# Aminov v. Draftkings Inc.

> District Court, E.D. New York · July 28, 2025

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11109820

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, E.D. New York
- **Decided:** July 28, 2025
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11109820

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- holding that a reasonable consumer would not be misled into believing that a concert was guaranteed to take place as scheduled where the ticket stated, “DATE & TIME ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE.”

## Opinion text

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
---------------------------------------------------------------
NERYE AMINOV, individually and on behalf of
all others similarly situated,
MEMORANDUM & ORDER
Plaintiff, 24-CV-8472 (MKB)

v.

DRAFTKINGS, INC.,

Defendant.
---------------------------------------------------------------
MARGO K. BRODIE, United States District Judge:
Plaintiff Nerye Aminov commenced this class action on behalf of himself and others
similarly situated consumers against Defendant DraftKings, Inc. (“DraftKings”) on September
30, 2024, in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, County of Queens. (See Summons
and Complaint (“Compl.”), annexed to Notice of Removal as Exhibit A, Docket Entry No. 1-2.)
Plaintiff asserts state law claims on behalf of the New York subclass under sections 349 and 350
of the New York General Business Law (“GBL”) and claims on behalf of all classes for
intentional misrepresentation, fraudulent inducement, and unjust enrichment. (Id.) Plaintiff
alleges that Defendant, a gambling and entertainment corporation, engaged in deceptive
marketing to increase its sports betting platform userbase through a fraudulent and misleading
promotion promising new users a $1,000 deposit bonus for signing up to its platform (the
“Promotion”). (Id.) On December 11, 2024, Defendant removed the case to the United States
District Court, Eastern District of New York. (Notice of Removal, Docket Entry No. 1.)
Currently before the Court is Defendant’s motion to dismiss the Complaint for failure to
state a claim pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure; Plaintiff opposes
the motion.1 For the reasons explained below, the Court grants Defendant’s motion.
I. Background
Plaintiff is a citizen of New York and resides in Queens County.2 (Compl. ¶ 9.)

Defendant is a Nevada corporation with its principal place of business in Massachusetts. (Id. ¶
10.) Defendant is licensed under the New York Gaming Commission and since 2022, Defendant
has operated mobile betting platforms in New York. (Id.)
a. The deposit bonus promotion
Plaintiff alleges that beginning in 2022, Defendant engaged in a marketing campaign in
New York to become an early leader as the state legalized online sports betting. (Id. ¶¶ 29–31.)
As part of its campaign through 2023, Defendant maintained the Promotion where it “advertised
the ‘$1,000 Deposit Bonus’ as a reward for signing up for its sportsbook platform” using
language such as, or similar to, “Join DraftKings Sportsbook Get $1,000 Deposit Bonus!” (Id. ¶
31.) Defendant advertised the Promotion on its mobile app and website. (Id. ¶ 32.)
According to the Promotion’s terms and conditions, the Promotion had three

requirements for a new user to qualify for the $1,000 deposit bonus. (Id. ¶ 33.) The new user
had to (1) “immediately deposit at least $5,000 in cash with DraftKings;” (2) “wager at least
$25,000 with DraftKings within 90 days;” and (3) the wagers had to be on “daily fantasy

1 (See Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss (“Def.’s Mot.”), Docket Entry No. 19; Def.’s Mem. in
Supp. of Def.’s Mot. (“Def.’s Mem.”), Docket Entry No. 20; Pl.’s Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. (“Pl.’s
Opp’n”), Docket Entry No. 21; Def.’s Reply in Supp. of Def.’s Mot. (“Def.’s Reply”), Docket
Entry No. 22.)

2 The Court assumes the truth of the facts alleged in the Complaint for the purpose of
deciding Defendant’s motion.
contests, sportsbook bets with -300 odds or longer, and/or casino products,” (“Promotional
Terms”).3 (Id. ¶ 33.)
Upon accessing the Promotion or when depositing funds, Defendant displayed the
Promotional Terms. (Promotional Terms Screenshot, annexed to Decl. of Gary Wimbridge
(“Wimbridge Decl”) as Ex. 1, Docket Entry No. 21.) As part of the process for depositing funds

into a DraftKings’ account, consumers were confronted with the mobile deposit screen depicted
below.

3 In support of its motion to dismiss, Defendant relies on the Promotional Terms and
screenshots of the deposit screen to show the requirements necessary to qualify for the deposit
bonus. On a motion to dismiss, “the district court is normally required to look only to the
allegations on the face of the complaint” but “may consider documents that ‘are attached to the
complaint,’ ‘incorporated in it by reference,’ ‘integral’ to the complaint, or the proper subject of
judicial notice.” United States v. Strock, 982 F.3d 51, 63 (2d Cir. 2020) (quoting Roth v.
Jennings, 489 F.3d 499, 509 (2d Cir. 2007)); see Nicosia v. Amazon.com, Inc., 834 F.3d 220,
230–31 (2d Cir. 2016) (holding that courts may consider on a motion to dismiss “any written
instrument attached to [the complaint] as an exhibit or any statements or documents incorporated
in it by reference” and other documents “integral” to the complaint (first quoting Chambers v.
Time Warner Inc., 282 F.3d 147, 152 (2d Cir. 2002); and then quoting DiFolco v. MSNBC Cable
L.L.C., 622 F.3d 104, 111 (2d Cir. 2010))); see also, e.g., Glob. Network Commc’ns., Inc. v. City
of New York, 458 F.3d 150, 156 (2d Cir. 2006) (finding reversible error where the district court
considered defendant’s submission of a trial transcript in an unrelated proceeding and relied on it
to “make a finding of fact that controverted the plaintiff’s own factual assertions set out in its
complaint”). Plaintiff references the Promotional Terms in the Complaint (Compl. ¶¶ 31, 33)
and in his opposition to the motion (see Pl.’s Opp’n 1), to argue that a reasonable user could not
have been expected to understand the risk involved with the Promotion. Plaintiff also argues that
the Promotional Terms were not conspicuous to the consumers. (Pl.’s Opp’n 13.) The Court
therefore considers the Promotional Terms and screenshots of the deposit screen as integral to
the Complaint.
> 4 Ipy=veles1

With your first deposit, Bet $1+ on UFC 272 and Get $100!
Plus, you will receive a 20% deposit bonus up to $1,000!
Bonus funds are earned as you play. Please see ‘Profile
Page’ to view bonus status. Get started today!

