# Paul Camarao v. State of New Jersey

> District Court, S.D. Florida · July 9, 2025

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11092949

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, S.D. Florida
- **Decided:** July 9, 2025
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11092949

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- noting that Florida has a strong interest in adjudicating disputes involving its residents and events taking place in Florida
- noting that courts have an obligation “to liberally construe pro se civil rights complaints” (citing Holley v. Dep’t of Veteran Affs. 165 F.3d 244, 248 (3d Cir. 1999))
- stating that § 1406(a) comes into play when plaintiffs have filed in an improper forum and district courts are required to either dismiss or transfer the case

## Opinion text

NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF NEW JERSEY

PAUL CAMARAO,

Plaintiff,
Civil Action No. 25-11980 (GC) (JTQ)
v.
MEMORANDUM ORDER
STATE OF NEW JERSEY, et al.,

Defendants.

CASTNER, District Judge
THIS MATTER comes before the Court upon the Complaint and Application to Proceed
In Forma Pauperis (IFP) filed by Plaintiff Paul Camarao. (ECF Nos. 1 & 21.) For the reasons set
forth below, and other good cause shown, Plaintiff’s Complaint is DISMISSED in part. The Court
further orders, sua sponte, that the case be transferred to the United States District Court for the
Southern District of Florida1 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b) and 28 U.S.C. § 1406(a).
I. BACKGROUND
On June 13, 2025, Plaintiff filed a Complaint and a request to proceed IFP in the Central
District of California. (ECF Nos. 1 & 4.) The Complaint alleges violations of Plaintiff’s
constitutional rights by the State of Florida, the Federal Government, the State of New Jersey, and
numerous entities located in Florida.2 (See generally ECF No. 1.)

1 Plaintiff resides and several Defendants are located within the Southern District of Florida.
(ECF No. 1.)

2 Based upon a review of the Complaint, it appears the only Defendants in or connected to
New Jersey include the following: (1) State of New Jersey; (2) Larissa Valentina Amorin Zanato;
(3) Maria Das Gracas Amorim; and (4) Helmer, Connley & Kassleman, PA (New Jersey
Defendants). (See ECF No. No 1 at 5, 7, 11, 14.) To the extent any other Defendants could be
According to the Complaint, Plaintiff initially brought his claims in the United States
District Court for the Western District of Texas, but Plaintiff’s suit was subsequently dismissed for
improper venue. (See id. at 2.3) Plaintiff then filed the instant Complaint in the Central District
of California, which transferred the case to this District under 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b) and 28 U.S.C.
§ 1406(a) because Plaintiff did “not allege that a substantial part of the events or omissions giving

rise to [the] claims occurred in the Central District of California.” (ECF No. 15 at 2.) The court
also determined that transfer to this District was proper and in the interest of justice. (Id. at 3.)
Following the transfer to this District, Plaintiff filed motions seeking emergency injunctive
relief, the appointment of pro bono counsel, and the issuance of subpoenas. (ECF Nos. 22, 23, 25,
26.) As for Plaintiff’s request for emergency injunctive relief, he filed a letter indicating that
“[s]hould a hearing be granted[,] [Plaintiff] will be submitting a motion requesting to appear via
teleconference since [he] is not able to appear in person.” (ECF No. 24 at 2.)
II. LEGAL STANDARD

A. In Forma Pauperis
To avoid paying the filing fee for a civil case in this district, a litigant may apply to proceed
IFP. In considering applications to proceed IFP, the Court engages in a two-step analysis. Roman
v. Jeffes, 904 F.2d 192, 194 n.1 (3d Cir. 1990).
First, the Court determines whether the plaintiff is eligible to proceed under 28 U.S.C. §
1915(a). Id. Under Section 1915(a), a plaintiff’s application must “state the facts concerning his
or her poverty with some degree of particularity, definiteness or certainty.” Simon v. Mercer Cnty.

connected to New Jersey, the Complaint fails to sufficiently plead facts for the Court to make such
a determination.

3 Page numbers for record cites (i.e., “ECF Nos.”) refer to the page numbers stamped by the
Court’s e-filing system and not the internal pagination of the parties.
Comm. College, Civ. No. 10-5505, 2011 WL 551196, at *1 (D.N.J. Feb 9, 2011) (citing United
States ex rel. Roberts v. Pennsylvania, 312 F. Supp. 1, 2 (E.D. Pa. 1969)).
Second, the Court determines whether the Complaint should be dismissed as frivolous or
for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, as required by 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e).
Ball v. Famiglio, 726 F.3d 448, 452 (3d Cir. 2013); Green v. Izod Corp. Office & Head-Quarters,

