# Irfan Mazher v. Marco Rubio, Secretary of State

> District Court, N.D. Texas · August 11, 2025

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11136447

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, N.D. Texas
- **Decided:** August 11, 2025
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11136447

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- holding that visa applications are barred by doctrine as they are final adjudications subject to “the officer’s own discretion to reopen the matter.”
- finding that delay of ten years was not unreasonable
- finding the third TRAC factor weighed against Plaintiffs because their allegations of health and welfare harm were generalized and not linked to individual circumstances
- holding that the consular officer’s letter was neither a final decision nor a refusal under 22 C.F.R. § 42.81(b) because the visa applications were being held in abeyance

## Opinion text

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS
FORT WORTH DIVISION

IRFAN MAZHER, et al., §
Plaintiffs, §
§
V. § CIVIL ACTION NO. 4:25-CV-017-P
§
MARCO RUBIO, Secretary §
of State, et al., §
Defendants. §

FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION REGARDING
DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS
Pending before the Court is a Motion to Dismiss [doc. 12], filed on March 31, 2025, by
Defendants Marco Rubio, Secretary of State; Rena Bitter, in her official capacity, Assistant
Secretary, Bureau of Consular Affairs; Natalie A. Baker, in her official capacity, Deputy Chief of
Mission, United States Embassy, Islamabad, Pakistan; and John Doe, in his official capacity,
Consular Officer at the United States Embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan (collectively “Defendants”).
Having carefully considered the motion, response, reply, and the applicable law, the Court
RECOMMENDS that Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss be GRANTED.
I. BACKGROUND
On January 18, 2025, Plaintiffs Sara Irfan (“Irfan”) and Irfan Mazher1 (“Mazher”)
(collectively “Plaintiffs”) filed their Amended Complaint [doc. 7], which is the live pleading before
this Court. In the Amended Complaint, Plaintiffs assert a claim of unreasonable delay in
processing Irfan’s immigrant visa application under the Administrative Procedures Act (“APA”).
(Pls.’ Am. Compl. at 7-8.) Irfan first became the beneficiary of an approved Form I-130, Petition

1 Mazher is a United States citizen and the spouse of noncitizen Irfan. (Plaintiffs’ Amended Complaint (“Pls.’
Am. Compl.”) [doc. 7] at 3.)
for Alien Relative, on August 20, 2020.2 (Pls.’ Am. Compl. at 5.) On December 24, 2020, Irfan
submitted her immigrant visa application, and, on November 18, 2021, Irfan was informed that
her case was documentarily complete. (Id.) Subsequently, on October 16, 2023, Irfan appeared
for her scheduled initial immigrant visa application interview, and, at the end of the interview, she
was ultimately informed that her case required additional screening and was placed in

administrative processing. (Id.) On February 12, 2024, Plaintiffs were asked to submit additional
documentation and were informed that Irfan’s application remained refused under § 221(g) of the
INA pending competition of administrative processing. (Id.) Irfan completed an additional
scheduled interview on May 28, 2024, where she was asked to submit additional information. (Id.
at 6.) Plaintiffs have not received any further requests for additional information or evidence since
May 28, 2024. (Id.) Plaintiffs then filed this action, alleging that Irfan’s immigrant visa
application has been pending for an unreasonably long time because Defendants have not
completed the adjudication of her application for over thirty-seven months—the time since her
case became documentarily complete—and because it has been over fourteen months since her

first immigrant visa applicant interview. (Id. at 6-8.)
As set forth above, Defendants filed a Motion to Dismiss [doc. 12] on March 31, 2025. In
their Motion to Dismiss, Defendants argue that Plaintiffs’ claim for unreasonable delay under the
APA is subject to dismissal for four reasons: (1) this Court lacks jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’ claim
as the case is moot; (2) the doctrine of consular non-reviewability renders Plaintiffs’ claim non-
justiciable; (3) Plaintiffs have failed to state a claim under the APA for unreasonable delay; and
(4) Plaintiffs have failed to state a viable due-process claim. (Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss and
Brief in Support (“Defs.’ Brief”) [doc. 12] at 1.)

2 See Section I. E., infra, for a discussion of the relevant statutory and relevant framework of the Immigration
and Nationality Act (“INA”).
In response, Plaintiffs argue that their Amended Complaint adequately states a valid claim
for relief under the APA. (Plaintiffs’ Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Opposition to
Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss (“Pls.’ Brief”) [doc. 14] at 6.) In particular, Plaintiffs argue that
Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (“Rule”) 12(b)(1) and
12(b)(6) should be denied for the following reasons: (1) their claim is not moot as Irfan’s

immigrant visa application remains pending subject to the completion of administrative processing
and, thus, has not been fully adjudicated; (2) the doctrine of consular non-reviewability does not
bar judicial review here because no final adjudication has taken place; (3) Defendants have failed
to perform their legally required, non-discretionary duty to adjudicate Irfan’s visa application in a
timely manner, which provides a valid basis for an APA claim; and (4) Plaintiff Mazher has a
viable due process claim arising from the Defendants’ unreasonable delay in completing the
administrative processing of Irfan’s visa application. (Pls.’ Brief at 5-6, 23.) In their reply,
Defendants renew their previous arguments. (Defendants’ Reply to Support Defendants’ Motion
to Dismiss (“Defs.’ Reply”) [doc. 15] at 1.)

II. LEGAL STANDARDS
A. Rule 12(b)(1)
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (“Rule”) 12(b)(1) authorizes the dismissal of a complaint
when the court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1). “A court may base its
disposition of a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction on (1) the complaint alone;
(2) the complaint supplemented by the undisputed facts; or (3) the complaint supplemented by
undisputed facts plus the court’s resolution of disputed facts.” See Montez v. Dep’t of Navy, 392
F.3d 147, 149 (5th Cir. 2004) (quoting Robinson v. TCI/US West Commc’ns. Inc., 117 F.3d 900,
904 (5th Cir. 1997)). The party asserting a court has jurisdiction, in this case Plaintiffs, bears the
burden of establishing subject-matter jurisdiction. See In re FEMA Trailer Formaldehyde Prods.
Liab. Litig., 668 F.3d 281, 286 (5th Cir. 2012) (citation omitted); see also Ramming v. United
States, 281 F.3d 158, 161 (5th Cir. 2001) (per curiam) (“The burden of proof for a Rule 12(b)(1)
motion to dismiss is on the party asserting jurisdiction.”) (citation omitted). When multiple bases
for dismissal are asserted, a court should consider a Rule 12(b)(1) jurisdictional attack before

addressing any attack on the merits. See In re FEMA Trailer Formaldehyde Prods. Liab. Litig.,
668 F.3d at 286 (citing Ramming, 281 F. 3d at 161). “A motion to dismiss for lack of subject-
matter jurisdiction should only be granted if it appears certain that the plaintiff cannot prove any
set of facts in support of his claims entitling him to relief.” Id. at 287 (citation omitted).
B. Rule 12(b)(6)
Rule 12(b)(6) authorizes the dismissal of a complaint that fails “to state a claim upon which
relief can be granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). This rule must be interpreted in conjunction with
Rule 8(a), which sets forth the requirements for pleading a claim for relief in federal court. See
Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 545 (2007). Rule 8(a) calls for “a short and plain

statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2); see
also Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 513 (2002) (holding that Rule 8(a)'s simplified
pleading standard applies to most civil actions). A court, faced with a 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss,
must accept as true all well-pleaded, non-conclusory allegations in the complaint and liberally
construe the complaint in favor of the plaintiff. See Kaiser Aluminum & Chem. Sales, Inc. v.
Avondale Shipyards, Inc., 677 F.2d 1045, 1050 (5th Cir. 1982).
The plaintiff must, however, plead specific facts, not mere conclusory allegations, to avoid
dismissal. See Guidry v. Bank of LaPlace, 954 F.2d 278, 281 (5th Cir. 1992). Indeed, the plaintiff
must plead “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Twombly, 550 U.S.
at 570. “Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level, .
. . on the assumption that all the allegations in the complaint are true (even if doubtful in fact).”
Id. at 555 (citations omitted). The court need not credit bare conclusory allegations or “a formulaic
recitation of the elements of a cause of action.” Id. Rather, “[a] claim has facial plausibility when
the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the

defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009).
“Generally, a court ruling on a motion to dismiss may rely on only the complaint and its proper
attachments. A court is permitted, however, to rely on documents incorporated into the complaint
by reference, and matters of which a court may take judicial notice.” Dorsey v. Portfolio Equities,
Inc., 540 F.3d 333, 338 (5th Cir. 2008) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). In
addition, the court may consider a “written document that is attached to a complaint as an exhibit”
as well as “documents attached to a motion to dismiss that are referred to in the plaintiff’s
complaint and are central to the plaintiff’s claim.” Texas Health and Hum. Servs. Comm’n v.
United States, 193 F. Supp. 3d 733, 738 (N.D. Tex. 2016) (internal quotation marks and citations

omitted).
C. APA
The APA entitles a person to judicial review when he or she has been adversely affected by
agency action or inaction. See Jaraba v. Blinken, 568 F. Supp. 3d 720, 728 (W.D. Tex. 2021)
(citing 5 U.S.C. § 702). In such a case, the APA “authorizes a reviewing court to ‘compel agency
action that has been unlawfully withheld or unreasonably delayed.’” See id. (quoting 5 U.S.C. §
706(1)). While “the APA does not, by itself, confer federal court jurisdiction . . ., federal courts
may exercise jurisdiction over APA claims pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331.” Id. (internal citations
omitted); see Oniwon v. U.S. Citizenship & Immigr. Servs., No. H-19-3519, 2020 WL 1940879, at
*2 (S.D. Tex. Apr. 6, 2020) (noting that while the APA “does not provide an independent basis for
jurisdiction[,] an action to compel a federal agency action presents a federal question”) (citation
omitted), report & recommendation adopted, 2020 WL 1939686 (S.D. Tex. Apr. 22, 2020).
However, courts lack jurisdiction under the APA to the extent a statute precludes judicial review
or where the agency action is committed to agency discretion by law. See 5 U.S.C. § 701(a). Thus,

for a claim under section 706(1) to proceed, a plaintiff must first assert that “an agency failed to
take a discrete agency action that it is required to take.” Norton v. S. Utah Wilderness All., 542
U.S. 55, 64 (2004) (emphasis in original). Generally when analyzing a plaintiff’s assertions, courts
apply a strong presumption favoring judicial review of administrative action. See Weyerhaeuser
Co. v. Fish & Wildlife Serv., 586 U.S. 9, 23 (2018) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
“The presumption may be rebutted only if the relevant statute precludes review, 5 U.S.C. §
701(a)(1), or if the action is ‘committed to agency discretion by law,’ § 701(a)(2).” Id.
D. Mandamus Act
In order to receive a writ of mandamus, a plaintiff must show (1) that he or she has a clear

right to relief, (2) that the defendant has a clear duty to perform the act in question, and (3) that no
other adequate remedy is available. See Jaraba, 568 F. Supp. 3d at 731, see also Newsome v.
EEOC, 301 F.3d 227, 231 (5th Cir. 2002). Even if these conditions are met, it is in the court’s
discretion to permit mandamus relief. See Jaraba, 568 F. Supp. 3d at 731 (internal quotation marks
and citation omitted). Generally, courts hold that a mandamus claim is not available when a
plaintiff asserts a cause of action under the APA, as such claim would be duplicative. See Sawan
v. Chertoff, 589 F. Supp. 2d 817, 826 (S.D. Tex. 2008) (“The APA provides a remedy for unlawfully
delayed agency action; mandamus is not necessary for relief.”). However, this makes little
practical difference where the APA claim is in the nature of mandamus relief. See Jaraba, 568 F.
Supp. 3d at 731.
E. Statutory and Regulatory Framework of the INA
Under the INA, consular officers can issue immigrant visas. See 8 U.S.C. § 1201. One of
the most commonly utilized methods that immigrants use to enter the United States is the family-

sponsored visa, which is a visa application that is sponsored by relatives, usually a spouse, who
are citizens or lawful permanent residents. See 8 U.S.C. §§ 1151, 1153(a)(1)-(4).
In order to receive a visa, the spouse of an alien or noncitizen must first file a Form I-130—
Petition for Alien Relative—to have the alien classified as an immediate relative and priority visa
status. See United States v. Asibor, 109 F.3d 1023, 1035 n.13 (5th Cir. 1997). Upon receipt, the
United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (“USCIS”) investigates whether an eligible
relationship exists between the petitioner and the alien. See Naseri v. Rubio, No. 24-CV-2125
(GMH), 2025 WL 1865035, at *2 (D.D.C. July 7, 2025). Upon confirming the relationship, USCIS
approves the petition and forwards it to the U.S. Department of State’s National Visa Center