Select Amount (USD)

$100 + up to $1 as you play
$250 + up to $1 as you play
$600 + up to $1 as you play
Other Amount
$0.00
Add Payment Details
Payment Type
Recommended
Online Banking
ova: hot P PayPal
°F Trustly CREDIT of DEBIT

(Id.) Close to the top of the deposit screen above where a consumer is directed to select a deposit
amount, the DraftKings page prominently states that users “will receive a 20% deposit bonus
up to $1,000! Bonus funds are earned as you play.” (/d.) By scrolling down the same screen, as
depicted below, the Promotional Terms are displayed in their totality, in a similar font size to all
the other text on the deposit screen.

> 4 By=velessy]
Receiving Bank's Account Number:
ee
Receiving Bank's Routing Number (ABA):

*A user's first deposit (min. $5) qualifies the user to
receive up to $1,000 in bonus funds in the form of
site credits that can only be used on DraftKings.
Bonus amount is equal to 20% of that deposit
amount, not to exceed $1,000 (the user must
deposit $5,000 to be eligible to receive the
maximum possible bonus amount of $1,000). Bonus
funds will be awarded to the user according to the
following play-through requirement: for every $25
played on DraftKings in DFS/Sportsbook/Casino, the
user will receive $1 in bonus funds released into
their player account (e.g., a $5,000 deposit requires
a user to play through a cumulative total of $25,000
in daily fantasy contests, sportsbook (-300 odds or
longer), casino products, or any combination
thereof to receive the maximum possible bonus
amount of $1,000). The play-through requirement
must be met 90 days from the date of first deposit
to receive maximum bonus. After such date, you are
ineligible to earn any additional bonus funds as part
of this promotion. Customers who previously made
a deposit on DraftKings are ineligible for this
promotion. Limit one (1) deposit bonus per user.
Promo ends 4/30/22.

Why DraftKings?

Minimum Deposit: $0.01

(Id.) The Promotional Terms specify that the “[b]onus amount is equal to 20% of that deposit
amount, not to exceed $1,000” and further explain that “the user must deposit $5,000 to be
eligible to receive the maximum possible bonus amount of $1,000.” Ud.) They also specify the
requirements to earn the maximum bonus. Specifically, that “a $5,000 deposit requires a user to
play through a cumulative total of $25,000 in daily fantasy contests, sportsbook (-300 odds or
longer), casino products, or any combination thereof to receive the maximum possible bonus
amount of $1,000.” (/d.) The Promotional Terms further state that to receive the bonus, the

requirements must be met within ninety days. (Id.) In its online promotional advertisements,
Defendants referenced the Promotional Terms by stating “JOIN DRAFTKINGS SPORTSBOOK
GET A $1,000 DEPOSIT BONUS!” followed by “View Terms >” in smaller font and two
buttons for logging in or signing up. (Compl. ¶¶ 31, 32.)
b. Plaintiff’s experience

Plaintiff alleges that he “signed up for DraftKings and made an initial deposit of $500 on
January 27, 2022” after seeing advertisements for the Promotion online on the DraftKings
website and mobile app. (Id. ¶¶ 32, 51.) Defendant “credited him a [d]eposit [b]onus of
. . . $100.” (Id. ¶ 52.) Plaintiff did not know or understand the requirements tied to the
Promotion and would not have made the “initial deposit had he known the truth about the
[Promotion].” (Id. ¶ 51, 53.)
Plaintiff seeks damages from Defendant for inducing class members to sign up and use its
sports betting platform through its allegedly misleading and fraudulent Promotion promising new
users a $1,000 deposit bonus upon signup. (Id. ¶ 59.)
II. Discussion
a. Standard of review

In reviewing a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure, a court “must construe [the Complaint] liberally, accepting all factual allegations
therein as true and drawing all reasonable inferences in the plaintiff[’s] favor.” Sacerdote v. N.Y.
Univ., 9 F.4th 95, 106–07 (2d Cir. 2021) (citing Palin v. N.Y. Times Co., 940 F.3d 804, 809 (2d
Cir. 2019)); see also Vaughn v. Phoenix House N.Y. Inc., 957 F.3d 141, 145 (2d Cir. 2020)
(quoting Chambers v. Time Warner, Inc., 282 F.3d 147, 152 (2d Cir. 2002)). A complaint must
plead “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v.
Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007); New Yorkers for Religious Liberty, Inc. v. New York, 125
F.4th 319, 327 (2d Cir. 2024) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). “A claim is plausible ‘when
the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the
defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.’” Matson v. Bd. of Educ., 631 F.3d 57, 63 (2d
Cir. 2011) (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)); see also Roe v. St. John’s
Univ., 91 F.4th 643, 651 (2d Cir. 2024) (quoting Matson, 631 F.3d at 63); Cavello Bay

Reinsurance Ltd. v. Shubin Stein, 986 F.3d 161, 165 (2d Cir. 2021) (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at
678). Although all allegations contained in the complaint are assumed to be true, this tenet is
“inapplicable to legal conclusions.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678; Roe, 91 F.4th at 651 (“Although all
factual allegations contained in the complaint are assumed to be true, this rule does not extend
‘to legal conclusions. Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by
mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.’” (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678)).
b. GBL §§ 349 and 350 claims
Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s claims under GBL §§ 349 and 350 must be dismissed
because Plaintiff fails to (1) plead a deceptive practice; (2) allege an actionable injury; and (3)
allege facts sufficient to meet the territoriality requirement of GBL §§ 349 and 350. (Def.’s

