# Professional Analysis, Inc. v. United States

> United States Court of Federal Claims · June 3, 2025

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11064067

## Case

- **Court:** United States Court of Federal Claims
- **Decided:** June 3, 2025
- **Precedential status:** Published
- **Opinion:** Opinion
- **Judges:** David A. Tapp
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

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## Opinion text

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
No. 24-1897
Filed: May 23, 2025 †
Published: June 3, 2025

PROFESSIONAL ANALYSIS, INC.,

Plaintiff,

v.

THE UNITED STATES,

Defendant,

and

CACI, INC.—FEDERAL

Defendant-Intervenor.

Thomas K. David, Reston Law Group LLP, Reston, VA, for the Plaintiff.

Matthew J. Carhart, Senior Trial Counsel, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division,
Douglas K. Mickle, Assistant Director, Patricia McCarthy, Director, and Brett A. Shumate,
Acting Assistant Attorney General, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C. with T.
Alexander Cloud, Jr., Assistant Counsel, Military Sealift Command, Norfolk N00L, for the
United States.

Robert K. Tompkins, Holland & Knight LLP, Washington, D.C., with Kelsey M. Hayes, and
Richard J. Ariel, for the Defendant-Intervenor.

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

TAPP, Judge.

Good manners are not required in government contracting. Plaintiff, Professional
Analysis, Inc. (“PAI”), asks this Court to adopt its construction of key terms of the Solicitation in

†
This Opinion was originally issued under seal on May 23, 2025, (ECF No. 41). The Court
provided parties the opportunity to submit proposed redactions. In a Joint Status Report filed
May 30, 2025, (ECF No. 43), the parties indicated that no redactions were required.
this bid protest, an invitation that this Court does not accept. All parties have moved for
judgment on the administrative record based on their opposing interpretations of the words
“shall,” “reservation,” “assumption,” and “qualification.” For the reasons stated below, the
United States’ Cross-Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record, (ECF No. 33), and
Defendant-Intervenor’s Cross-Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record, (ECF No.
34), are GRANTED. PAI’s Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record, (ECF No. 32),
is DENIED.

I. Background

This protest challenges a U.S. Department of the Navy, Military Sealift Command
(“MSC”) award (Solicitation No. N3220523R4140 (“RFP” or “Solicitation”)) of a “Worldwide
Logistics (WWL) Services” contract to Defendant-Intervenor, CACI–Federal, Inc. (“CACI”).
(Compl. ¶¶ 1–2, ECF No. 1). The Solicitation was originally issued in 2023, seeking logistics
support, material handling support, and supply chain management. (Administrative Record
(“AR”) 8110–13, ECF No. 27). The RFP anticipated a fixed-price contract with a period of
performance of a two-month phase-in period, a ten-month base period, and four twelve-month
option periods. (AR 1708–1709).

The Solicitation stated that “[t]he evaluation process will use a Lowest Price Technically
Acceptable (LPTA) evaluation approach in order to determine which offeror represents the best
value to the Government.” (AR 1780–81). Proposals would be evaluated according to: Technical
Approach (Factor 1), Past Performance (Factor 2), Price (Factor 3), and Small Business
Participation Commitment Document (Factor 4). (AR 1780–83). Factor 1, Technical Approach,
included three subfactors: (1) organizational experience; (2) understanding of sample problems
1, 2, 3, and 5; and (3) management approach and personnel experience. (AR 1781). As part of
the Agency’s evaluation efforts, MSC would review each offeror’s small business subcontracting
plan, and evaluate “the realism of the proposal.” (AR 1783). MSC amended the Solicitation six
times. (See AR 1684). Solicitation Amendment 0006, (AR 1684–1817), issued in June 2024, is
the final version of the Solicitation at issue. (Def.-Interv.’s Cross-MJAR at 2 n.1).

In addition to its many directions, the Solicitation contained an addendum to FAR
52.212-1, entitled “Additional Instructions to Offerors—Commercial Items” which provided
general proposal instructions. (AR 1773). Specifically, the provision requested offerors to:
“[p]lease provide certification that price was without reservation, assumption, or qualification
and that the Total Evaluated Price contains pricing for all work in the [Performance Work
Statement].” (AR 1778). In their proposal cover letter, offerors were directed to provide an
“Agreement with Terms,” which would include:

A statement specifying the extent of agreement with all terms, conditions,
and provisions included in the solicitation and agreement to furnish any or all
services upon which prices are offered. Offerors are to clearly detail any
exceptions taken and the rationale for the exceptions taken to the solicitation.
Exceptions taken to the solicitation may render the proposal unacceptable to
the Government.

