# Freeby v. Hoodoo Ski Bowl Developers, Inc.

> Court of Appeals of Oregon · October 15, 2025 · 344 Or. App. 216

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11171001

## Case

- **Court:** Court of Appeals of Oregon
- **Decided:** October 15, 2025
- **Citations:** 344 Or. App. 216
- **Precedential status:** Published
- **Opinion:** Opinion
- **Judges:** Kamins
- **Cited by:** 1 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

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## Opinion text

216 October 15, 2025 No. 899

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE
STATE OF OREGON

Jesse FREEBY,
an individual,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
HOODOO SKI BOWL DEVELOPERS, INC.,
an Oregon corporation, dba Hoodoo Ski Area,
Defendant-Respondent.
Linn County Circuit Court
21CV34513; A180522

Thomas McHill, Judge.
Argued and submitted December 13, 2024.
Timothy I. Crawley argued the cause for appellant. Also
on the briefs was Crawley, LLP.
Brad C. Stanford argued the cause for respondent. Also
on the briefs were Trish A. Walsh and Farleigh Wada Witt.
Before Tookey, Presiding Judge, Kamins, Judge, and
Nakamoto, Senior Judge.
KAMINS, J.
Reversed and remanded.
Cite as 344 Or App 216 (2025) 217
218 Freeby v. Hoodoo Ski Bowl Developers, Inc.

KAMINS, J.
Plaintiff Jesse Freeby appeals from a judgment
dismissing his personal injury negligence claim following
the grant of summary judgment to defendant, Hoodoo Ski
Bowl Developers, Inc. Plaintiff was injured when he slipped
and fell in defendant’s parking lot. The appeal presents a
single question: Does a ski area operator qualify for recre-
ational use immunity despite charging a fee to use its ski
lifts? Because we conclude that recreational use immunity
does not apply, the trial court erred by determining that
defendant was immune from suit. We also address defen-
dant’s cross-assignment of error, in which it claims that the
trial court erred in striking down certain defenses based
on statutes designed to limit liability of ski area operators.
Because plaintiff was neither skiing nor in a ski area when
he was injured, we conclude that the trial court did not err
in that respect. We reverse and remand.
“We review a trial court’s grant of summary judg-
ment for errors of law and will affirm if there are no gen-
uine disputes about any material fact and the moving
party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Beneficial
Oregon, Inc. v. Bivins, 313 Or App 275, 277, 496 P3d 1104
(2021) (internal quotation marks omitted). In so doing, “we
view the facts in the light most favorable to the nonmov-
ing part[y],” and we “examine whether no objectively rea-
sonable juror could find in their favor on the question at
issue.” Id. In making that determination, “we examine ‘the
pleadings, depositions, affidavits, declarations, and admis-
sions on file.’ ” Id. (quoting ORCP 47 C). We recite the facts
in accordance with that legal standard. With regard to the
trial court’s construction of a statute, we review for errors of
law. Stedman v. Dept. of Forestry, 316 Or App 203, 204, 502
P3d 234 (2021).
The key facts are relatively few: Plaintiff arrived at
defendant’s ski area for a day of snowboarding. Defendant is
the operator of a ski area. Defendant does not charge a fee
to park, enter, or ski in the ski area, and allows skiers to
hike up to the top of its trails and ski down free of charge.
Defendant does, however, charge a fee for skiers to ride its
chairlifts. After parking his car, and while walking through
Cite as 344 Or App 216 (2025) 219

the parking lot in his snowboarding boots to purchase a lift
ticket, plaintiff slipped and fell, sustaining severe injuries.1
Plaintiff then sued defendant for negligence.
Defendant raised several affirmative defenses, including
the statutory defense of recreational use immunity, ORS
105.682. That defense provides immunity to landown-
ers from tort suits, like plaintiff’s, who open their land
to recreational use free of charge. Defendant argued that
the immunity applied—notwithstanding its chairlift fee—
because defendant does not charge for use of the parking lot
(where plaintiff’s injury occurred), does not charge admis-
sion in exchange for going into the ski area in general, and
merely charges for the privilege of riding on a chairlift—not
for using the land. Plaintiff countered that recreational use
immunity was not available because a ticket for a chairlift
located on defendant’s land would necessarily be a “charge”
to “enter or go upon” that portion of defendant’s land. ORS
105.672(1)(a).
The trial court agreed with defendant that defen-
dant’s chairlift tickets did not constitute a “charge” to use
the land under the statute, granted summary judgment to
defendant, and dismissed the case. This appeal followed.
On appeal, the parties reiterate their arguments.
Plaintiff argues that defendant is not immune because
defendant’s ski lifts and the area surrounding them are
“land,” as defined by the statutory text and case law, and
defendant’s charge to use the chairlifts is a charge to “enter
or go upon” the land. Defendant contends that defendant’s
ski lifts are not land, but rather removable fixtures, and,
in any event, a charge for the privilege of riding a chairlift
is not the same thing as a charge to “go upon” land. For the
following reasons, we agree with plaintiff.
Before explaining the parties’ arguments more
thoroughly, we start by providing the relevant statutory

