only based upon the existing record. The
order on remand can address only the facts as of the last
date of the evidentiary hearing because that is the only
evidence in the record. Evidence is always required to
support findings of fact, unless the parties have stipulated
to the fact or the finding is subject to judicial notice, neither
of which is present here.

261 N.C. App. at 562, 821 S.E.2d at 472-73 (footnote omitted). Thus, even if Mother

had not requested to present additional evidence, the trial court here would still have

the discretion under Crews II to determine that additional evidence would be

required. Again, the trial court could not have made any findings about the parties’

incomes or expenses or the children’s needs after September 2018 without receiving

new evidence on these facts.

In Kincheloe I, we reversed and remanded the trial court’s 2019 Child Support

Order

for entry of a new order which complies with North
Carolina General Statute [Section] 50-13.4. If either party
requests additional hearing after remand, the trial court
shall receive additional evidence prior to entry of a new
order. If neither party requests additional hearing, the
trial court may enter a new order based solely upon the
existing record.

278 N.C. App. at 77, 862 S.E.2d at 39 (emphasis added). The mandate did not limit

the trial court’s consideration of evidence to the existing record but left the matter to

the trial court’s discretion, with the limitation that if either party requested

“additional hearing after remand, the trial court” was required to “receive additional

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Opinion of the Court

evidence prior to entry of a new order.” Id. As a general rule, the word “may” is

permissive, and the word “shall” is mandatory. See Silver v. Halifax Cnty. Bd. of

Commissioners, 371 N.C. 855, 863-64, 821 S.E.2d 755, 761 (2018) (“As used in

statutes, the word ‘shall’ is generally imperative or mandatory. In contrast, ‘may’ is

generally intended to convey that the power granted can be exercised in the actor’s

discretion, but the actor need not exercise that discretion at all.” (citation, quotation

marks, and footnote omitted)).

The words “may” and “shall” in the mandate in Kincheloe I defined the scope

of the trial court’s discretion on remand. The only limitation on that discretion was

that if either party requested an additional hearing, the trial court had to allow an

additional hearing to the extent necessary under the circumstances existing at the

time. See Kincheloe I, 278 N.C. App. at 77, 862 S.E.2d at 39.

The trial court is in the best position to consider the existing circumstances of

the parties after remand, which may include other pending matters, and to make the

best use of the trial court’s limited resources in a way that will address that particular

case. And in child custody and child support cases, the trial court must consider the

circumstances of the children and parties, as well as the parties’ needs and ability to

provide child support “at the time the order is made or modified” and often, as a

practical matter, during the time between the filing of the motion to modify child

support and the final date of the hearing on the motion to modify child support. See

Hartsell, 189 N.C. App. at 77, 657 S.E.2d at 731.

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Here, following remand, in the trial court’s 8 March 2022 Order Denying

Motion to Dismiss, the court concluded that it “ha[d] the authority to conduct a

hearing and take evidence on events and factual changes that ha[d] occurred since

entry of the original, reversed [2019 Child Support Order]” in considering the new

child support order. In the 2023 Child Support Order, the court correctly concluded

that after four years of litigation on the 2017 motion to modify, it was obligated “to

take evidence during the hearing on remand to determine the current reasonable

needs of the minor children for maintenance and support and the relative ability of

the parties to provide support and to enter an order that addresses the current

circumstances.”

2. Trial Court’s Compliance with Rule 63

Father also argues that during the hearing conducted following remand in

2022, the trial court erred by not admitting those transcripts and exhibits admitted

during the hearing on the 2017 motion to modify, which was held in 2018. We

disagree.

“In all actions tried upon the facts without a jury . . . , the court shall find the

facts specially and state separately its conclusions of law thereon[.]” N.C. Gen. Stat.

§ 1A-1, Rule 52(a) (2023). However, where the judge

before whom an action has been tried or a hearing has been
held is unable to perform the duties . . . , then those duties,
including entry of judgment, may be performed:

....

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(2) In actions in the district court, by the chief judge
of the district, or if the chief judge is disabled, by any
judge of the district court designated by the Director
of the Administrative Office of the Courts.

If the substituted judge is satisfied that he or she cannot
perform those duties because the judge did not preside at
the trial or hearing or for any other reason, the judge may,
in the judge’s discretion, grant a new trial or hearing.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 63 (2023). The “application of Rule 63 gives the

‘substituted judge’ discretion in determining how to proceed.” Lange v. Lange, 357

N.C. 645, 648, 588 S.E.2d 877, 879 (2003).

Following the remand of the 2019 Child Support Order, Judge Blake recused

from further hearings on the matter on 29 September 2021. Judge Trosch, then

serving as District Court Chief Judge, presided over the hearing beginning on 13 July

2022 for the rehearing of Mother’s 2017 motion to modify child custody and support

and the 2021 amended and supplemental motion to modify child support and motion

for attorney’s fees. The record reflects that Father proffered the trial transcripts and

exhibits from the hearing conducted on the 2017 motion before Judge Blake on 26

June and 14 September 2018.

In the 2023 Child Support Order, Judge Trosch made the following conclusions:

3. The undersigned cannot make findings of fact,
conclusions of law or declare a judgment based upon
evidence presented at a trial over which she did not
preside. Therefore, the undesigned cannot effectuate the
directive of the Court of Appeals to enter more adequate
findings of fact based upon the evidence presented at the
2018 trial.

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....

4. During the evidentiary hearings over which the
undersigned presided, the parties had the opportunity to
present all relevant evidence necessary to establish the
2018 permanent child support obligation. This [c]ourt
enters order [sic] of permanent support effective [1 June
2017] after hearing testimony of witnesses, receiving
evidence and judging the credibility of the witnesses.

Acting within the discretion afforded by Rule 63, Judge Trosch—serving as a

substitute judge—was within her authority to deny the proffer of transcripts and

exhibits from the 26 June and 14 September 2018 hearings before Judge Blake and

to rehear the evidence to make findings of fact and conclusions of law. Id.; see also

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 63.

If Judge Blake had not recused, the scope of the evidentiary hearing on remand

would properly have been limited to evidence addressing facts after the first hearing.

Judge Blake could have then considered both the evidence from the first hearing and

from the evidentiary hearing after remand to enter the new order. But here, Judge

Blake was unable to hold the hearing on remand or enter a new order as our mandate

would normally require. Recusal, retirement, or death of a trial judge are

circumstances this Court cannot anticipate when a case is remanded for entry of a

new order. Chief Judge Trosch acted within her discretion under Rule 63 by

excluding the transcripts from the September 2018 hearing and holding a new

hearing.

B. Treatment of the 2021 Motion to Modify Child Support

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Father argues that in the 2023 Child Support Order, the trial court erred by

ordering him to pay a monthly child support amount beginning in 2017 and a

different child support beginning in 2022 under conclusions of law 5, 8, 9, 10, and 11,

without identifying a substantial change in circumstances to support the 2022

change. Father contends that the trial court deprived the parties of notice and the

opportunity to be heard on whether a substantial change in circumstances had

occurred. We disagree.

Child support payments ordered by a court must

be in such amount as to meet the reasonable needs of the
child . . . having due regard to the estates, earnings,
conditions, accustomed standard of living of the child and
the parties, the child care and homemaker contributions of
each party, and other facts of the particular case.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-13.4(c) (2023). An order for child support may be modified at any

time “upon [a] motion in the cause and a showing of changed circumstances.” N.C.

Gen. Stat. § 50-13.7(a) (2023). Upon the filing of the motion, “[t]he trial court . . . has

the authority to enter a modification of court ordered child support, retroactive to the

filing of the petition of modification.” Chused v. Chused, 131 N.C. App. 668, 672, 508

S.E.2d 559, 562 (1998) (citation omitted).

