# Passoni v. Early Warning Services, LLC

> District Court, E.D. New York · June 30, 2025

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11087284

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, E.D. New York
- **Decided:** June 30, 2025
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11087284

## Opinion text

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
-----------------------------------------------------------X

TARA PASSONI,

Plaintiff, MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

v. 24-cv-1702 (ST)

EARLY WARNING SERVICES, LLC,

Defendant.
-----------------------------------------------------------X
TISCIONE, United States Magistrate Judge:
Tara Passoni (“Plaintiff”) sued her former employer, Early Warning Services, LLC
(“Defendant” or “EWS”), for retaliation claims under the Americans with Disabilities Act
(“ADA”), New York State Human Rights Law (“NYSHRL”), and New York Labor Law
(“NYLL”). See generally Compl., ECF No. 1. Before this Court is Defendant’s motion to dismiss
the Complaint for failure to state a claim (the “Motion”). For the reasons discussed below, the
Motion is DENIED.
BACKGROUND1
Plaintiff began working for Defendant, a fintech company, in 2021. Id. ¶¶ 4, 12.
Throughout her employment, Plaintiff received several promotions and salary increases, and never
any disciplinary or “corrective” actions. Id. ¶¶ 13, 14. On or about May 5, 2023, an individual
named Erica (last name unknown) contacted Plaintiff via Microsoft Teams and left a message
asking Plaintiff to call back as soon as possible. Id. ¶ 16. The next day, Plaintiff returned Erica’s
call. Id. ¶ 17. Erica told Plaintiff that she was contacting Plaintiff on behalf of her friend, Jane

1 The Court takes the factual allegations from the Complaint and assumes that they are true for purposes of this Motion.
See Gamm v. Sanderson Farms, Inc., 944 F.3d 455, 458 (2d Cir. 2019).
Doe,2 one of Plaintiff’s subordinate employees, because Ms. Doe had been admitted to the hospital
following a suicide attempt. Id. ¶ 18. Plaintiff promptly informed her supervisor, Michael Cahill,
that she had become aware of a “HIPAA issue,” as she had assumed that the information regarding
Ms. Doe warranted confidentiality. Id. ¶ 19. At that time, Plaintiff did not inform Mr. Cahill of
Ms. Doe’s suicide attempt. Id. Mr. Cahill directed Plaintiff to contact human resources (“HR”).

Id. ¶ 20.
On or about May 9, 2023, Plaintiff spoke with Martha Schneberger, a member of
Defendant’s HR department. Id. ¶ 21. Ms. Schneberger allegedly asked Plaintiff to document her
conversation with Erica. Id. ¶ 22. Plaintiff did so, emailing a written account of her conversation
with Erica to Ms. Schneberger and another HR employee (whose name Plaintiff cannot remember).
Id. Plaintiff also spoke to that other HR employee, who allegedly directed Plaintiff to have no
further contact with Ms. Doe without first contacting HR. Id. ¶ 23.
According to Plaintiff, at the time of her conversation with Ms. Schneberger, Ms.
Schneberger “was more concerned with Ms. Doe’s providing Erica access to EWS’ Microsoft

Teams application than Ms. Doe’s attempted suicide.” Id. ¶ 24. On or about May 10, 2023, Ms.
Schneberger allegedly asked Plaintiff to inform Ms. Doe that her Teams account was being shut
down due to a possible security violation—i.e. Ms. Doe’s providing Erica access to Teams. Id. ¶
25. Plaintiff did so. Id.
On or about May 16, 2023, Plaintiff saw that Mr. Cahill had placed a meeting on her
calendar for May 17, 2023. Id. ¶ 26. Plaintiff asked Mr. Cahill the purpose of the meeting, to
which Mr. Cahill allegedly responded that the meeting was to discuss and “role play” Ms. Doe’s
termination. Id. ¶ 27. Plaintiff asked Mr. Cahill why Defendant was terminating Ms. Doe, to

2 Plaintiff uses a pseudonym to identify the employee to protect the employee’s privacy. Compl. ¶ 18, n.1.
which Mr. Cahill allegedly responded that it was because Ms. Doe had allowed a non-employee to
access her Teams account, which was a security violation. Id. ¶ 28. Plaintiff was allegedly shocked
with Defendant’s decision to terminate Ms. Doe and asked Mr. Cahill whether he knew why Ms.
Doe had allegedly breached the security protocol. Id. ¶ 29. According to Plaintiff, Mr. Cahill said
no, at which point Plaintiff informed Mr. Cahill of Ms. Doe’s suicide attempt. Id.