(“NVC”) for processing. Id. The NVC records approved petitions and notifies the petitioner and
any approved family members of when to submit visa applications. Id.
Upon being notified by NVC, the alien must then submit an immigrant visa application to
the U.S. consulate in his or her respective country. See Asibor, 109 F.3d at 1035 n.13; see also 22
C.F.R. § 42.63(a)(1) (as relevant here, “[e]very alien applying for an immigrant visa must make
[an] application, as directed by the consular officer” and “[t]his requirement may not be waived.”)
The noncitizen visa applicant bears the burden of establishing that he or she is eligible to receive
a visa. See 8 U.S.C. § 1361. After the completion of the visa application, the Consulate schedules
an interview with the noncitizen. See Asibor, 109 F.3d at 1035 n.13; see also 22 C.F.R. § 42.62(a)
(“Every alien applying for an immigrant visa . . . shall be required to appear personally before a
consular officer for the execution of the application…”). At the interview, the consular officer
determines the following: (1) the basis of the applicant’s representations; (2) the basis of the visa
application; (3) the proper immigrant classification of the visa applicant; and (4) the applicant’s
eligibility to receive a visa. See 22 C.F.R. § 42.62(b). Additionally, the consular officer has the

authority to require the noncitizen to answer any question deemed material to the aforementioned
determinations. See 22 C.F.R. § 42.62(b). After the interview, the consular officer must either
issue the visa or refuse the visa under INA §§ 212(a) & 221(g), or other applicable law. See 22
C.F.R. § 42.81(a).
Under INA § 221(g), a consular officer must refuse a visa if he or she determines from the
statements in the application that (1) the alien is ineligible to receive a visa under INA § 1182; (2)
the application does not comply with the INA or its regulations; or (3) the consular officer knows
or has reason to know that the alien is ineligible to receive a visa under INA § 1182 or other
applicable law. See 8 U.S.C. § 1201(g). If the consular officer refuses the visa, the officer must

inform the applicant of the provision of law or implementing regulation that formed the basis of
the refusal and any statutory provision or regulation under which administrative relief is available.
See 22 C.F.R. § 42.81(b). If the grounds of ineligibility upon which the visa was refused cannot
be overcome by the presentation of additional evidence, the principal consular officer at the
consulate post shall review the case, record the decision, and sign and date the prescribed form.
See 22 C.F.R. § 42.81(c). However, if the grounds of ineligibility can be overcome by additional
evidence and the applicant intends to submit such evidence, a review of the refusal may be
deferred. See 22 C.F.R. § 42.81(c). “If the visa is refused, and the applicant within one year from
the date of the refusal adduces further evidence tending to overcome the ground of ineligibility on
which the refusal was based, the case shall be reconsidered.” 22 C.F.R. § 42.81(e).
III. DISCUSSION
In their Amended Complaint, Plaintiffs seek to compel the “complete” adjudication of
Irfan’s visa application. (Pls.’ Am. Compl. at 8.) The APA requires a government agency to

“within a reasonable time . . . conclude a matter presented to it.” See 5 U.S.C. § 555(b). As stated
above, courts may compel timely resolution when agency action has been unlawfully withheld or
unreasonably delayed. See 5 U.S.C. § 706(1). To obtain such relief, Plaintiffs must first show that
Defendants have failed to take a discrete agency action that Defendants are required to take. See
Norton, 542 U.S. at 64. In their Amended Complaint, Plaintiffs allege that two statutes impose a
non-discretionary duty on the Defendants to adjudicate Irfan’s visa application within a reasonable
time: 5 U.S.C. § 555(b) and 22 C.F.R. § 42.81. (Pls.’ Am. Compl. at 7.) In response, as set forth
above, Defendants assert the following arguments: (1) this Court lacks jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’
claim as the case is moot; (2) the doctrine of consular non-reviewability renders Plaintiffs’ claim

non-justiciable; (3) Plaintiffs have failed to state a claim under the APA for unreasonable delay;
and (4) Plaintiffs have failed to state a viable due-process claim. (Defs.’ Brief at 1.)
A. Mootness3
“Under Article III, § 2 of the Constitution, federal courts may adjudicate only actual,
ongoing cases or controversies. The case or controversy requirement subsists through all stages

3 This Court notes the recent case Martinez v. Baumann, No. 5:24-CV-0894-JKP, 2025 WL 2109964 (W.D.
Tex. July 28, 2025), which addresses facts substantially similar to the case at hand. While the Defendants in that case
argued that the consular officer’s refusal rendered the case moot, the Court concluded that the jurisdictional issue was
standing and not mootness. See Martinez, 2025 WL 2109964, at *5 (“In this Court’s view, actions taken before the
filing of a civil action may affect whether the litigant has standing to bring the lawsuit, but such actions do not render
a case moot.”) Nevertheless, in Martinez the court proceeded with substantially the same analysis when analyzing
standing, albeit shifted the burden to Plaintiff to establish standing. See id. (“Even though this Court disagrees with
the invocation of mootness, the jurisdictional analysis is essentially the same whether viewed through the lens of
mootness or standing so long as one keeps in mind that Plaintiff, rather than Defendants, has the burden to establish
of federal judicial proceedings and requires that the parties continue to have a personal stake in the
outcome of the lawsuit.” Alwan v. Ashcroft, 388 F.3d 507, 511 (5th Cir. 2004) (internal quotation
marks and citations omitted). “‘Mootness is a threshold jurisdictional inquiry.’” See DeOtte v.
State, 20 F.4th 1055, 1064 (5th Cir. 2021) (quoting La. Env’t Action Network v. United States EPA,
382 F.3d 575, 580 (5th Cir. 2004)). A case becomes moot when “intervening circumstances make

it impossible for the court to ‘grant any effectual relief.’” Pool v. City of Hous., 987 F.3d 307, 313
(5th Cir. 2020) (quoting Knox v. Serv. Employees Int’l Union, Local 1000, 567 U.S. 298, 307
(2012)). The Court shall address the jurisdictional issues, including mootness, prior to addressing
the merits of this case. See DeOtte, 20 F.4th at 1064.
Here, Defendants argue that, by interviewing Irfan and subsequently refusing her
application, they “have already provided Plaintiffs the relief they request . . . and because there is
no relief the Court can grant, the [case] is moot.” (Defs.’ Brief at 5.) Specifically, Defendants
assert that the consular officer’s refusal of Irfan’s visa application under § 221(g) of the INA at
the conclusion of her interview constituted a final decision that satisfied their duties under both 5

U.S.C. § 555(b) and 22 C.F.R. § 42.81(a). (Defs.’ Brief at 7.) In response, Plaintiffs allege that
the consular officer’s post-interview refusal under section 221(g) was not a final adjudication
because “the consular officer has not yet determined whether ‘to admit or exclude’ Plaintiff Irfan”
since he placed her application in administrative processing for additional screening. (Pls.’ Brief
at 8.) Thus, the question is whether Defendants fulfilled their non-discretionary duty, under 5
U.S.C. § 555(b), to adjudicate Irfan’s visa application to its conclusion when the consular officer

standing.”). Consequently, this Court will continue to analyze the jurisdictional issue as pleaded by the parties, namely
through the lens of mootness.
refused the visa and placed the application into administrative processing.4 For the reasons set
forth below, the Court finds Defendants fulfilled their non-discretionary duty.
First, the Court recognizes that there is an extensive split amongst courts regarding
mootness and the finality of a refusal under § 221(g) of the INA when the refusal is subsequently
followed by the placement of the refused visa application into administrative processing. Some