For child support orders that are at least three years old, changed

circumstances may also be evidenced by “proof of a disparity of fifteen (15) percent or

more between the amount of support payable under the original order and the

amount owed under North Carolina’s Child Support Guidelines based upon the

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Opinion of the Court

parties’ current income and expenses.” Meehan v. Lawrence, 166 N.C. App. 369, 380-

81, 602 S.E.2d 21, 28-29 (2004) (citations and quotation marks omitted).

The parties entered into a 2013 Consent Order obligating Father to pay Mother

$820.00 per month for child support beginning 1 December 2013. Mother filed the

motion to modify child support in May 2017. The last date of the evidentiary hearing

conducted on Mother’s motion was 30 August 2022. In its 2023 Child Support Order,

the trial court calculated Father’s child support obligation to Mother to be $1,902.40

per month beginning in June 2017 through August 2022. The court made the

unchallenged finding that Father’s modified child support obligation beginning in

2017 was “greater than a 15% change from the obligation established by the 2013

Consent Order after the passage of four years,” qualifying as a substantial change of

circumstances supporting a modification of the child support agreed to in the 2013

Consent Order. See id.

The trial court found that in 2022, Mother started a new job and increased her

earnings by over two times what she was credited with earning in 2018 (the year of

gross income used to determine child support effective in 2017). The parties’

combined gross annual income in 2018 was $331,301.10. In 2022, the trial court

found their combined gross income increased to $432,878.33 (the year of gross income

used to determine child support effective in 2022). The children’s financial needs

were also found to have gone up from $6,544.03 in 2018 to $9,881.86 in 2022. The

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Opinion of the Court

court determined that effective 1 September 2022, Father’s child support obligation

payable to Mother increased to $2,062.66 per month.

Based on its findings of fact, the trial court made these conclusions of law:

5. The amount of support set forth herein to be paid
effective [1 June 2017] was adequate to meet the
reasonable needs of the minor children at that time and
was within Father’s ability to pay.

....

8. Both partes owe a duty of child support to be paid for the
maintenance of the minor children. There had been a
substantial change of circumstances since the entry of the
2013 Consent Order for child support until the filing of the
[23 May 2017] [m]otion to [m]odify [c]hild [s]upport.

9. An order establishing permanent child support effective
the date of the last hearing after remand from the Court of
Appeals is necessary and appropriate to ensure that the
current reasonable needs of the minor child for support and
maintenance are met by the parties without the burden
and expense of additional motions, hearings and delay.

10. It is in the best interests of the minor children that
permanent child support be paid as outlined in this Order.

11. After considering the evidence, the amount of child
support ordered effective [1 September 2022] is adequate
to meet the current reasonable needs of the minor children
and is within Father’s ability to pay.

The trial court also addressed Mother’s amended motion to modify in the

conclusions of law, noting that there was no final order of permanent child support

(other than the 2013 Consent Order) to modify on 2 September 2021. It also explained

that the motion was moot because the court was obligated to take evidence of the

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Opinion of the Court

children’s current reasonable needs and the parties’ current circumstances and their

relative abilities to pay (citing to Crews II, 261 N.C. App. 557, 821 S.E.2d 469).

We hold that the trial court was within its authority to modify the 2013 child

support obligation effective June 2017 through August 2022. In fact, the trial court

was obligated to establish a modified child support obligation for this entire time

period. Even if Mother had not filed her amended and supplemental motion to modify

child support in 2021, the trial court would have had to consider the proper child

support to be awarded based on the 2017 motion to modify and to enter an order

addressing the entire period from 2017 to the order’s entry date. As the trial court

noted, there was only one existing order to modify, the 2013 Child Support Order.

The trial court did not directly address Mother’s 2021 motion to modify in the order

modifying child support except to find that the motion was “moot” and to dismiss the

motion in the final decree.

Father’s argument that the trial court was required to make findings of a

substantial change in circumstances to justify modification of the child support order,

for both the 2017 and 2021 motions, has no legal basis. There was only one

modification of the 2013 Child Support Order, despite this case’s convoluted

procedural history. Father had full “notice and opportunity to be heard” as to the

circumstances affecting child support over the entire time period from 2017 to the

date of the hearings in 2022. The trial court had already denied Father’s motion to

dismiss and for protective order before the child support hearing on remand. Father

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Opinion of the Court

was well aware that the evidence to be considered at the hearing would include the

entire period from 2017 to 2022. The trial court made more than sufficient findings

and conclusions regarding the substantial changes in circumstances justifying the

modification of the 2013 Child Support Order. The next relevant point in time is the

date of entry of the order, since the new child support obligation is effective as of that

date. If future modifications are needed, the baseline has been established by the

2023 Child Support Order. Father’s argument is overruled.

C. Findings of Fact in the 2023 Child Support Order

Father challenges several findings of fact throughout the 2023 Child Support

Order as unsupported by competent evidence. We have grouped the challenges into

the following categories: (1) Mother’s gross income and expenses; (2) Father’s gross

income in 2018 and 2022; (3) the children’s monthly financial needs in 2022; (4)

arrearages; and (5) the children’s agreed upon extra-curricular activities in 2022.

1. Mother’s Gross Income and Expenses

Father argues that the 2023 Child Support Order’s findings of fact 22, 24, and

25, addressing Mother’s gross income in 2017 and 2018, are not supported by

competent evidence. Father contends that the trial court erred by crediting Mother

with $1,400.00 toward her 2018 annual income due to cost-free living rather than

crediting $1,400.00 per month (yielding $16,800.00 toward annual income). Father

contends that findings of fact 33, 36, 43, 44, 45, 46, 49, and 79 rely on the

determination of Mother’s 2018 annual income and consequently, are incorrect.

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Opinion of the Court

Father also argues that findings of fact 38, 41, and 42, addressing Mother’s

expenses, are not supported by competent evidence. Father contends that because

findings 41 and 42 are erroneous, parts of findings 43, 44, 45, 46, 49, and 79, which

rely on findings 41 and 42, are also erroneous.

“When reviewing a trial court’s decision to grant or deny a motion for the

modification of an existing child custody order, the appellate courts must examine

the trial court’s findings of fact to determine whether they are supported by

substantial evidence.” Shipman v. Shipman, 357 N.C. 471, 474-75, 586 S.E.2d 250,

253-54 (2003) (citation omitted). “[U]nchallenged findings of fact are binding on

appeal.” Kleoudis v. Kleoudis, 271 N.C. App. 35, 39, 843 S.E.2d 277, 281 (2020)

(citation, quotation marks, and brackets omitted).

a. Findings of Fact 22, 24, and 25

In unchallenged findings of fact, the trial court found that Mother lived with

her mother rent free from 2016 until 2019 when she “entered into a lease agreement

with her mother to pay rent in the amount of $1,400.00 per month.” The trial court

also found Mother was “unable to pay this amount at that time[,]” but compensated

her mother for the unpaid rent through paying her cell phone bill, purchasing

groceries, and doing household chores. The trial court determined that “the unpaid

rent conferred a benefit upon Mother and should be treated as income.”

In child support cases where the parties’ combined income exceeds incomes

addressed by the North Carolina Child Support Guidelines, a trial court “must enter

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Opinion of the Court

written findings of fact showing . . . the relative ability of each party to provide

support.” Kincheloe I, 278 N.C. App. at 72, 862 S.E.2d at 36 (citation and quotation

marks omitted). Our Child Support Guidelines define “income” as “a parent’s actual

gross income from any source, including . . . maintenance received from persons other

than the parties in the instant action.” N.C. Child Support Guidelines, AOC-A-162,

at 3 (2023). “Maintenance” has been defined, in part, as “[f]inancial support given by

one person to another.” Maintenance, Black’s Law Dictionary (12th ed. 2024). In

Spicer v. Spicer, this Court explained that “cost-free housing is a form of financial

support that may be considered” in determining a child support obligations. 168 N.C.