Plaintiff claims that she “explained to Mr. Cahill her belief that Ms. Doe should not be
terminated . . . for a minor policy violation, given Ms. Doe’s suicide attempt and apparent mental
health crisis.” Id. ¶ 30. Plaintiff further claims that she “suggested that EWS could, for example,
put Ms. Doe on a leave of absence or provide a warning or less severe disciplinary action than
termination.” Id. ¶ 31. Allegedly, Mr. Cahill rejected these suggestions and stated that Ms. Doe’s
employment would be terminated. Id. ¶ 32.
Plaintiff allegedly informed Mr. Cahill that she was unwilling to terminate Ms. Doe’s
employment, saying “I can’t lead for you if you turn your back on my people in their time of
greatest need,” or words to that effect. Id. ¶ 33. Plaintiff further questioned Mr. Cahill as to what

would have happened if Ms. Doe had actually committed suicide. Id. ¶ 34. Mr. Cahill allegedly
responded, “[t]hat’s not our responsibility, it’s the company over the employees,” or words to that
effect. Id. ¶ 35. Plaintiff allegedly “replied that she was ‘not for sale’ and . . . threatened to resign
if she was required to illegally terminate Ms. Doe.” Id. ¶ 36.
Within hours of Plaintiff’s refusal to terminate Ms. Doe, EWS informed Plaintiff that it had
accepted her resignation and that her employment was terminated. Id. ¶ 37. Plaintiff allegedly
responded via email to protest her separation and Defendant’s handling of the events regarding
Ms. Doe. Id. ¶ 38. Plaintiff alleges that she did not resign, and that her employment was
“involuntarily terminated” in response to her opposing the decision to terminate Ms. Doe. Id. ¶
39. Plaintiff alleges, upon information and belief, that Defendant later terminated Ms. Doe. Id. ¶
40.
LEGAL STANDARD
Defendant moves to dismiss the Complaint for failure to state a claim under Federal Rule
12(b)(6) of Civil Procedure. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). To survive such a motion, a complaint

must contain sufficient facts that, when accepted as true, state “a claim to relief that is plausible
on its face.” Aschroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550
U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). A claim is facially plausible when the factual allegations allow “the court
to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id.
Determining whether a complaint states a plausible claim for relief is “a context-specific
task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common sense.” Id.
at 679. In doing so, the Court “must construe [the complaint] liberally, accepting all factual
allegations therein as true and drawing all reasonable inferences in the plaintiff[’s] favor.”
Sacerdote v. N.Y. Univ., 9 F.4th 95, 106–07 (2d Cir. 2021) (citing Palin v. N.Y. Times Co., 940 F.3d

804, 809 (2d Cir. 2019)). However, allegations that “are no more than conclusions are not entitled
to the assumption of truth.” Hayden v. Paterson, 594 F.3d 150, 161 (2d Cir. 2010); see Iqbal, 556
U.S. at 678.
DISCUSSION
For the reasons explained below, the Motion is denied. Defendant’s arguments for
dismissal are largely inappropriate at this stage. Defendant draws inferences in its own favor,
rather than Plaintiff’s, which the Court may not do on a motion to dismiss.3 See Witcher v. New

3 Defendant claims to do otherwise, stating in its memorandum of law that it “states the facts as alleged in the
Complaint and in the light most favorable to Plaintiff for the purposes of this Motion only.” Def.’s Mem. Supp. at 2
n.1, ECF No. 15.
York City Dep’t of Educ., 23-465, 2024 WL 3220264, at *3 (2d Cir. June 28, 2024) (summary
order) (“drawing all reasonable inference in [the plaintiff’s] favor” to hold that the plaintiff
plausibly alleged an ADA retaliation claim). Similarly, Defendant argues that certain factual
events alleged in the Complaint never occurred, and that certain allegations “prove” what Plaintiff
did or not did not believe. See, e.g., Def.’s Mem. Supp. at 9. These arguments are improper at the