1
On appeal, the parties dispute whether the record on summary judgment
demonstrates what plaintiff slipped on, or whether plaintiff was walking on a
path through the parking lot designated by defendant. We need not resolve that
issue because, regardless of which party is correct, our statutory analysis com-
pels reversal of the grant of summary judgment and that we affirm the trial
court ruling striking defendant’s affirmative defenses.
220 Freeby v. Hoodoo Ski Bowl Developers, Inc.

framework. The legislature enacted recreational use immu-
nity statutes “to encourage owners of land to make their
land available to the public for recreational purposes * * * by
limiting their liability toward persons entering thereon for
such purposes * * *.” ORS 105.676. As mentioned, the legis-
lature has carried out this policy by limiting liability under
certain circumstances for landowners who open their land
to the public for recreational use. ORS 105.682, in relevant
part, provides:
“[A]n owner of land is not liable in * * * tort for any per-
sonal injury * * * that arises out of the use of the land for
recreational purposes * * * when the owner of land either
directly or indirectly permits any person to use the land
for recreational purposes * * *. The limitation on liability
provided by this section applies if the principal purpose for
entry upon the land is for recreational purposes * * * and is
not affected if the injury * * * occurs while the person enter-
ing land is engaging in activities other than the use of the
land for recreational purposes * * *.
However, such immunity is not available when a landowner
“makes any charge for permission to use the land for recre-
ational purposes.” ORS 105.688(3).2
On appeal, the parties have—helpfully—made cer-
tain stipulations that narrow the issue before us. The par-
ties agree that recreational use immunity presumptively
applies to defendant—that is, defendant is an owner of land,
defendant directly permits any person to use the land for
recreational purposes, defendant’s parking lot constitutes
land, plaintiff was injured on defendant’s land, and the
principal purpose of plaintiff’s entry onto defendant’s land
was recreational. The parties also agree—as do we—that it
is irrelevant that plaintiff was not engaged in recreational
activity at the time of injury. Coleman v. Oregon Parks
and Recreation Dept., 347 Or 94, 102, 217 P3d 651 (2009)
(“[Recreational use] immunity extends as long as the injured
person’s principal purpose for entry is recreational, even if
the person was engaged in other nonrecreational activity at
the time of injury.”). Similarly, it is irrelevant that plaintiff
2
ORS 105.688 and ORS 105.672 have been amended since plaintiff’s injury
occurred; however, because those amendments do not affect our analysis, we
refer to the current version of the statutes.
Cite as 344 Or App 216 (2025) 221

had yet to purchase a lift ticket at the time of his injury. See
ORS 105.672(1)(a) (charge means “the admission price or fee
requested or expected by” a landowner (emphasis added)).
Thus, the only issue before us is whether the lift ticket qual-
ifies as a “charge for permission to use the land for recre-
ational purposes” under ORS 105.682. Upon examining
the text and context of the statutory provision, see State v.
Gaines, 346 Or 160, 171-72, 206 P3d 1042 (2009) (explaining
analytical framework), we conclude that it does.
The relevant statutory definition of charge is a “fee
requested or expected by an owner in return for permission
to enter or go upon the owner’s land.” ORS 105.672(1)(a).
Defendant argues that the charge provision is inapplicable,
because defendant only requests or expects a fee for use of
the chairlifts, which, in defendant’s view do not qualify as
“land” as contemplated in the recreational use immunity
statutes. Defendant contends that the chairlifts are more
like removable fixtures that can be severed without injury
to the land, as opposed to actual land. We disagree.
As defined in ORS 105.672(3), “ ‘[l]and’ includes all
real property, whether publicly or privately owned.” “Real
property” is not defined in the recreational use immunity
statutes, but we have previously construed its meaning
broadly: “ ‘Land and anything growing on, attached to, or
erected on it, excluding anything that may be severed with-
out injury to the land.’ ” Brewer v. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife,
167 Or App 173, 178, 2 P3d 418 (2000), rev den, 334 Or 693
(2002) (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 1234 (7th ed 1999))
(emphases added). In Brewer, that construction led us to
conclude that “land,” as defined in ORS 105.672(3), encom-
passed a fish migration dam and the waters below it. Id. In
other words, in addition to the surface land, real property
includes buildings and fixtures erected on the land, such
as a dam. Id. (citing recreational use immunity statute and
noting it “extend[s] to fixtures such as a dam * * * and the
waters below it” (emphasis added)).
That statutory construction—one that is inclusive
of fixtures and structures erected on the land—is consis-
tent with the scope of recreational use immunity described
in ORS 105.688(1)(b). That subsection provides that
222 Freeby v. Hoodoo Ski Bowl Developers, Inc.