App. 283, 288, 607 S.E.2d 678, 682 (2005) (citing Guilford County ex rel. Easter v.

Easter, 344 N.C. 166, 473 S.E.2d 6 (1996); Gibson v. Gibson, 24 N.C. App. 520, 211

S.E.2d 522 (1975))).

Even before the Child Support Guidelines were adopted, our courts recognized

that cost-free housing or other in-kind support from a third party may be considered

as part of a party’s income for purposes of a child support obligation. For example, in

Gibson v. Gibson, 24 N.C. App. 520, 523, 211 S.E.2d 522, 524 (1975), this Court noted

that the defendant’s employer provided him an automobile and a “rent-free

apartment,” and these benefits reduced his living expenses, giving him the ability to

comply with the child support and alimony order. It is well established that the value

of in-kind benefits, such as cost-free housing, may be treated as income under the

Child Support Guidelines, and the same is true for a case such as this one, where the

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Opinion of the Court

amount of the parties’ combined incomes exceeds the Guidelines. Here, the trial court

included Mother’s in-kind support from living with her mother but not paying rent.

Father contends the trial court did not include the correct amount of in-kind support.

Challenging finding of fact 22, Father contests the trial court’s determination

that Mother’s total gross income in 2017, “including her gross income from

employment and imputed income for the value of rent, was $49,938.00.” However,

the court determined that Mother’s “2018 income should be used for purposes of

establishing a child support amount[,]” not her 2017 income. Father does not argue

how finding 22 influences another finding of fact, a conclusion of law, or the court’s

decree, and we see no effect. We do not further address this challenge.

It is unchallenged under finding of fact 23 that Mother’s “total gross income

from employment” in 2018 was $49,057.94. In finding 24, Father challenges the

determination that “Mother received the benefit of unpaid rent in the amount of

$1,400.00 in 2018[,]” and under finding 25, that “Mother’s total income for the year

2018, including her gross income from employment and imputed income, was

$50,457.94 [($49,057.94 + $1,400.00)].” Mother’s rent was $1,400.00 per month;

annualized, this amounts to $16,800.00 per year. Father proposes that Mother’s cost-

free living conferred a $16,800.00 benefit in 2018, though the trial court accounted

for only $1,400.00 for the entire year.

The trial court found that Mother was not able to pay her mother $1,400.00 a

month in rent, but Mother “paid her mother’s cell phone bill, purchased groceries,

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Opinion of the Court

and did household chores” to contribute with the resources that she had, instead of

paying in cash. Based on the trial court’s finding regarding Mother’s other

contributions to her mother’s household, we are not convinced that the trial court

made a mathematical error or failed to consider the additional months of cost-free

housing. The court credited Mother with receiving the benefit of one month’s cost-

free housing ($1,400.00) in 2018, in its discretion, essentially finding that Mother’s

contributions to her mother’s household, by paying bills and working to maintain the

home, “paid” for the remaining months.

In Knutton v. Cofield, our Supreme Court explained that

[w]hen trial by jury is waived and issues of fact are tried by
the court, . . . [t]he trial judge becomes both judge and
juror, and it is his duty to consider and weigh all the
competent evidence before him. He passes upon the
credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given their
testimony and the reasonable inferences to be drawn
therefrom. If different inferences may be drawn from the
evidence, he determines which inferences shall be drawn
and which shall be rejected.

273 N.C. 355, 359, 160 S.E.2d 29, 33 (1968) (citations omitted). “The amount of each

party’s contribution to child support is generally determined by the judge on a case-

by-case basis. The judge must evaluate the circumstances of each family[.]” Plott v.

Plott, 313 N.C. 63, 68, 326 S.E.2d 863, 867 (1985) (citation omitted).

We hold that the trial court’s determination that Mother received a cost-free

living benefit of $1,400.00 in 2018 and that her total gross income for the year

amounted to $50,457.94 was supported by the evidence and within its discretion as

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Opinion of the Court

fact finder. Accordingly, findings 24 and 25 are upheld as supported by the evidence.

Father’s challenges to findings 33, 36, 43, 44, 45, 49, and 79 were based on the

proposition that the findings of Mother’s 2018 annual income were in error. Because

we uphold the court’s findings of Mother’s 2018 income under findings 24 and 25, we

need not address his ancillary challenges.

b. Findings of Fact 38, 41, and 42

In challenged finding of fact 38, the trial court found that “Mother has shared

family expenses that benefit both her and the minor children. These expenses are

proportioned fifty percent to Mother and fifty percent to the minor children.” Father

contends that Mother’s household expenses should have been allocated among

Mother, the children, and Mother’s mother, because they lived together, such that the

children were allocated one-third of the expenses total. Father provides no authority

or argument, nor are we able to find one of our own, compelling the trial court to find

a three-way split in Mother’s shared family expenses. Father’s challenge to finding

of fact 38 is overruled.

In challenged findings of fact 41 and 42, the trial court set forth an itemized

list of each party’s reasonable and necessary monthly expenses, as well as the

children’s individual expenses for 2018. The trial court listed itemized household

expenses attributed to Mother and the children (rent, electricity, heat, cable TV,

telephone, etc.). The court found that Mother’s monthly “[h]ouse payment/rent” was

$1,400.00. Father contends that the finding of Mother’s rent expense lacks support

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Opinion of the Court

because there was no evidence that Mother ever paid rent or that she paid other

expenses such as utilities for which she was given credit. This argument mirrors

Father’s argument above regarding finding of fact 24.

Mother filed a financial affidavit with the trial court reflecting a $1,400.00

monthly rent expense as a shared family expense. Mother testified that she entered

into a lease agreement to pay her mother $1,400.00 per month for rent. Though she

“did not make enough money” to pay the rent in cash, she met her obligation to the

household by paying other bills and performing chores. The record supports the

court’s finding that Mother’s $1,400.00 rent expense was incurred each month.

Father’s challenges to findings of fact 41 and 42 are overruled.

Because Father’s challenges to findings of fact 43, 44, 45, 46, 49, and 79 only

depend on findings of fact 38, 41, and 42 being held erroneous, we need not address

the remaining challenges.

2. Findings Regarding Father’s Income

a. Findings of Fact 28, 31, and 47

Father challenges the 2023 Child Support Order’s findings of fact 28, 31, and

47 (regarding his 2018 gross income) as not supported by competent evidence.

Father contests finding of fact 28 that he “failed to report his bonus income [on

his 2018 financial affidavit]. Additionally, Father artificially reduced his net income

by including $1,523.00 per month in [company] stock purchases.” Father tries to

undermine the court’s finding that it “does not find Father’s statements concerning

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Opinion of the Court

his income to be credible.”

On his 2018 financial affidavit filed with the trial court on 14 June 2018,

Father provided an average monthly gross income attributable to wages or salary.

Under the “[b]onuses” category, Father wrote, “TBD [(‘to be determined’).]” Father

points out the court found in unchallenged finding of fact 27 that “[s]ince at least

2013, Father’s income from his employment has included a base annual salary and a

discretionary performance bonus. The bonus amount has varied from year to year.”

Father contends “[b]y stating TBD, [he] left the trial court as the decider of the

amount.” Similarly, as to the trial court’s finding that “Father failed to report his

bonus” in 2018, he argues that “[a]s with the 2018 [f]inancial [a]ffidavit, [he]

referenced his bonus by stating ‘[v]aries.’ ” This is not “fail[ing] to report the bonus.”

In other words, Father argues his refusal or failure to include specific numbers on his

financial affidavit should not be held against him and should not impair his

credibility. Mother correctly points out that Father’s argument concedes not

reporting a number on his financial affidavit, even though he knew the bonus

amounts in 2017 and 2018.