motion to dismiss stage, as the Court must accept the facts alleged as true and assess what Plaintiff
has alleged—not what she has proved. Rather, those issues are properly, and best, resolved at later
stages of litigation after the parties have conducted discovery. As Plaintiff has indeed alleged a
plausible claim for relief, this case should proceed to discovery.
I. ADA & NYSHRL RETALIATION CLAIMS4
The ADA prohibits retaliation against any individual who “has opposed any act or practice
made unlawful by this chapter.” 42 U.S.C. § 12203(a). For an ADA retaliation claim to survive a
motion to dismiss, a plaintiff must “plausibly allege that: (1) defendants discriminated—or took
an adverse employment action—against him, (2) ‘because’ he has opposed any unlawful

employment practice.” Vega v. Hempstead Union Free Sch. Dist., 801 F.3d 72, 90 (2d Cir. 2015);
see Pediford-Aziz v. City of New York, 170 F. Supp. 3d 480, 485 (E.D.N.Y. 2016) (“To survive a
motion to dismiss, an employee need not specifically plead every element [of a retaliation claim];
she must allege just enough factual matter to render the retaliation claims plausible.”).
The NYSHRL prohibits retaliation “against any person because he or she has opposed any
practices forbidden under [the NYSHRL] or because he or she has filed a complaint, testified or
assisted in any proceeding under [the NYSHRL].” N.Y. Exec. Law § 296(7). “Courts evaluate
ADA retaliation and NYSHRL retaliation claims under the same legal framework.” Samuels v.

4 Defendant groups together its arguments for dismissal of both the ADA and NYSHRL retaliation claims. See Def.’s
Mem. Supp. at 2–8; Reply at 4–10.
Urban Assembly Charter Sch. for Comput. Sci., 23-cv-1379 (RA), 2024 WL 4008165, at *11
(S.D.N.Y. Aug. 30, 2024); see Nofal v. IMCMV Times Square LLC, 22-cv-3104 (DEH), 2024 WL
1138928, at *10 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 15, 2024) (noting that the standards for evaluating NYSHRL
retaliation claims “either parallel or are more generous to plaintiffs than those under the ADA”);
Luzunaris v. Baly Cleaning Servs., 23-cv-11137 (GHW), 2024 WL 3926708, at *19 (S.D.N.Y. July

29, 2024) (“The same standards govern retaliation under . . . the NYSHRL . . . as well as under the
ADA.”).
Defendant only disputes whether Plaintiff’s objection to Ms. Doe’s termination amounted
to opposition of an unlawful employment practice. In other words, Defendant contests whether
Plaintiff has sufficiently alleged that she engaged in protected activity. As relevant here, protected
activity includes complaining to a supervisor about an employer’s unlawful discrimination.
Hubbard v. Total Comms., Inc., 347 F. App’x 679, 681 (2d Cir. 2009); McSweeney v. Cohen, ---
F.Supp.3d ----, 2025 WL 966022, at *25 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 31, 2025); see Flieger v. E. Suffolk
BOCES, 693 F. App’x 14, 18 (2d Cir. 2017) (“Activities protected by the ADA include complaints

of ADA discrimination, including complaints . . . that the employer’s actions violated the ADA”);
see also Wong v. Blind Brook-Rye Union Free Sch. Dist., 20-cv-2718 (CS), 2022 WL 17586324,
at *10 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 12, 2022) (“for an employee’s complaints to be a protected activity they
must relate to an alleged violation of [anti-discrimination law].”).
Such a complaint “need not have had merit to make it a protected activity.” McSweeney,
2025 WL 966022, at *25; see Sharikov v. Philips Medical Sys. MR, Inc., 103 F.4th 159, 170 (2d
Cir. 2024) (“An employee can satisfy the protected activity requirement even if his condition was
not a disability within the meaning of the ADA” (quotations and citations omitted)); Colon v. City
of New York, 16-cv-4540 (VSB), 2023 WL 6497650, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 5, 2023) (noting that the
plaintiff “need not prove that the underlying employment practice was in fact unlawful”). The
plaintiff need only show “that he possessed a good faith, reasonable belief that the underlying
challenged actions of the employer violated th[e] law.” Ibela v. Allied Universal, 21-1995, 2022
WL 1418886, at *2 (2d Cir. May 5, 2022) (summary order) (citing Muller v. Costello, 187 F.3d
298, 311 (2d Cir. 1999)).

