# Canario

> District Court, S.D. New York · September 2, 2025

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11173360

## Case

- **Full name:** Raymond Canario v. The County of Rockland, The Rockland County District Attorney’s Office, Hon. Thomas E. Walsh, II, individually and in his official capacity as District Attorney, Patrick Frawley, individually and in his official capacity as Chief Assistant District Attorney, Ryan Sweeney, individually and in her official capacity as Assistant District Attorney, Michael Duganzsic, individually and in his official capacity as Senior Assistant District Attorney, Peter Walker, individually and in his official capacity as Chief Criminal Investigator, Matthew Wohl, individually and in his official capacity as Investigator, The Town of Clarkstown, Clarkstown Police Department, and John Does, (fictitious names intended to be additional Parties not yet known)
- **Court:** District Court, S.D. New York
- **Decided:** September 2, 2025
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11173360

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- holding that the statements must be made concurrently with “the loss of employment . . . or the termination or alteration of some other legal right or status”
- finding plaintiff’s offer of his “suspicions of impropriety as proof of the defendants’ misconduct before the grand jury” insufficient to rebut presumption

## Opinion text

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
RAYMOND CANARIO,
Plaintiff,

v.
THE COUNTY OF ROCKLAND, THE
ROCKLAND COUNTY DISTRICT
ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, HON. THOMAS E.
WALSH, II, individually and in his official
capacity as District Attorney, PATRICK
FRAWLEY, individually and in his official
capacity as Chief Assistant District Attorney,
RYAN SWEENEY, individually and in her
No. 24-CV-4470 (KMK)
official capacity as Assistant District Attorney,
MICHAEL DUGANZSIC, individually and in
ORDER & OPINION
his official capacity as Senior Assistant
District Attorney, PETER WALKER,
individually and in his official capacity as
Chief Criminal Investigator, MATTHEW
WOHL, individually and in his official
capacity as Investigator, THE TOWN OF
CLARKSTOWN, CLARKSTOWN POLICE
DEPARTMENT, and JOHN DOES, (fictitious
names intended to be additional Parties not yet
known, the identity and number of whom is
presently unknown to Claimant) in their
official capacities,
Defendants.
Appearances:
Steven Jay German, Esq.
Joel Murray Rubenstein, Esq.
German Rubenstein, LLP
New York, NY
Counsel for Plaintiff
Gaetana Liantonio-McBridge, Esq.
Lorin Ann Donnelly, Esq.
Milber Makris Plousadis & Seiden, LLP
Woodbury, NY
Counsel for Defendant the County of Rockland

Robert Benjamin Weissman, Esq.
Saretsky Katz Dranoff Weissman & Maynard, LLP
Elmsford, NY
Counsel for Defendants Thomas E. Walsh, II, Patrick Frawley, Michael Duganzsic, and Matthew
Wohl in their individual and official capacities

Michael Kennedy Burke, Esq.
Hodges Walsh & Burke LLP
White Plains, NY
Counsel for Defendants the Town of Clarkstown and Clarkstown Police Department

KENNETH M. KARAS, United States District Judge:
Raymond Canario (“Plaintiff”) brings this Action against the County of Rockland
(“Rockland”), the Rockland County District Attorney’s Office (“DA’s Office”), Thomas E.
Walsh, II (“Walsh”), Patrick Frawley (“Frawley”), Ryan Sweeney (“Sweeney”), Michael
Duganzic (“Duganzic”), Peter Walker (“Walker”), the Town of Clarkston, the Clarkstown Police
Department, and an unspecified number of John Does, alleging, inter alia, deprivation of his
rights under the First, Fourth, Fifth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments, false arrest, malicious
prosecution, malicious abuse of process, and denial of a fair trial pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983
(“Section 1983”), defamation under New York law, and negligent hiring, training, supervision,
and retention. (See generally Compl. (Dkt. No. 4).) Before the Court are Motions to Dismiss
(“Motions”) by Rockland, (see Not. of Mot. (Dkt. No. 59)), Clarkstown (see Not. of Mot. (Dkt.
No. 61)), and Walsh, Frawley, Duganzic, and Wohl (collectively, “Individual Defendants”) (see
Not. of Mot. (Dkt. No. 64)). For the reasons discussed below, the Motions are granted.
I. Background
A. Materials Considered
“‘When considering a motion to dismiss, the Court’s review is confined to the pleadings
themselves,’ because ‘to go beyond the allegations in the Complaint would convert the Rule
12(b)(6) motion into one for summary judgment pursuant to Rule 56.’” Watson v. New York,

No. 22-CV-9613, 2023 WL 6200979, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 22, 2023) (alterations adopted)
(quoting Thomas v. Westchester Cnty. Health Care Corp., 232 F. Supp. 2d 273, 275 (S.D.N.Y.
2002)). “Nevertheless, the Court’s consideration of documents attached to, or incorporated by
reference in the Complaint, and matters of which judicial notice may be taken, would not convert
the motion to dismiss into one for summary judgment.” Id.; see also Bellin v. Zucker, 6 F.4th
463, 473 (2d Cir. 2021) (explaining that “when ruling on Rule 12(b)(6) motions to dismiss,”
courts may “consider the complaint in its entirety . . ., documents incorporated into the complaint
by reference, and matters of which a court may take judicial notice” (internal quotation marks
and citation omitted)); Hu v. City of New York, 927 F.3d 81, 88 (2d Cir. 2019) (“In deciding a

Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the court may consider ‘only the facts alleged in the pleadings, documents
attached as exhibits or incorporated by reference in the pleadings[,] and matters of which judicial
notice may be taken.’” (quoting Samuels v. Air Transp. Loc. 504, 992 F.2d 12, 15 (2d Cir.
1993))).
Rockland and Individual Defendants ask the Court to take judicial notice of materials
appended to their briefs. (See generally Rockland Mem. in Supp. (“Rockland Mem.”) (Dkt. No.
63); see also Indiv. Defs’ Mem. in Supp. (“Indiv. Defs’ Mem.”) (Dkt. No. 65) 2 n.2, 3 n.4, 5
n.6.)
The Court will take judicial notice of:
• documents related to Plaintiff’s state court proceedings, including decisions, (Decl. of
Lorin A. Donnelly (“Donnelly Decl.”), Ex. E (“Am. Decision”) (Dkt. No. 62-5)), and
trial transcripts, (id., Ex. N (“March 14 Trial Tr.”) (Dkt. No. 62-14); id., Ex. O (“March
17 Trial Tr.”) (Dkt. No. 62-15));1
• documents related to the prosecution of Plaintiff, including felony complaints, (Donnelly

Decl., Ex. B (“Felony Compls.”) (Dkt. No. 62-2)), the grand jury indictment (id., Ex. C
(“Grand Jury Indictment”) (Dkt. No. 62-3)), and an arrest report, (Decl. of Robert B.
Weissman (“Weissman Decl.”), Ex. I (“Arrest Rpt.”) (Dkt. No. 66-9));2
• 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020 annual reports filed by the Village of Spring Valley with the
New York Department of State pursuant to 19 N.Y.C.R.R. § 1203, (Donnelly Decl., Ex.
G (“First 2017 Rpt.”) (Dkt. No. 62-7); id., Ex. H (“Second 2017 Rpt.”) (Dkt. No. 62-8);
id., Ex. I (“Third 2017 Rpt.”) (Dkt. No. 62-9); id., Ex. J (“First 2018 Rpt.”) (Dkt. No. 62-
10); id., Ex. K (“Second 2018 Rpt.”) (Dkt. No. 62-11); id., Ex. L (“2019 Rpt.”) (Dkt. No.
62-12); id., Ex. M (“2020 Rpt.”) (Dkt. No. 62-13));3 and

1 See Ferranti v. Arshack, Hajek & Lehrman PLLC, No. 20-CV-2476, 2021 WL
1143290, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 24, 2021) (“The [c]ourt may take judicial notice of a document
filed before another court . . . .”); Hutchins v. Solomon, No. 16-CV-10029, 2018 WL 4757970, at
*7 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 29, 2018) (taking judicial notice of filings in a court case submitted by a
party); Coggins v. Cnty. of Nassau, No. 07-CV-3624, 2008 WL 2522501, at *7 (E.D.N.Y. June
20, 2008) (noting that “courts routinely take judicial notice[—]at the motion to dismiss stage[—
]of transcripts of related judicial proceedings, including criminal proceedings”).
2 See Phillips v. City of New York, No. 21-CV-8149, 2024 WL 4307923, at *2 (S.D.N.Y.
Sept. 26, 2024) (noting that “[j]udicial notice may be taken of public records, including ‘arrest
reports, criminal complaints, indictments, and criminal disposition data’” (quoting Wims v. New
York City Police Dep’t, No. 10-CV-6128, 2011 WL 2946369, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. July 20, 2011))).
3 See Gov’t Emps. Ins. Co. v. Active Med. Care, P.C., No. 24-CV-995, 2024 WL
4790169, at *1 n.1 (E.D.N.Y. Nov. 14, 2024) (taking “judicial notice of [New York] Department
of State records”); Haru Holding Corp. v. Haru Hana Sushi, Inc., No. 13-CV-7705, 2016 WL
• a grand jury exhibit upon which Plaintiff relies in drafting his Complaint, (Weissman
Decl., Ex. M (“Grand Jury Ex. 7”) (Dkt. No. 66-13)).4
The Court takes judicial notice of these materials for the fact of their existence and what they
contain, not for the truth of the matters asserted. See Broccoli v. Ashworth, No. 21-CV-6931,