courts have held that a section 221(g) refusal does not moot a plaintiff’s claim for unreasonable
delay because such refusal is a nominal—not final—refusal. See, e.g. Patel v. Reno, 134 F.3d 929,
932 (9th Cir. 1997) (holding that the consular officer’s letter was neither a final decision nor a
refusal under 22 C.F.R. § 42.81(b) because the visa applications were being held in abeyance);
Sharifi v. Blinken, 731 F. Supp. 3d 433, 438 (E.D.N.Y. 2024) (finding that Plaintiff’s complaint
was not moot as the visa application had not been finally resolved since it remained in
administrative processing and the consular officer’s “nominal” refusal did not constitute a final
agency action); Al-Gharawy v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 617 F. Supp. 3d 1, 15-17 (D.D.C.
2022); Ramizi v. Blinken, 745 F. Supp. 3d 244, 256 (E.D.N.C. 2024). Other courts, however, have

concluded that a claim for unreasonable delay in the adjudication of a visa application is moot
when a consular officer has issued a refusal under section 221(g), even if the application is
subsequently placed in administrative processing. See, e.g., Conley v. U.S. Dep’t of State, 731 F.
Supp. 3d 104, 111 (D. Mass. 2024) (holding that a consular officer’s denial is “‘final’ unless and
until it has been overturned”); Toor v. Clinton, No. 1:09-CV-F-279-OWW-GSA, 2009 WL
1582900, at *5-6 (E.D. Cal. June 4, 2009) (concluding that the consular officer’s refusal satisfied

4 This Court acknowledges a disagreement amongst courts regarding whether 5 U.S.C. § 555(b) imposes a
non-discretionary duty to render a final adjudication in a visa application. See Sheikhalizadehjahed v. Gaudiosi, No.
2:24-CV-1136 SCR, 2024 WL 4505648, at *7 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 16, 2024) (collecting cases); see also Karimova v.
Abate, No. 23-5178, 2024 WL 3517852, at *3 (D.C. Cir. July 24, 2024). However, since the parties here do not
dispute the existence of a non-discretionary duty under section 555(b), the Court assumes that such duty exists here.
the duty owed to plaintiff); Hussein v. Beecroft, 782 F. App’x 437, 442 (6th Cir. 2019) (“Because
plaintiffs’ claims became moot the moment the consular officer denied Abdulrab’s visa petitions
for failure to prove a marital relationship with Hussein, the district court did not clearly err in
determining that defendants had completed the actions originally sought in plaintiffs’ petition for
mandamus.”); Chang v. U.S. Dep’t of State, No. C23-01918-RSM, 2024 WL 3161895, at *2 (W.D.

Wash. June 25, 2024); Yaghoubnezhad v. Stufft, 734 F. Supp. 3d 87, 104 (D.D.C. 2024).
In Texas, most courts have found that a section 221(g) refusal constitutes a final decision,
even if it is followed by administrative processing. See e.g. Roshan v. U.S. Dep’t of State, No. 1-
23-CV-1297-RP, 2024 WL 3843786, at *2 (W.D. Tex. July 22, 2024) (holding Plaintiff’s complaint
was moot because Plaintiff was given the relief sought—adjudication of their visa—when the
consular officer refused the visa application under INA § 221(g)); Tariq v. Blinken, No. 3:21-cv-
02841-M, 2023 WL 2661543, at *1 (N.D. Tex. Jan. 31, 2023) (same); Guilarducci v. Blinken, No.
3:21-CV-1719-K, 2021 WL 5140874, at *12 (N.D. Tex. Nov. 4, 2021) (same); see also Khosravi
v. U.S. Dep’t of State, No. 24-4221, 2025 WL 987201, at *2 (S.D. Tex. Apr. 2, 2025) (noting that

“no district court within the Fifth Circuit similarly holds that a consular officer’s refusal is not
final, even when it is subject to further administrative review”) (collecting cases); but see Ali v.
Rice, No. H-07-1868, 2008 WL 11502058, at * 6 (S.D. Tex. July 31, 2008) (designating a section
221(g) refusal as occurring prior to a final adjudication of a visa claim). Thus, this Court similarly
concludes that the consular officer’s refusal of Irfan’s visa application after her interview
constituted a final adjudication under § 555(b) of the APA, “unless and until [the refusal] is
superseded by another decision.” Yaghoubnezhad, 734 F. Supp. 3d at 103.
Furthermore, as stated above, a case is only moot when “it is impossible for a court to grant
any effectual relief to the prevailing party.” Knox, 567 U.S. at 307 (internal quotation marks and
citation omitted). In this case, as the relief that Plaintiffs are requesting is a final adjudication of
Irfan’s visa application—something that has already occurred—the Court concludes that Plaintiffs
claim for unreasonable delay is moot. Additionally, even if the Court could provide the requested
relief by issuing an order compelling Defendants to conclude administrative processing and render
a final decision, the claim would still be barred under the doctrine of consular non-reviewability,

as discussed below.
B. Doctrine of Consular Non-Reviewability
It has been recognized “that the admission and exclusion of [noncitizens] is a fundamental
sovereign attribute exercised by the Government’s political departments largely immune from
judicial control.” See Dep’t of State v. Muñoz, 602 U.S. 899, 907 (2024) (internal quotation marks
and citations omitted). “Congress may delegate to executive officials the discretionary authority
to admit noncitizens ‘immune from judicial inquiry or interference.’” Id. at 907-08 (quoting
Harisiades v. Shaughnessy, 342 U.S. 580, 588-91 (1952)). When it does so, “the action of an
executive officer to admit or to exclude an alien ‘is final and conclusive.’” Id. at 908 (quoting

United States ex. Rel. Knauff v. Shaughnessy, 338 U.S. 537, 543 (1950)). Thus, under the doctrine
of consular non-reviewability, federal courts cannot review the denial by consular officers of visa
applications. Id.
Here, Plaintiffs argue that the doctrine of consular non-reviewability does not bar their
claim because they did not bring “the instant action to compel a particular outcome,” instead they
seek to “compel agency action that has been withheld for an unreasonably long period of time.”
(Pls.’ Brief at 14.) However, as previously articulated, the consular officer’s refusal of Irfan’s visa
application pursuant to § 221(g) of the INA was a final adjudication, despite the subsequent
administrative processing. By seeking to compel further action beyond the refusal, Plaintiffs are
effectively challenging the denial of Irfan’s immigrant visa application.5 See Jolghazi v. Blinken,
No. 5:23-CV-01071-OLG, 2024 WL 4182593, at *2-3 (W.D. Tex. July 30, 2024); see also Salem
v. Mukasey, 683 F. Supp. 2d 289, 290 (W.D.N.Y. 2010) (holding that visa applications are barred
by doctrine as they are final adjudications subject to “the officer’s own discretion to reopen the
matter.”) Consequently, it would appear that Plaintiffs’ claim under the APA would be barred by

the doctrine of consular non-reviewability.
However, the doctrine is subject to two narrow exceptions: (1) where a statute expressly
authorizes judicial review of a consular officers’ actions or (2) when an American citizen is
challenging the exclusion of a noncitizen alleging it burdens the citizen’s constitutional right. See
Castro v. Blinken, H-21-2494, 2022 WL 180987, at *3 (S.D. Tex. Jan. 20, 2022) (citation omitted).
As the parties seeking to overcome the doctrine and invoke this Court’s jurisdiction, Plaintiffs bear
the burden of proving an exception exists. See Ramming, 281 F.3d at 161. The Court will analyze
each exception below.
1. Unreasonable Delay Exception