Complaints of unlawful conduct may be “thin” and “far from maximally pellucid” but
nevertheless constitute protected activity when construed in the plaintiff’s favor. Farmer v. Shake
Shack Enters. LLC, 473 F.Supp.3d 309, 331–32 (S.D.N.Y. 2020) (holding that “far from maximally
pellucid” complaint of pregnancy discrimination was protected activity under Title VII); Brown v.
Fat Dough Incorp., 22-cv-761 (BKS), 2024 WL 1345360, at *12 (N.D.N.Y. Mar. 29, 2024)
(“While the Court agrees with Defendant that Plaintiff’s allegations are thin, they are sufficient to
allow a plausible inference of protected activity under the ADA and Title VII.”).
Here, Plaintiff has plausibly alleged that she engaged in protected activity by opposing an
employment practice that she reasonably believed to be unlawful. At bottom, construing the

allegations and drawing reasonable inferences in Plaintiff’s favor, Plaintiff alleges that she opposed
Defendant discriminatorily terminating Ms. Doe for her health condition.5 The Complaint “depicts
[Plaintiff]’s complaints [to Defendant] as made in good faith and there is no basis on the pleadings
to infer otherwise.” Farmer, 473 F.Supp.3d at 332. As such, Plaintiff has plausibly alleged that
she engaged in protected activity.
Yet, Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s objection to Ms. Doe’s termination “is devoid of any
facts suggesting that her objection was directed at conduct prohibited by the ADA and the

5 I.e. Ms. Doe’s suicide attempt and subsequent hospitalization.
NYSHRL . . . .” Def.’s Mem. Supp. at 8. This Court is unconvinced, especially because
Defendant’s argument is based on an unfavorable construction of Plaintiff’s allegations.
For example, Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s statement that she could not “lead for you
if you turn your back on my people in their time of greatest need,” does “not provide any indication
that Plaintiff believed EWS’ conduct was unlawful and/or constituted disability discrimination.”

Def.’s Mem. Supp at 8. Indeed, “[c]omplaining about general unfairness, unaccompanied by any
indication that . . . protected class status caused the unfairness, does not qualify as protected
activity.” Wong, 2022 WL 17586324, at *10 (citations omitted). “The onus is on the speaker to
clarify to the employer that [she] is complaining of unfair treatment due to [her] membership in a
protected class and that [she] is not complaining merely of unfair treatment generally.” Butler v.
City Sch. Dist. of New Rochelle, 19-cv-7395 (VB), 2020 WL 6639121, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 12,
2020); see Lewis v. Kaleida Health, 20-cv-1860 (LJV) 2022 WL 4485288, at *7 (W.D.N.Y. Sept.
27, 2022) (“although Lewis alleges that she complained to management generally about ‘perceived
‘unfair’ treatment’ and workplace violations, her alleged complaints did not ‘link the [perceived

unfair] treatment’ to any protected status.” (brackets in original)). Here, however, Plaintiff did not
complain about general unfairness, as her comments plainly invoked that the alleged unfairness at
issue was due to Ms. Doe’s health condition. See Compl. ¶¶ 29–36. As such, construing Plaintiff’s
statement in her favor, the mention of “turn[ing]” a “back” on someone in their “time of greatest
need” refers to Defendant terminating Ms. Doe for her health condition—something that Plaintiff
could plausibly believe to be unlawful under the ADA and NYSHRL. Id. at ¶ 33.
Defendant also insists that it could not have “reasonably understood [Plaintiff’s objection]
to be directed at such prohibited conduct,” because, according to Defendant, Plaintiff’s objection
to Ms. Doe’s termination was based on “moral” or “personal” grounds, rather than legal ones.
Def.’s Mem. Supp. at 1, 8. In Defendant’s view, “the substance of Plaintiff’s complaint only
indicates at most that she was morally opposed to the type of discipline being imposed on Ms.
Doe, which is insufficient to establish that she engaged in a protected activity.” Reply at 8, ECF
No. 17.
However, Plaintiff need not say that she was “legally opposed” to conduct rather than