recreational use immunity applies to “[a]ll roads, bodies of
water, watercourses, rights of way, buildings, fixtures and
structures on the land described in paragraph (a) of this
subsection.” We are unpersuaded that the legislature would
specifically encompass structures on the land within the
scope of recreational use immunity while simultaneously
excluding those same structures from the definition of land
for purposes of the “charge” exception. It would make little
sense for a landowner to receive immunity for structures on
its land, but somehow escape liability even when it charges
the public to use or go upon those structures.
Those structures include defendant’s ski lift itself,
as a structure erected on the land (that cannot be removed
without injuring the land). See Brewer, 167 Or App at 178
(real property excludes anything that may be severed with-
out injury to the land); see also Priv Ltr Rul 2015-21-006
(May 22, 2015) (in certain federal tax contexts, ski lift towers
are considered “real property” because they are “large steel
structure[s]” that are “designed and constructed to remain
permanently in place” and removing them “requires signif-
icant time and expense.”). Defendant’s argument that the
ski lift can be removed “without injury to the land” proves
too much: by that logic, any structure (with enough time
and money) can be removed and the land brought back to its
near-original state, making the “charge” exception mean-
ingless as to similar fixtures and structures on the land.
Next, assuming the chairlift is “land,” the parties
dispute whether riding a chairlift constitutes “go[ing] upon
the owner’s land,” as that phrase is used in the “charge”
definition, ORS 105.672(1)(a): “the admission price or fee
requested or expected by an owner in return for granting
permission for a person to enter or go upon the owner’s
land.” Like the statutory definition of land, the definition
of “charge” is broad. The phrase “go upon the land” means
“to move on a course over or in contact with the land.” See
Coleman v. Oregon Parks and Recreation Dept., 221 Or App
484, 490, 190 P3d 487 (2008), rev’d on other grounds, 347
Or 94, 217 P3d 651 (2009) (citing Webster’s Third New Int’l
Dictionary 971, 2517 (unabridged ed 2002)) (internal quota-
tion marks omitted) (adopting that definition); Coleman, 347
Cite as 344 Or App 216 (2025) 223

Or at 102 (“ ‘Charge’ ” encompasses both fees to enter land
and fees to use land as long as that use entails moving over or
on the land for a recreational purpose.” (Emphasis added.)).
Defendant argues, at various points, that its lift ticket fee
is “an optional fee in exchange for use of an optional conve-
nience, a chair,” and its charge is merely for “the privilege
of riding in the chair.” Having already concluded that the
chairlifts constitute “land,” we easily conclude that the fee
to ride the chairlift is a fee to “move over” the land. A person
does not pay for the privilege of sitting in a stationary chair-
lift; the chairlift’s benefit is specifically for moving over land.
In arguing otherwise, defendant relies primarily on
cases from other jurisdictions. For example, defendant directs
us to consider Jones v. United States, 693 F2d 1299 (9th Cir
1982), a Ninth Circuit case construing Washington law, in
which the plaintiff rented an inner tube for $1 and then used
the tube for sledding. The plaintiff there contended that the
rental fee for the tube constituted a charge for the use of
the land, thereby denying the defendant’s immunity under
Washington’s recreational use immunity statute. The Ninth
Circuit disagreed, holding that the fee was merely to rent an
inner tube, and not to use the land. Id. at 1303-04. We are not
bound by the Ninth Circuit’s interpretation of Washington
law, and that case is not analogous to this one: an inner tube
clearly would not qualify as “real property” under our defi-
nition of “land.” See also Stedman, 316 Or App at 214 (fee for
ATV operating permit not a “charge” because no quid pro quo
exchange between the fee assessed and going onto land).
Perhaps more on point is Hardy v. Loon Mountain
Recreation Corp., 276 F3d 18, 21 (1st Cir 2002). There, the
First Circuit held that, under New Hampshire’s recre-
ational use immunity law, a $5 “gondola fee” charged by an
operator of a recreational area to access the top of a moun-
tain did not destroy the operator’s recreational immunity,
notwithstanding a similar “charge” exception, because the
operator allowed guests to hike up to the mountain for free.
Id. (“Whatever mode of transportation [the plaintiff] used
to arrive at the summit is immaterial: the attractions there
were free to all.”). While those facts may be more on point,
the rationale cannot be squared with Oregon law. In Hardy,
224 Freeby v. Hoodoo Ski Bowl Developers, Inc.