As stated above, the APA expressly provides individuals the opportunity to seek judicial
remedies if they are adversely affected by “agency action.” See 5 U.S.C. § 702. The APA confers
jurisdiction on reviewing courts to compel agency action when, as relevant here, the action has

5 This Court notes that courts in other circuits have held that the doctrine of consular non-reviewability does
not bar a claim for unreasonable delay. See, e.g., Ramizi, 745 F. Supp. 3d at 256 (holding that the doctrine of consular
non-reviewability did not moot Plaintiffs’ claim because they were not challenging the officer’s refusal, rather
Plaintiffs were challenging the period of post-refusal administrative processing that ensued after the refusal); see also
Didban v. Pompeo, 435 F. Supp. 3d 168, 174 (D.D.C. 2020) (holding that “[b]ecause Plaintiffs do not seek review of
a consular officer’s decision, the doctrine of consular non-reviewability does not apply” and the court could review
Defendants failure to decide the noncitizen plaintiff’s waiver application); Sharifi, 731 F. Supp. 3d at 438. Some courts
in Texas have similarly refused to apply the doctrine of consular non-reviewability to bar an unreasonable delay claim.
See, e.g., Ali, 2008 WL 11502058, at *6; Jaraba, 568 F. Supp. 3d at 731. Nonetheless, a majority of courts in Texas
have applied the doctrine to bar claims similar to Plaintiffs’ here. See, e.g., Roshan, 2024 WL 3843786, at *2; Bamdad
v. U.S. Dep’t of State, No. 1:23-CV-757-DAE, 2024 WL 1462948, at *3 (W.D. Tex. Feb. 9, 2024); Burris v. Kerry,
No. 4:12-CV-728, 2014 WL 1267272, at *4 (E.D. Tex. Mar. 27, 2014); Jaime v. Blinken, No. EP-22-CV-248-KC,
2023 WL 2657651, at *2 (W.D. Tex. Mar. 24, 2023).
been “unlawfully withheld or unreasonably delayed.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(1); see also 5 U.S.C. §
555(b) (the APA mandates that an “agency shall proceed to conclude a matter presented to it”
“within a reasonable time”). However, “‘a claim under § 706(1) can proceed only where a plaintiff
asserts that an agency [1] failed to take a discrete agency action that [2] it is required to take.’” Li
v. Jaddou, No. 22-50756, 2023 WL 3431237, at *1 (5th Cir. Mar. 12, 2023) (per curiam)

(unpublished) (quoting Norton, 542 U.S. at 64). Thus, to make an appropriate showing of the
requested relief and overcome the doctrine of consular non-reviewability, Plaintiffs must allege
that (1) Defendants either failed to perform or unreasonably delayed in performing an agency
action and (2) Defendants are required to perform that discrete agency action under a relevant
statute. See id.; see also 5 U.S.C. § 706(1). Even assuming that Plaintiffs can allege a discrete
agency action that Defendants are required to perform,6 Plaintiffs, as discussed below, have failed
to state a plausible basis to conclude that any delay amounts to an unreasonable delay.
To determine whether an action has been unreasonably delayed, courts often utilize the
following six factors articulated in Telecommunications Research and Action Center (“TRAC”) v.

F.C.C., 750 F.2d 70, 80 (D.C. Cir. 1984). Utilizing the TRAC factors, a court asks the following:
(i) Whether the agency’s timing is governed by a “rule of reason”;

(ii) Whether Congress has provided a timetable;

(iii) Whether the consequence of delay is economic, in which case delay is more
tolerable than “when human health and welfare are at stake”;

6 Defendants argue that Plaintiffs have not alleged a discrete agency action that Defendants were required to
perform as “the consular officer took the precise action directed by” regulation when he denied Irfan’s visa application
after her interview and “Defendants lack any mandatory, non-discretionary duty to re-adjudicate.” (Defs.’ Brief at
14.) Plaintiffs, in response, allege that Defendants have not performed their non-discretionary duty to conclude the
application process because the counsel officer’s refusal was not a final adjudication. (Pls.’ Brief at 8.) As previously
articulated, a majority of courts in Texas courts have held, as this Court now holds, that the consular officer’s refusal
was a final adjudication. See Khosravi, 2025 WL 987201, at *2 (collecting cases). Nevertheless, this Court assumes,
for the sake of argument, that Plaintiffs have properly alleged Defendants have a non-discretionary duty that they have
not performed.
(iv) Whether expediting delayed action will affect other agency priorities;

(v) What interests will be prejudiced by delay; and

(vi) Whether impropriety is behind the delay (though impropriety isn’t required to
find unreasonable delay).

See Ahmed v. Bitter, 727 F. Supp. 3d 630, 637-38 (S.D. Tex. 2024) (quoting TRAC, 750 F.2d at
79-80). Although the Fifth Circuit has not adopted these factors, see Li, 2023 WL 3431237, at *1
n.2 (noting “[t]he Fifth Circuit has never adopted [the TRAC] multi-factor test”), courts in this
circuit “have found the structure helpful to address unreasonable delay claims under APA
§ 706(1).” See Kizilyildirim v. Daum, No. 4:23-cv-03287, 2024 WL 1722277, at *6 (S.D. Tex.
Mar. 29, 2024) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted), report & recommendation adopted,
2024 WL 1719924 (S.D. Tex. Apr. 22, 2024); see also Ahmed, 727 F. Supp. 3d at 637-38; Kolluri
v. U.S. Citizenship & Immigr. Servs., No. 3:20-CV-02897-N, 2021 WL 183316, at *4 (N.D. Tex.
Jan. 17, 2021) (applying the TRAC factors and noting that “what constitutes an unreasonable delay
in the context of immigration applications depends to a great extent on the facts of the particular
case”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); Jaraba, 568 F. Supp. 3d at 733. Thus, this
Court shall utilize the TRAC factors in analyzing whether the Plaintiffs have established a claim
for unreasonable delay.7
a. First TRAC Factor
The first factor looks at whether the time that an agency takes in adjudicating applications
is governed by a “rule of reason.” TRAC, 750 F.2d at 80. Defendants argue that this factor weighs

7 Some courts refuse to utilize the TRAC factors at the motion to dismiss stage because of the fact-specific
analysis that takes place in analyzing a claim for unreasonable delay. See Al-Gharawy, 617 F. Supp. 3d at 17-18;
Raouf v. U.S. Dep’t of State, 702 F. Supp. 3d 19, 32 (D.N.H. 2023). However, because Plaintiffs must state a claim
for unreasonable delay that is plausible on its face and meet their burden of proving an exception to the doctrine of
consular non-reviewability, this Court applies the TRAC factors to determine whether the complaint has adequately
alleged such a claim. See Ghannad-Rezaie v. Laitinen, 757 F. Supp. 3d 148, 154-55 (D. Mass. 2024); Dennis v.
Blinken, No. 1:22-CV-02522-JRR, 2023 WL 4764576, at *6 (D. Md. July 26, 2023).
in their favor, as case law supports the period of delay in this case and “the government’s interests
in balancing its own priorities and carefully vetting [noncitizens] before admitting them to the
county outweigh Plaintiffs’ interest in receiving an immediate re-adjudication of the visa
application at issue.” (Defs.’ Brief at 15; Defs.’ Reply at 9.) In response, Plaintiffs argue that
Defendants have not stated a rule of reason for the delay and, thus, the first factor favors Plaintiffs.