“morally opposed” to conduct. In fact, a plaintiff asserting a retaliation claim need not inform the
defendant, when making their complaint, which law the defendant is violating. See Brummell v.
Webster Central Sch. Dist., 6-cv-6437, 2009 WL 232789, at *6 (W.D.N.Y. 2009) (“a plaintiff need
not explicitly allege a violation of Title VII for his or her conduct in making a complaint about
working conditions to be considered protected activity”). Rather, the relevant inquiry is whether
the defendant could have reasonably understood the plaintiff’s complaint to be about unlawful
discrimination. See McSweeney, 2025 WL 966022, at *25. As the Court in Brummell—a case that
Defendant cites—put it, the plaintiff need only “complain of discrimination in sufficiently specific
terms so that the employer is put on notice that the plaintiff believes he or she is being

discriminated against on the basis of [a protected class].” 2009 WL 232789, at *6; see De Souza
v. Planned Parenthood Fed’n of Am., Inc., 21-cv-5553 (LGS), 2022 WL 2047580, at *3 (S.D.N.Y.
June 7, 2022) (noting that communication must be “sufficiently specific to make it clear that the
employee is complaining about” prohibited conduct). Here, Plaintiff’s alleged objections
sufficiently put Defendant on notice that Plaintiff was opposing not Defendant’s “immoral”
conduct, but rather, Defendant’s purported discrimination against Ms. Doe.
Moreover, while an employee must clarify that she is complaining about unlawful conduct,
she need not use any specific words in doing so. See Butler, 2020 WL 6639121, at *2; see also
Zhou v. State Univ. of New York Inst. of Tech., 499 F. App’x 105, 108 (2d Cir. 2012) (“There is no
requirement that, to have engaged in protected conduct and thus presented a prima facie claim of
retaliation, an employee must have used specific words.”). Hubbard illustrates this point. See 347
F. App’x at 681. In Hubbard, the Second Circuit upheld a jury finding that the plaintiff’s email to
her supervisor constituted protected activity under Title VII where the email indicated differential
treatment between the plaintiff and her male coworkers. Id. The Court focused on the email’s

second sentence, which referred to “guys.” Id. The email’s second sentence stated: “IT IS
REALLY NICE TO FIND OUT THAT THE ENTIRE SERVICE DEPT GOT THEIR
REVIEW/RAISES THAT WERE DUE IN JULY 2003. WHICH WOULD BE 10–12
GUYS/TECHNICIANS.” Id. As this sentence—and its invocation of differential treatment based
on gender—demonstrates, the complaint need not have a particularly “legal” rather than a “moral”
slant to constitute protected activity. It need only identify the alleged unlawful conduct at issue.
See id.
The cases Defendant relies on do not suggest otherwise. For example, in Durant v. Union
Local 237, the plaintiff had been assigned to work in a storeroom, performing stock worker duties.

12-cv-1166 (NGG) (JMA), 2013 WL 1232555, at *1 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 4, 2013), report and
recommendation adopted, 2013 WL 1247520 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 26, 2013). The plaintiff complained
to her union that she was working “out of title” and did not receive proper compensation and
training for her work. Id. The plaintiff further alleged that she “reported” to the union that her
supervisors and co-workers were not complying with storeroom rules, that her co-workers were
causing a “hostile work environment” by arguing with her about how she operated the storeroom,
and that her supervisors disregarded unspecified complaints that she made to them. Id. Ultimately,
the plaintiff was terminated and she subsequently sued, alleging that the union retaliated against
her. See generally id. The court held that the plaintiff’s retaliation claims failed, as none of her
complaints indicated that she believed she was being mistreated because of her race, gender,
disability, or any other protected characteristic. Id. at *8.
Surely, the defendant in Durant could not have “reasonably understood” the plaintiff’s
complaints to be about discriminatory conduct, as the plaintiff never suggested to the union that
she was being mistreated due to her race, gender, disability, or any other protected characteristic.