Despite his choice not to state a number for his bonus income, Father still

reported a deduction for his stock purchases. Judge Trosch appropriately noted this

incredible discrepancy, and the trial court’s discretionary credibility determinations

in findings of fact 28 and 31 are supported by competent evidence. Mother is correct,

and it is not difficult to understand why the trial court found Father not to be credible

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Opinion of the Court

in his claims regarding his income.

Father is correct that the trial court is ultimately “the decider of the amount”

of his income based on the evidence, but Father overlooks his own obligation to fully

and honestly provide his income information in response to Mother’s discovery

requests and by completing his financial affidavits as required by the local rules. See

Local Rules of Domestic Court, Jud. Dist. 26, Family Court Division, Rule 8 (2017).

Father’s failure to provide his bonus income information did not assist the trial court

in being “the decider of the amount” of his income but instead made the trial court’s

job of making accurate findings regarding his income more difficult. The trial court

determined Father’s failure to provide this information in a clear and forthright

manner impaired his credibility, and it was within the trial court’s discretion to so

determine.

Father makes various arguments about his stock purchases, bonus paystubs,

and other matters, but overall, the trial court’s findings were based on competent

evidence. Father simply has a different view of the evidence and objects to the trial

court’s determination regarding his lack of credibility.

Under challenged finding of fact 31, Father does not raise a specific argument

but predicates his challenge on the integrity of finding of fact 28. Under finding 31,

the court found that

[b]ecause the net income information provided by [F]ather
is not reliable or complete, the court finds that the most
appropriate way to determine Father’s income for the

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Opinion of the Court

purposes of determining child support in 2018 is to arrive
at the average of his salary and bonus earnings from 2017
to 2018. Father’s gross [annual] income for purposes of
setting a child support amount in 2018 is, therefore,
$280,843.16.

Under finding of fact 47, Father contests the trial court’s finding that it “cannot

determine Father’s net monthly income because Father failed to provide evidence

from which the court could make this determination.”

Our Child Support Guidelines state that “[w]hen income is received on an

irregular, non-recurring, or one-time basis, the court may average or prorate the

income over a specified period of time” to determine gross income. N.C. Child Support

Guidelines, AOC-A-162, at 3 (2023). The salary and bonus amounts the trial court

attributed to Father for years 2017 and 2018, as set forth under findings of fact 29

and 30, are unchallenged and binding on appeal. See Kleoudis, 271 N.C. App. at 39,

843 S.E.2d at 281. Under unchallenged finding of fact 32, the average of these figures

“is rationally related to and not a considerable departure from the amount of income

that Father self-reports and that [the] records concerning his compensation in 2018

show.”

The trial court’s determination of Father’s 2018 gross income is supported by

the evidence. Therefore, we reject Father’s challenge to the methodology and amount

recited under finding of fact 31. To the extent Father contests the court’s findings

that his financial statements are not credible, reliable, or complete, we note that

under finding of fact 48, it was unchallenged that “Father did not provide any tax

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Opinion of the Court

returns or any other evidence to th[e] [trial] court to demonstrate his actual tax

liability on his variable bonus income. Father provided [p]ayroll [j]ournals for [b]onus

income with incomplete federal and state tax withholdings for years 2017 through

2021.” The determination of credibility is the purview of the trial court. See

Crenshaw v. Crenshaw, 296 N.C. App. 1, 15-16, 907 S.E.2d 743, 752 (2024) (“The trial

court, as the fact finder, is the sole judge of the credibility and weight to be given to

the evidence, and it is not the role of the appellate court to substitute its judgment

for that of the trial court.” (quoting In re H.B., 384 N.C. 484, 492-93, 886 S.E.2d 106,

112-13 (2023))). The record provides sufficient support for the trial court’s findings

and Father’s challenges to findings of fact 28, 31, and 47 are overruled.

b. Findings of Fact 56 and 57

Father challenges the 2023 Child Support Order’s findings of fact 56, 57, 59,

and 60 (regarding his income considered for child support obligations effective 1

September 2022) as not supported by competent evidence. He contends that findings

of fact 62, 65, 73, 74, 76, and 78 are consequently in error.

Under finding of fact 56, the trial court found that Father “failed to report his

bonus” on his financial affidavit filed in July 2022 and under finding of fact 57,

“Father did not produce evidence of his salary and earnings from employment in

2022. . . . [T]he gross income information provided by [F]ather is not reliable or

complete[.]” Although Father produced some evidence of his income for 2022, those

documents support the finding that the information he provided “was not reliable or

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complete.” As noted above, Father’s financial affidavit did not list any bonus income

even though Father has had bonus income every year during his twenty-three years

of employment. He produced only paystubs from 19 May through 16 June 2022. But

one month’s information is not complete evidence of income from 2022. This finding

is supported by the evidence. “If the record discloses sufficient evidence to support

the findings, it is not this Court’s task to determine de novo the weight and credibility

to be given the evidence contained in the record on appeal.” Plott, 313 N.C. at 69, 326

S.E.2d at 867 (citation omitted).

c. Finding of Fact 59

Under finding of fact 59, the trial court found that in “2020, Father’s bonus

income was $191,688.66” and “[i]n 2021, Father’s bonus income was $283,495.60.”

Father does not challenge the finding that his bonus income in 2019 was $144,214.74.

Father contends that his pay stubs reflect the actual bonus paid to him in 2020 as

$140,204.85, and $164,850.93 in 2021. In his brief submitted to this Court, Father

states that “[t]he numbers used by the trial court are based on summaries from

Father’s employer which lists those amounts as [d]iscretionary [b]onus [i]ncome” in

2020 and 2021.

As Father acknowledges, the record provides competent evidence from his

employer to support the challenged finding of fact. Thus, we overrule Father’s

challenge and uphold finding of fact 59. See Plott, 313 N.C. at 69, 326 S.E.2d at 867.

d. Finding of Fact 60

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Under finding of fact 60, the trial court determined Father’s “gross annual

income for purposes of setting a child support amount in 2022 is $326,066.33.” Father

challenges this amount as in error by $56,709.49, contending that the trial court used

an inaccurate source for finding his gross income based on finding of fact 59. In his

brief submitted to this Court, Father acknowledges that “[t]he numbers used by the

trial court are based on summaries from Father’s employer which list those amounts

as [d]iscretionary [b]onus [i]ncome.” Before the trial court, Father testified to his

belief that the discrepancy between what was listed on the employer’s summaries and

his actual paystubs may have been stock purchases he made. Father argues that

“[t]he best evidence of [his] income is [his] actual paystubs that show his bonus

amounts and year-to-date income.”

Father’s own argument illustrates that there was competent evidence to

support the trial court’s findings. Due to Father’s own refusal to provide complete

and accurate income information and his affidavits stating that his bonus income is

“TBD” or “[v]aries[,]” the trial court determined the most credible evidence available

was the summaries from Father’s own employer. Father argues the trial court should

have instead relied on “his actual paystubs”—although he produced only the paystubs

from May 2022 to June 2022.

Per finding of fact 60, the court averaged Father’s variable recurring bonus

income from 2019 to 2021 (($144,214.74 + $191,688.66 + $283,495.60)/3 =

$206,466.33) in contemplation of his bonus for 2022 and added his base salary from

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2021 ($119,600.00) to estimate his 2022 gross annual income for calculating child

support ($326,066.33). This method has been endorsed in several cases, particularly

where the trial court has concerns regarding the reliability of the income information

from a party, and the trial court had those concerns here. See, e.g., Diehl v. Diehl,

177 N.C. App. 642, 650, 630 S.E.2d 25, 30 (2006) (holding that the trial court did not

abuse its discretion by averaging figures from 2001 and 2002 tax returns to determine

the defendant’s 2003 income after finding the defendant’s 2003 income tax return was

“highly unreliable” and that he “had not presented adequate information as to his

2003 income” (internal quotation marks omitted)); see also Zurosky v. Zurosky, 236

N.C. App. 219, 243, 763 S.E.2d 755, 769-70 (2014) (holding that the trial court’s

consideration of the defendant’s income as reported over several years—“before [the

defendant] had reason to alter the reported figure”—after “[t]he trial court did not

find [the defendant]’s reported income [for the year in question] to be credible” was

not an abuse of discretion). We overrule Father’s challenge and uphold finding of fact

60.

e. Findings of Fact 62, 65, 73, 74, 76, and 78

Father generally challenges findings of fact 62, 65, 73, 74, 76, and 78 based on

the trial court’s reliance on findings of fact 56, 57, 59, and 60. Because the previous

findings of fact are supported by the evidence, we also uphold findings of fact 62, 65,

73, 74, 76, and 78 (addressing the parties’ combined gross income in 2022, the

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percentage of the each party’s individual income to the combined whole, and each

party’s proportionate financial responsibility for the children’s financial needs).