(Pls.’ Brief at 19.)
After reviewing the parties’ arguments, the Court finds that the first TRAC factor weighs
in favor of the Defendants, as they have identified a rule of reason that governs the timing of
processing immigrant visa cases—namely carefully vetting foreign nationals before admitting
them to the country. See Ahmed, 727 F. Supp. 3d at 638 (finding that the first factor favored the
Government as it had identified a rule of reason—the Government “systematically processes
applications according to its foreign policy priorities and the timing of when the case documents
are complete for each application”).
b. Second TRAC Factor

As to the second factor, the Court looks at whether Congress has provided a timetable to
control when the agency may be expected to take action. TRAC, 750 F.2d at 80. Here, the parties
agree that Congress has not provided a specific timetable by which Defendants are required to
adjudicate a visa application. (Defs.’ Brief at 15; Pls.’ Brief at 19.) Instead, such timing is within
the discretion of the agency. See Ahmed, 727 F. Supp. 3d at 638. Furthermore, Defendants argue
that courts have “routinely concluded that delays in processing immigrant applications that are far
longer than the purported delay here—approximately 17 months—do not constitute unreasonable
delay.”8 (Defs.’ Brief at 16.) In response, Plaintiffs assert that Defendants “seem to ignore the

8 At the time of Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss was filed, the Plaintiffs had been allegedly waiting seventeen
months since Irfan’s first immigrant visa interview. (Defs.’ Brief at 16.) Currently, the Plaintiffs have been waiting
fact that the question of reasonableness in such cases [as this] is a fact specific inquiry and clearly
requires a case-by-case analysis versus a ‘blanket rule’” as to when a delay is unreasonable. (Pls.’
Brief at 19.)
In the context of immigration applications, courts have recognized that it “‘takes time—
and often a lot of it.’ . . . [and that] delays of ‘years—or even decades’ [are] an unfortunate, but

lawful reality of the immigrant visa process.” Id. (quoting Scialabba v. Cuellar de Osorio, 573
U.S. 41, 50 (2014)). Courts also often look to surrounding case law in determining the
reasonableness of a period of delay in the absence of a Congressional mandate. See Ahmed, 727
F. Supp. 3d at 638 (holding less than three-year delay to be reasonable when looking at surrounding
case law) (collecting cases); see also de Belinay v. Mayorkas, No. 1:24-cv-00240 (CRC), 2025
WL 671120, at *6 (D.D.C. Mar. 3, 2025) (finding a delay of sixteen months to be reasonable in
light of surrounding case law) (collecting cases); see also Yan v. Mueller, No. H-07-0313, 2007
WL 1521732, at *9 (S.D. Tex. May 24, 2007) (holding that delay of over three years was not
unreasonable); Debba v. Heinauer, 366 F. App’x 696, 699 (8th Cir. 2010) (finding that delay of

ten years was not unreasonable). Here, it appears that the delay of approximately twenty-one
months is not unreasonable. Therefore, the Court finds that the second TRAC factor weighs in
favor of Defendants.
c. Third TRAC Factor
The third factor looks to “whether the consequence of delay is economic, in which case
delay is more tolerable than ‘when human health and welfare are at stake.’” Ahmed, 727 F. Supp.
3d at 637-38 (quoting TRAC, 750 F.2d at 80). As to this factor, Plaintiffs allege that they have
endured the following hardships from Defendants delay: (1) “significant financial and emotional

for approximately twenty-one months. While the Court notes this additional delay, it, at this time, has no effect on
the Court’s analysis or conclusion.
hardships as a result of the unreasonable period of time that Plaintiff IRFAN’s case has been
pending without final adjudication”; (2) Irfan has “been forced to live apart from her U.S. citizen
spouse without his mental, physical, and emotional support for an unreasonably long period of
time”; (3) Mazher has been separated from his two minor children during their formative years;
and (4) Mazher is experiencing worsening medical issues, as he cannot receive a necessary surgery

while his wife is absent. (Pls.’ Am. Compl. at 7; see Pls.’ Brief at 21.) In their Motion to Dismiss,
Defendants argue that the hardships Plaintiffs complain of are insufficient to tip the third factor in
their favor because Plaintiffs’ circumstances are not unique. (Defs.’ Brief at 17.)
Courts have routinely held that the third TRAC factor does not weigh in favor of plaintiffs
if the claimed hardships are not unique and suffered by similarly situated applicants. See e.g.
Ahmed, 727 F. Supp. 3d at 639 (finding that Plaintiff failed to make a showing “of anything
particular to their unique situation, or that any hardships they face due to delay are different from
those similarly situated applicants”) (collecting cases); Da Costa v. Immigr. Inv. Program Office,
80 F.4th 330, 345 (D.C. Cir. 2023) (finding the third TRAC factor weighed against Plaintiffs

because their allegations of health and welfare harm were generalized and not linked to individual
circumstances); Mohammad v. Blinken, 548 F. Supp. 3d 159, 168-69 (D.D.C. 2021) (holding third
factor weighs in favor of the Government because the hardships alleged mirrored the
circumstances of similarly situated applicants or were based on the repercussions of Plaintiff’s
own choices); Bagherian v. Pompeo, 442 F. Supp. 3d 87, 95-96 (D.D.C. 2020). Here, Plaintiffs’
claims of significant financial and emotional hardships from the delay are not unique. For instance,
Plaintiffs allegation of hardship arising from Irfan’s separation from Mazher’s mental, physical,
and emotional support is like that of many similarly situated applicants who are seeking a visa to
reside with their spouse. Additionally, Plaintiffs’ allegation that Mazher has been burdened due
to his separation from his two minor children during their formative years, without more, fails to
show how Mazher’s situation is unlike that of the many applicants who are separated from their
family members during this waiting period. See Ahmed, 727 F. Supp. 3d at 639. Consequently,
Plaintiffs’ general allegations of financial, emotional, and separation hardships do not tip this
factor in Plaintiffs’ favor. However, Plaintiffs do allege a specific hardship arising from medical