Id. Thus, without more, the court in Durant could not find that the plaintiff had put the union on
notice of her protected activity. Id. In this case, by contrast, Plaintiff’s complaints reflected her
opposition to Defendant’s alleged discrimination against Ms. Doe for her health condition,
something that, based on Plaintiff’s allegations, Defendant could have reasonably understood. See,
e.g., Compl. ¶¶ 30, 36.
Defendant also relies on Krasner v. HSH Norbank AG, in which the plaintiff sued his
former employer for sex discrimination and retaliation. See generally 680 F.Supp.2d 502
(S.D.N.Y. 2010). In Krasner, the plaintiff’s supervisor and another employee had had an affair,
which the plaintiff reported to his company due to the “escalating unpleasantness” that the affair

was causing in the workplace. Id. at 510–511. The company subsequently terminated the plaintiff,
leading him to sue the company for retaliation under Title VII. See generally id. The plaintiff
claimed that his complaints about the affair were reports of sex discrimination and thus protected
activity. See generally id. The court, however, held that the retaliation claim failed, as the
plaintiff’s complaints were “entirely gender-neutral,” failed to “express any concern over gender-
based discrimination,” and did not include “anything that he characterized, or that reasonably could
be characterized, as sex discrimination.” Id. at 520, 521. As such, the defendant had “no way to
understand” the plaintiff’s complaints as being about sex discrimination. Id. at 521.
Whereas the plaintiff in Krasner had failed to complain of any discriminatory conduct to
his company, not so here. In this case, Plaintiff complained of Ms. Doe’s termination for her health
condition—plainly identifiable discriminatory conduct. For as much as Defendant would like this
Court to believe otherwise, the court in Krasner did not hold that the plaintiff’s complaints failed
to constitute protected activity because they only showed his “moral” objection to the conduct at

issue. The court held, rather, that the plaintiff’s complaints did not constitute protected activity
because the plaintiff was not objecting to any conduct that could be reasonably characterized, and
thus understood, as sex discrimination. See id.
A quote from the court’s opinion in Krasner can perhaps best summarize the distinction
between Krasner and this case. See id. The court stated that “the overall content and context of
Krasner’s internal complaints suggest, at most, a consensual affair that—while perhaps unfair, bad
for morale, and detrimental to the department and the company—in itself harmed no one on
account of a protected characteristic.” Id. As alleged here, by contrast, Ms. Doe allegedly suffered
harm on account of a protected characteristic, i.e., her health condition.

Defendant also makes various arguments regarding Plaintiff’s allegation that she
“threatened to resign if she was required to illegally terminate Ms. Doe.” Compl. ¶ 36. These
arguments fail, as they construe Plaintiff’s allegations not in her favor, and improperly dispute
whether certain factual events occurred. First, Defendant argues that the fact that the phrase
“illegally terminate” was not in quotations in the Complaint “confirms that it was never uttered to
Mr. Cahill.” Def.’s Mem. Supp. at 9. However, the lack of quotations does not confirm anything.
At the motion to dismiss stage, the Court does not confirm whether alleged factual events actually
took place. Rather, the Court assumes that the factual allegations are true and leaves the factual
development for discovery (should the case survive the motion to dismiss). In this case, Plaintiff
and Mr. Cahill will presumably sit for depositions, at which time the Parties will endeavor to
determine exactly what Plaintiff said to Mr. Cahill. For now, however, arguments over whether
Plaintiff in fact spoke certain words are inappropriate, as this Court assumes that Plaintiff did,
indeed, make all the statements alleged in the Complaint, regardless of mere quotation mark
placement.

Moreover, while it is entirely possible that Plaintiff never uttered “illegally terminate” to
Mr. Cahill, and Plaintiff’s attorney added the word to the Complaint in an “expository manner” as
Defendant argues, this Court is not at liberty to construe the allegation in such a way. Def.’s Mem.
Supp. at 9. To do so would construe the allegation far and away from Plaintiff’s favor, which is
impermissible. This Court must instead draw the reasonable inference in Plaintiff’s favor and
assume, based on the allegation, that she informed Mr. Cahill that she would resign if she had to
illegally terminate Ms. Doe.
Defendant alternatively argues that even if Plaintiff had used the word “illegally” to Mr.
Cahill, the word would not render Plaintiff’s statements protected activity. See Def.’s Mem. Supp