3. Findings Regarding Financial Needs of the Children

Father challenges the 2023 Child Support Order’s findings of fact 69 and 70

(addressing the financial needs of the children) as unsupported by the evidence.

Father contends that, as a result, findings of fact 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, and 78 are also

without evidentiary support.

a. Finding of Fact 69

Under finding of fact 69, the trial court stated that it had considered factors

such as the 2019 and 2023 Child Support Guidelines, each party’s total income, each

party’s expenses, and each party’s condition and accustomed standard of living “in

determining the minor children’s reasonable and necessary needs which are

consistent with the parties’ evidence of the ‘actual’ expenses incurred by the parties.”

Other than stating the finding number, Father does not raise an argument

contravening finding of fact 69, and it is abandoned. See N.C. R. App. P. 28(b)(6)

(“Issues not presented in a party’s brief, or in support of which no reason or argument

is stated, will be taken as abandoned.”).

b. Finding of Fact 70

Under finding of fact 70, the trial court itemized the reasonable and necessary

monthly expenses attributable to each party. Of the reasonable and necessary

monthly expenses specific to the children (such as uninsured medical/dental

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expenses, clothing, and extracurricular activities, etc.) the trial court determined that

$2,836.04 of those costs were paid by Mother and $3,087.24 were paid by Father.

However, Father points out that the sum of the itemized children’s expenses

attributed to Mother does not equal $2,836.04 but $2,456.04 – a difference of $380.00.

Father contends that this $380.00 correlates to an expense associated with uninsured

therapy sessions for one of the children listed on Mother’s financial affidavit. Father

contends that there was no medical determination that the child needed therapy or

that therapy was recommended, that no therapist had been selected, and that Mother

provided no indication of the basis for the amount. If the uninsured therapy expense

was a valid expense, Father contends that it should be split between the parties, but

it was unclear whether the court had intended to include the expense in the list.

We note that the parties entered into a Consent Order for Psychological

Evaluation of Minor Child before the trial court on 7 June 2022 in which the court

ordered that one of the minor children would undergo a psychological evaluation.

This order provided that “[t]he parties shall follow the treatment recommendations

of the evaluation” and “share the expenses for such recommendations with [Mother]

paying for forty percent (40%) or such expenses and [Father] being responsible for

sixty percent (60%) of such expenses.” Consistent with this consent decree, the trial

court in its 2023 Child Support Order decreed that “[f]or the period from [1 June 2017]

through [30 August 2022], Father shall pay 60% of . . . therapy . . . expenses for the

minor children and Mother shall pay 40%” of the remaining uninsured expenses.

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Beginning 1 September 2023, Father was ordered to “[p]ay 75% of . . . therapy . . .

expenses for the minor children and Mother shall pay 25%.” The court’s

determination of the children’s reasonable and necessary monthly expenses is

sufficient to account for the cost of uninsured therapy sessions for the child. As the

children’s expenses with each party were combined and factored into the

determination of each party’s child support obligation, it appears that the court’s

order awards Father the “split between the parties” for which he advocates.

Father further challenges finding of fact 70 because in the list of children’s

expenses, under “[a]ctivities,” Mother is credited with paying $1,213.28, while Father

is credited with paying $136.18. Father contends that the trial court failed to indicate

why Mother was credited with paying $1,213.28 monthly while he was credited with

paying $136.18. Father states that “[e]ither the $1,213.28 should be removed or

Mother should be assigned 25% of the cost and Father should be assigned 75%.”

On her financial affidavit filed 6 July 2022, Mother listed $1,213.28 as a

monthly expense for the children’s activities. Before the trial court, she testified that

the children’s expenses were for attending Camp Seagull, golf, and a swim club

membership. Under finding of fact 85, the court found Father responsible for 60% of

the costs for sending one of the children to Camp Seagull in 2022 and in an

unchallenged finding, that Father “refus[ed] to agree to this expense in 2022.” The

record evidence reflects that the expense for sending a child to Camp Seagull in 2022

was $5,339.00. The unchallenged portion of finding of fact 85, along with the record,

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supports the trial court’s allocation of children’s expenses to Mother. Father’s

challenges to findings of fact 69 and 70 are overruled.

c. Findings of Fact 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, and 78

Because we uphold findings of fact 69 and 70, we need not address those

challenges dependent only on an unfavorable review of those findings as the basis for

Father’s general challenges to findings of fact 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, and 78.

4. Findings Regarding Arrearages

Father challenges the 2023 Child Support Order’s finding of fact 81, addressing

arrearages, as unsupported by the record evidence. Under finding of fact 81, the trial

court found that Father paid Mother $378.46 bi-weekly from June 2017 through 1

October 2018, and Father paid $217.55 bi-weekly beginning in October 2018; “Father

also made two ‘bonus payments’ to Mother for the years 2020 and 2021 totaling

$6,101.10.” Father challenges the finding he made only two bonus payments,

contending he made bonus payments in 2019, 2020, and 2021 totaling $6,274.00 (a

difference of $172.90). The record includes electronic money transfer records from

Father to Mother, including three transfers described as bonus payments; however,

no matter how the payments are identified, the unchallenged part of finding of fact

81 states that “Father paid [Mother] a total of $40,723.74.” As this unchallenged

amount reduces the amount Father owes Mother for arrearages, despite the payment

descriptions attached to the itemized transfers, we need not further address Father’s

challenge to finding of fact 81.

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5. Findings Regarding Children’s Expenses

Father challenges the 2023 Child Support Order’s findings of fact 85 and 87,

addressing the children’s expenses and the percentage attributable to each parent,

as unsupported by the record evidence.

a. Finding of Fact 85

Under finding of fact 85, the trial court found that

Father challenged his responsibility for 60% of the expense
of sending [the eldest child] to Camp Seagull in 2022. [The
eldest child] [ha]s participated in Camp Seagull every year
since he was six years old and Father has paid his portion
of this annual expense since at least 2017 without debate.
Father’s refusal to agree to this expense in 2022 is without
reason or justification. Father is responsible for his portion
of this expense.

Father argues that the expense of sending a child to Camp Seagull was not an

“agreed-upon expense” because he did not agree in 2022, and it should not be included

in the children’s expenses to be divided between the parties. However, if the expense

is deemed one allocated to both parties, he should be responsible and attributed his

share. He asserts that where the trial court listed the cost of Camp Seagull as an

expense of the children paid 100% by Mother and required Father to reimburse

Mother 60% and then specifically ordered that he pay 60% of the children’s expenses,

a portion of the Camp Seagull expenses are being double counted against him.

Mother responds to Father’s argument contending that he

sporadically argues certain expenses are double-counted
against him because they are listed in []Mother’s

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[f]inancial [a]ffidavit as expenses she pays—such that her
share of the children’s needs increases—while he is also
required to reimburse a portion of such expenses in the
future. Father thus asks this Court to either (1) ignore the
existence of those actual expenses paid by []Mother
because he wants a hypothetical credit for having to
reimburse her for a portion of uninsured medical and
extracurricular expenses in the future, or (2) reallocate to
him a portion of those expenses paid by []Mother so she
does not receive credit for those expenses she actually paid.