Mem. 1–2.) First, Defendant contends that “every aspect of the Promotion that [Plaintiff] alleges
[is] misleading [is], in fact, disclosed in full in the Promotional Terms before [Plaintiff]
deposited money and placed a wager.” (Id. at 7.) Defendant argues that the Promotional Terms
were “prominently hyperlinked” in its advertisements and “displayed to customers,” on its
deposit screen, (Def.’s Reply 6), and “clearly and conspicuously disclose[], in plain English, all
of the conditions that a new user must meet to receive any deposit bonus” including the ones that
Plaintiff alleges he did not understand, (Def.’s Mem. 1). Based on the fully disclosed terms,
Defendant argues that the Promotion is not misleading and there is no “requirement under New
York law that a consumer assent to a disclosure through affirmative conduct.” (Def.’s Reply 4
(citation and internal quotation marks omitted).) Second, Defendant contends that Plaintiff has
not alleged an injury under GBL §§ 349 and 350 because (1) Plaintiff has not shown that the
Promotion “caused him to lose money”; (2) Plaintiff “does not claim to have bought anything
from DraftKings,” “let alone overpaid”; and (3) even if the Promotion was deceptive, Plaintiff
failed to allege an injury “separate and apart from the alleged deception.” (Def.’s Mem. 2; Def’s

Reply 8.) In support, Defendant argues that making a “deposit into an account is not a loss, but
rather, it is a transfer of funds that remain in the control of the account holder and which he is
allowed to withdraw.” (Def.’s Mem. 2.) Defendant also argues that Plaintiff did not suffer an
injury as Plaintiff earned $100 due to the Promotion. (Def.’s Reply 7.) Finally, Defendant
contends that Plaintiff fails to satisfy the territorial requirement of GBL §§ 349 and 350 by not
alleging that he “entered the Promotion while in New York.” (Def.’s Mem. 2.)
Plaintiff argues that he has sufficiently alleged a cause of action for violation of GBL §§
349 and 350 because Plaintiff (1) alleges a deceptive practice; (2) alleges a cognizable injury;
and (3) satisfies the “territoriality” requirement of GBL §§ 349 and 350. (Pl.’s Opp’n 10–18.)

First, Plaintiff argues that he sufficiently alleges the misleading nature of the Promotion and the
related advertisements “because, inter alia, the advertisements clearly promise that new
customers who joined DraftKings would receive a $1,000 reward by simply making a deposit”
and these customers could not reasonably understand the “actual costs and risks” associated with
the Promotion. (Id. at 11.) Plaintiff contends that the Court should not consider the Promotional
Terms because Defendant has not shown that Plaintiff was “provided with or assented to them,”
and even if the Promotional Terms are considered, it does not “provide . . . grounds for
dismissal.” (Id.) Plaintiff argues that the disclosure does not cure the misleading statements
because it is not conspicuous, it is “generally obscure[d] by other distracting elements on [the]
DraftKings website and mobile app,” and there is no mechanism “to verify that a customer has
actually read the terms or unambiguously” agreed to them. (Id. at 13–14 (first alteration in
original) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).) Second, Plaintiff contends that he has
properly pleaded a cognizable injury separate from the “deceptive nature of DraftKings’
advertising itself.” (Id. at 16.) In support, Plaintiff argues he signed up for a DraftKings account

because of DraftKings’ advertising and was harmed when he “open[ed] [the] account and
deposited money . . . but did not receive the $1,000,” and that he “incurred damage in the amount
of his initial $500 deposit.” (Id.) Finally, Plaintiff argues that the “territorial” requirement is
satisfied because Plaintiff is a New York citizen who entered an online transaction, and he
alleges that “DraftKings’ deceptive advertising was disseminated through New York state.” (Id.
at 18 (citation omitted).)
GBL § 349 prohibits “[d]eceptive acts or practices in the conduct of any business, trade
or commerce or in the furnishing of any service in this state.” N.Y. Gen. Bus. Law § 349; La
Rosa v. Abbott Lab’ys, No. 24-1575, 2025 WL 841687, at *1 (2d Cir. Mar. 18, 2025) (quoting

N.Y. Gen. Bus. Law § 349). GBL § 350 prohibits “[f]alse advertising in the conduct of any
business, trade or commerce or in the furnishing of any service in this state.” N.Y. Gen. Bus.
Law § 350. “Section 350 of the GBL prohibits ‘[f]alse advertising in the conduct of any
business, trade or commerce,’ and is analyzed under the same reasonable consumer standard as
Section 349.” Chufen Chen v. Dunkin’ Brands, Inc., 954 F.3d 492, 500 (2d Cir. 2020)
(alterations in original) (citation omitted); see also Sheiner v. Supervalu Inc., No. 22-CV-10262,
2024 WL 2803030, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. May 28, 2024) (“[Section 350 of the GBL . . . is analyzed
under the same ‘reasonable consumer’ standard as [section] 349”); Cosgrove v. Or. Chai, Inc.,
520 F. Supp. 3d 562, 575 (S.D.N.Y. 2021) (“‘The standard for recovery under . . . § 350, while
specific to false advertising, is otherwise identical to [§] 349,’ and therefore the [c]ourt will
merge its analysis of the two claims” (quoting Goshen v. Mut. Life Ins. Co. of N.Y., 98 N.Y.2d
314, 324 & n.1 (2002))). To assert a claim under either section, “a plaintiff must allege: (1) the
act or practice was consumer-oriented; (2) the act or practice was misleading in a material
respect; and (3) the plaintiff was injured as a result.” Electra v. 59 Murray Enters., Inc., 987