2025 WL 880550, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 21, 2025) (taking judicial notice “for the fact that they
exist, not the truth of the matters asserted therein” (citation omitted)); Hutchins, 2018 WL
4757970, at *7 (noting the court takes judicial notice “only to establish the fact of such filings
and what they contained, not for the truth of the matter asserted therein” (citation omitted)).
B. Factual Background
The following facts are drawn from Plaintiff’s Complaint and from materials of which
the Court may take judicial notice and are taken as true for the purposes of resolving the instant
Motions. See Div. 1181 Amalgamated Transit Union-N.Y. Emps. Pension Fund v. N.Y.C. Dep’t
of Educ., 9 F.4th 91, 94 (2d Cir. 2021) (per curiam).
In April 2019, Plaintiff was hired as Assistant Building Inspector by the mayor of Spring

Valley, New York. (Compl. ¶ 29.) 19 N.Y.C.R.R. § 1203 requires that municipalities like
Spring Valley “annually submit to the [New York] Secretary of State . . . a report of its activities
relative to administration and enforcement of the [New York State Uniform Fire Prevention and
Building Code and the New York State Energy Conservation Construction Code].” 19

1070849, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 15, 2016) (taking judicial notice of information provided by the
New York State Department of State).
4 See Hesse v. Godiva Chocolatier, Inc., 463 F. Supp. 3d 453, 462 (S.D.N.Y. 2020)
(noting that judicial notice “may be taken of documents that are ‘integral to the complaint’ such
that the complaint ‘relies heavily upon [the documents’] terms and effect” (quoting Palin v. N.Y.
Times Co., 940 F.3d 804, 811 (2d Cir. 2019))).
N.Y.C.R.R. § 1203(1)(b)(6), (7), (16); id. § 1203(4). These reports are also called “1203
Reports.” (Compl. ¶ 34.) Plaintiff was assigned to file 1203 Reports. (Id. ¶ 39.) Plaintiff, who
had no prior experience as a building inspector, was supposed to report to the Building Inspector,
a position that was vacant. (Id. ¶¶ 32, 40.) Plaintiff had difficulty completing the 1203 Reports,
(see id. ¶¶ 42–43, 45), and based his reporting “upon charts noting inspection status provided by

the staff [and] not from personal visits and investigations,” which Plaintiff “believe[ed] . . .
accurately reflected . . . [building] inspections,” (id. ¶ 44). Plaintiff characterized the information
contained in the 1203 Reports that he submitted as “an estimate.” (Grand Jury Ex. 7 at 15; see
also Compl. ¶¶ 47–48.) The chart below lists the multiple 1203 Reports, the name of the person
submitting the report, and the date of submission.
Report Year Submitter Date of Submission
First 2017 Report Manuel Carmona March 14, 2019
Second 2017 Report Manuel Carmona June 10, 2019
Third 2017 Report Plaintiff July 2, 2019
First 2018 Report Plaintiff July 6, 2019
Second 2018 Report5 Plaintiff July 26, 2019
2019 Report Wayne Ballard March 31, 2020
2020 Report Wayne Ballard July 5, 2021
(See Dkt. Nos. 62-7 to -13.)
The 1203 Reports list information including, for example, the number of building permits
issued by building type, the number of buildings by type and how many of each were inspected
in the last year, and the number of new constructions complete and percentage thereof that are at
least 90% compliant. (Compl. ¶ 36; see, e.g., First 2018 Rpt.)
On March 23, 2021, a fire ignited at the Evergreen Court Home for Adults, killing a
firefighter and a resident. (Compl. ¶¶ 52, 54.) The Spring Valley Police Department
5 The 2018 Reports appear identical.
investigated the fire and concluded its investigation without making any arrests. (Id. ¶ 55.)
Plaintiff alleges that, after the police department’s investigation concluded, the DA’s Office
“took up the criminal investigation,” at least partly because “[t]he local media was pressuring
[District Attorney] Walsh to punish someone for the deadly fire.” (Id. ¶¶ 57–58.) Plaintiff also
alleges, “[u]pon information and belief,” that “Defendants sought to have a detective with [the

Spring Valley Police Department] . . . sign [a false] arrest/accusatory instrument,” which the
detective refused to do. (Id. ¶ 60.)
On April 1, 2021, Walsh announced, “We have assembled today the investigative leaders
from federal[,] state[,] and local law enforcement agencies pursuing this inquiry into the cause of
the Evergreen Fire.” (Id. ¶ 73.)
On June 28, 2021, Chief Criminal Investigator Walker signed a felony complaint that
charged Plaintiff with three counts of offering a false instrument for filing in the first degree and
three counts of falsifying business records in the second degree. (See Felony Compls.) On June
29, 2021, Plaintiff was arrested and given a desk appearance ticket. (Compl. ¶ 61; Arrest Rpt. 2.)

Wayne Ballard, another building inspector, was also arrested. (See Compl. ¶ 62.) A June 29,
2021 Fox 5 article quoted Walsh as saying that “th[e] investigation is not over and will continue
into the events that led to this tragic catastrophe and underlying governmental malfeasance.”
(Id.) A June 30, 2021 Lohud article about Plaintiff’s arrest quoted Walsh as saying, “Today is
the culmination of a multi-agency investigation that left no stone unturned.” (Id. ¶ 78.) Wohl, a
former New York Police Department officer, was an investigator for Rockland and “worked on
the team that investigated Plaintiff.” (Id. ¶ 83.) “Upon information and belief,” Wohl “made
false statements under oath” prior “to being hired by [the DA’s Office].” (Id. ¶ 84.) Plaintiff
cites a website, “50-a.org,” as indicating that Wohl has “potential credibility problems and
adverse credibility ruling[s] by judges.” (Id. ¶ 88.)
On July 5, 2021, a grand jury returned a nine-count indictment, including Counts 1, 2,
and 3, offering a false instrument for filing in the first degree,6 Counts 4, 5, and 6, offering a
false instrument for filing in the second degree,7 and Counts 7, 8, and 9, falsifying business

records in the second degree.8 (See Grand Jury Indictment.) Plaintiff alleges that Defendants
“presented false evidence to the Grand Jury . . . and withheld relevant evidence with respect to
testifying witnesses.” (Compl. ¶ 66.)
At an unspecified date, the case against Plaintiff was assigned to Judge Kevin Russo of
the Rockland County Court. (See Am. Decision.) In April 2022, Plaintiff moved to dismiss the
indictment. (See Suppl. Decl. of Robert B. Weissman, Ex. A (Dkt. No. 78-1).) In May 2022,
Judge Russo ruled that the “evidence presented . . . was legally sufficient to support the charges
within the indictment” as to the first six counts. (Am. Decision 1.) Judge Russo noted that

6 A person is guilty of offering a false instrument for filing in the first degree when:
“knowing that a written instrument contains a false statement or false information, and with
intent to defraud the state or any political subdivision, public authority or public benefit
corporation of the state, he or she offers or presents it to a public office, public servant, public
authority or public benefit corporation with the knowledge or belief that it will be filed with,
registered or recorded in or otherwise become a part of the records of such public office, public
servant, public authority or public benefit corporation.” N.Y. Penal Law § 175.35(1).
7 A person is guilty of offering a false instrument for filing in the second degree when:
“knowing that a written instrument contains a false statement or false information, he offers or
presents it to a public office or public servant with the knowledge or belief that it will be filed
with, registered or recorded in or otherwise become a part of the records of such public office or
public servant.” N.Y. Penal Law § 175.30.
8 A person is guilty of falsifying business records in the second degree when: “with
intent to defraud, he . . . [m]akes or causes a false entry in the business records of an enterprise.”
N.Y. Penal Law § 175.05(1).
Plaintiff’s arguments as to the sufficiency of the evidence were “strong and convincing
arguments demonstrating possible deficiencies in the [prosecution’s] case.” (Id. 2.) Judge Russo
dismissed the seventh, eighth, and ninth counts of the indictment because the 1203 Reports were
records of the New York Secretary of State and Plaintiff had no degree of control over those
reports as records of the Department of State. (Id. 3.)