Mother’s argument is an accurate characterization of Father’s contentions as

to the children’s expenses. The trial court’s extensive findings address both the past

expenses and allocation for the future. For some past expenses, Mother paid in full

and Father reimbursed her for some and not for others. The trial court received

extensive evidence regarding the accounting for these years of expenses and which

party paid or reimbursed what.

Per the 3 December 2013 Consent Order in effect, “[t]he parties shall share the

costs of all agreed-upon extracurricular activities[.]” The record reflects that Father

emailed Mother in February 2022 that their eldest child did not want to go to the

camp that year, that Father did not have the money to send the child to camp, and

that he was no longer in agreement about the extracurricular activity. Father

testified that he “initially agreed for [the minor child] to go back [to the camp,]” but

“rescinded that agreement prior to . . . when the final payment was done.” Father

stated he “d[id] not agree to this anymore.”

The 2013 Consent Order required Father to pay for “agreed upon” expenses.

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Father acknowledged he initially agreed to these expenses but then later changed his

mind. Despite Father’s claim that the child did not want to go to camp, he actually

went. The trial court was within its discretion to find that Father’s ultimate refusal

to pay this expense was unjustified where he had initially agreed to pay and which

he had historically paid for years before 2022 with no dispute. The trial court’s

finding that Father is responsible for 60% of the expense for 2022 as to that child, as

stated under finding of fact 85, is supported by the evidence.

b. Finding of Fact 87

Under finding of fact 87, the trial court stated:

From 2018 to 2022, Mother paid for various extracurricular
activities and uninsured medical expenses totaling
$17,245.26. Pursuant to a court order entered in pending
custody litigation, Father is not responsible for the cost of
[the youngest child’s] therapy . . . on June 12, 2020.

....

Father is responsible for 60% of expenses paid by [M]other,
excluding the cost of therapy, totaling $9,885.16.

Father contends that there are two errors. First, the children’s golf expenses

were used to calculate Mother’s expenses, where she was given credit for 100% of the

cost, and now, “Father is required to reimburse Mother 75% of such costs under the

order” beginning 1 September 2022. Second, the court found that “Mother paid for

various extracurricular activities and uninsured medical expenses totaling

$17,245.26”; however, Father asserts that “[e]ven Mother did not contend that she

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paid that much.”

As to the first contention, we note that all expenses supporting the $17,245.26

total were alleged to have accrued before September 2022. The trial court found that

“Father is responsible for 60% of expenses paid by [M]other,” accrued before August

2022, not 75%. As to the golf expenses, the hearing transcript, in conjunction with

the exhibits submitted by both parties, indicate that Mother paid for the children’s

golf expenses—which Father did not reimburse. So we overrule Father’s first

argument.

As to his second assertion, Father challenges the trial court’s finding that

Mother paid $17,245.26 between 2018 through 2022 “for various extracurricular

activities and uninsured medical expenses” as unsupported. Father claims that

“[e]ven Mother did not contend that she paid that much.” Mother submitted an

itemized list of the expenses. The list includes a description of each activity, a date,

the activity cost, which party paid for the expense, a percentage amount of the

expense attributable to Father, a percentage amount of the expense attributable to

Mother, and how much, if any, Father still owed Mother in reimbursement. Father

points out that per Mother’s list of expenses and the outstanding amounts owed,

Mother only claims she is owed $5,157.84.

The trial court is the fact finder and must determine the outstanding

reimbursement amount. See generally Knutton, 273 N.C. at 359, 160 S.E.2d at 33.

Per the record, the court admitted into evidence Mother’s spreadsheet presented as a

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list of itemized expenses for the children incurred between 2018 and 2022, which

Father had not reimbursed. Consistent with the spreadsheet, the trial court found

that Mother paid $17,245.26 in expenses for the children which Father had not

reimbursed. The court found that for expenses incurred between 2018 and 2022

(without therapy expenses of $770.00), Father was responsible for 60% of the total

expenses incurred. The court found that Father owed Mother $9,885.16 (($17,245.26-

$770.00)*60%). The record supports the trial court’s finding.

We briefly address Father’s assertion that Mother sought reimbursement in

the amount of $5,157.84, per her spreadsheet. The items listed on the spreadsheet

included the expense amounts, who paid the expense, and what amount, if any,

Father still owed Mother for reimbursement. The amounts listed as those Father

owed Mother for reimbursement total $5,157.84. However, those amounts mostly

correlate to the portion of expense totals attributable to Mother (though she had

already paid the total expense) rather than amounts attributable to Father. The

record supports the trial court’s disregard of those amounts proposed as owed by

Father. See id. Father’s argument as to finding of fact 87 being unsupported by

evidence is overruled.

D. Amount of Child Support Awarded

Father argues that the trial court abused its discretion in setting his child

support obligation applicable from 2017 through 2022 and from 2022 going forward.

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Father contends that the trial court erred in its determination of the children’s

monthly financial needs.

Father points out that the Child Support Guidelines effective in 2018 provided

guidance for combined gross incomes up to $25,000.00 per month and determined the

presumptive amount of reasonable financial need for two children in such households

was $3,141.00 per month. Here, the trial court found that the parties’ combined

monthly gross income in 2018 was $27,608.42. Though the parties’ combined income

was only 9.5% higher than the $25,000.00 maximum for the 2018 Guidelines, the

court determined that the children’s monthly financial needs were $6,544.03—more

than double the presumptive financial need under the Guidelines.

Similarly, the Child Support Guidelines effective in 2022 (the year of the trial

court’s hearing to modify child support) considered a combined monthly income of

$30,000.00 and determined the reasonable financial need of two children to be

$3,654.00 per month. Here, the trial court found that the parties’ 2022 combined

monthly gross income was $36,073.19 ($6,073.19 over the combined monthly income

under the 2022 Guidelines). The children’s financial needs were found to be $9,881.86

per month. Father contends that the court’s determination of the children’s monthly

financial needs in 2018 and 2022 is an abuse of discretion.

“[I]n cases above the child support guidelines, the trial court must make a

discretionary determination based upon the factors set out in North Carolina General

Statute [Section] 50-13.4(c)[,]” Bishop v. Bishop, 275 N.C. App. 457, 463, 853 S.E.2d

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815, 820 (2020), such as the needs of the children “for health, education, and

maintenance, having due regard to the estates, earnings, conditions, accustomed

standard of living of the child[ren] and the parties, the child care and homemaker

contributions of each party, and other facts of the particular case.” N.C. Gen. Stat.

§ 50-13.4(c) (2023). “Child support orders entered by a trial court are accorded

substantial deference by appellate courts and our review is limited to a determination

of whether there was a clear abuse of discretion.” Kleoudis, 271 N.C. App. at 38, 843

S.E.2d at 281 (citation and quotation marks omitted). “Under this standard of review,

the trial court’s ruling will be overturned only upon a showing that it was so arbitrary

that it could not have been the result of a reasoned decision.” Spicer, 168 N.C. App.

at 287, 607 S.E.2d at 682 (citation omitted).

Child support obligations set by the trial court well above the amount that

might be extrapolated from the Guidelines does not mean the child support is an

abuse of discretion if the findings of fact support the amount the trial court awarded.

This Court has noted that the trial court should consider the financial circumstances

and historical expenses in each individual case:

Children of wealthy parents are entitled to the educational
advantages of travel, private lessons in music, drama,
swimming, horseback riding, and other activities in which
they show interest and ability. It is possible that a child
with nothing more than a house to shelter him, a coat to
keep him warm and sufficient food to keep him healthy will
be happier and more successful than a child who has all the
advantages, but most parents strive and sacrifice to give
their children advantages which cost money. Much of the

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special education and training which will be of value to
people throughout life must be given [to] them when they
are young, or be forever lost to them.