F.3d 233, 258 (2d Cir. 2021) (quoting Spagnola v. Chubb Corp., 574 F.3d 64, 74 (2d Cir. 2009));
see also Yodice v. Tuoro Coll., No. 21-2986, 2024 WL 3466546, at *2 (2d Cir. July 19, 2024)
(similar); Orlander v. Staples, Inc., 802 F.3d 289, 300 (2d Cir. 2015) (“To successfully assert a
claim under either section, ‘a plaintiff must allege that a defendant has engaged in
(1) consumer-oriented conduct that is (2) materially misleading and that (3) plaintiff suffered
injury as a result of the allegedly deceptive act or practice.’” (quoting Koch v. Acker, Merrall &
Condit Co., 8 N.Y.3d 940, 944 (2012))); Plavin v. Grp. Health Inc., 35 N.Y.3d 1, 10 (2020)
(“We have explained that, to state a claim under sections 349 or 350, ‘a plaintiff must allege that
a defendant has engaged in (1) consumer-oriented conduct that is (2) materially misleading and

that (3) [the] plaintiff suffered injury as a result of the allegedly deceptive act or practice.’”
(quoting Koch, 18 N.Y.3d at 941)). GBL §§ 349 and 350 are “‘directed at wrongs against the
consuming public’ and are designed to ‘protect people from consumer frauds.’” Yodice, 2024
WL 3466546, at *2 (quoting Oswego Laborers’ Loc. 214 Pension Fund v. Marine Midland
Bank, N.A., 85 N.Y.2d 20, 24–25 (1995)).4

4 “[C]laims under GBL §§ 349 [and] 350 are ‘not subject to the pleading-with-
particularity requirements of Rule 9(b).’” Colpitts v. Blue Diamond Growers, 527 F. Supp. 3d
562, 577 (S.D.N.Y. 2021) (citation omitted) (alterations in original); Dash v. Seagate Tech.
(U.S.) Holdings, Inc., 27 F. Supp. 3d 357, 360 (E.D.N.Y. 2014) (same); Schwartzco Enters. LLC
v. TMH Mgmt., LLC, 60 F. Supp. 3d 331, 359 (E.D.N.Y. 2014) (quoting Pelman ex rel. Pelman
v. McDonald’s Corp., 396 F.3d 508, 511 (2d Cir. 2005)); see also Leonard v. Abbott Lab’ys,
Under New York law, a deceptive act is one that is “likely to mislead a reasonable
consumer acting reasonably under the circumstances.” Bustamante v. KIND, LLC, 100 F.4th
419, 426 (2d Cir. 2024) (citations omitted and emphasis added); Orlander, 802 F.3d at 300
(citation omitted and emphasis added); Belfiore v. Procter & Gamble Co., 311 F.R.D. 29, 53
(E.D.N.Y. 2015) (“Courts view each allegedly misleading statement in light of its context on the

product label or advertisement as a whole. The entire mosaic is viewed rather than each tile
separately.” (internal quotation marks omitted) (first quoting Delgado v. Ocwen Loan Servicing,
LLC, No. 13-CV-4427, 2014 WL 4773991, at *8 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 24, 2014); and then quoting
Time Warner Cable, Inc. v. DIRECTV, Inc., No. 06-CV-14245, 2007 WL 1138879, at *4
(S.D.N.Y. Apr. 16, 2007))); Koenig v. Boulder Brands, Inc., 995 F. Supp. 2d 274, 288 (S.D.N.Y.
2014) (“[I]n resolving the reasonable consumer inquiry, one must consider the entire context of
the label.” (alteration in original) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)); Ackerman v.
Coca-Cola Co., No. 09-CV-395, 2010 WL 2925955, at *15 (E.D.N.Y. July 21, 2010)
(conducting the reasonable consumer analysis by “[v]iewing each allegedly misleading statement

in light of its context on the label and in connection with the marketing of [the product] as a
whole”); see La Rosa, 2025 WL 841687, at *1 (“[I]n order to survive a motion to dismiss, ‘a
plaintiff must plausibly allege that the deceptive conduct was likely to mislead a reasonable
consumer acting reasonably under the circumstances.’” (quoting Mantikas v. Kellogg Co., 910
F.3d 633, 636 (2d Cir. 2018))); see also Derbaremdiker v. Applebee’s Int’l, Inc., No. 12-CV-
1058, 2012 WL 4482057, at n.8 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 26, 2012) (“The standard established by the

Inc., No. 10-CV-4676, 2012 WL 764199, at *19 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 5, 2012) (considering case law
and discerning a categorical rule that GBL § 349 claims, “regardless of whether they ‘sound in
fraud,’ or are premised on specific misrepresentations rather than an ‘advertising scheme,’ are
not subject to the heightened pleading requirement of Rule 9(b).”).
New York Court of Appeals for determining whether conduct is materially misleading is that of
a reasonable consumer, which means defendant’s liability under Section 349 does not hinge on
what this specific plaintiff did or did not review before entering the [s]weepstakes.” (citing
Gaidon v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 94 N.Y.2d 330, 344 (1999))), aff’d, 519 F. App’x 77
(2d Cir. 2013); see also Hines v. Overstock.com, Inc., No. 09-CV-991, 2013 WL 4495667, at *10

(E.D.N.Y. Aug. 19, 2013) (quoting Gaidon, 94 N.Y.2d at 344)).
“‘[U]nder certain circumstances, the presence of a disclaimer or similar clarifying
language may defeat a claim of deception.’” McTyere v. Apple, Inc., 663 F. Supp. 3d 247, 255
(W.D.N.Y. Mar. 21, 2023) (alteration in original) (quoting Fink v. Time Warner Cable, 714 F.3d
739, 742 (2d Cir. 2013)); id. (“A claim under [GBL] sections 349 or 350 therefore may not be
viable ‘[w]here a defendant fully disclosed the terms and conditions of an alleged deceptive
transaction that caused harm to [the] plaintiff.” (second and third alterations in original) (citation
omitted)); Congregation Yetev Lev D’Satmar, Inc. v. Engie Power & Gas, LLC, 683 F. Supp. 3d
238, 251 (E.D.N. Y 2023) (“Courts have found allegations of deceptive practices to be

