# United States v. Willie Lee Lewis

> Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit · August 22, 2025

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11125375

## Case

- **Court:** Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit
- **Decided:** August 22, 2025
- **Precedential status:** Unpublished
- **Opinion:** Opinion
- **Nature of suit:** REM
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

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## Opinion text

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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit

____________________

No. 19-15076
Non-Argument Calendar
____________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
WILLIE LEE LEWIS,

Defendant-Appellant.

____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
D.C. Docket No. 5:19-cr-00010-JDW-PRL-1
____________________
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2 Opinion of the Court 19-15076

Before JORDAN, ROSENBAUM, and LAGOA, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
This case returns to us on remand from the Supreme Court.
Willie Lee Lewis appeals his 120-month sentence imposed for his
conviction of unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon, in viola-
tion of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(e)(1). Lewis argues that his
prior cocaine-related convictions do not qualify as serious drug of-
fenses under § 924(e) of the Armed Career Criminal Act (“ACCA”),
and that, therefore, the district court erred by enhancing his sen-
tence under the ACCA.
In our previous panel opinion, we affirmed Lewis’s sen-
tence. Lewis petitioned for a writ of certiorari. The Supreme
Court granted Lewis’s petition for a writ of certiorari, vacated our
judgment, and remanded for further consideration in light of
United States v. Wooden, 595 U.S. 360 (2022). After receiving supple-
mental briefing on the impact of Wooden, we ordered further sup-
plemental briefing to address the impact of Erlinger v. United States,
602 U.S. 821 (2024). We now reconsider Lewis’s appeal with the
benefit of the Supreme Court’s guidance in Wooden and Erlinger.
In his initial and supplemental briefs, Lewis contends that his
prior cocaine-related convictions used to enhance his sentence un-
der the ACCA do not qualify as serious drug offenses for four rea-
sons. First, Lewis argues that his prior Florida convictions for sell-
ing cocaine in 1991 and for possessing with intent to sell or deliver
cocaine in 1995 were not serious drug offenses because they
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19-15076 Opinion of the Court 3