What amount is reasonable for a child’s support is to
be determined with reference to the special circumstances
of the particular parties. Things which might properly be
deemed necessaries by the family of a man of large income
would not be so regarded in the family of a man whose
earnings were small and who had not been able to
accumulate any savings. In determining that amount
which is reasonable, the trial judge has a wide discretion
with which this [C]ourt will not interfere in the absence of
a manifest abuse.

Loosvelt v. Brown, 235 N.C. App. 88, 105-06, 760 S.E.2d 351, 362 (2014) (quotation

marks omitted) (quoting Williams v. Williams, 261 N.C. 48, 57-58, 134 S.E.2d 227,

234 (1964)).

Here, the trial court’s determination of the children’s monthly financial needs

in 2018 and 2022 was made by summing each party’s monthly shared family expenses

(household expenses, such as rent, electricity, heat, water, etc.) attributable to the

children and the children’s monthly individual expenses (uninsured medical/dental

expenses, clothing, activities, etc.). Father has challenged some of the individual

expenses which we have addressed. As we have explained, the trial court’s findings

were supported by the evidence. We do not see that the manner in which the trial

court determined the children’s financial needs was so arbitrary that it could not have

been the result of a reasoned decision, and Father does not contend so. See id.; see

also Kleoudis, 271 N.C. App. at 38, 843 S.E.2d at 281. We overrule Father’s challenge

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to the court’s determination of the children’s monthly financial needs in 2018 and

2022.

E. Sanctions Order

We now address Father’s arguments as to the Sanctions Order and the Order

for Attorney’s fees. According to Father, the trial court’s 24 August 2022 Sanctions

Order violates North Carolina Rule of Civil Procedure 37 (“Failure to make discovery;

sanctions”), and its 31 January 2023 Order for Attorney’s Fees, which awarded

Mother attorney’s fees incurred related to her motion for sanctions against Father, is

an abuse of discretion.

In the Sanctions Order, the trial court considered the appropriate sanctions

under Rule 37 for Father’s failure to respond fully to Mother’s first request for

production of documents. The trial court “decline[d] to strike []Father’s Financial

Affidavits and decline[d] to prevent . . . Father from offering evidence of his needs

and expenses and the minor children’s needs and expenses.” Instead, the trial court

imposed the “lesser sanction” of requiring Father to produce the discovery to Mother

and to resume the trial after Mother and her counsel had an opportunity to review

the discovery and prepare for the trial. The trial court also found that Father should

be required to reimburse Mother for her “reasonable attorney’s fees incurred related

to her [m]otion for [s]anctions,” with the amount of fees to be determined at the child

support trial. Father addresses only the trial court’s conclusion in the Sanctions

Order that Mother was entitled to an award of attorney’s fees under Rule 37.

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Father argues that Rule 37(a) and 37(b) sets forth a two-step procedure for

imposing sanctions. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 37(a), (b) (2023). First, the

motion of a party moving to compel discovery must “include a certification that the

movant has in good faith conferred or attempted to confer with the person or party

failing to make the discovery in an effort to secure the information or material

without court action.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 37(a)(2). Second, after a court

compels discovery, sanctions may be imposed for failure to comply with the discovery

order. Id. § 1A-1, Rule 37(b). Father contends that Mother did not file a motion

seeking to compel discovery, so when the trial court imposed sanctions, it erred in

doing so under Rule 37(b) without satisfying Rule 37(a).

Father argues that Mother’s allegation about his failure to comply with Local

Rule 8 “was the failure to provide the current principal balance and payment terms

of debt.” Local Rule 22 authorizes sanctions for failure to comply with other Local

Rules. See Local Rules of Domestic Court, Jud. Dist. 26, Family Court Division, Rule

22. Father contends that Mother’s motion did not support entry of the Sanctions

Order.

“A trial court’s award of sanctions under Rule 37 will not be overturned on

appeal absent an abuse of discretion.” Graham v. Rogers, 121 N.C. App. 460, 465,

466 S.E.2d 290, 294 (1996) (citation omitted). “[T]he circumstances of each case must

be carefully weighed so that the sanction properly takes into account the severity of

the party’s disobedience.” Patterson v. Sweatt, 146 N.C. App. 351, 357, 553 S.E.2d

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404, 409 (2001) (citation omitted). “A party wishing to avoid sanctions for non-

compliance with discovery requests has the burden of proving the non-compliance

was justified.” Graham, 121 N.C. App. at 465, 466 S.E.2d at 294 (citation omitted).

Under Rule 37(a),

[i]f . . . a party fails to answer an interrogatory . . . or if a
party . . . fails to respond that inspection will be permitted
as requested or fails to permit inspection as requested, the
discovering party may move for . . . an order compelling
inspection in accordance with the request.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 37(a)(2). Under Rule 37(b), “[i]f a party . . . fails to obey

an order to provide or permit discovery, including an order made under section (a) of

this rule . . . a judge of the court in which the action is pending may make such orders

in regard to the failure as are just.” Id. § 1A-1, Rule 37(b)(2).

Under Rule 26 of the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure, a party from

whom discovery is sought may move for a protective order but if the motion “is denied

in whole or in part, the court may, on such terms and conditions as are just, order

that any party or person provide or permit discovery.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule

26(c) (2023). Where a motion for a protective order under Rule 26 is denied, the result

may be the same as “a motion to compel discovery under Rule 37(a): an order

compelling discovery. We hold that violation of an order compelling discovery that

results from a motion for a protective order may be the basis for sanctions under Rule

37(b).” Lovendahl v. Wicker, 208 N.C. App. 193, 200, 702 S.E.2d 529, 534 (2010); see

also N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 37(b)(2) (Commentary) (“Various rules authorize

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orders for discovery . . . . Rule 37(b)(2) should provide comprehensively for

enforcement of all these orders.”).

As stated in the Sanctions Order, it is unchallenged that following remand

from this Court in Kincheloe I, “Mother served []Father with [Mother]’s [f]irst

[r]equest for [p]roduction of [d]ocuments seeking financial documents from []Father

from 2017 (the date the initial [m]otion to [m]odify [c]hild [s]upport was filed) through

the present.” Father filed the “Motion for Protective Order (Rule 26(c)); Motion to

Quash/Amend Subpoena,” claiming to have a need for “a protective order which

prevents [Mother] from seeking any financial documents after [14 September 2018].”

On 8 March 2022, the court entered the Order Denying Motion to Dismiss and ruling

that “[Father]’s Motion for Protective Order; Motion to Quash/Amend Subpoena . . .

is DENIED” and “[w]ithin 60 days from the entry of th[e] Order, []Father shall

respond to []Mother’s [f]irst [r]equest for [p]roduction of [d]ocuments.”

Mother filed a motion for sanctions under Rule 11 and Rule 37(b)(2) of our

North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure, as well as Rule 22 of the Local Rules of

Domestic Court on 12 July 2022. She claimed that Father had “failed and refused to

produce documents from the time period of [1 January 2018] through [July] 2022”

and specifically, had failed to produce statements or documentation on four principal

balances he acknowledged owing on a 2022 Financial Affidavit, as required by Local

Rules. See Local Rules of Domestic Court, Jud. Dist. 26, Family Court Division, Rules

8 & 22.

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Opinion of the Court

In its Sanctions Order, the trial court found that following entry of the Order

Denying Motion to Dismiss, Father “failed and refused to produce bank account

statements and credit card statements from the time period of [1 January 2017]

through in or around September/November 2021.” The trial court noted that Father’s

claims that the requested information were “not relevant or reasonably calculated to

lead to relevant evidence” were similar to those objections raised before the trial court

prior to its entry of the Order Denying Motion to Dismiss. The court further noted

that Father requested that Mother produce financial documents spanning 2017 to the

present, and Mother timely complied.