implausible where defendants have ‘actually disclosed the very practices that were alleged to be
deceptive.’” (citing Nick’s Garage, Inc. v. Progressive Cas. Ins. Co., 875 F.3d 107, 125 (2d Cir.
2017))); Silvester v. Selene Fin., LP, No. 18-CV-2425, 2019 WL 1316475, at *9 (S.D.N.Y. Mar.
21, 2019) (“Courts have been reluctant to find a practice is materially misleading . . . if [the]
[d]efendant fully disclosed the terms and conditions of the alleged deceptive transaction that
caused harm to [the] [p]laintiff.” (citing Derbaremdiker, 2012 WL 4482057, at *4); see also
Rodriguez v. Cheesecake Factory Inc., 16-CV-2006, 2017 WL 6541439, at *3 (E.D.N.Y. Aug.
11, 2017) (“Courts generally consider a practice not to be misleading within the meaning of §
349 when a plaintiff is provided with all the information necessary to understand the practice and
its consequences — a concept sometimes referred to as ‘full disclosure.’” (citations omitted)).
Under GBL §§ 349 and 350, “a monetary loss is an actionable injury.” Yang Chen v.
Hiko Energy, LLC, No. 14-CV-1771, 2014 WL 7389011, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 29, 2014) (citing
Spagnola v. Chubb Corp., 574 F.3d 64, 74 (2d Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted).

The alleged “deception itself cannot satisfy the injury prong in a GBL §§ 349, 350 or common
law fraud claim.” DeCostanzo v. GlaxoSmithKline PLC, 643 F. Supp. 3d 340, 352 (E.D.N.Y.
Nov. 29, 2022) (citations omitted); Meyer, Suozzi, Eng. & Klein, P.C. v. Higbee, No. 18-CV-
3353, 2020 WL 1140424, at *3 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 9, 2020) (GBL §§ 349 and 350 “only permits
‘actual or pecuniary harm that is separate and apart from the alleged deception itself.’” (quoting
Derbaremdiker, 2012 WL 4482057, at *7)); Wright v. Publishers Clearing House, Inc., 439 F.
Supp. 3d 102, 113 (E.D.N.Y. Feb 13, 2020) (“[T]he complaint must plausibly allege that the
plaintiff suffered ‘actual or pecuniary harm that is separate and apart from the alleged deception
itself.’” (quoting Derbaremdiker, 2012 WL 4482057, at *7)); Servedio v. State Farm Ins. Co.,

889 F. Supp. 2d 450, 452 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 6, 2012) (“[A] section 349 claim will not lie where the
deceptive act itself was the only injury.”), aff’d, 531 F. App’x 110 (2d Cir. 2013).
Further, there is a “territorial” element to claims under GBL §§ 349 and 350. The New
York Court of Appeals has interpreted the limiting phrase “in this state” to require that “the
transaction in which the consumer is deceived must occur in New York.” Goshen, 98 N.Y.2d at
324; see La Rosa v. Abbott Lab’ys, No. 22-CV-5435, 2024 WL 2022297, at n.7 (E.D.N.Y. May
7, 2024) (quoting Dorris v. Danone Waters of Am., 711 F. Supp. 3d 179, 187 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 10,
2024)), aff’d, No. 24-CV-1575, 2025 WL 841687 (2d Cir. Mar. 18, 2025); Dorris, 711 F. Supp.
3d at 187 (“The territoriality requirement ‘must be pleaded in order for a claim brought under
[Sections 349 and 350] to survive.’” (alterations in original) (quoting Miramontes v. Ralph
Lauren Corp., 2023 WL 3293424, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. May 5, 2023))); McVetty v. TomTom N. Am.,
Inc., No. 19-CV-4908, 2021 WL 965239, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 13, 2021); Horn v. Med.
Marijuana, Inc., 383 F. Supp. 3d 114, 128 (W.D.N.Y. 2019) (“Sections 349 and 350 are not
intended to regulate New York businesses or protect New York residents solely on the basis of

their residency; they are intended to police consumer transactions that ‘take place in New York
State,’ regardless of the residency of the parties.” (quoting Goshen, 98 N.Y.2d at 325)), modified
on reconsideration, No. 15-CV-701, 2019 WL 11287650 (W.D.N.Y. Nov. 22, 2019); Baker-
Rhett v. Aspiro AB, 324 F. Supp. 3d 407, 416 (S.D.N.Y. 2018) (dismissing claims arising under
GBL §§ 349 and 350 because there were no allegations that the alleged deceptive transaction
involving plaintiff occurred in New York); see also 4 K & D Corp. v. Concierge Auctions, LLC,
2 F. Supp. 3d 525, 547 (S.D.N.Y. 2014) (“Sections 349 and 350 contain a ‘territoriality’
requirement: to state a claim under either provision, the deception of consumers must occur in
New York.” (citing Goshen, 98 N.Y.2d at 325)); Goshen, 98 N.Y.2d at 325 (“[T]o qualify as a

prohibited act under the statute, the deception of a consumer must occur in New York.”); see
also Cruz v. FXDirectDealer, LLC, 720 F.3d 115, 124 (2d Cir. 2013) (recognizing that a plaintiff
stated a claim under GBL §§ 349 and 350 if “some part of the underlying transaction . . .
occur[ed] in New York” (alterations in original) (quoting Mountz v. Glob. Vision Prods., Inc.,
770 N.Y.S.2d 603, 608 (Sup. Ct. 2003)));
Plaintiff fails to allege that the Promotion could deceive a reasonable consumer because
the Promotional Terms fully disclosed the requirements to be eligible for the full value of the
Promotion in a conspicuous manner.5 Close to the top of the deposit screen before selecting the
deposit amount, the DraftKings page prominently stated, in bold, that users “will receive a 20%
deposit bonus up to $1,000! Bonus funds are earned as you play.” (Promotional Terms
Screenshot.) Further down on the same screen, the Promotional Terms were conspicuously
displayed, in their entirety, in a similar font size as all the other text on the deposit screen. (Id.)