Plaintiff alleges “[u]pon information and belief, [that] Defendants did not produce a
single document from the Spring Valley Police Department to defense counsel.” (Compl. ¶ 90.)
A bench trial was held before Judge Russo in March 2023. (See March 14 Trial Tr.; March 17
Trial Tr.) The exact duration of the trial is unclear. On March 14, 2023, Judge Russo dismissed
Counts 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, and 9 for lack of evidence going to Plaintiff’s intent to defraud. (March 14
Trial Tr. at 467:13–25.) On March 17, 2023, Plaintiff was found not guilty on Counts 4, 5, and
6. (See March 17 Trial Tr. at 565:20–24.) The same day, Walker released a statement: “The
yearslong disorganization and disfunction of the Spring Valley Building Department served as a
defense in these cases. The court chose not to hold these defendants accountable for their role in

the malfeasance in the building department. We disagree with the [c]ourt’s decision and are
disappointed in it.” (Compl. ¶ 3.)
On June 9, 2023, Plaintiff served a notice of claim on Defendants. (Id. ¶ 9.)
C. Procedural Background
Plaintiff initiated this Action on June 12, 2024. (Compl.) On August 12, 2024, the Court
set a briefing schedule for the Motions. (Dkt. No. 51.) After extensions, Defendants filed their
Motions on October 22, 2024. (Rockland Mem.; Indiv. Defs’ Mem.; Clarkstown Mem. in Supp.
(“Clarkstown Mem.”) (Dkt. No. 61).) On January 6, 2025, Plaintiff filed his Opposition. (Pl’s
Mem. in Opp. (“Pl’s Opp.”) (Dkt. No. 73).) On January 15, 2025, Plaintiff filed a supplemental
opposition. (Pl’s Supp. Mem. in Opp. (“Pl’s Supp. Opp.”) (Dkt. No. 74).) On February 5, 2025,
Individual Defendants filed their Reply, (Indiv. Defs’ Reply in Supp. (“Indiv. Defs’ Reply”)
(Dkt. No. 79)), and Clarkstown filed a letter in reply, ((“Clarkstown Ltr. Reply”) (Dkt. No. 81)).
On February 6, 2025, Rockland filed its Reply. (Rockland Reply in Supp. (“Rockland Reply”)
(Dkt. No. 82).)

II. Discussion
A. Standard of Review
The Supreme Court has held that while a complaint “does not need detailed factual
allegations” to survive a motion to dismiss, “a plaintiff’s obligation to provide the grounds of his
entitlement to relief requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the
elements of a cause of action will not do.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)
(alteration adopted) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Indeed, Rule 8 of the
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure “demands more than an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-
harmed-me accusation.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). “Nor does a complaint

suffice if it tenders naked assertions devoid of further factual enhancement.” Id. (alteration
adopted) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Rather, a complaint’s “[f]actual
allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Twombly, 550
U.S. at 555.
“[O]nce a claim has been stated adequately, it may be supported by showing any set of
facts consistent with the allegations in the complaint,” id. at 563, and a plaintiff must allege
“only enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face,” id. at 570. However, if
a plaintiff has not “nudged [his] claim[] across the line from conceivable to plausible, the[]
complaint must be dismissed.” Id.; see also Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679 (“Determining whether a
complaint states a plausible claim for relief will . . . be a context-specific task that requires the
reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common sense. But where the well-
pleaded facts do not permit the court to infer more than the mere possibility of misconduct, the
complaint has alleged—but it has not ‘shown’—‘that the pleader is entitled to relief.’”
(alteration adopted) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P.

8(a)(2))); id. at 678–79 (“Rule 8 marks a notable and generous departure from the
hypertechnical, code-pleading regime of a prior era, but it does not unlock the doors of discovery
for a plaintiff armed with nothing more than conclusions.”).
“[W]hen ruling on a defendant’s motion to dismiss, a judge must accept as true all of the
factual allegations contained in the complaint,” Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (per
curiam), and “draw[] all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff,” Daniel v. T&M Prot.
Res., Inc., 992 F. Supp. 2d 302, 304 n.1 (S.D.N.Y. 2014) (citing Koch v. Christie’s Int’l PLC,
699 F.3d 141, 145 (2d Cir. 2012)). Additionally, “[i]n adjudicating a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, a
district court must confine its consideration to facts stated on the face of the complaint, in

documents appended to the complaint or incorporated in the complaint by reference, and to
matters of which judicial notice may be taken.” Leonard F. v. Isr. Disc. Bank of N.Y., 199 F.3d
99, 107 (2d Cir. 1999) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see also Wang v.
Palmisano, 157 F. Supp. 3d 306, 317 (S.D.N.Y. 2016) (same).
B. Analysis
Plaintiff has thirteen claims. As to all Defendants, Plaintiff asserts a claim for
“deprivation of federal rights” pursuant to the First, Fourth, Fifth, Eighth, and Fourteenth
Amendments, (Compl. ¶¶ 95–100); false arrest under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (“Section 1983”) and
state law, (id. ¶¶ 101–06, 221–27); malicious prosecution under Section 1983 and state law, (id.
¶¶ 107–27, 213–20); malicious abuse of process, (id. ¶¶ 142–47); denial of fair trial, (id. ¶¶ 160–
67); and defamation, (id. ¶¶179–93). As to Walsh, Plaintiff alleges that his “extrajudicial
statements” give rise to a claim of denial of fair trial, (id. ¶¶ 148–59), and a “stigma[-]plus”
claim, (id. ¶¶ 168–78). As to Rockland, Plaintiff asserts claims for Monell liability, (id. ¶¶ 205–
12), and negligent hiring, training, supervision, and retention, (id. ¶¶ 228–39). Plaintiff also

asserts a claim for municipal liability. (Id. ¶¶ 194–204.)9 The Court addresses first preliminary
issues about sufficiency of the pleading, then Plaintiff’s claims in turn.
1. Sufficiency of the Complaint
Individual Defendants argue that the Complaint “lacks any well-pleaded facts concerning
what Frawley, Duganzic, or Sweeney actually did in connection with Plaintiff’s claims.” (Indiv.
Defs’ Mem. 18.) Clarkstown makes a similar argument.10 (See Clarkstown Mem. 2–3;
Clarkstown Reply 5.) Plaintiff fails to address these points in his Opposition. (See generally
Pl’s Opp.)
The Complaint mentions Frawley, Duganzic, and Sweeney each only twice: first, as

individuals who were served a notice of claim, (see Compl. ¶ 9), and second, as parties to the
Action, (see id. ¶¶ 17–19). As for Clarkstown, the Complaint notes only that it “is a municipal
corporation of the State of New York and is a resident of the Southern District of New York.”

9 The Complaint omits paragraphs 128 to 141.
10 Clarkstown also argues that the Clarkstown Police Department is an administrative arm
of Clarkstown and therefore cannot be sued. (Clarkstown Mem. 2.) Clarkstown is correct that,
“[u]nder New York law, departments that are merely administrative arms of a municipality do
not have a legal identity separate and apart from the municipality and, therefore, cannot sue or be
sued.” Sagaria v. Orange Cnty. Jail, No. 20-CV-2287, 2021 WL 4392422, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Sept.
24, 2021) (collecting cases). Accordingly, Plaintiff’s claims against the Clarkstown Police
Department are dismissed with prejudice.
(Id. ¶ 22.) There is no other mention of or allegation concerning Clarkstown in the Complaint.
Accordingly, all claims against Frawley, Duganzic, Sweeney, and Clarkstown are dismissed.
See Harris v. Leon, No. 20-CV-10864, 2023 WL 2051171, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 16, 2023) (“By
lumping all the defendants together in each claim and providing no factual basis to distinguish
their conduct, [the] complaint failed to satisfy th[e] minimum standard [under Fed. R. Civ. P.

8].” (omitting internal quotation)); Brock v. City of New York, No. 19-CV-597, 2019 WL
438356, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. Feb. 4, 2019) (dismissing municipality where the complaint contained
“no allegations against the municipality”); Jackson v. City of Rochester, No. 17-CV-6448, 2018
WL 11317393, at *3 (W.D.N.Y. May 14, 2018) (same).
The Court now turns to whether Plaintiff has plausibly alleged claims against the
remaining Defendants: Rockland, the DA’s Office, Walsh, Walker, and Wohl.
2. Deprivation of Federal Rights (First Claim)
Plaintiff alleges that his rights under the First, Fourth, Fifth, Eighth, and Fourteenth
Amendments were violated. (Compl. ¶¶ 95–100.) Specifically, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants

“imposed” excessive force and summary punishment “upon him,” and that he was deprived of
equal protection under the law, falsely arrested, and maliciously prosecuted. (Id. ¶¶ 99(a)–(d).)
Rockland argues that this claim “does not set forth a plausible cause of action” and is, instead, a
“catchall” claim. (Rockland Mem. 21.) Plaintiff does not address this argument in his
Opposition. (See generally Pl’s Opp.)
Plaintiff’s failure to respond to Rockland’s arguments, or to make any argument at all
with respect to this claim constitutes abandonment. See Martinez v. Town of Clarkstown, No.
23-CV-5364, 2024 WL 4124717, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 9, 2024) (deeming a claim abandoned
where plaintiff failed to respond to arguments in her opposition). To the extent that this claim
asserts false arrest and malicious prosecution claims under the Fourth Amendment, a denial of
the right to a fair trial under the Fifth and Sixth Amendments, or a stigma-plus due process claim
under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments, these are all duplicative of other claims which are
discussed below.
3. False Arrest (Second and Twelfth Claims)