Civ. No. 22-06380, 2024 WL 1809859, at *2 (D.N.J. Apr. 25, 2024) (citing Deutsch v. United
States, 67 F.3d 1080, 1084 (3d Cir. 1995)) (“To guard against potential ‘abuse’ of ‘cost-free access
to the federal courts,’ 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e) empowers district courts to dismiss an IFP complaint
if, among other things, the action is frivolous or malicious, or if it fails to comply with the proper
pleading standards.”). “The legal standard for dismissing a complaint for failure to state a claim
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) is the same as that for dismissing a complaint pursuant
to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure [(‘Rule’)] 12(b)(6).” Schreane v. Seana, 506 F. App'x 120, 122
(3d Cir. 2012).
“[A] court may dismiss an in forma pauperis claim as frivolous if, after considering the

contending equities, the court determines that the claim is: (1) of little or no weight, value, or
importance; (2) not worthy of serious attention; or (3) trivial.” Deutsch, 67 F.3d at 1082.
B. Rule 12(b)(6) – Failure to State a Claim
Although courts construe pro se pleadings less stringently than formal pleadings drafted by
attorneys, pro se litigants are still required to “allege sufficient facts in their complaints to support
a claim.” Mala v. Crown Bay Marina, Inc., 704 F.3d 239, 245 (3d Cir. 2013) (citation omitted).
“A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to
draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Fair Wind
Sailing, Inc. v. Dempster, 764 F.3d 303, 308 n.3 (3d Cir. 2014) (citation omitted). “[A] pleading
that offers ‘labels and conclusions’ or ‘a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action
will not do.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly,
550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)).
C. Rule 8 – Pleading Requirements
Rule 8 sets forth general rules of pleading and requires (1) “a short and plain statement of

the grounds for the court's jurisdiction,” (2) “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that
the pleader is entitled to relief,” and (3) allegations that are “simple, concise, and direct.” Fed. R.
Civ. P. 8(a)(1), (a)(2), (d). The allegations in the complaint must not be “so undeveloped that [they
do] not provide a defendant the type of notice of claim which is contemplated by Rule 8.” Phillips
v. Cnty. of Allegheny, 515 F.3d 224, 232 (3d Cir. 2008). Even pro se litigants must “comply with
the basic pleading requirements of Rule 8(a).” Purisma v. City of Philadelphia, 738 F. App’x 106,
107 (3d Cir. 2018).
III. DISCUSSION
A. Application to Proceed In Forma Pauperis

The Court exercises its discretion to review the merits of Plaintiff’s complaint before it
decides the IFP application. See Brown v. Sage, 941 F.3d 655, 660 (3d Cir. 2019) (“[A] court has
the authority to dismiss a case ‘at any time,’ 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2), regardless of the status of a
filing fee; that is, a court has the discretion to consider the merits of a case and evaluate an IFP
application in either order or even simultaneously.”); see also Schwager v. Norristown State Hosp.,
Civ. No. 23-3866, 2023 WL 8458236, at *2 (E.D. Pa. Dec. 5, 2023) (screening the complaint
before addressing the IFP application).
B. Review under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)
Beginning with step two, the Court finds that Plaintiff’s Complaint fails to state a claim
upon which relief may be granted. The Complaint asserts allegations against twenty-four
Defendants—many of which appear to be located in Florida—for violations of Plaintiff’s
constitutional rights under the Fourteenth Amendment. (See generally ECF No. 1.) While Plaintiff
has not identified the appropriate statutory authority for bringing suit for Fourteenth Amendment
violations, the Court will construe the Complaint as asserting claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. See
Smith v. Johnson, 202 F. App’x 547, 549 (3d Cir. 2006) (noting that courts have an obligation “to

liberally construe pro se civil rights complaints” (citing Holley v. Dep’t of Veteran Affs. 165 F.3d
244, 248 (3d Cir. 1999))).
Regarding allegations against the New Jersey Defendants, the Complaint asserts that
Plaintiff has “been abused by the State of New Jersey . . . for at least 11 years on paper and through
the courts.” (ECF No. 1 at 2.) Some of the alleged abuse includes discrimination for “being of
Brazilian decent with parents that are immigrants[] [and for] being a man by not allowing
[Plaintiff] to have rights to [his] children,” police filing false reports against Plaintiff, and courts
“not allowing [Plaintiff] to have the same rights that are designated to attorneys.” (Id. at 2-3.)
While not a model of clarity, it appears that the most recent allegation in the Complaint regarding

the New Jersey Defendants relates to a 2021 incident at the Wall Township court. (Id. at 19.)
According to the Complaint, Plaintiff told the prosecutor assigned to his criminal case that
Plaintiff’s attorney “dropped [him] as a client and that he wanted a public defender.” 4 (Id.) In
response, the prosecutor allegedly told Plaintiff that “this is not good” and offered Plaintiff
probation. (Id.) Plaintiff told the prosecutor that he “need[s] a lawyer and [that he] never got []
discovery, the police abused [him], the government is abusing [him], [and that] this is a bad
situation.” (Id.) The Complaint further asserts that after Plaintiff told the judge presiding over his