Prior to depositing funds into a DraftKings account, a reasonable consumer would have seen the
Promotional Terms that were displayed on the deposit screen. (Id.); Dimond v. Darden
Restaurants, Inc., No. 13-CV-5244, 2014 WL 3377105, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. July 9, 2014) (holding
that the plaintiff failed to state a GBL § 349 claim because the terms and conditions were
“conspicuously indicated on the menu so that each patron was expressly informed as to the cost
of dining at the [r]estaurants prior to voluntarily placing his or her order.”); Derbaremdiker, 2012
WL 4482057, at *6 (finding terms were “fully disclosed” where receipt contained language in
the same size font as surrounding text and directed the reader to a website that contained the
sweepstakes rules). Thus, the Promotional Terms were fully disclosed to Plaintiff. See Wright,

439 F. Supp. 3d at 117–18 (dismissing GBL § 349 claim for failure to allege a materially

5 As a threshold issue, contrary to Plaintiff’s claim, GBL §§ 349 and 350 do not require
evidence that Plaintiff was “provided with or assented to” the Promotional Terms. (Pl.’s Opp’n
11); Derbaremdiker 2012 WL 4482057, at n.8 (stating that plaintiff failed to show there was a
legal obligation “that defendant should have required an entrant to review the [o]fficial [r]ules
and accept its terms and conditions prior to entering the Sweepstakes.”); Hines v. Overstock.com,
Inc., No. 09-CV-991, 2013 WL 4495667, at *10 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 19, 2013) (holding that “the
[c]ourt’s analysis as to whether the alleged omission of the ‘Return Fee’ was ‘materially
misleading’ does not hinge on what th[e] [p]laintiff reviewed or did not review, but on whether
the omission is likely to mislead a reasonable consumer acting reasonably under the
circumstances.” ); see also Campbell v. Drink Daily Greens, LLC, 16-CV-7176, 2018 WL
4259978 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 4, 2018) (stating that under §§ 349 and 350, materiality is “‘objective’
— that is, [w]hether a representative or an omission, the deceptive practice must be likely to
mislead a reasonable consumer acting reasonably under the circumstances.” (citations omitted
and third alteration in original)).
misleading practice because the contest rules were fully disclosed and “a reasonable consumer
would [not] be deceived into believing that purchasing a product from [the defendant] would
increase their chances in a sweepstakes, lottery, or drawing” when the contest’s terms of use
clearly stated that “no purchase or payment [is] necessary to enter” and “buying won’t help you
win”).

Moreover, a reasonable consumer would not be misled to think that merely signing up for
a DraftsKings account would entitle them to the full $1,000 deposit bonus when the Promotional
Terms specified that users can “receive up to $1,000 in bonus funds.” (See Promotional Terms
Screenshot (emphasis added).) The Promotional Terms further clarify that for a consumer to be
entitled to the full deposit bonus, they must make a “$5,000 deposit,” place $25,000 in bets “in
daily fantasy contests, sportsbook (-300 odds or longer), casino products, or any combination
thereof,” and these bets must be made within “90 days from the date of deposit.” (Id.) The
Court finds that the “up to” phrase, together with the language clarifying the conditions under
which a consumer would be entitled to the full $1,000 deposit bonus, notifies a reasonable

consumer that that they will only receive the $1,000 after meeting specific requirements. See
Turk v. Rubbermaid Inc., No. 21-CV-270, 2022 WL 836894, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 21, 2022)
(dismissing the plaintiff’s GBL §§ 349 and 350 claims in a product label case and finding that a
reasonable consumer would not be misled into thinking that a label reading “retains ice for up to
5 days at 90 degrees F[ahrenheit] under test conditions” means that the ice cooler will do so
under normal conditions); Fink v. Time Warner Cable, 837 F. Supp. 2d 279, 283–84 (S.D.N.Y.
2011) (“[The] [d]efendant’s representations as to speed of its Internet service are qualified by the
phrase ‘up to,’ which would lead a reasonable consumer to expect that speeds could be less than
the advertised ‘3x faster’ and ‘100x faster’ speeds”), aff’d, 714 F.3d 739, 741 (2d Cir. 2013);
Druyan v. Jagger, 508 F. Supp. 2d 228, 244 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) (holding that a reasonable
consumer would not be misled into believing that a concert was guaranteed to take place as
scheduled where the ticket stated, “DATE & TIME ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE.”).
Plaintiff cites Cooper v. Anheuser-Busch, LLC to argue that the Court can nevertheless
find misrepresentations under GBL §§ 349 and 350 even with the inclusion of accurate

disclosures. 553 F. Supp. 3d 83, 106 (S.D.N.Y. 2021). However, Cooper simply establishes
that, as a matter of law, a misrepresentation on a product label solely focused on a specific aspect
of the product is not cured by the existence of a disclaimer on the back label of the product. Id.
In Cooper, the Court held that it “cannot conclude that the disclosures [regarding ‘Flavored Malt
Beverages’] on the bottom of [d]efendant’s packaging renders [p]laintiffs’ ‘allegations of
deception implausible’ as a matter of law.” Id. A label on a consumable product is unlike the
Promotional Terms at issue in this case which contains the explicit terms for satisfying
promotion requirements. Thus, a reasonable consumer opening a DraftKings account would
review the Promotional Terms in order to determine how to satisfy the Promotion requirements

unlike a reasonable consumer who may not read the fine print on the back of a tangible good.
See Wright, 439 F. Supp. 3d at 119 (finding that the cases cited by plaintiff for the proposition
that the existence of a disclosure does not cure a misrepresentation were distinguishable because
it was “much more reasonable to expect a contest participant to observe the official rules of [a]
contest than to expect a consumer to read the obscure fine print on the back of a tangible good.”)
Therefore, Plaintiff has not stated a claim under the GBL and the Court grants
Defendant’s motion and dismisses Plaintiff’s GBL §§ 349 and 350 claims.6

6 Because the Court finds that Plaintiff has not met the materially misleading element, it
does not reach the injury element.
c. Unjust enrichment claim
Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s unjust enrichment claim must be dismissed because
Plaintiff is impermissibly using it as a “catchall cause of action that is factually indistinguishable
from his other claims.” (Def.’s Mem. 2.) In support, Defendant contends that the unjust
enrichment claim is duplicative because it rests on the same factual allegations supporting