(AR 1778–1779).

2
MSC first awarded the contract to PAI. (Compl. ¶ 12; AR 5318, 6596). CACI filed a
protest with the Government Accountability Office (“GAO”), (GAO File No. B-422226.2), and
MSC subsequently took corrective action and accepted revised proposals from both PAI and
CACI, (Compl. ¶ 14; AR 7151–54).

MSC amended some of the instructions in the Solicitation as part of its corrective action.
(See AR 1703 (“In taking corrective action, the Government revised the proposal instructions
and evaluation criteria in an effort to clarify ambiguity.”). Most relevantly, MSC inserted a new
introduction to the FAR 52.212-1 addendum, in addition to the guidance excerpted above:

Introduction: This FAR 52.212-1 addendum primarily sets forth proposal
instructions, not evaluation criteria. The evaluation criteria for proposals
submitted under this solicitation are set forth below in the FAR 52.212-2
provision. Moreover, although certain proposal instructions in this addendum
establish minimum requirements pertaining to the length, format, and content
of an Offeror’s proposal submission, and a proposal will be evaluated as
Unacceptable if it fails to meet one of those minimum requirements, the
majority of the proposal instructions in this addendum do not establish
minimum requirements and are not evaluation criteria. In this FAR 52.212-1
addendum, the use of “shall” in a sentence denotes that the sentence
establishes a minimum solicitation requirement. If “shall” is not used (e.g.,
“should” is used), then no minimum requirement is established.

(AR 8041 (red color in original)). Accordingly, MSC added “shall” to multiple provisions in the
Amended Solicitation, (compare AR 6561 with AR 8046), but did not alter the text of the
provision asking offerors to “[p]lease provide certification that the price was without reservation,
assumption, or qualification and that the Total Evaluated Price contains pricing for all work in
the PWS[,]” (Compare AR 6562 with AR 8046). Ultimately, the Source Selection Authority
(“SSA”) determined CACI’s final proposal provided the best value to MSC and awarded CACI
the contract. (AR 12722–25).

PAI protested at the GAO. (Compl. ¶ 6; GAO File No. B-422226.4). There, PAI
presented two main arguments: first, that MSC improperly failed to conduct a price realism
analysis, and second, that CACI’s proposal was technically unacceptable because it took
exception to material provisions of the Solicitation. (AR 12911–19). The latter argument is also
the focus of PAI’s Complaint here. (See generally Compl.). Given the strikingly similar
arguments raised by PAI and MSC both at the GAO and in this forum, a review of the GAO
proceedings is warranted.

At the GAO, MSC argued that the Solicitation did not contain “the imperative ‘shall’ in
connection with the instruction to certify that the price was without ‘reservation, assumption, or
qualification’ instead it ‘permissively requests offerors to provide the referenced certification.’”
(AR 12884–85 (citing AR 1773)). MSC also argued that CACI’s proposal expressly stated that
CACI took no exception to any terms, conditions, or provisions in the Solicitation and instead
merely reserved a right to request an equitable adjustment under certain circumstances. (AR
12884–85 (citing AR 8301, 8303)). The GAO denied PAI’s protest on the merits, (see generally

3
AR 12911–19), and found that MSC reasonably determined that CACI’s proposal assumptions
were not exceptions to the Solicitation that reflected “the reservation of a right to request, rather
than receive, a price adjustment.” (AR 12911, 12916–19). The GAO summarized its conclusions
as follows:

In sum, we conclude that CACI’s proposal did not take exception to material
terms of the solicitation, nor did the agency improperly relax material
solicitation requirements and treat the offerors disparately. To the contrary,
the record shows that CACI expressly stated that it took “no exception to any
terms, conditions, or provisions included in the solicitation and [agreed] to
furnish any or all services upon which prices are offered.” Thus, we find the
agency’s evaluation and the contracting officer’s conclusion that the
assumptions included in CACI’s proposal did not take exception to material
requirements in the RFP to be reasonable. Accordingly, we deny this
allegation.