the term “charge” was not defined by the New Hampshire
statute, so the court there construed it as “an actual admis-
sion fee paid for permission to enter the land for recreational
purposes.” Id. at 20 (emphasis added). That definition is nar-
rower than our statutory definition of “to enter or go upon”
land, ORS 105.672(1)(a) (emphasis added), and far less broad
than “fees to use land as long as that use entails moving
over or on the land for a recreational purpose.” Coleman, 347
Or at 102 (emphasis added).3
Finally, we address defendant’s cross-assignment of
error. In that assignment, defendant argues that the trial
court erred in striking its initial affirmative defenses based
on a different set of immunity statutes, ORS 30.970 - 30.990
(the Skiing Activities statutes).4 Those statutes generally
serve to limit or reduce the liability of ski area operators by
defining the duties and risks assumed by skiers. See gener-
ally Nolan v. Mt. Bachelor, Inc., 317 Or 328, 335-36, 856 P2d
305 (1993) (explaining legislative history and intent behind
Skiing Activities statutes). Reviewing for legal error, we
conclude that the trial court did not err.

3
The Hardy court also relied on other federal cases that held that camping
fees were not “charges” under various other states’ recreational use immunity
statutes. See Hardy, 276 F3d at 20 (citing Wilson v. United States, 989 F2d 953
(8th Cir 1993)). That proposition, however, is foreclosed by Coleman. See 347 Or
at 103 (fee to camp in state park is a “charge” under recreational use immunity
statutes).
Moreover, under Coleman, it is apparently irrelevant that the injury here
occurred on a different piece of land than the land associated with the charge.
See id. at 102-04 (camping fee charged by state to camp in state park prevented
grant of summary judgment on the basis of recreational use immunity, notwith-
standing the fact that plaintiff-camper’s injury occurred in bike trails open to the
public in a different area of the park, because state did not establish that it made
“no charge for permission to use” the park).
Finally, we note that the legislature, following Coleman, enacted a law that
extends immunity to a landowner that “charges for permission to use the owner’s
land for one or more specific recreational purposes,” so long as “the owner pro-
vides notice” “as part of a receipt, or by such other means as may be reasonably
calculated to apprise a person” of the “portion of the land the use of which is
subject to the charge, and the immunities provided under ORS 105.682 for the
remainder of the land.” ORS 105.688(4) - (8); see also Staff Measure Summary,
HB 3673 A, Feb 16, 2010 (citing Coleman as the reason for the legislation).
4
Although the statutes only discuss activities relating to skiing, plaintiff
does not dispute that they apply to snowboarding as well. We therefore assume
that to be the case without deciding the issue. See Stiles v. Freemotion, Inc., 185
Or App 393, 396 n 3, 59 P3d 548 (2002), rev den, 335 Or 504 (2003) (same).
Cite as 344 Or App 216 (2025) 225

Defendant’s two affirmative defenses were that (1)
plaintiff assumed the risks of skiing under ORS 30.9755
and was injured due to one of those risks, and (2) plaintiff
breached one of the duties of skiing under ORS 30.985.6
Whether plaintiff’s conduct—walking across defendant’s
parking lot wearing snowboarding boots—is covered by
those statutes is an issue of statutory interpretation. We
address each statute in turn.
A. ORS 30.975 (Assumption of the Risk)
Skiers assume certain risks while skiing. ORS
30.975. Specifically, “an individual who engages in the sport
of skiing * * * accepts and assumes the inherent risks of ski-
ing insofar as they are reasonably obvious, expected or nec-
essary.” Id. (emphasis added). The word “engage” has sev-
eral definitions, but most likely here means “to take part :
participate.” Webster’s at 751. As the plain text of the statute
suggests, an individual only assumes those risks when they
actually participate in the sport of skiing. A person walk-
ing in the parking lot of a ski area in snowboard boots, like
plaintiff, is not “engag[ing]” in skiing.
That commonsense interpretation is consistent with
the statutory definition of “inherent risks of skiing.” That
definition only describes risks that pertain to the actual act
of skiing:
“those dangers or conditions which are an integral part of
the sport, such as changing weather conditions, variations
or steepness in terrain, snow or ice conditions, surface or
subsurface conditions, bare spots, creeks and gullies, forest
growth, rocks, stumps, lift towers and other structures and
their components, collisions with other skiers and a skier’s
failure to ski within the skier’s own ability.”
ORS 30.970(1). In addition, although we have not previ-
ously construed what it means to “engage[ ] in the sport of
skiing” for the purposes of ORS 30.975, every case applying
5
ORS 30.975, in relevant part, provides that “an individual who engages in
the sport of skiing, alpine or nordic, accepts and assumes the inherent risks of
skiing insofar as they are reasonably obvious, expected or necessary.”
6
ORS 30.985(1) lists 12 duties of skiers. Violation of any of those duties
entitles the ski area operator to withdraw the violator’s privilege of skiing. ORS
30.985(2).
226 Freeby v. Hoodoo Ski Bowl Developers, Inc.