Plaintiff’s other claims — specifically, the same “‘misleading misrepresentations to Plaintiff and
Class [M]embers’ that [Plaintiff’s] claims were made in the Promotion and ‘induce[d] them to
create accounts and place bets.’” (Id. at 24 (citing Compl. ¶ 101).)
Plaintiff argues that he has adequately alleged an unjust enrichment claim which is not
“duplicative because Plaintiff is allowed to plead in the alternative.” (Pl.’s Opp’n 18 (citing Fed.
R. Civ. P. 8(d)(2)).) In support, Plaintiff relies on Defendant’s “misleading and deceptive
representations about the promotional offers” and specifically alleges that “Defendant benefited
from inducing Plaintiff to pay money” based on the representations and that it would be unjust
for Defendant to retain the profits gained from the representations. (Id. at 18–19.) Plaintiff also
argues that while an unjust enrichment claim is “viable only in the absence of an enforceable

agreement . . . governing the subject matter of the dispute,” the validity of a contract and whether
it governs a particular subject matter “cannot be determined on the motion to dismiss.” (Id. at 20
(citations omitted).)
“To prevail on a claim for unjust enrichment in New York, a plaintiff must establish
(1) that the defendant benefitted; (2) at the plaintiff’s expense; and (3) that equity and good
conscience require restitution.” Courchevel 1850 LLC v. Wisdom Equities LLC, 846 F. App’x
33, 36 (2d Cir. 2021) (quoting Beth Isr. Med. Ctr. v. Horizon Blue Cross & Blue Shield of N.J.,
Inc., 448 F.3d 573, 586 (2d Cir. 2006)); Myun-Uk Choi v. Tower Res. Cap. LLC, 890 F.3d 60, 69
(2d Cir. 2018) (same). An unjust enrichment claim “may be premised on deceptive conduct.”
Mancuso v. RFA Brands, LLC, 454 F. Supp. 3d 197, 208 (W.D.N.Y. 2020); see also Leboeuf v.
Edgewell Pers. Care Co., No. 22-CV-642, 2023 WL 5432265, at *16 (N.D.N.Y. Aug. 23, 2023)
(same); Cox v. Microsoft Corp., 778 N.Y.S.2d 147, 149 (App. Div. 2004) (“[The] [p]laintiffs’
allegations that Microsoft’s deceptive practices caused them to pay artificially inflated prices for
its products state a cause of action for unjust enrichment.”). However, “unjust enrichment is not

a catchall cause of action to be used when others fail [and an] unjust enrichment claim is not
available where it simply duplicates, or replaces, a conventional contract or tort claim.”
Mancuso, 454 F. Supp. 3d at 208 (quoting Corsello v. Verizon N.Y., Inc., 18 N.Y.3d 777, 790
(2012)); see also Ham v. Lenovo (U.S.) Inc., 664 F. Supp. 3d 562, 584 (S.D.N.Y. 2023) (“Where
an ‘unjust enrichment claim is premised on the same factual allegations as those supporting [a
plaintiff’s] other claims, and [a plaintiff] ha[s] not alleged distinct damages with respect to this
claim,’ then a plaintiff’s unjust enrichment claim will be dismissed.” (alterations in original)
(quoting Cooper, 553 F. Supp. 3d at 115)). “Two claims are duplicative of one another if they
‘arise from the same facts . . . and do not allege distinct damages.’” NetJets Aviation, Inc. v.

LHC Commc’ns, LLC, 537 F.3d 168, 175 (2d Cir. 2008) (quoting Sitar v. Sitar, 854 N.Y.S.2d
536, 538 (App. Div. 2008)); see also In re Colum. Coll. Rankings, No. 22-CV-5945, 2024 WL
1312511, at *18 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 26, 2024) (same); Turk, 2022 WL 836894, at *14 (explaining
that “[a]n unjust enrichment claim is not available where it simply duplicates, or replaces, a
conventional contract or tort claim,” and “[t]wo claims are duplicative of one another if they
‘arise from the same facts and do not allege distinct damages’” (alteration in original) (first
quoting Corsello, 18 N.Y.3d at 790; and then quoting NetJets Aviation, Inc., 537 F.3d at 175));
Harris v. Pfizer Inc., 586 F. Supp. 3d 231, 246 (S.D.N.Y. 2022) (similar); Grossman v. Simply
Nourish Pet Food Co., 516 F. Supp. 3d 261, 285 (E.D.N.Y. 2021) (“[U]njust enrichment claims
should be dismissed ‘where the violative conduct alleged is conterminous with a conventional
tort or contract claim, regardless of whether the tort or contract claim is dismissed.’” (quoting
Hughes v. Ester C Co., 330 F. Supp. 3d 862, 877 (E.D.N.Y. 2018))); see also Bowring v.
Sapporo U.S.A., Inc., 234 F. Supp. 3d 386, 392 (E.D.N.Y. 2017) (dismissing unjust enrichment
claim because it was duplicative of the plaintiff’s other dismissed claims).

Plaintiff brings claims under GBL §§ 349 and 350.7 Plaintiff’s unjust enrichment claim
is based on the same allegations as set forth in support of the GBL claims, and Plaintiff has not
shown that his unjust enrichment claim differs from his GBL claims nor that the alleged damages
are distinct. The Court therefore dismisses Plaintiff’s unjust enrichment claim as duplicative of
his GBL claims.8 See, e.g., In re Colum. Coll. Rankings, 2024 WL 1312511, at *19 (“Courts in
the Second Circuit have consistently held that unjust enrichment claims that are duplicative of
GBL claims should be dismissed.” (alterations and citations omitted)); Anderson v. Unilever
U.S., Inc., 607 F. Supp. 3d 441, 463 (S.D.N.Y. June 16, 2022) (dismissing unjust enrichment

7 As discussed below, because Plaintiff abandoned his fraudulent inducement and
intentional misrepresentation claims, the Court will not consider those claims in determining
whether the unjust enrichment claim is duplicative. See INTL FCStone Markets, LLC v. Agro
Santino OOD, 20-CV-2658, 2021 WL 2354567 (S.D.N.Y. June 9, 2021) (dismissing unjust
enrichment claim because it is duplicative of plaintiff’s breach-of-contract claim but not
considering the abandoned monies had and received claim).