at 9. Defendant is correct that an empty “buzzword” is insufficient to establish protected activity.
See Foster v. Humane Soc. of Rochester & Monroe Cnty., Inc., 724 F.Supp.2d 382, 395 (W.D.N.Y.
2010). Accordingly, in analyzing Plaintiff’s complaint to Mr. Cahill, this Court “must look at the
substance of her complaint, not the terminology that she used.” Id. However, the substance of
Plaintiff’s complaint “suggests that the complained-of activity [was], in fact, unlawfully
discriminatory.” Kelly v. Howard I. Shapiro & Assocs. Consulting Eng’rs, P.C., 716 F.3d 10, 17
(2d Cir. 2013) (citing Foster, 724 F.Supp.2d at 395).
In arguing otherwise, Defendant relies on Foster, where the Court held that the plaintiff
had not established her Title VII retaliation claim where her complaints had nothing to do with
unlawful discrimination. See 724 F.Supp.2d at 395. While the plaintiff in Foster had complained
about problems at work, her complaints did not suggest that she was facing sex discrimination.
See id. Here, however, Plaintiff’s alleged complaints wholly concerned discrimination against Ms.
Doe for her health condition. As such, the word “illegal” aside, Plaintiff’s alleged complaints were
sufficiently substantive to constitute protected activity.

Defendant also argues that Plaintiff’s suggestion to alternatively subject Ms. Doe to a less
severe disciplinary action “proves that [Plaintiff] did not believe much less state that termination
of Ms. Doe under the circumstances would be illegal.” Def.’s Mem. Supp. at 9. Defendant even
argues that “[t]he fact that Plaintiff suggested lesser discipline for Ms. Doe eliminates the
possibility that she reasonably believed (and conveyed her belief) that discipline was unlawful.”
Id. at 12. However, Plaintiff’s suggestions for alternative, lesser disciplinary action do not “prove”
or “eliminate” anything. Construing the allegations in Plaintiff’s favor, it is plausible that Plaintiff
could have simultaneously opposed unlawful termination while pleading for some form of
practical relief on Ms. Doe’s behalf. After all, Plaintiff alleges that she reacted to the news of Ms.

Doe’s termination by being “shocked with [Defendant’s] decision to terminate Ms. Doe” and
“explain[ing] to Ms. Cahill her belief that Ms. Doe should not be terminated for a minor policy
violation, given Ms. Doe’s suicide and apparent mental health crisis.” Compl. ¶¶ 29–30.
If anything, Plaintiff’s comments regarding a less severe form of discipline actually lend
themselves to the reasonable inference that Ms. Doe’s security violation was a pretext for her
termination. Had Defendant proposed a less severe form of discipline for Ms. Doe’s alleged
security policy violation at the outset, such discipline might not have given rise to the inference
that Defendant was discriminating against Ms. Doe. Rather, a less severe form of discipline might
have appeared more legitimate to Plaintiff under the circumstances, rather than pretextual. Indeed,
the very severity of termination further supports Plaintiff’s allegations that Defendant engaged in
unlawful conduct. In any event, Defendant cites no authority for the proposition that Plaintiff’s
comments regarding lesser disciplinary action foreclose her from having engaged in protected
activity. Defendant is free to, and presumably will, ask Plaintiff about her statements during her
deposition. However, these additional alleged statements, when construed in Plaintiff’s favor, do

not negate Plaintiff’s alleged engagement in protected activity.
Defendant’s remaining arguments fail for largely the same reasons. Plaintiff’s ADA and
NYSHRL retaliation claims, as alleged, thus suffice to withstand the motion to dismiss.
II. NYLL § 740 RETALIATION CLAIM
Under NYLL § 740—the NYLL’s “whistleblower” provision—an employer cannot
retaliate “against an employee . . . because such employee . . . discloses, or threatens to disclose to
a supervisor or to a public body an activity, policy or practice of the employer that the employee
reasonably believes is in violation of law, rule or regulation . . . or objects to, or refuses to
participate in any such activity, policy or practice.” NYLL § 740(2)(a), (c). To state a claim under