The trial court concluded that Father had “failed to comply with Rule 37” and

that Mother had been prejudiced by the failure. The trial court’s Sanction Order

directed Father to produce bank statements spanning 1 January 2018 through 10

September 2021, as well as credit card statements from 1 January 2018 forward. It

also directed Father to reimburse Mother the reasonable amount of attorney’s fees

incurred related to the motion for sanctions under Rule 37 as well as Local Rules 8

and 22.

Because the trial court denied Father’s motion for a discovery protective order

made under Rule 26(c), ordered Father to respond to Mother’s first request for

production of documents within sixty days of its 8 March 2022 Order Denying Motion

to Dismiss, and Father “failed and refused” to comply with said order, the trial court

was authorized to sanction Father under Rule 37. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule

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37(b); Lovendahl, 208 N.C. App. at 200, 702 S.E.2d at 534. Father’s argument is

overruled.

Because we uphold the trial court’s Sanctions Order under Rule 37(b), we need

not address whether the Order is also supported by application of the Local Rules.

F. Order for Attorney’s Fees

We have already upheld the trial court’s determination that Mother was

entitled to recover attorney’s fees as a sanction under Rule 37(b). Father believes

that the trial court abused its discretion in establishing the amount of the attorney’s

fees related to Mother’s motion for sanctions. Father’s conclusory argument is that

the fee amount was “unreasonable,” but he cites no law in support of this claim. He

contends that the trial court failed to make sufficient findings of fact to support its

$4,459.50 attorney’s fee award in favor of Mother and that the award was based on

the attorney’s timesheet, which “mostly contained time that was not related to the

[motion for sanctions].” Father asserts that the “court failed to make findings as to

how it determined that the amount of attorney’s fees awarded was reasonable.”

Father points out that the attorney’s fee affidavit had entries for billings related to a

review of the requested documents and preparation for hearing: “[t]his time would

have been spent no matter when the documents were provided.” He contends that

entries totaling three hours for drafting the Sanctions Order were unreasonable, as

was a $2,800.00 entry for a half-day child support hearing. Father also contends that

the assertion in the Sanctions Order that his failure to provide the documents

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required an additional day of hearing was incorrect: the child support modification

hearing was originally scheduled to last two days; after the sanction hearing, the

second day of the modification hearing was merely postponed.

We first note that Father has challenged none of the trial court’s detailed

findings addressing attorney’s fees as unsupported by the evidence. The trial court

addressed the fee amount in findings 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16:

6. []Father’s failure to provide complete discovery
responses necessitated []Mother filing and prosecuting a
[m]otion for [s]anctions, drafting an Order of Sanctions,
initial review of documents produced to determine whether
production was complete, and an additional hearing after
the July 13, 2022 hearing. As a result, []Mother incurred
$4,459.50 in reasonable attorney’s fees.

....

8. On August 30, 2022, counsel for []Mother filed an
Affidavit of Hailey E. White, detailing the attorney’s fees
incurred by []Mother in relation to her [m]otion for
[s]anctions. The [c]ourt received the Affidavit of Haley E.
White into evidence at the August 30, 2022 hearing.

9. []Mother incurred reasonable attorney’s fees in the
amount of $4,459.50 related to her [m]otion for [s]anctions.

10. The fees incurred by []Mother in connection with her
[m]otion for [s]anctions are reasonable in nature, scope,
skill, time, and rate.

11. Pursuant to Rule 37 of the North Carolina Rules of Civil
Procedure and Rule 8 and Rule 22 of the 26th Judicial
District Local Rules for Domestic Cases, []Mother is
entitled to attorney’s fees related to her [m]otion for
[s]anctions due to []Father’s failure to provide complete
discovery responses, which necessitated an additional child
support hearing, and caused []Mother to incur additional

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Opinion of the Court

attorney’s fees in the amount of $4,459.50.

12. [Mother] entered into an employment agreement with
James, McElroy, and Diehl, P.A., under the terms of which
she agreed to pay Ms. White and other attorneys at the
firm at the regular hourly rate billed for her time by her
firm, James, McElroy & Diehl, P.A., as well as to pay other
attorneys and paralegals working on her case at their
regular hourly rates.

13. Ms. White and her colleagues at James, McElroy and
Diehl, P.A., have rendered valuable legal services to
[]Mother in connection with her [m]otion for [s]anctions.
Those services and the time spent in providing those
services are outlined in detail in the Affidavit of Haley E.
White (“Ms. White’s affidavit”) offered and received into
evidence during the hearing on the matter. The [c]ourt
considered Ms. White’s affidavit as to her time involvement
and the involvement of her associates and paralegals, has
examined this file, and is familiar with Ms. White’s
representation in this matter on behalf of []Mother.

14. Ms. White is an experienced domestic-relations
practitioner in Mecklenburg County, who has practiced at
James, McElroy & Diehl, P.A. since 2015. Ms. White has a
current hourly rate of $350-$375, and in this matter, her
hourly rate is $350. Ms. White’s hourly rate is reasonable
relative to attorneys of comparable experience and skill in
the Mecklenburg County family bar.

15. Considering the applicable hourly rates and the time
involved as set forth on Ms. White’s affidavit, the nature
and value of the services rendered, and the skill and ability
called for, the [c]ourt finds that the reasonable value of the
services rendered by Ms. White and her firm to []Mother in
connection with her [m]otion for [s]anctions be $4,459.50.
Such value is customary for like work performed by legal
counsel of material similar qualifications and experience in
Mecklenburg County, North Carolina.

16. Considering the circumstances of this particular case,
it is reasonable and appropriate that []Father pay the sum

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Opinion of the Court

of $4,459.50 to Ms. White’s firm for the efforts on []Mother’s
behalf by Ms. White and her firm as set forth above.

These findings were not challenged as unsupported by the evidence and are binding

on appeal. See State on relation of City of Sanford v. Om Shree Hemakash Corp., 295

N.C. App. 372, 377, 905 S.E.2d 902, 906 (2024) (“Additionally, in reviewing the trial

court’s order imposing sanctions for discovery violations under the abuse of discretion

standard, any unchallenged findings of fact are binding on appeal.” (citation and

quotation marks omitted)).

We review the amount of fees awarded for abuse of discretion. See Hudson v.

Hudson, 299 N.C. 465, 472, 263 S.E.2d 719, 724 (1980) (“When the statutory

requirements have been met, the amount of attorney’s fees to be awarded rests within

the sound discretion of the trial judge and is reviewable on appeal only for abuse of

discretion.” (citation and emphasis omitted)).

Although Father argues only that the amount of fees attributed to the motion

for sanctions was “unreasonable,” he does not, and cannot, argue that the trial court’s

findings fail to address the necessary facts to support an award of attorney’s fees. See

Om Shree Hemakash Corp., 295 N.C. App. at 377, 905 S.E.2d at 905. Nor has Father

argued that the findings are not supported by the evidence. The trial court did not

award Mother all the attorney’s fees she claimed she was entitled to recover but made

detailed findings regarding the nature of the proceedings and the time required for

the matters related to the motion for sanctions, as well as Mother’s counsel’s

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Opinion of the Court

qualifications, representation in this matter, and comparable and customary rates

for “like work performed by legal counsel of materially similar qualifications and

experience in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina.” Father has failed to

demonstrate that the trial court abused its discretion in the amount of attorney’s fees

awarded.

III. Conclusion

We hold that the trial court did not violate this Court’s mandate in Kincheloe

I or abuse its discretion under Rule 63 by holding a new evidentiary hearing on

remand. The trial court’s findings of fact support its conclusions of law, and the trial

court did not abuse its discretion in establishing Father’s child support obligation.

We also affirm the trial court’s Sanctions Order and the Order for Attorney’s Fees.

AFFIRMED.

Judges ZACHARY and COLLINS concur.

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11197659. Public record. Not legal advice.