8 Based on the facts alleged in this case, the Court is not persuaded by Plaintiff’s
argument that he is entitled to plead his unjust enrichment claim in the alternative under Rule 8
of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. (See Pl.’s Opp’n 18.) As other district courts have
explained, while “unjust enrichment may be pleaded in the alternative,” even when “pleaded in
the alternative, claims for unjust enrichment will not survive a motion to dismiss where [the
plaintiffs] fail to explain how their unjust enrichment claim is not merely duplicative of their
other causes of action.” Bermudez v. Colgate-Palmolive Co., 667 F. Supp. 3d 24, 45 (S.D.N.Y.
2023) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Moreover, courts commonly dismiss
claims for unjust enrichment as duplicative even where the duplicated claim has also been
dismissed. See Columbo v. Philips Bryant Park LLC, No. 22-CV-775, 2024 WL 1138942, at
*15 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 15, 2024) (“[C]ourts may dismiss claims for unjust enrichment as
duplicative even where the duplicated claim has been dismissed.” (citations omitted)).
claim where plaintiff has not alleged distinct damages from its other claims); Turk, 2022 WL
836894, at *14 (dismissing unjust enrichment claim where the plaintiff’s allegations that the
labeling on the defendant’s ice coolers was deceptive and misleading was premised on the same
factual allegations as those supporting the plaintiff’s other claims, and the plaintiff had not
alleged distinct damages with respect to the unjust enrichment claim); Grossman, 516 F. Supp.

3d at 285 (dismissing unjust enrichment claim that “duplicate[d] the plaintiff’s other claims,
which ar[o]se out [of] identical facts,” namely “the defendant’s alleged misrepresentation on the
[p]roduct packaging”); Mancuso, 454 F. Supp. 3d at 208 (dismissing the plaintiff’s unjust
enrichment claims because the claim “relie[d] on the same operative facts of his other claims”
and “to the extent these claims ultimately succeed, the unjust enrichment claim would be
duplicative, and to the extent the claims fail, the basis for [the plaintiff’s] unjust enrichment
claim would necessarily crumble” (quoting Brady v. Anker Innovations Ltd., No. 18-CV-11396,
2020 WL 158760, at *12 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 13, 2020))); In re Fyre Festival Litig., 399 F. Supp. 3d
203, 222 (S.D.N.Y. July 10, 2019) (dismissing unjust enrichment claim where the “plaintiffs

have offered no distinction for how the unjust enrichment claim differs from their tort claims”).
Accordingly, the Court grants Defendant’s motion and dismisses Plaintiff’s unjust
enrichment claim.
d. Fraudulent inducement and intentional misrepresentation claims and
request for injunctive relief
Defendant argues that Plaintiff has abandoned his fraudulent inducement and intentional
misrepresentation claims, as well as his request for injunctive relief because Plaintiff did not
oppose Defendant’s arguments in support of its motion. (Def.’s Reply 1.) In its motion papers,
Defendant argues that Plaintiff fails to state fraudulent inducement or intentional
misrepresentation claims for several reasons: (1) there is “no false statement or omission,” (2)
Plaintiff does not plead reliance on the alleged misleading statements; (3) Plaintiff does not plead
any actionable damages; and as to the fraudulent inducement claim, (4) Plaintiff fails to “allege a
contract between the parties.” (Def.’s Mem. 18.) First, Defendant argues that it provided
Plaintiff with the Promotional terms containing the Promotion requirements to be eligible for the
$1,000 deposit bonus so “there [is] no false statement or omission.” (Id.) Second, Defendant

argues that Plaintiff does not allege that the “Promotion caused him to create a DraftKings
account. (Id.) Third, Defendant contends that Plaintiff fails to allege that he “lost money” or
“suffered any actionable injury due to the Promotion,” (id.), and as to the fraudulent inducement
claim, Plaintiff also fails to allege that “the parties entered a contractual agreement that harmed
him,” (id. at 22). In addition, Defendant contends that Plaintiff lacks standing to seek injunctive
relief because Plaintiff fails to and cannot plausibly allege imminent future harm. (Def.’s Mem.
25.) In support, Defendant argues that Plaintiff would not be able to allege an intent to enter the
Promotion again because Plaintiff has, himself, alleged the “Promotion was . . . limited to ‘new’
DraftKings users,” and if Plaintiff somehow enters the Promotion again, that would be in

violation of “DraftKings Terms of Use.” (Id.)
Plaintiff did not respond to Defendant’s arguments in support of its motion to dismiss
Plaintiff’s fraudulent inducement and intentional misrepresentation claims nor its request for
injunctive relief and the Court therefore deems the claims and injunctive request abandoned. See
Malik v. City of New York, 841 F. App’x 281, 284 (2d Cir. 2021) (“‘[W]hen a party fails
adequately to present arguments’ in a brief, a court may properly ‘consider those arguments
abandoned,’ especially ‘in the case of a counseled party’ where ‘a court may . . . infer from a
party’s partial opposition that relevant claims or defenses that are not defended have been
abandoned’” (first quoting State St. Bank & Tr. Co. v. Inversiones Errazuriz Limitada, 374 F.3d
158, 172 (2d Cir. 2004); and then quoting Jackson v. Fed. Exp., 766 F.3d 189, 198 (2d Cir.
2014))); see also Jackson, 766 F.3d at 196 (“Generally, but perhaps not always, a partial
response reflects a decision by a party’s attorney to pursue some claims or defenses and to
abandon others.”)
III. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, the Court grants Defendant’s motion and dismisses the
Complaint.
Dated: July 28, 2025
Brooklyn, New York
SO ORDERED:

s/ MKB
MARGO K. BRODIE
United States District Judge

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11109820. Public record. Not legal advice.