treatment delays, which the Court shall discuss separately.
Plaintiffs allege that Mazher is suffering medical hardship because of the delay in
processing Irfan’s application. (Pls.’ Brief at 21.) Specifically, Plaintiffs allege that Mazher
suffers from diabetes, high blood pressure, Hepatitis B, liver steatosis, and that he is “now in
desperate need of surgery for an injury sustained during an accident.” (Id.) As to the surgery,
Plaintiffs argue that Mazher requires his wife’s “physical presence before undertaking such a
surgery and most certainly would benefit from her emotional and mental support post-surgery
during his recovery period.” (Id.) While this Court is sympathetic to Mazher’s medical conditions
and its effect on his family, his hardship stemming from his lack of support is exacerbated by his

own actions, namely his recent relocation from El Paso to Dallas, where he does not have family
or close support. (Pls.’ Brief, Medical Letter [doc. 14-1] at 2.) Consequently, the Court finds that
the third TRAC factor weighs in favor of Defendants. See Ahmed, 727 F. Supp. 3d at 639; see also
Mohammed, 548 F. Supp. 3d at 168-69 (finding the third factor weighs in favor of the Government
because Plaintiff cannot blame the Government for difficulties arising from the repercussions of
their own choices).
d. Fourth TRAC Factor
Under the fourth TRAC factor, the Court considers the effect of expediting delayed action
on agency activities of higher or competing priority. TRAC, 750 F.2d at 80. Defendants advance
the following reasons for why this factor weighs in their favor: (1) the effect of compelling
adjudication of Irfan’s application impacts other applicants; (2) an order compelling prioritization
of Irfan’s application would result in additional similar lawsuits, producing no net gain in the
administrative system and an increased burden on the judicial system; and (3) expediting action
would compromise the significance of a consular officer’s decision and its effect on national

security.9 (Defs.’ Brief at 18-19.) As recognized by several other courts, compulsion of the
adjudication of Irfan’s application results in no net gain to the administrative system and,
ultimately, causes delays for other similarly situated applicants. See Ahmed, 727 F. Supp. 3d at
639 (noting that “‘immigrant visa processing is a zero-sum game with [the agency’s] limited
resources. Processing one category of immigrant visas necessarily results in diminished resources
for processing another category of visas’”) (quoting Gjoci v. Dep’t of State, No. 1:21-cv-00294-
RCL, 2021 WL 3912143, at *13 (D.D.C. Sept. 1, 2021)). Further, the Court acknowledges and
agrees with Defendants’ argument that granting Plaintiffs’ requested relief would also negatively
impact Defendants’ priority of preserving national security by mandating a re-adjudication of the

consular officer’s decision. Consequently, the Court finds the fourth TRAC factor weighs in favor
of the Defendants.

9 Plaintiffs allege the following three bases for why the fourth TRAC factor weighs in their favor: “Defendants
assume without any factual basis that [ ] Irfan’s immigrant visa application is not already at the ‘front of the line’”;
(2) if there is a queue in the government’s system, Irfan “should certainly be at the front of such a queue” as she has
been interviewed twice and complied with the consul[er] officer’s requests; and (3) if there are applications which
precede Irfan’s in the line due to delay, “this may suggest that the Defendants’ delay is the result of agency
insufficiency, and a mismanagement of resources allocated to them.” (Pls.’ Brief at 20-21.) However, such allegations
are conclusory and are not based on any facts beyond the standard processing requirements of interviewing and
complying with requests, which tends to show that Irfan’s application would be at the front of the line. Thus, Plaintiffs’
conclusory allegations are not sufficient to tip the fourth TRAC factor in their favor. See Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570
(finding a court need not credit bare conclusory allegations or “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of
action”).
e. Fifth TRAC Factor
The fifth factor asks the Court to look at the nature and extent of the interests prejudiced
by the delay. TRAC, 750 F.2d at 80. Here, Irfan is likely prejudiced by any delay in her
application. See Ahmed, 727 F. Supp. 3d at 640. Nonetheless, any prejudice resulting from the
delay does not overcome the other TRAC factors, which weigh strongly in Defendants’ favor, or

the prejudice posed by applicant lawsuits to the Defendants’ interests. Id. Furthermore, the Court
acknowledges the interests of other applicants ahead of Irfan in line, which would be prejudiced
by this Court compelling Defendants to conclude adjudication of Irfan’s application. Id.
Therefore, the Court finds that the fifth TRAC factor weighs in Defendants’ favor.
f. Sixth TRAC Factor
Finally, under the sixth TRAC factor, the Court looks at whether there is any impropriety
behind the delay, but “the court need not find any impropriety lurking behind agency lassitude in
order to hold that agency action is unreasonably delayed.” TRAC, 750 F.2d at 80 (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted); Ahmed, 727 F. Supp. 3d at 638, 640. Here, Defendants

argue that the sixth factor is either irrelevant or weighs in their favor as Plaintiffs do not allege that
Defendants have acted in bad faith. (Defs.’ Brief at 20.) In response, Plaintiffs assert that the
Court need not find any impropriety.10 (Pls.’ Brief at 22.) When neither party has alleged
impropriety, courts often hold that the sixth factor does not weigh in favor of either party. See
Jaraba, 568 F. Supp. 3d at 739; see also Brzezinski v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., No. 21-376

10 Plaintiffs also argue that impropriety may be discovered through the course of litigation. (Pls.’ Brief at
22.) Mere conclusory allegations of any potential, discoverable impropriety, however, are not sufficient to tip the
sixth factor in Plaintiffs’ favor. See Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. Furthermore, the APA provides that judicial review
is based on “the whole record or those parts of it cited by a party.” 5 U.S.C. § 706; see Ahmed, 727 F. Supp. 3d at
640. Further, courts have noted that “caselaw also suggests a strong presumption against supplementing the
administrative record or conducting extra-record discovery in APA cases.” See Ahmed, 727 F. Supp. 3d at 640 (citing
La Union Del Pueblo Entero v. FEMA, 141 F. Supp. 3d 681, 694-95 (S.D. Tex. 2015) and State of La., ex rel. Guste
v. Verity, 853 F.2d 322, 327 n.8 (5th Cir. 1988)). Thus, the Court finds Plaintiffs’ argument for the sixth TRAC factor
to be unpersuasive.
(RC), 2021 WL 4191958, at *6 (D.D.C. Sept. 15, 2021) (noting that when a plaintiff fails to allege
bad faith or impropriety, “courts have either chosen not to apply the sixth TRAC factor at all, . . .
or [have] acknowledged that this does not count again the plaintiff’s case”) (internal citations
omitted). Consequently, as Plaintiffs fail to sufficiently allege bad faith or impropriety, the Court
finds the sixth TRAC factor to be neutral.