the Skiing Activities statutes has all involved a person
actively skiing or snowboarding. Becker v. Hoodoo Ski Bowl
Developers, Inc., 269 Or App 877, 346 P3d 620 (2015); Bagley
v. Mt. Bachelor, Inc., 356 Or 543, 340 P3d 27 (2014); Stiles v.
Freemotion, Inc., 185 Or App 393, 59 P3d 548 (2002), rev den,
335 Or 504 (2003); Steele v. Mt. Hood Meadows Oregon Ltd.,
159 Or App 272, 974 P2d 794, rev den, 329 Or 10 (1999); Nolan
v. Mt. Bachelor, Inc., 317 Or 328, 856 P2d 305 (1993); Pierce
v. Mt. Hood Meadows Oregon, Ltd., 118 Or App 450, 847 P2d
909, rev den, 317 Or 583 (1993); Jessup v. Mt. Bachelor, Inc.,
101 Or App 670, 792 P2d 1232, rev den, 310 Or 475 (1990).
Finally, the legislative history of the Skiing
Activities statutes only includes legislative discussion on
the risks skiers assume when they are actively skiing. See,
e.g., Meeting Minutes, Senate Committee on Agriculture &
Natural Resources, SB 329, Feb 2, 1979 at 3 (comments of
Rep Kip Lombard regarding “accidents [oc]curring on the
slopes”). There is no indication that the legislature was con-
cerned about conduct occurring in the parking lot. Thus,
the “assumption of the risk” defense does not apply because
plaintiff was not engaged in skiing at the time of the injury.
B. ORS 30.985 (Duties of Skiers)
Additionally, defendant argues that plaintiff breached
one of the duties of skiing under ORS 30.985. We disagree.
Plaintiff did not yet have any of the duties of skiers listed in
ORS 30.985 because he was not in a ski area. A “skier” is
defined by statute as “any person who is in a ski area for the
purpose of engaging in the sport of skiing or who rides as a
passenger on any ski lift device.” ORS 30.970(3) (emphasis
added). A “ski area” is “any area designated and maintained
by a ski area operator for skiing.” ORS 30.970(4) (emphases
added). Defendant argues that the parking lot in which plain-
tiff was injured is such an area. Defendant’s argument, as we
understand it, is that it designates and maintains its parking
lot for skiing because it allows skiers to ski through the park-
ing lot, skiers indeed do ski through the parking lot, and the
parking lot is an integral part of the sport of skiing.
“Designate” and “maintain” are not defined by stat-
ute, so the legislature likely intended them to have their
Cite as 344 Or App 216 (2025) 227

ordinary dictionary definitions. See State v. Eastep, 361 Or
746, 751, 399 P3d 979 (2017) (“When statutes do not define
their terms, we assume that the legislature intended them
to have their plain, ordinary meanings.”). “Designate” has
several definitions, but the most applicable ones here are
“to point out the location of” or “specify.” Webster’s at 612.
“Maintain” means “to keep in a state of repair.” Id. at 1362.
Defendant does not specify that the parking lot is for skiing,
nor does defendant keep the parking lot in a state of repair
for skiing. Rather, the parking lot is designated and main-
tained for parking. Although defendant insists that some
people do ski through its parking lot to get to the mountain
and contends that the parking lot area is integral to skiing
at Hoodoo, skiing is not what the parking lot is “designated”
or “maintained” for. Similarly, there is no support for the
contention—in either case law or legislative history—that
the statute was intended to include a parking lot within a
“ski area.” Thus, the trial court did not err in striking defen-
dant’s affirmative defenses based on the Skiing Activities
statutes.
Reversed and remanded.

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11171001. Public record. Not legal advice.