“A Section 1983 claim for false arrest ‘rest[s] on the Fourth Amendment right of an
individual to be free from unreasonable seizures, including arrest without probable cause.’”
Dejesus v. City of Yonkers, No. 22-CV-2817, 2025 WL 81386, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 13, 2025)
(quoting Weyant v. Okst, 101 F.3d 845, 852 (2d Cir. 1996)). A Section 1983 false arrest claim is
substantially the same as a claim of false arrest under New York law. See Weyant, 101 F.3d at
852; see also Higginbotham v. Sylvester, 741 F. App’x 28, 30 (2d Cir. 2018) (summary order)
(same); Delgado v. City of New York, No. 19-CV-632, 2023 WL 6390134, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Oct.
2, 2023) (“A [Section] 1983 claim for false arrest, resting on the Fourth Amendment right of an
individual to be free from unreasonable seizures, including arrest without probable cause, is

substantially the same as a claim for false arrest under New York law.”). New York law requires
a plaintiff to show “that (1) the defendant intended to confine him, (2) the plaintiff was conscious
of the confinement, (3) the plaintiff did not consent to the confinement[,] and (4) the
confinement was not otherwise privileged.” Toussaint v. Cnty. of Westchester, No. 21-CV-3817,
2022 WL 2834108, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. July 20, 2022) (citation omitted). “[T]he existence of
probable cause to arrest constitutes justification and is a complete defense to an action for false
arrest . . . under [Section] 1983.” Dillon v. Rosen, No. 22-CV-7035, 2022 WL 4538397, at *3
(S.D.N.Y. Sept. 28, 2022) (quoting Jenkins v. City of N.Y., 478 F.3d 76, 84 (2d Cir. 2007)); see
also Figueroa v. Mazza, 825 F.3d 89, 99 (2d Cir. 2016) (“The existence of probable cause to
arrest . . . will defeat a claim of false arrest under the Fourth Amendment.”); Jaegly v. Couch,
439 F.3d 149, 150 (2d Cir. 2006) (“[A] claim for false arrest will not lie so long as the arresting
officer had probable cause to arrest the plaintiff for some crime.”).
Generally speaking, an officer has probable cause to arrest when he or she, “on the basis
of the totality of the circumstances, has sufficient knowledge or reasonably trustworthy

information to justify a person of reasonable caution in believing that an offense has been or is
being committed by the person to be arrested.” United States v. Hawkins, 37 F.4th 854, 858 (2d
Cir. 2022) (per curiam); see also Collier v. City of Mount Vernon, No. 19-CV-523, 2024 WL
4043135, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 4, 2024) (noting that an officer has probable cause to arrest
where they have “reasonably trustworthy information as to facts and circumstances that are
sufficient to warrant a person of reasonable caution in the belief that an offense has been
committed by the person to be arrested”). As the Second Circuit has observed:
To determine the existence of probable cause, a court considers the totality of the
circumstances, based on “a full sense of the evidence that led the officer to believe
that there was probable cause to make an arrest.” The court considers those facts
available to the officer at the time of the arrest and immediately before it. The
significance of each of these factors may be enhanced or diminished by surrounding
circumstances.
Dejesus, 2025 WL 81386, at *5 (quoting Guan v. City of N.Y., 37 F.4th 797, 804 (2d Cir. 2022)).
There is no dispute that Plaintiff has adequately plead the first three elements of a false
arrest claim, but the Parties dispute whether the arrest was otherwise privileged. Specifically,
Defendants argue that there was probable cause to arrest Plaintiff. (See Rockland Mem. 13–16;
Indiv. Defs’ Mem. 6–14.) The “existence of probable cause gives an officer the privilege to
arrest.” Ost v. Allegany County, No. 17-CV-847, 2019 WL 1517560, at *3 (W.D.N.Y. Apr. 8,
2019) (quoting Marshall v. Sullivan, 105 F.3d 47, 50 (2d Cir. 1996)). Insofar as Rockland and
Individual Defendants argue that the grand jury indictment creates a presumption of probable
cause that defeats Plaintiff’s false arrest claim, they are wrong. “The presumption arising from a
grand jury indictment only applies to a malicious prosecution claim and not to a claim of false
arrest.” Reeder v. Vine, No. 20-CV-6026, 2023 WL 2044126, at *6 (W.D.N.Y. Feb. 16, 2023).
Even if that was not the case, Defendants conveniently ignore the fact that Plaintiff’s arrest took
place approximately one week before the grand jury indictment issued. (Compare Arrest Rpt.

(June 29, 2021), with Grand Jury Indictment (July 5, 2021).) See Graham v. Ferretti, No. 14-
CV-5815, 2022 WL 20472223, at *11 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 5, 2022) (“[T]he probable cause analysis
is not retroactive.”). Plaintiff argues that “the presumption of probable cause [is] rebutted based
on the suppression of evidence, fraud, bad faith, and a lack of mens rea.” (Pl’s Opp. 14 (italics
omitted).) The Court considers whether there was probable cause to arrest Plaintiff for offering a
false instrument for filing in the first degree.
A person is guilty of offering a false instrument for filing in the first degree when:
knowing that a written instrument contains a false statement or false information,
and with intent to defraud the state or any political subdivision, public authority or
public benefit corporation of the state, he or she offers or presents it to a public
office, public servant, public authority or public benefit corporation with the
knowledge or belief that it will be filed with, registered or recorded in or otherwise
become a part of the records of such public office, public servant, public authority
or public benefit corporation.
N.Y. Penal Law § 175.35(1). Walker signed felony complaints on June 28, 2021, and Plaintiff
was arrested the following day on the complaints. (See Felony Compls.; Arrest Rpt. 2.)
Rockland asserts that “the significant inconsistences in the 1203 [R]eports filed by Plaintiff
established probable cause to believe that the reported data was false.” (Rockland Mem. 16.)
Similarly, Individual Defendants argue that “mathematical inaccuracies” and the “appearance[]
and disappearance[] of hundreds of buildings” in the 1203 Reports support probable cause to
believe that “the data reported was falsified.” (Indiv. Defs’ Mem. 9.) The felony complaints
refer specifically to the 1203 Reports that Plaintiff filed for 2017 and 2018. (See Felony Compls.
(referring to Third 2017 Rpt., First 2018 Rpt., and Second 2018 Rpt.).) Plaintiff does not dispute
that he was the individual who submitted the reports. (See Compl. ¶¶ 39–44.) That Plaintiff
alleges the figures in the reports were estimates, (see id. ¶¶ 38–48), does not change the probable
cause analysis.
The 1203 Reports for 2017 and 2018 contain discrepancies on which the arresting

officers and felony complaints could reasonably rely. Plaintiff filed a 2017 report on July 2,
2019, even though Manuel Carmona had filed a 2017 report on June 10, 2019. (See Second 2017
Rpt.; Third 2017 Rpt.) There are numerous discrepancies between these two reports: Carmona
reported 87 areas of public assembly, of which 30 were inspected, 270 multiple dwellings, and
743 commercial or industrial occupancies, of which 300 were inspected. (Second 2017 Rpt. 5.)
Just one month later, Plaintiff reported 516 areas of public assembly, of which 487 were
inspected, 50 multiple dwellings, and 36 commercial or industrial occupancies, of which 535
were inspected. (Third 2017 Rpt. 5.) Discrepancies also exist between Plaintiff’s 2017 and 2018
reports. For example, the 2017 report states that that there were 50 multiple dwellings

containing 3 or more dwelling units, of which 40 were inspected, and which contained a total of
50 dwelling units. (Third 2017 Rpt. 5.) In contrast, the 2018 report states that there are 5 such
dwellings, which were all inspected, and which contained a total of 150 dwelling units. (First
2018 Rpt. 6.) Similarly, the number of commercial or industrial occupancies went from 36 to 0.
(Compare Third 2017 Rpt. 5 with First 2018 Rpt. 6.) Even drawing inferences in Plaintiff’s
favor, the totality of the circumstances supports the existence of probable cause to arrest Plaintiff
for offering a false instrument for filing in the first degree. These discrepancies may reasonably
be seen as false statements or false information, and there is no dispute that the New York
Department of State is an entity covered by the statute. See Hughes v. McWilliams, No. 04-CV-
7030, 2009 WL 4823940, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 15, 2009) (finding probable cause to arrest
plaintiff for filing a false instrument where the officer noted a “discrepancy between . . . two
documents”), aff’d, 420 F. App’x 63 (2d Cir. 2011); cf. Medina v. City of New York, No. 20-CV-
797, 2021 WL 1700323, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 29, 2021) (finding probable cause to charge
plaintiff with possession of a forged registration where plaintiff’s “VIN on her registration did

not match the VIN on her vehicle”).
Plaintiff argues in passing that “the presumption of probable cause can be rebutted based
on . . . a complete lack of mens rea.” (Pl’s Opp. 10 (italics omitted).) On the contrary, the
arresting officers were not “under any obligation to inquire into what [Plaintiff’s] state of mind
might have been when he submitted the [reports].” Kravtchouk v. City of New York, No. 16-CV-
4787, 2019 WL 4918083, at *7 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 30, 2019) (citing Ricciuti v. N.Y.C. Transit
Auth., 124 F.3d 123, 128 (2d Cir. 1997)). “[I]n challenging the existence of probable cause,
[Plaintiff] places great reliance on the features of [his] case that distinguish it from typical police
investigations and charging decisions.” Middelem v. Cnty. of Suffolk, No. 99-CV-2707, 2003