4 It is unclear to the Court what crime(s) Plaintiff was charged with.
case “about not being given a public defender, about being abused and threatened by court staff
and the police,” the judge “disregarded all of [Plaintiff’s] comments and did not care.” (Id.)
It is well established that “state law provides the statute of limitations applicable to a
section 1983 claim.” Dique v. N.J. State Police, 603 F.3d 181, 185 (3d Cir. 2010). Moreover, “[a]
section 1983 claim is characterized as a personal-injury claim and thus is governed by the

applicable state’s statute of limitations for personal-injury claims.” Id. New Jersey “mandates a
two-year statute of limitations period for personal-injury torts.” Id. (citing N.J. Stat. Ann. § 2A:14-
2). Because the most recent allegation in the Complaint related to the New Jersey Defendants is
February 2021, the Court finds that Plaintiff’s claims against the New Jersey Defendants are time-
barred.5 See Fogg v. Twp. of Montclair Dep’t of Police, Civ. No. 23-00809, 2024 WL 4024092, at
*3 (D.N.J. Aug. 30, 2024) (granting the defendant’s motion to dismiss because the plaintiff’s §
1983 claim was time-barred).
Therefore, the Court will dismiss Plaintiff’s claims against the New Jersey Defendants.
C. Venue

Because the claims against the New Jersey Defendants are dismissed and because the
remaining Defendants appear to have no connection to New Jersey (see generally ECF No. 1
(outlining events that occurred in Florida and New Jersey and defendants located within those two
states)), venue in this District is improper. Therefore, because this District is an improper venue

5 The Court also finds that the statute of limitations should not be equitably tolled because
Plaintiff had consulted with attorneys about filing lawsuits against the New Jersey Defendants at
least as early as 2019. (See ECF No. 1 at 3.)
as to the remaining Defendants, the Court will transfer this matter to the Southern District of
Florida.6
Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1406(a), “a district court is permitted to either dismiss or transfer
a case to another court even if it does not have jurisdiction.” Fuller v. FCI Machester Health Serv.,
Civ. No. 12-7025, 2016 WL 1182255, at *7 (D.N.J. Mar. 28, 2016); see Lafferty v. St. Riel, 495

F.3d 72, 77-78 (3d Cir. 2007) (stating that § 1406(a) comes into play when plaintiffs have filed in
an improper forum and district courts are required to either dismiss or transfer the case). “In a
situation where venue is proper for one defendant but not for others and dismissal is appropriate,
a district court has the option to dismiss[] or to sever claims, retaining jurisdiction over some
defendants and transferring the case as to the other defendants to an appropriate district.” Fuller,
2016 WL 1182255, at *8; Cottman Transmission Systems, Inc. v. Martino, 36 F.3d 291, 296 (3d
Cir. 1994).
Here, Plaintiff’s claims against the remaining Defendants appear to arise from events
taking place outside of New Jersey. (See generally ECF No. 1.) Indeed, these allegations involve

incidents in Florida against, for example, the State of Florida, the West Palm Beach Florida Federal
Courthouse, the West Palm Beach Public Defender’s Office, FedEx Ground (i.e., where Plaintiff
worked in West Palm Beach), and Seminole State College. (See id.; see also ECF Nos. 22-25.)
Moreover, based on a review of the docket, the Court has determined that Plaintiff is also a resident
of Florida. Because it is clear that this case could have been brought in Florida, that a substantial
part of the events occurred in Florida, and that Florida would presumably have personal

6 “[I]f a court finds that venue is improper, it may, sua sponte, either dismiss the case, or if
in the interest of justice, transfer the case to a proper district, under Section 1406.” Emrit v. Special
Agent in Charge of FBI, Civ. No. 22-06713, 2025 WL 758779, at *2 (D.N.J. Mar. 10, 2025)
(citation modified); see Decker v. Dyson, 165 F. App’x 951, 954 n.3 (3d Cir. 2006).
jurisdiction over the remaining Defendants, transfer is appropriate in the interest of justice. See
Adams, Nash & Haskell, Inc. v. United States, Ctv. No. 19-03529, 2020 WL 1305620, at *4 (D.N.J.
Mar. 19, 2020) (‘Transfer generally serves the interests of justice and is thus favored over
dismissal.”); Eviner v. Eng, Civ. No. 12-02245, 2013 WL 6450284, at *5 (D.N.J. Dec. 6, 2013)
(“Section 1406(a) was enacted to avoid the ‘injustice which had often resulted to plaintiffs from
dismissal of their actions merely because they had made an erroneous guess’ as to the facts
underlying the choice of venue.” (quoting Goldlawy, Inc. v. Heiman, 369 U.S. 463, 466 (1962)));
see also Argos Glob, Partner Servs., LLC y. Ciuchini, 446 F, Supp. 3d 1073, 1089 (S.D. Fla, 2020)
(noting that Florida has a strong interest in adjudicating disputes involving its residents and events
taking place in Florida).
IV. CONCLUSION & ORDER
For the reasons set forth above, and other good cause shown,
IT IS on this be Woy of July, 2025, ORDERED as follows:
i. Plaintiff’s claims asserted against the New Jersey Defendants are DISMISSED
without prejudice.
2. Plaintiff's action is transferred to the United States District Court for the Southern
District of Florida,
3. ‘The Clerk’s Office is directed to TERMINATE the Motions pending at ECF Nos.
22, 23, 25, and 26 and CLOSE this case.
yt Co d (a
tye RGET#/E CASTNER
MITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11092949. Public record. Not legal advice.