In sum, under the TRAC factors, Plaintiffs have not shown that their application has been
unreasonably delayed. While the Court is sympathetic to the time Plaintiffs have spent waiting,
the immigration process often takes a considerable amount of time. See Scialabba, 573 U.S. at 50.
Considering the relevant circumstances, the delay of approximately twenty-one months is not
unreasonable. Thus, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have not stated a viable claim for unreasonable
delay under the APA and that Plaintiffs have failed to sufficiently allege the unreasonable delay
exception under the doctrine of consular non-reviewability. See Castro, 2022 WL 180987, at *3.
2. Constitutional Right Exception
The second exception to the doctrine of consular non-reviewability, as stated above, applies

to challenges by American citizens on the basis that the exclusion of a noncitizen is burdening a
citizen’s constitutional right. Id. (quoting Baan Rao Thai Rest., 985 F.3d at 1045-25). In their
Amended Complaint, Plaintiffs allege, inter alia, that Defendants’ delay in processing Irfan’s
application has violated Mazher’s “due process rights pertaining to his familial choices.” (Pls.’
Am. Compl. at 8.) In their Motion to Dismiss, Defendants argue that Plaintiffs have failed to state
a claim. (Defs.’ Brief at 20.) Specifically, Defendants point this court to Muñoz, where the
Supreme Court “held that ‘a citizen does not have a fundamental liberty interest in her noncitizen
spouse being admitted to the country.’” (Id. (quoting Muñoz, 144 S. Ct. at 1821).) Furthermore,
Defendants allege that “even prior to Muñoz, every circuit that that decided whether a marriage
creates a constitutionally protected liberty interest in a spouse’s immigration matters, except the
Ninth Circuit, held that no constitutional rights are implicated when the government denies a visa
to a non-citizen spouse.” (Id.) In response, Plaintiffs claim, inter alia, that while Muñoz “deprives
U.S. citizens of a constitutional right to have their non-citizen spouse admitted to the United States,
it should not be interpreted as giving blanket immunity to government agencies that have

indefinitely delayed visa adjudications without any legitimate explanation or excuse.” (Pls.’ Brief
at 22.) Plaintiffs also allege that Mahzer has a viable due process claim due to the unreasonable
delay in adjudicating Irfan’s application. (Id. at 23.) While Plaintiffs fail to identify whether they
are alleging a substantive or procedural due process claim, the Court shall briefly discuss both
below.
For Plaintiffs to succeed on a substantive due process claim, they “must establish the
existence of a legally protected liberty or property interest[] and a depravation of that interest.”
Hinojosa v. Cohan, No. 1:23-cv-136, 2024 WL 3751275, at *7 (S.D. Tex. Aug. 9, 2024) (citing
Conroe Creosoting Co. v. Montgomery Cnty., 249 F.3d 337, 341 (5th Cir. 2001) and Coggin v.

Longview Indep. Sch. Dist., 337 F.3d 459, 473 (5th Cir. 2003)). However, there is no protected
liberty interest or constitutional right to have a noncitizen spouse remain in the United States. See
Bright v. Parra, 919 F.2d 31, 33 (5th Cir. 1990) (citing Anetekhai v. Immigration and
Nationalization Serv., 876 F.2d 1218, 1222 n.5 (5th Cir. 1989)); see also Hinojosa, 2024 WL, at
*7; see also Muñoz, 602 U.S. at 909. Thus, Mazher has failed to sufficiently allege a substantive
due process claim.
The Court interprets Plaintiffs’ allegation that Mazher “may have a due process claim as
to the unreasonable delay in completing the administrative processing of Plaintiff Irfan’s
immigrant visa application and ultimately the failure to issue a final determination” to be alleging
a procedural due process claim. (Pls.’ Brief at 23.) For a procedural due process claim, Plaintiffs
must establish that Mazher (1) has a protected liberty interest and (2) that he was not afforded
appropriate process by Defendants. See Hinojosa, 2024 WL 3751275, at *7 (citation omitted)
(holding Plaintiff’s procedural due process claim fails “because she is unable to show either a
protected interest or a lack of process to adjudicate her husband’s visa application”). First, as

explained above, Mazher does not have a protected interest. See Muñoz, 602 U.S. at 909.
Secondly, even if Mazher did have a protected interest, Plaintiffs have failed to allege that they
received inadequate government process. In this case, Plaintiffs received adequate process when
they were given notice that Irfan’s application was denied under § 221(g) of the INA. In addition,
Irfan’s interviews at the consulate constituted a sufficient opportunity for a hearing, which also
satisfies adequate process. See Khaleel v. U.S. Dep’t of State, No. H-24-2970, 2025 WL 777082,
at *4 (S.D. Tex. Mar. 11, 2025) (finding no procedural due process claim where “the interview at
the embassy constituted adequate notice and opportunity for a hearing”) (citation omitted). Thus,
the Court finds that Plaintiffs have failed to sufficiently allege a procedural due process claim and

that the second exception to the doctrine of consular non-reviewability does not apply.
As Plaintiffs have failed to establish that an exception to the doctrine of consular non-
reviewability applies, the Court finds that it lacks the statutory and constitutional authority to
adjudicate Plaintiffs’ claims. See Home Builder Assoc. of Miss., Inc. v. City of Madison, Miss.,
143 F.3d 1006, 1010 (5th Cir. 1998) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Consequently,
the Court finds that Defendants’ motion should be granted.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, the Court RECOMMENDS that Defendants’ Motion to
Dismiss [doc. 12] be GRANTED.
NOTICE OF RIGHT TO OBJECT TO PROPOSED
FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
AND CONSEQUENCES OF FAILURE TO OBJECT
Under 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1), each party to this action has the right to serve and file specific
written objections in the United States District Court to the United States Magistrate Judge’s
proposed findings, conclusions and recommendation within fourteen (14) days after the party has
been served with a copy of this document. The United States District Judge need only make a de
novo determination of those portions of the United States Magistrate Judge’s proposed findings,
conclusions and recommendation to which specific objection is timely made. See 28 U.S.C. §
636(b)(1). Failure to file, by the date stated above, a specific written objection to a proposed
factual finding or legal conclusion will bar a party, except upon grounds of plain error or manifest
injustice, from attacking on appeal any such proposed factual findings and legal conclusions
accepted by the United States District Judge. See Douglass v. United Servs. Auto Ass’n, 79 F.3d

1415, 1428–29 (5th Cir. 1996) (en banc), superseded by statute on other grounds, 28 U.S.C. §
636(b)(1) (extending time to file objections from ten to fourteen days).
ORDER
Under 28 U.S.C. § 636, it is hereby ORDERED that each party is granted until August
25, 2025 to serve and file written objections to the United States Magistrate Judge’s proposed
findings, conclusions and recommendation. It is further ORDERED that if objections are filed
and the opposing party chooses to file a response, the response shall be filed within seven (7) days
of the filing date of the objections.
It is further ORDERED that the above-styled and numbered action, previously referred to
the United States Magistrate Judge for findings, conclusions and recommendation, be and hereby
is returned to the docket of the United States District Judge.
SIGNED August 11, 2025. Cc) q :
JEFFRE URETON
UNITE ATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

Page | 27

---

Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11136447. Public record. Not legal advice.