WL 145247, at *9 (E.D.N.Y. Jan. 9, 2003). However, “the subjective motivations of the officer
are not relevant to the determination of probable cause.” Id.; see also Hagans v. Maher, No. 18-
CV-1917, 2022 WL 4538561, at *9 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 28, 2022) (noting that this proposition is
“well settled”). Plaintiff “has failed to proffer any cogent [or plausible] allegations or reasoning
as to why it was unreasonable for the [arresting] officers to rely upon the [1203 Reports].”
Hagans, 2022 WL 4538561, at *9. Accordingly, because there was probable cause to arrest, the
Court dismisses Plaintiff’s false arrest claims.11

11 Because the Court finds that there was probable cause to arrest for offering a false
instrument for filing in the first degree, it does and need not reach whether there was probable
4. Malicious Prosecution (Counts Three and Eleven)
“While the tort of malicious prosecution protects against the consequences of wrongful
prosecution, public policy favors bringing criminals to justice, and accusers must be allowed
room for benign misjudgments. The law therefore places a heavy burden on malicious
prosecution plaintiffs.” Smith-Hunter v. Harvey, 734 N.E.2d 750, 752 (N.Y. 2000); see also

Rothstein v. Carriere, 373 F.3d 275, 282 (2d Cir. 2004) (noting the heavy burden plaintiffs must
meet on a malicious prosecution claim under New York law). Federal and state malicious
prosecution claims have “overlapping standards.” Kurtz v. Hansell, 664 F. Supp. 3d 438, 452
(S.D.N.Y. 2023), aff’d sub nom. Kakar Kurtz v. Lawson, No. 23-7548, 2025 WL 39860 (2d Cir.
Jan. 7, 2025). “To state a [Section] 1983 malicious prosecution claim a plaintiff must show a
violation of his rights under the Fourth Amendment and must establish the elements of a
malicious prosecution claim under state law.” Rodriguez v. City of New York, 623 F. Supp. 3d
225, 238 (S.D.N.Y. 2022) (quoting Cornelio v. Connecticut, 32 F.4th 160, 179 (2d Cir. 2022)).
Under New York law, a plaintiff asserting malicious prosecution must demonstrate:
“(1) the initiation or continuation of a criminal proceeding against plaintiff; (2)
termination of the proceeding in plaintiff’s favor; (3) lack of probable cause for
commencing the proceeding; and (4) actual malice as a motivation for the
defendant’s actions.”
Cruz v. Cnty. of Rockland, No. 21-CV-2073, 2023 WL 6199189, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 22, 2023)
(quoting Dettelis v. Sharbaugh, 919 F.3d 161, 163–64 (2d Cir. 2019)). In addition to these four
elements, a plaintiff must also show (5) “that there was [] a sufficient post-arraignment liberty
restraint to implicate the plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment rights.” Adam v. City of New York, No.

cause to arrest for falsifying business records in the second degree, as “[a] showing of probable
cause to arrest for any single crime defeats a claim for false arrest.” Witt v. Armstrong, No. 3:20-
CV-1570, 2022 WL 3043546, at *4 (D. Conn. Aug. 2, 2022).
21-CV-3956, 2024 WL 3875772, at *6 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 19, 2024) (quoting Rohman v. N.Y.C.
Transit Auth., 215 F.3d 208, 215 (2d Cir. 2000)).
The Parties do not dispute the first two elements. Rockland and Individual Defendants
argue that there was probable cause for Plaintiff’s prosecution and that Plaintiff has failed to
plausibly allege malice or a deprivation of liberty. (See Rockland Mem. 17–18; Indiv. Defs’

Mem. 14–16.) Plaintiff argues that he has sufficiently alleged that the presumption of probable
cause may be rebutted, malice can be inferred, and that he has suffered a sufficient deprivation of
liberty. (See Pl’s Opp. 11–13.)
“No claim for malicious prosecution can survive if there was probable cause for the
prosecution.” Buari v. City of New York, 530 F. Supp. 3d 356, 384 (S.D.N.Y. 2021) (citing Boyd
v.City of New York, 336 F.3d 72, 75 (2d Cir. 2003)). A grand jury indictment establishes a
presumption of probable cause that “may be rebutted by evidence that the indictment was
procured by fraud, perjury, the suppression of evidence or other police conduct undertaken in
bad faith.” Haughey v. County of Putnam, No. 18-CV-2861, 2022 WL 4468066, at *11

(S.D.N.Y. Sept. 26, 2022) (quoting Stansbury v. Wertman, 721 F.3d 84, 95 (2d Cir. 2013)).
“[W]here a plaintiff’s only evidence to rebut the presumption of the indictment is his version of
events, courts will find such evidence to be nothing more than mere conjecture and surmise that
the plaintiff’s indictment was procured as a result of conduct undertaken by the defendants in
bad faith, which is insufficient to rebut the presumption of probable cause.” Johnson v.
McMorrow, No. 19-CV-6480, 2023 WL 1797063, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 7, 2023) (quoting
Brandon v. City of New York, 705 F. Supp. 2d 261, 272–73 (S.D.N.Y. 2010)); see also Merrill v.
Copeland, No. 19-CV-1240, 2022 WL 3212075, at *16 (N.D.N.Y. Aug. 9, 2022) (plaintiff’s
failure to explain how the proceedings before the grand jury were “tainted” insufficient to rebut
presumption of probable cause created by grand jury indictment); Gutierrez v. New York, No. 18-
CV-3621, 2021 WL 681238, at *12 (E.D.N.Y. Feb. 22, 2021) (“Plaintiff has adduced no
evidence from which a reasonable juror could conclude that Defendants procured his indictment
through fraud, perjury, or other bad faith.”); Soto v. City of New York, 132 F. Supp. 3d 424, 456
(E.D.N.Y. 2015) (presumption unrebutted where the “[p]laintiff merely surmises there was bad

faith . . . [and] has neither sought nor produced the grand jury minutes in this matter precluding
any further evaluation of what occurred before the grand jury”); Peterson v. Regina, 935 F.
Supp. 2d 628, 643 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) (finding plaintiff’s offer of his “suspicions of impropriety as
proof of the defendants’ misconduct before the grand jury” insufficient to rebut presumption).
Rockland and Individual Defendants argue that the grand jury indictment supplies the
probable cause that is a complete defense to the claim of malicious prosecution. (See Rockland
Mem. 17–18; Indiv. Defs’ 16.) Plaintiff argues that this presumption “can be rebutted based on
the suppression of evidence, fraud, [] bad faith[,] and a complete lack of mens rea.” (Pl’s Opp.
10 (italics omitted).) Plaintiff asserts that Defendants were “fully aware of the[] difficulties

faced by [P]laintiff in filing the[] [1203] [R]eports,” and that Defendants “withheld this
information from the [g]rand [j]ury.” (Id.) Plaintiff further argues that Defendants’ alleged
attempt to convince a detective to sign an accusatory instrument was similarly withheld from the
grand jury. (Id. 11.) Finally, Plaintiff argues that “[D]efendants presented false evidence to the
[g]rand [j]ury and withheld evidence that undermined the charges, including with respect to
testifying witnesses.” (Id.)
Plaintiff alleges that the Defendants “presented false evidence” to the grand jury, (Compl.
¶ 66), but fails to provide any further context or details. Plaintiff also alleges, again without
providing any details, that Defendants withheld from the grand jury Plaintiff’s “difficulties” in
filing the 1203 Reports, (id. ¶¶ 39–48), and that a law enforcement officer allegedly refused to
sign an accusatory instrument, (id. ¶ 60). Plaintiff’s allegations do not plausibly “show that any
of the Defendants fabricated, falsified, or suppressed evidence, or otherwise acted in bad faith
regarding Plaintiff’s grand jury indictment.” Diallo v. New York City, No. 23-CV-1238, 2025
WL 522514, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 18, 2025), appeal pending, No. 25-633 (2d Cir. Mar. 19,

2025). “At most, these allegations show the weaknesses of the case against Plaintiff.” Id.
With respect to what information was disclosed to the grand jury, these allegations are
applicable to the prosecutors, who are “protected by absolute immunity.” Diallo, 2025 WL
522514, at *9 (citing Smhueli v. City of New York, 424 F.3d 231, 236 (2d Cir. 2005) (“Further,
although absolute immunity is an affirmative defense whose availability depends on the nature of
the function being performed by the defendant official who is alleged to have engaged in the
challenged conduct . . . the nature of that function is often clear from the face of the complaint.
In that circumstance, the absolute immunity defense may be resolved as a matter of law on a
motion to dismiss the complaint pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6).” (internal citations omitted)). The

initiation and pursuit of a criminal prosecution are “quintessential prosecutorial functions
protected by absolute immunity,” id., and, in any case, “[a] prosecutor is not required to present
to the grand jury exculpatory evidence,” Jimenez v. City of New York, No. 23-CV-6751, 2025
WL 935233, at *15 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 27, 2025), appeal pending, No. 25-776 (2d Cir. Apr. 3,
2025). Accordingly, “[b]ecause Plaintiff has failed to allege facts sufficient to rebut the
presumption of probable cause, dismissal of Plaintiff’s malicious prosecution claim[s] is
warranted.” Diallo, 2025 WL 522514, at *10; see also Thorpe v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., No. 24-
CV-1089, 2024 WL 5007423, at *8 (E.D.N.Y. Dec. 6, 2024) (finding plaintiff failed to overcome
the presumption where his allegations amounted to “mere conjecture and surmise that his
indictment was procured as a result of conduct undertaken by [defendant] in bad faith”), appeal
pending, No. 25-58 (2d Cir. Jan. 8, 2025); cf. Johnson v. United States, 759 F. Supp. 3d 425,
446, (S.D.N.Y. 2024) (finding plaintiffs overcame the presumption when alleging in detail how
“the prosecution’s case against [p]laintiffs rested in significant part on fabricated evidence”);
Bell v. City of New York, No. 22-CV-3251, 2023 WL 11916696, at *8 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 1, 2023)