occurred more than 15 years ago or resulted in less than a year of
imprisonment. Second, Lewis argues that his Florida cocaine-re-
lated convictions were not serious drug offenses because Florida’s
controlled-substance definition for cocaine-related offenses was
broader than the federal definition in effect at the time he was con-
victed of his present federal offense, citing United States v. Jackson
(Jackson I), 36 F.4th 1294 (11th Cir. 2022), superseded by United States
v. Jackson (Jackson II), 55 F.4th 846 (11th Cir. 2022), aff’d sub nom.
Brown v. United States, 602 U.S. 101 (2024). Third, Lewis argues that
his prior Florida conviction for trafficking cocaine in 2013 was not
a serious drug offense under the ACCA because the offense does
not require proof of intent to distribute. And fourth, Lewis argues
that his prior Florida convictions for three counts of selling cocaine
in 1991 were not committed on different occasions under the
ACCA, and his nolo contendere plea did not constitute a conviction.
We address each argument in turn.
I.
Lewis first argues that the district court erred when it sen-
tenced him to an enhanced penalty under the ACCA because his
convictions for selling cocaine in 1991 and for possessing cocaine
with the intent to sell in 1995 were not serious drug offenses, as
they were “too remote in time.” We review de novo whether a de-
fendant’s prior conviction qualifies as a serious drug offense under
the ACCA. United States v. Longoria, 874 F.3d 1278, 1281 (11th Cir.
2017). We review de novo questions of statutory interpretation.
United States v. Bryant, 996 F.3d 1243, 1251 (11th Cir. 2021).
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Under § 922(g)(1), it is unlawful for a person convicted of a
crime punishable by a term of imprisonment exceeding one year
to possess a firearm. 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). At the time of Lewis’s
conviction, any person who knowingly violated § 922(g) could be
punished by up to ten years in prison. Id. § 924(a)(2) (2019). But if
a person violates § 922(g) and has three prior convictions for a “vi-
olent felony or a serious drug offense,” the ACCA mandates a 15-
year minimum sentence. Id. § 924(e)(1). Of relevance here, the
term “serious drug offense” is defined as:
[A]n offense under State law, involving manufactur-
ing, distributing, or possessing with intent to manu-
facture or distribute, a controlled substance (as de-
fined in section 102 of the Controlled Substances Act
(21 U.S.C. 802)), for which a maximum term of im-
prisonment of ten years or more is prescribed by law.
Id. § 924(e)(2)(A)(ii). Significantly, there is no temporal limitation
on predicate convictions for ACCA purposes, as the text of § 924(e)
“bases the enhanced penalty on three prior violent felony [or seri-
ous drug] convictions, without qualification.” United States v. Green,
904 F.2d 654, 655 (11th Cir. 1990).
Under Florida law, a person who sells or possesses with in-
tent to sell, manufacture, or deliver a controlled substance named
in § 893.03(2)(a), including cocaine, commits a felony in the second
degree. Fla. Stat. Ann. § 893.13(1)(a)(1). A second-degree felony is
punishable “by a term of imprisonment not exceeding 15 years.”
Fla. Stat. Ann. § 775.082(3)(d). Cocaine falls within the definition
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of a “controlled substance” under the Controlled Substances Act.
See 21 U.S.C. §§ 802(6), 812(c)(Schedule II)(a)(4).
The First Step Act amended the Controlled Substances Act’s
definition of “serious drug felony” to include an “offense described
in” 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2) for which “(A) the offender served a term
of imprisonment of more than 12 months; and (B) the offender’s
release from any term of imprisonment was within 15 years of the
commencement of the instant offense.” First Step Act of 2018
(“First Step Act”), Pub. L. 115-391, § 401(a)(1), 132 Stat. 5194,
5220-21 (quotation marks omitted).
By its plain language, the First Step Act only amends the
Controlled Substances Act and does not amend the definition of
“serious drug offense” under § 924(e)(2)(A). The ACCA does not
impose a temporal requirement on predicate offenses or require
that the predicate offenses result in at least 12 months’ imprison-
ment. See Jackson II, 55 F.4th at 861 (holding that “[s]ection
924(e)(2)(A)(ii) incorporates the version of the federal drug sched-
ules in effect when a defendant was convicted of his prior state drug
offenses,” and thus the “ACCA’s ‘serious drug offense’ definition en-
compasses a prior state offense that involved ‘manufacturing, dis-
tributing, or possessing with intent to manufacture or distribute’”
a controlled substance). We thus conclude that the district court
did not err in concluding that Lewis’s 1991 and 1995 Florida con-
victions qualified as serious drug offenses on this basis. We now
turn to the second argument raised by Lewis.
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II.
Lewis also argues that “none of [his] cocaine-related offenses
under Fla. Stat. § 893.13 and § 893.135 are ‘serious drug offenses’”
under the ACCA, “[n]otwithstanding” this Court’s decision in Jack-
son II. We disagree.
When a defendant does not state the grounds for an objec-
tion in the district court, we review for plain error. United States v.
Zinn, 321 F.3d 1084, 1087 (11th Cir. 2003). To establish plain error,
a defendant must show: (1) an error, (2) that was obvious, (3) that
affected the defendant’s substantial rights, and (4) that seriously af-
fected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the proceed-
ings. United States v. Aguilar-Ibarra, 740 F.3d 587, 592 (11th Cir.
2014). For an error to be plain, it must be plain under controlling
precedent or the language of a statute or rule. Id.
Under Florida law, any person who sells, purchases, manu-
factures, delivers, or brings into the state 28 grams or more of co-
caine commits the first-degree felony of trafficking in cocaine. Fla.
Stat. Ann. § 893.135(1)(b)(1).
We apply the categorical approach to determine whether a
defendant’s state conviction is a serious drug offense under the
ACCA. Jackson II, 55 F.4th at 850. Under the categorical approach,
we consider the statutory definition of the state offense rather than
the facts of the crime itself. Id. A state conviction qualifies only if
the state statute under which the conviction occurred defines the
offense in the same way as, or more narrowly than, the ACCA’s
definition of a serious drug offense. Id.
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In Jackson II, we held that the appellant’s state conviction un-
der Fla. Stat. Ann. § 893.13 qualified as a serious drug offense. Id.
at 861–62. We explained that the ACCA’s definition of a serious
drug offense incorporates the version of the federal controlled sub-
stances schedules in effect when the defendant was convicted of
the prior state drug offense. Id. at 854. And we concluded that the
appellant’s 1998 and 2004 Florida cocaine-related convictions qual-
ified because Florida’s controlled substances schedules included io-
flupane until 2017, and the federal controlled substance schedules
also included ioflupane until 2015. Id. at 851 & nn.3–4.
Lewis contests none of this. Lewis, instead, tells us that Jack-
son II was “mistaken,” “unworkable,” and “contrary to ‘the due-
process cornerstone of fair notice’ that drove the Court’s original
decision in [Jackson I].” In addition to Lewis’s arguments being fore-
closed by prior panel precedent, the Supreme Court has now af-
firmed our decision in Jackson II, holding that “a state drug convic-
tion counts as an ACCA predicate if it involved a drug on the fed-
eral schedules at the time of that offense.” Brown, 602 U.S. at 123.
We thus conclude that the district court did not plainly err in find-
ing that Lewis’s Florida cocaine-related convictions were serious
drug offenses, because our precedent in Jackson II, which the Su-
preme Court affirmed in Brown, forecloses Lewis’s argument. We
turn now to Lewis’s third argument.
III.
Lewis also argues that his prior Florida conviction for traf-
ficking cocaine in 2013, in violation of Fla. Stat.
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8 Opinion of the Court 19-15076