the provision, “a plaintiff must plausibly allege: ‘(1) an activity protected by the statute; (2) a
retaliatory action; and (3) some causal connection between the protected activity and the adverse
action.’” Id. (citing Callahan v. HSBC Sec. (USA) Inc., 22-cv-8621 (JPO), 2024 WL 1157075, at
*6 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 18, 2024)).
As with Plaintiff’s other two claims, Defendant only disputes the protected activity element
of the NYLL claim. For this element, “while an employee need not specify the actual law, rule or
regulation violated when making a complaint to a supervisor, she must identify the particular
activities, policies or practices in which the employer allegedly engaged, so that the complaint
provides the employer with notice of the alleged complained-of conduct.” Alam v. Fairstead
Mgmt. LLC, 24-cv-849 (NRB), 2025 WL 622587, at *11 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 26, 2025) (cleaned up)
(citing Thacker v. HSBC Bank USA, N.A., 22-cv-7120 (GHW), 2023 WL 3061336, at *6 (S.D.N.Y.
Apr. 24, 2023)); see Gilmore v. Saratoga Ctr. for Care, LLC, 19-cv-888 (LEK), 2025 WL 48620,
at *10 (N.D.N.Y. Jan. 8, 2025) (noting that complaint need not specify actual law, rule, or
regulation violated); Webb-Weber v. Cmty. Action for Human Servs., Inc., 23 N.Y.3d 448, 453

(2014).
As a plaintiff may bring identical claims under both NYLL § 740 and the NYSHRL,
Plaintiff has plausibly alleged retaliation under NYLL § 740 for the reasons already discussed. See
McSweeney, 2025 WL 966022, at *44. Indeed, Plaintiff has alleged that she complained of, and
refused to participate in, “an activity, policy or practice of the employer that is in violation of law,
rule or regulation,” i.e., terminating Ms. Doe for her health condition in purported violation of the
ADA and NYSHRL. Id. As such, Plaintiff’s claim suffices to survive a motion to dismiss.
Defendant’s arguments to the contrary are similar to those it made against Plaintiff’s ADA
and NYSHRL claims. Mainly, Defendant argues that “Plaintiff [sic] allegations only establish that

she had a moral or personal opposition to EWS’s decision to terminate Ms. Doe.” Def.’s Mem.
Supp. at 12. Yet, as with before, the cases Defendant cites do not support its arguments. See Def.’s
Mem. Supp. at 11 (citing Thacker, 2023 WL 3061336, at *9 and Pierce v. Better Holdco, Inc., 22-
cv-4748 (AT), 2023 WL 6386920, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 29, 2023)).
For example, Plaintiff relies on Thacker, in which the court held that the plaintiff’s
allegation that she “met with Legal and Compliance . . . to discuss changing [her] reporting
structure from [one particular individual] to someone else[,] as his legally dubious decisions were
placing [plaintiff’s] licenses at risk” failed to identify “the particular activities, policies or practices
in which the employer allegedly engaged, so that the complaint provides the employer with notice
of the alleged complained-of conduct.” 2023 WL 3061336, at *8. Here, by contrast, there is no
question as to the particular “activities, policies or practices” of Defendant’s to which Plaintiff
objected. There is no other way to interpret Plaintiff and Mr. Cahill’s conversation as being about
anything other than Defendant’s allegedly discriminatory termination of Ms. Doe. Whereas the
court in Thacker did not want to improperly “read into Plaintiff’s complaint a statement that she

identified to Legal and Compliance the particular activities . . . that she believed were ‘legally
dubious,’” this Court is not faced with that problem. Id. Here, the Complaint adequately identifies
Defendant’s complained-of conduct.
Defendant also relies on Pierce, in which the plaintiff sued her former employer and its
executives claiming that they retaliated against her for accusing them of violating securities and
employment laws. See 2023 WL 6386920, at *1. Ultimately, the court found that some of the
plaintiff’s statements regarding supposed illegal conduct lacked sufficient detail to be protected
activity under NYLL § 740. See id. at *7. The court held, for instance, that one of the plaintiff’s
complaint’s regarding an email sent by the company’s CEO was “devoid of facts indicating why

[the plaintiff] would believe that the email violated the law.” Id. at *7. Here, the Court is not left
wanting for such facts. The Complaint adequately alleges facts indicating the basis for Plaintiff’s
belief that Defendant’s termination of Ms. Doe was illegal.
Defendant’s remaining arguments fail. Plaintiff’s NYLL § 740 claim, as alleged, thus
suffices to survive the motion to dismiss.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Motion to dismiss is DENIED.
SO ORDERED.

/s _____________
Steven L. Tiscione
United States Magistrate Judge
Eastern District of New York

Dated: Central Islip, New York
June 30, 2025

---

Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11087284. Public record. Not legal advice.