(finding plaintiff overcame the presumption where he “describe[d] in detail how [defendants]
coerced his confession, that they knew his confession was false, and that they provided this
falsified information to prosecutors for use in indicting and prosecuting [p]laintiff”); Werkheiser
v. Cnty. of Broome, 655 F. Supp. 3d 88, 105 (N.D.N.Y. 2023) (finding plaintiff overcame the
presumption when alleging that defendants “knew evidence was not reliable, failed to observe
typical guidelines for these types of investigations, and failed to conduct further investigation,”
but characterizing it as “a close call”).12
5. Abuse of Process (Fourth Claim)
“In order to establish liability for malicious abuse of process under [Section] 1983, a

plaintiff must establish the claim’s elements under state law as well as the deprivation of a
constitutional right.” Barkai v. Nuendorf, No. 21-CV-4060, 2023 WL 2691712, at *35
(S.D.N.Y. Mar. 29, 2023) (quoting Hoffman v. Town of Southampton, 893 F. Supp. 2d 438, 446
(E.D.N.Y. Sep. 28, 2012), aff’d, 523 F. App’x 770 (2d Cir. 2013)). Under New York law, a
plaintiff may assert an abuse of process claim against a defendant who “(1) employs regularly
issued legal process to compel performance or forbearance of some act (2) with intent to do harm

12 Because the Court has found that Plaintiff has failed to rebut the presumption of
probable cause, it does not reach whether Plaintiff has adequately pled the malice and
deprivation of liberty elements of a malicious prosecution claim.
without excuse or justification, and (3) in order to obtain a collateral objective that is outside the
legitimate ends of the process.” Savino v. City of New York, 331 F.3d 63, 76 (2d Cir. 2003)
(quoting Cook v. Sheldon, 41 F.3d 73, 80 (2d Cir. 1994)); Dominguez v. Walsh, No. 22-CV-
6443, 2025 WL 618868, at *10 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 26, 2025) (noting the same elements).
A collateral objective is the “crux of a malicious abuse of process claim.” Kraft v. City of

New York, 696 F. Supp. 2d 403, 416 (S.D.N.Y. 2010), aff’d, 441 F. App’x 24 (2d Cir. 2011). To
plead a collateral objective, a plaintiff must plausibly plead not that defendant acted with an
“improper motive,” but rather an “improper purpose.” Savino, 331 F.3d at 77; see also Lopez-
Motherway v. City of Long Beach, No. 20-CV-5652, 2021 WL 965158, at *4 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 15,
2021) (same). In other words, “it is not sufficient for a plaintiff to allege that the defendants
were seeking to retaliate against him by pursuing his arrest and prosecution. Instead, [the
plaintiff] must claim that they aimed to achieve a collateral purpose beyond or in addition to his
criminal prosecution.” Savino, 331 F.3d at 77 (emphasis added); see also Wetzel v. Town of
Orangetown, No. 06-CV-6117, 2010 WL 743039, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 2, 2010) (“New York

Courts have made clear that a malicious motive alone[] does not give rise to a cause of action for
abuse of process.”).
Individual Defendants argue that Plaintiff has failed to plausibly allege a collateral
objective, that probable cause is a defense to a claim of abuse of process, and that Walsh,
Walker, and Wohl are entitled to qualified immunity. (See Indiv. Defs’ Mem. 20–21.) Rockland
argues that Plaintiff has failed to establish Monell liability for Rockland and the DA’s Office.
(Rockland Mem. 10.) Plaintiff did not address abuse of process in his Opposition, (see generally
Pl’s Opp.), but does in his Supplemental Opposition, (see Pl’s Supp. Opp.). There, Plaintiff
argues that Defendants’ collateral objective was “scapegoating him for the [Evergreen] fire.”
(Id. 2.) In so arguing, however, Plaintiff concedes that Defendants’ alleged collateral objective
was, in fact, his prosecution, and not some other purpose beyond or in addition to his
prosecution. This is fatal to Plaintiff’s claim. See Savino, 331 F.3d at 77–78 (in analyzing an
abuse of process claim, holding that an allegation that defendants were “solely motivated to seek
vindication for [their] great political embarrassment and humiliation” was an improper motive,

not a purpose or objective); Thorpe, 2024 WL 5007423, at *9 (dismissing an abuse of process
claim where the plaintiff alleged that defendants’ collateral objective was scapegoating plaintiff);
LoPorto v. Cnty. of Rensselaer, No. 15-CV-866, 2018 WL 4565768, at *14–15 (N.D.N.Y. Sept.
24, 2018) (dismissing an abuse of process claim where the plaintiff alleged that a defendant tried
to “scapegoat” him and collecting cases); cf. Crews v. Cnty. of Nassau, No. 06-CV-2610, 2007
WL 4591325, *12 (E.D.N.Y. 2007) (“Because plaintiffs have merely alleged that defendants
were motivated by their desire to cover up their misdeeds, but not that defendants had a purpose
other than to prosecute [plaintiff], the abuse of process claim fails.”).
6. Denial of a Fair Trial (Fifth and Sixth Claim)

“To establish a fair trial claim based on fabrication of evidence, a plaintiff must show that
“an (1) investigating office[r] (2) fabricates evidence (3) that is likely to influence a jury’s
decision, (4) forwards that information to prosecutors, and (5) the plaintiff suffers a deprivation
of liberty as a result.” Savarese v. City of New York, 547 F. Supp. 3d 305, 347 (S.D.N.Y. 2021)
(quoting Garnett v. Undercover Officer C0039, 838 F.3d 265, 280 (2d Cir. 2016)); see also
Douglas v. City of Peekskill, No. 21-CV-10644, 2025 WL 965018, at *11–12 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 31,
2025) (describing the identical elements). Further, “[b]ecause a lack of probable cause to arrest
or prosecute is not a necessary element of a fabricated evidence claim, the existence of probable
cause does not defeat such a claim.” McKinley v. Crevatas, No. 20-CV-3606, 2023 WL
4364182, at *12 (S.D.N.Y. July 6, 2023); Garnett, 838 F.3d at 278 (“[P]robable cause is no
defense to a denial of the right to a fair trial claim . . . .”). “[I]n addition to the fabrication of
evidence, ‘police officers can be held liable for Brady due process violations under [Section]
1983 if they withhold exculpatory evidence from prosecutors.’” Moroughan v. County of
Suffolk, 514 F. Supp. 3d 479, 535 (E.D.N.Y. 2021) (quoting Bermudez v. City of New York, 790

F.3d 368, 376 n.4 (2d Cir. 2015) (alterations omitted)); see also Bellamy v. City of New York,
914 F.3d 727, 751 (2d Cir. 2019) (“When police officers withhold exculpatory or impeaching
evidence from prosecutors, they may be held liable under [Section] 1983 for violating the
disclosure requirements of Brady v. Maryland.”).
Plaintiff alleges that he was denied a fair trial due to extrajudicial statements made by
Walsh “to create a ‘high-profile’ case that would advance [h]is own career goals,” (Compl.
¶¶ 148–59), and due to Defendants’ failure to turn over any documents from the Spring Valley
Police Department, (id. ¶¶ 160–67), i.e., a Brady violation. Because “[c]ourts have categorically
rejected denial of a right to fair trial claims based on Brady violations where the plaintiff was not