§ 893.135(1)(b)(1)(a), was not a serious drug offense under the
ACCA because the offense does not require proof of intent to dis-
tribute. However, this Court has held, based on guidance from the
Florida Supreme Court, that a conviction for drug trafficking under
Fla. Stat. § 893.135 does constitute a serious drug offense under the
ACCA. See United States v. Conage (Conage III), 50 F.4th 81, 81–82
(11th Cir. 2022). 1 None of the cases Lewis identifies abrogates
Conage III. We thus conclude that Lewis’s prior conviction for traf-
ficking cocaine in 2013 was a serious drug offense under the ACCA.
IV.
We now address Lewis’s final argument, which contends
that the district court committed a reversible Erlinger error because
a jury did not find, and Lewis did not admit, that his prior offenses
occurred on different occasions. We agree that a jury did not

1 We first reviewed whether trafficking cocaine in violation of Florida law was

a “serious drug offense” under the ACCA in United States v. Conage, 976 F.3d
1244 (11th Cir. 2020) (Conage I). Because this question involved a state-law
issue—“whether the purchase of a trafficking quantity of drugs, as specified by
the Florida drug trafficking statute, ‘involves’ the possession of that drug, as
that term is defined in the ACCA”—we certified the question to the Florida
Supreme Court. Id. at 1254. The Florida Supreme Court then held that a
completed purchase for purposes of conviction under § 893.135(1) “requires
proof that the defendant both (1) gave consideration for and (2) obtained con-
trol of a trafficking quantity of illegal drugs,” which “consist[s] of the same
range of conduct that qualifies as constructive possession under federal law.”
Conage v. United States, 346 So. 3d 594, 600 (Fla. 2022) (Conage II). Yielding to
the Florida Supreme Court’s interpretation of state law, Conage III concluded
that a Florida cocaine-trafficking conviction is a serious drug offense under the
ACCA. 50 F.4th at 81–82.
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decide whether Lewis committed three ACCA predicate offenses
on different occasions, constituting Erlinger error. But, as Lewis
never objected to the ACCA enhancement on the ground that the
district court made the finding that his predicate offenses were
committed on different occasions, we review this issue for plain er-
ror only. See United States v. Edwards, 142 F.4th 1270, 1279 (11th Cir.
2025) (reviewing for plain error where the appellant “didn’t object
to the ACCA enhancement on any ground, including that the of-
fenses underlying the ACCA predicates weren’t committed on dif-
ferent occasions”); United States v. Penn, 63 F.4th 1305, 1318 (11th
Cir. 2023) (reviewing for plain error where the appellant “raised for
the first time on appeal” an argument “under the Fifth and Sixth
Amendments [that] a jury must find, or a defendant must admit,
that two offenses occurred on separate occasions”).
The ACCA requires that any person who violates § 922(g)
serve a mandatory minimum sentence of 15 years when the de-
fendant has 3 prior convictions for violent felonies or serious drug
offenses “committed on occasions different from one another.” 18
U.S.C. § 924(e)(1). Before Wooden, we had held that, in order for
the predicate offenses to be committed on different occasions un-
der the ACCA, they must be “temporally distinct.” Dudley, 5 F.4th
at 1259 (quotation marks omitted). Offenses were “distinct if some
temporal break occur[red] between them.” United States v. Sneed,
600 F.3d 1326, 1330 (11th Cir. 2010) (quotation marks and brackets
omitted). Thus, even small gaps between crimes would usually be
sufficient to separate criminal episodes from one another. Id.
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In March 2022, the Supreme Court issued a decision in
Wooden, interpreting the “different occasions” requirement. 595
U.S. at 362–63. The Court held that treating each temporally dis-
tinct offense as its own occasion was inconsistent with the plain
meaning of the word “occasion” and the legislative history of the
ACCA. Id. at 366–76. Rather, the inquiry of whether offenses oc-
curred on different occasions was more “multi-factored in nature”
and required consideration of: (i) the timing of the offenses; (ii) the
proximity of location; and (iii) the character and relationship of the
offenses. Id. at 367–71. As to timing, “[o]ffenses committed close
in time, in an uninterrupted course of conduct, will often count as
part of one occasion; not so offenses separated by substantial gaps
in time or significant intervening events.” Id. at 369. And “[i]n
many cases, a single factor—especially of time or place—can deci-
sively differentiate occasions. Courts, for instance, have nearly al-
ways treated offenses as occurring on separate occasions if a person
committed them a day or more apart, or at a significant distance.”
Id. at 369–70 (quotation marks omitted). Thus, the Supreme Court
concluded that the defendant’s commission of ten burglaries—on
a single night, in an uninterrupted course of conduct, at one loca-
tion, with each offense essentially identical and intertwined—was
one criminal occasion for purposes of the ACCA. Id. at 370–71,
376.
Subsequently, in Erlinger, the Supreme Court considered for
the first time “whether a judge may decide that a defendant’s past
offenses were committed on separate occasions under a preponder-
ance-of-the-evidence standard, or whether the Fifth and Sixth
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Amendments require a unanimous jury to make that determina-
tion beyond a reasonable doubt.” 602 U.S. at 825. The Supreme
Court concluded that the “government must prove beyond a rea-
sonable doubt to a unanimous jury the facts necessary to sustain
the punishment it seeks,” id. at 824, including “whether the defend-
ant’s prior offenses occurred on different occasions for purposes of
applying ACCA’s mandatory minimum sentence,” id. at 847–48.
To establish plain error, a defendant must show that (1) there
was an error, (2) the error was plain, and (3) the error affected his
substantial rights. United States v. Roosevelt Coats, 8 F.4th 1228, 1235
(11th Cir. 2021). “If these three conditions are met, we have discre-
tion to recognize an unpreserved error but only if (4) the error se-
riously affect[ed] the fairness, integrity or public reputation of ju-
dicial proceedings.” Id. (quotation marks omitted). The third
prong—substantial rights—requires the defendant to show preju-
dice; that is, that the error changed the outcome of the proceeding.
Id. at 1236. “[U]nlike harmless error—where the government car-
ries the burden—the onus of establishing prejudice under plain er-
ror rests with the defendant.” United States v. Margarita Garcia, 906
F.3d 1255, 1267 (11th Cir. 2018). The burden placed on the defend-
ant under the plain-error standard is “heavy,” as it serves to enforce
“the basic requirement that parties assert timely objections in order
to preserve claims of error.” Id.; cf. United States v. Rodriguez, 627
F.3d 1372, 1379 (11th Cir. 2010) (“Requiring an objection at trial fos-
ters finality of judgment and deters sandbagging[.]” (internal quo-
tations omitted)). In particular, the burden of showing prejudice is
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12 Opinion of the Court 19-15076