convicted in the underlying criminal trial,” McClean v. Cnty. of Westchester, No. 17-CV-4492,
2018 WL 6329420, at *16 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 3, 2018), aff’d sub nom. McClean v. City of Mount
Vernon, 776 F. App’x 725 (2d Cir. 2019); see also Hester v. Albany Cnty. Dist. Att’y, No. 20-
CV-1153, 2021 WL 1968201, at *9 (N.D.N.Y. Apr. 22, 2021) (same and collecting cases),
report and recommendation adopted, 2021 WL 1966743 (N.D.N.Y. May 17, 2021); Ventillo v.
Falco, No. 19-CV-3664, 2020 WL 7496294, at *12 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 18, 2020) (same), the Court
does not address the Parties’ arguments on this issue. Accordingly, the Court need only address
whether Plaintiff has plausibly alleged whether Walsh’s extrajudicial statements denied him a
fair trial.
To prevail upon a claim for denial of a fair trial due to prejudicial publicity [or
extrajudicial statements], a plaintiff must establish three elements: (1) that there
were “improper leaks” under the canons of ethics; (2) that the plaintiff had in fact
been denied his due process rights; and (3) that other remedies, such as voir dire,
peremptory challenges, and challenges for cause, were not available, or were used
to no avail, to alleviate the effects of the leaks.
McHenry v. Bell, No. 13-CV-657 GTS, 2015 WL 2354438, at *9 (N.D.N.Y. May 15, 2015)
(citing Jovanovic v. City of New York, No. 04-CV-8437, 2010 WL 8500283, at *10 (S.D.N.Y.
Sept. 28, 2010)).
Plaintiff claims that Walsh’s extrajudicial statements were “reported by various media
outlets,” thereby “creat[ing] a highly prejudicial and inflamed atmosphere against Plaintiff,”
which in turn “compelled [the prosecution] to continue their case against Plaintiff” and forced
Plaintiff “to waive [his] constitutional right to trial by jury.” (Compl. ¶¶ 153–54, 157–58.)
Plaintiff alleges that, following his arrest, Walsh made statements to the press, including: “Make
no mistake—this investigation is not over and will continue into the events that led to this tragic
catastrophe and underlying governmental malfeasance,” (id. ¶ 62), and “Today is the culmination
of a multi-agency investigation that left no stone unturned,” (id. ¶ 78).
First, to the extent Plaintiff attempts to include a statement made by Walsh, such a
statement cannot support a denial of a fair trial claim because it was made after the trial. The
trial concluded on March 17. (Id. ¶ 3; see generally March 17 Trial Tr.) The statement
attributed to Walsh was necessarily made after the end of trial because it references Judge
Russo’s decision and the disposition of the case: “We are saddened and disappointed by Judge
Russo’s decision. . . . The people believe that sufficient evidence was presented to establish the
defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” (Compl. ¶ 91.) Second, Plaintiff does not allege
that any of Walsh’s statements were improper leaks under the canons of ethics or that other
remedies were unavailable or ineffective. Third, Plaintiff fails to clearly spell out how these
statements in fact denied his due process rights, see Powers v. Coe, 728 F.2d 97, 105 (2d Cir.
1984); rather, he conclusorily argues that the statements “were false, misleading, prejudicial,
inflammatory, and therefore had an impact on the result of the trial,” (Pl’s Opp. 23). In short,
even drawing inferences in his favor, Plaintiff has failed to plausibly allege that the deprivation
of his right to a fair trial “was not ‘too remote a consequence’” of Walsh’s statements. Powers,

728 F.2d at 105–06 (quoting Martinez v. California, 444 U.S. 277, 279 (1980)). Accordingly,
Plaintiff’s denial of a fair trial claims are dismissed.
7. “Stigma-Plus” Section 1983 (Seventh Claim)
“The Due Process Clause protects against a person’s loss of reputation when that loss is
associated with the deprivation of a federally protected liberty interest.” Fugelsang v. Dep’t of
Educ. of New York City, No. 23-CV-8332, 2025 WL 974276, at *7 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 31, 2025)
(citing Bd. of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564 (1972), and Valmonte v. Bane, 18 F.3d 992, 999 (2d
Cir. 1994)). “Such a claim is referred to as a ‘stigma-plus’ claim because it involves an injury to
one’s reputation (the stigma) coupled with the deprivation of some tangible interest or property

right (the plus), without adequate process.” Balchan v. New Rochelle City Sch. Dist., No. 23-
CV-6202, 2024 WL 2058726, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. May 7, 2024) (internal quotation marks omitted)
(quoting Segal v. City of New York, 459 F.3d 207, 212 (2d Cir. 2006)), reconsideration denied
sub nom. Balchan v. New Rochelle City Sch. Dist., 2024 WL 4333417 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 27, 2024).
At the motion to dismiss stage, a plaintiff must (1) “plausibly plead the existence of a
stigmatizing statement,” that (2) is made publicly and (3) “is ‘coupled with the loss of
governmental employment or deprivation of a legal right or status, such as a loss of job
opportunities.’” Walker v. Fitzpatrick, 814 F. App’x 620, 624 (2d Cir. May 19, 2020) (summary
order) (quoting Abramson v. Pataki, 278 F.3d 93, 99 (2d Cir. 2002)). A plaintiff must also show
that the stigmatizing statement “is capable of being proved false, and that he or she claims is
false.” Mudge v. Zugalla, 939 F.3d 72, 81 (2d Cir. 2019) (quoting Sadallah v. City of Utica, 383
F.3d 34, 38 (2d Cir. 2004)); Balchan, 2024 WL 2058726, at *8 (“[A] plaintiff is generally
required to raise the falsity of these stigmatizing statements only as an issue, not prove they are
false.” (citation omitted)). The “stigma” and the “plus” “must be sufficiently proximate,” id.

(quoting Velez v. Levy, 401 F.3d 75, 89 (2d Cir. 2005) (holding that the statements must be made
concurrently with “the loss of employment . . . or the termination or alteration of some other
legal right or status”))—this requirement is satisfied where “(1) the stigma and plus would, to a
reasonable observer, appear connected,” and “(2) the actor imposing the plus adopted (explicitly
or implicitly) the statements in doing so.” Velez, 401 F.3d at 89.
An actionable stigmatizing statement is one that “call[s] into question plaintiff’s
good name, reputation, honor, or integrity. Statements that denigrate the
employee’s competence as a professional and impugn the employee’s
professional reputation in such a fashion as to effectively put a significant
roadblock in that employee’s continued ability to practice his or her profession
may also fulfill this requirement.”
Walker, 814 F. App’x at 624 (quoting Patterson v. City of Utica, 370 F.3d 322, 330 (2d Cir.
2004)); Thurber v. Finn Academy, No. 20-CV-6152, 2025 WL 834485, at *11 (W.D.N.Y. Mar.
17, 2025) (same). “Federal courts often look to state substantive law of defamation in analyzing
the ‘stigma’ component of a ‘stigma-plus’ claim.” Dolcine v. Hanson, No. 17-CV-4835, 2021
WL 949748, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 12, 2021).
Plaintiff alleges that, as a result of Walsh’s extrajudicial statements, he was “deprived of
his liberty, was denied fundamental constitutional rights, was publicly embarrassed and
humiliated, was caused to suffer severe emotional distress, was forced to incur substantial legal
expenses, had his personal and professional reputation destroyed, and lost his economic
opportunities.” (Compl. ¶ 177.) Plaintiff also alleges that he was denied a promotion that he
“was intended to receive” and was “fired from his positions as Code Enforcement Official at
Wesley Hills and Building Inspector for New Hempstead.” (Id. ¶ 71.) The statements made by
Walsh that Plaintiff asserts support his claim are:
1. On April 1, 2021, “We have assembled today the investigative leaders from federal state
and local law enforcement agencies pursuing this inquiry into the cause of the Evergreen

Fire,” (Compl. ¶ 73);
2. On June 30, 2021, “Today is the culmination of a multi-agency investigation that left no
stone unturned,” (id. ¶ 78);
3. Following the end of trial, “We are saddened and disappointed by Judge Russo’s
decision. The people believe that sufficient evidence was presented to establish the
[Plaintiff’s] guilt beyond a reasonable doubt,” (id. ¶ 91.)
The first two statements are not stigmatizing statements because they do not mention Plaintiff in
any way, and so cannot weigh upon his “good name, reputation, honor, or integrity,” Thurber,
2025 WL 834485, at *1; see Linardos v. Juthani, No. 24-CV-962, 2025 WL 887693, at *10 (D.

Conn. Mar. 21, 2025) (finding that the alleged stigmatizing statement was “innocuous” and was
not “sufficiently derogatory to injure . . . her reputation” and dismissing a stigma-plus claim);
Schulz v. Commack Union Free Sch. Dist., 664 F. Supp. 3d 296, 305–06 (E.D.N.Y. 2023)
(finding that plaintiff had not satisfied the first element when he failed to plausibly allege any
stigmatizing statement “that even arguably goes to the heart of his professional competence” or
“impugn[ed] [his] reputation” and dismissing a stigma-plus claim); Dolcine, 2021 WL 949748,
at *6 (dismissing a stigma plus claim at summary judgment because plaintiff could “point to no
. . . statements” that “attack[] an individual’s professional competence” or would “have a
negative impact on that individual’s future employment prospects”).
Individual Defendants argue that the third statement is a “pure and non-actionable
expression of opinion.” (Indiv. Defs’ Mem. 23.) The applicable caselaw supports this position.
“[O]nly factual statements are actionable as defamation or libel . . . because New York law
protects derogatory statements which may be categorized as ‘opinion’ as opposed to ‘fact.’”
Solstein v. Mirra, 488 F. Supp. 3d 86, 96 (S.D.N.Y. 2020) (quoting Chau v. Lewis, 771 F.3d 118,

128 (2d Cir. 2014)). “Determining whether a statement is an allegation of fact or mere opinion is
a legal question for the court.” Id. To determine whether a statement is one of opinion or fact,
courts look to four factors:
(1) whether the specific language in issue has a precise meaning which is readily
understood or whether it is indefinite and ambiguous; (2) a determination of
whether the statement is capable of being objectively characterized as true or false;
(3)an examination of the full context of the communication in which the statement
appears; and (4) a consideration of the broader social context or setting surrounding
the communication[,] including the existence of any applicable customs or
conventions which might signal to readers or listeners that what is being read or
heard is likely to be opinion, not fact.
Kirch v. Liberty Media Corp., 449 F.3d 388, 402 n.7 (2d Cir. 2006) (citation and quotation marks
omitted).
The third statement has a precise meaning but is not capable of being characterized as
true or false. That the statement begins, “The people believe[,]” weighs in favor of its being an
opinion. See Bellavia Blatt & Crossett, P.C. v. Kel & Partners LLC, 151 F. Supp. 3d 287, 293–
95 (E.D.N.Y. 2015) (noting that rhetorical “indicators,” such as word choice, inform an inquiry
into whether a statement is an opinion); cf. Shanahan v. Town of Huntington, 750 F. Supp. 3d 7,
13 (E.D.N.Y. 2024) (finding that the word choice of “worse,” “ridiculous,” and “largely
subjective” indicated that a statement was an opinion); Sall v. George, 20-CV-214, 2022 WL
1250854, at *8 (D. Vt. Jan. 11, 2022) (finding the fact that the statement in question began with
“‘I cannot believe,’ strongly suggest[ed] that the words were expressing an opinion”), report and
recommendation adopted in relevant part, rejected in part sub nom. Sall v. Seven Days, 2022
WL 632931 (D. Vt. Mar. 4, 2022). Further, the full context also weighs in favor of the statement
being an opinion—Walsh made the statement after Plaintiff was acquitted of all charges, and the
statement comments upon the Judge Russo’s decision. (See Compl. ¶ 91.) As the statement
contains an opinion, “the [C]ourt must next determine whether the statement is ‘pure opinion’

(and thus non-actionable) or ‘mixed opinion’ (and therefore actionable).” Solstein, 488 F. Supp.
3d at 97 (quoting Chau, 771 F.3d at 129). “Pure opinion is a statement of opinion which is
accompanied by a recitation of the facts upon which it is based or does not imply that it is based
on undisclosed facts,” while mixed opinion “is an opinion that does imply a basis in undisclosed
facts, or facts known only to the author.” Chau, 771 F.3d at 129. The third statement does not
imply that it was based on undisclosed facts, making it a non-actionable opinion. See Wiese v.
Kelley, No. 08-CV-6348, 2009 WL 2902513, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 10, 2009) (noting that a
statement of opinion “is not actionable as a stigmatizing remark” and collecting cases); Grega v.
Pettengill, 123 F. Supp. 3d 517, 553 (D. Vt. 2015) (finding that the statement “[t]he evidence

clearly shows that [plaintiff] was responsible for the death of his wife” and asserted “[plaintiff’s]
guilt based on the circumstantial evidence presented at the trial” “[did] not lend itself to being
objectively characterized as true or false,” and was an “opinion about what the evidence showed
rather than stating for a fact that [plaintiff] murdered his wife”); cf. Galgano v. Cnty. of Putnam,
New York, No. 16-CV-3572, 2018 WL 4757968, at *31 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 28, 2018) (finding that a
statement by a prosecutor “criticizing the dismissal of the second indictment and discussing the
weight of the evidence presented to a secret grand jury proceeding is a mixed opinion, because
his statements clearly implied that his opinion was based on undisclosed facts” (alterations
adopted) (quotation marks omitted)), opinion vacated in part on reconsideration sub nom.
Galgano v. Cnty. of Putnam, 2019 WL 2235891 (S.D.N.Y. May 16, 2019). To the extent
Plaintiff argues that the third statement is stigmatizing because it implies or speculates that
Plaintiff is guilty, “[t]he fact that an innocuous statement may lead to unwarranted speculation
does not make the statement stigmatizing.” Linardos, 2025 WL 887693, at *10 (quotation marks
omitted) (quoting Leichter v. Lebanon Bd. of Educ., 917 F. Supp. 2d 177, 190 (D. Conn. 2013));

cf. Burley v. Bernstine, No. 21-CV-72, 2021 WL 11108682, at *6 (M.D. Pa. Apr. 13, 2021)
(dismissing a stigma-plus claim because plaintiff’s speculation as to the stigma, “the potential
inability to receive a fair trial[,] is simply insufficient to support a federal defamation claim”),
report and recommendation adopted, 2021 WL 11108156 (M.D. Pa. May 6, 2021), aff’d, No.
21-1956, 2021 WL 3719224 (3d Cir. Aug. 23, 2021); Filteau v. Prudenti, 161 F.Supp.3d 284,
293 (S.D.N.Y. 2016) (dismissing a “stigma-plus” complaint where the allegations of “stigma”
were “conclusory and speculative”); Petrone v. Hampton Bays Union Free Sch. Dist., No. 03-
CV-4359, 2013 WL 3491057, at *35 (E.D.N.Y. July 10, 2013) (granting summary judgment on
plaintiff’s stigma-plus claim and noting in relation that “plaintiff’s speculation . . . does not

suffice to establish that [the] statements would have prevented [plaintiff] from obtaining
employment”), aff’d, 568 F. App’x 5 (2d Cir. 2014).
Finally, even if any of these statements was stigmatizing, this claim would still fail.
Plaintiff alleges, without detail, that he was fired from his jobs as Code Enforcement Official at
Wesley Hills and Building Inspector for New Hempstead. (See Compl. ¶ 71). This can suffice
as a burden “sufficient to satisfy the stigma-plus standard.” Leise v. Vermont Hum. Rts.
Comm’n, No. 22-CV-9, 2024 WL 2924838, at *9 (D. Vt. June 10, 2024) (noting that “[c]ourts
have found . . . termination of plaintiff’s government employment” suffices). However, Plaintiff
has failed to allege that “the stigmatizing statements were made concurrently in time to [his]
dismissal from government employment.” Patterson, 370 F.3d at 330; see also Grega, 123 F.
Supp. 3d at 553 (dismissing a stigma-plus claim because “[p]laintiff ha[d] not adequately alleged
that [the] statements were sufficiently proximate to her termination”). Further, the remainder of
Plaintiff’s allegation is insufficient to satisfy the “plus” prong because “[d]eletrious effects which
flow directly from a sullied reputation,” like “the impact that defamation might have on job

prospects, or, for that matter, romantic aspirations, friendships, self-esteem, or any other typica
consequence of a bad reputation,” are “normally insufficient to satisfy the ‘plus’ prong of a
stigma-plus claim.” Leise, 2024 WL 2924838, at *9 (alterations adopted) (quotation marks
omitted) (quoting Valmonte, 18 F.3d at 1001).
Accordingly, Plaintiff’s stigma-plus claim is dismissed.
8. State Law Claims
In light of the Court’s dismissal of all of Plaintiff’s federal claims, the Court declines to
exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s state law claims of defamation and negligent
hiring. See 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3) (“District courts may decline to exercise supplemental

jurisdiction over a claim . . . if the district court has dismissed all claims over which it has
original jurisdiction . . . .”). “In the usual case in which all federal-law claims are eliminated
before trial, the balance of factors to be considered under the pendent jurisdiction doctrine—
judicial economy, convenience, fairness, and comity—will point toward declining to exercise
jurisdiction over the remaining state-law claims.” Lara-Grimaldi v. Cnty. of Putnam, No. 17-
CV-622, 2022 WL 17541815, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 6, 2022) (alteration adopted) (quoting
Pension Benefit Guar. Corp. ex rel. St. Vincent Cath. Med. Ctrs. Ret. Plan v. Morgan Stanley
Inv. Mgmt. Inc., 712 F.3d 705, 727 (2d Cir. 2013)); see also One Commc’ns Corp. v. JP Morgan
SBIC LLC, 381 F. App’x 75, 82 (2d Cir. 2010) (summary order) (“If all of a plaintiff’s federal
claims are dismissed, a district court is well within its discretion to decline to assert supplemental
jurisdiction over any state law claims . . . .”).
III. Conclusion
For the reasons set forth above, the Motions are granted, and Plaintiff’s Complaint is
dismissed. The Court notes that the DA’s Office, Walker, and Sweeney have not been served.

(See Indiv. Defs’ Mem. 1 n.1; see generally Dkt.) Summons issued as to all three. (Dkt. Nos.
29–33.) Rule 4(m) provides that a court may, following notice to plaintiff, dismiss defendants
who remain unserved 90 days after the complaint is filed. Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(m). Plaintiff must
serve the DA’s Office, Walker, and Sweeney within 30 days of this Opinion & Order. Failure to
do so may result in the Court dismissing sua sponte the DA’s Office, Walker, and Sweeney.
The Clerk of the Court is respectfully directed to terminate the pending Motions at Dkt.
Nos. 59, 60, and 64.
SO ORDERED.
Dated: September 2, 2025
White Plains, New York
KENNETH M. KARAS
United States District Judge

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11173360. Public record. Not legal advice.