“anything but easy.” Margarita Garcia, 906 F.3d at 1267 (quotation
marks omitted).
In this case, we conclude that there was no plain Erlinger er-
ror because Lewis has not shown that, but for the district court’s
error, the outcome of the proceeding would have been different.
Edwards, 142 F.4th at 1281. To prevail, Lewis would have to “show
a reasonable probability that a jury would have concluded that he
committed the three predicate crimes on fewer than three occa-
sions.” Id. at 1282. But the record shows otherwise.
In addition to his 1991 convictions for selling cocaine, Lewis
has two other convictions for serious drug offenses: his 1995 con-
viction for possessing with intent to sell or deliver cocaine and his
2013 conviction for trafficking cocaine. Therefore, even assuming
(without deciding) that Lewis’s three 1991 convictions for selling
cocaine count as a single serious drug offense, Lewis still cannot
show substantial prejudice, because there is no reasonable proba-
bility that a jury would find that he did not commit his 1990, 1995,
and 2012 offenses on different occasions.
In Edwards, for example, this Court held that the appellant
had not “met his plain-error burden to show that his ‘substantial
rights’ were affected” where the district court had enhanced his
sentence under the ACCA on the basis of three prior convictions:
“(1) for a December 20, 1996, robbery with a deadly weapon and
aggravated battery, for which the arrest occurred on April 1, 1997;
(2) for an undated instance of drug trafficking, for which the arrest
occurred on December 28, 2010; and (3) for an October 1, 2010,
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aggravated battery with a deadly weapon, for which the arrest oc-
curred on December 30, 2010.” 142 F.4th at 1282, 1285. Here,
Lewis’s crimes are even more clearly temporally distinct. See
Wooden, 595 U.S. at 369 (“Offenses committed close in time, in an
uninterrupted course of conduct, will often count as part of one
occasion; not so offenses separated by substantial gaps in time or
significant intervening events.”); Penn, 63 F.4th at 1318 (holding that
“[n]o reasonable person would say that [the defendant’s] two sales
of cocaine, thirty days apart, occurred on the same occasion,” as
the “offenses no more occurred on the same occasion than two
baseball games between the same teams at the same stadium one
month apart”). Because three of Lewis’s predicate offenses were
separated by significant, years-long gaps in time, he has not met his
burden under the plain-error standard to show that the district
court’s Erlinger error affected his substantial rights.
* * *
In sum, we conclude that the district court did not err in ap-
plying the ACCA enhancement here. We thus affirm Lewis’s sen-
tence.
AFFIRMED.

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11125375. Public record. Not legal advice.