(AR 12919 (internal citations omitted)). PAI then filed this action. (See Compl.).

II. Analysis

A. Standard of Review

According to 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(4), the Court reviews agency procurement decisions
under the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”), 5 U.S.C. § 706. Under the APA standard, “[i]n
a bid protest case, the inquiry is whether the agency’s action was arbitrary, capricious, an abuse
of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law and, if so, whether the error is prejudicial.”
Glenn Def. Marine (ASIA), PTE Ltd. v. United States, 720 F.3d 901, 907 (Fed. Cir. 2013). Thus,
judicial review of agency action under the APA proceeds on two tracks: the Court could find (1)
the agency’s decision lacked either a rational basis or support from the administrative record or
was arbitrary and capricious; and/or (2) the agency’s procurement procedure involved a violation
of regulation or statute. Weeks Marine, Inc. v. United States, 575 F.3d 1352, 1358 (Fed. Cir.
2009); Impresa Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v. United States, 238 F.3d 1324, 1332
(Fed. Cir. 2001).

After showing that the procuring agency violated the law or acted arbitrarily and
capriciously, the protestor must also show that the agency’s violation was prejudicial to the
protestor. Glenn Def. Marine, 720 F.3d at 907. Accordingly, the Court’s review is “highly
deferential” to the agency’s decision. Id. (citation omitted). “The court must show especially
great deference to the agency’s technical evaluations, past performance ratings, and other
‘minutiae of the procurement process . . . which involve discretionary determinations of
procurement officials.’” Vanguard Recovery Assistance v. United States, 101 Fed. Cl. 765, 780
(2011) (citation omitted). The Federal Circuit has acknowledged that contracting officers possess
discretion across a wide array of issues they encounter during the procurement process,
especially when a challenge is based on the argument that the agency's decision lacked a rational
basis, was unsupported by the administrative record, or was arbitrary and capricious. Impresa
Construzioni, 238 F.3d at 1332. “Under the ‘arbitrary and capricious’ standard[,] the scope of
review is a narrow one. A reviewing court must consider whether the decision was based on a

4
consideration of the relevant factors and whether there has been a clear error of judgment.”
Bowman Transp., Inc. v. Arkansas-Best Freight Sys., Inc., 419 U.S. 281, 285 (1974) (internal
quotations omitted). The Court may not substitute its own judgment for that of the agency. Id.
But the agency must articulate a “rational connection between the facts found and the choice
made.” Burlington Truck Lines, Inc. v. United States, 371 U.S. 156, 168 (1962). Thus, a
procurement decision is unobjectionable if the agency “provided a coherent and reasonable
explanation of discretion[.]” Impresa Construzioni, 238 F.3d 1325 at 1332–33.

Unlike the standard applied in summary judgment motions, “the existence of genuine
issues of material fact does not preclude judgment on the administrative record” under RCFC
52.1. Tech. Sys., Inc. v. United States, 98 Fed. Cl. 228, 242 (2011); see also RCFC 56. Rather,
the Court’s inquiry is whether, “given all the disputed and undisputed facts, a party has met its
burden of proof based on the evidence in the record.” A&D Fire Prot., Inc. v. United States, 72
Fed. Cl. 126, 131 (2006) (citing Bannum Inc. v. United States, 404 F.3d 1346, 1356 (Fed. Cir.
2005)). Taken together, the standards for success by a plaintiff are substantial.

B. Discussion

The issues PAI brings to this Court are markedly similar, if not identical, to those decided
at the GAO. Here, PAI’s MJAR asserts two main arguments: (1) that CACI’s proposal “failed to
meet at least two stated requirements[,]” which should have rendered its proposal unacceptable
to MSC; and (2) the assumptions in CACI’s proposal, in which it reserved the right to seek a
price adjustment, are “unacceptable.” 1 (See Pl.’s MJAR at 11–13). Stated differently, PAI claims
the RFP contained three “tacitly related” but “independent” “requirements” to be compliant with
the RFP: “an offeror had to state that they were committed to provide the enumerated services at
the price set forth in their proposal with no exceptions, submit a certificate that their offer was
void of any assumptions, reservations or conditions and lastly their actual proposal needed to be
void of any assumptions, reservations or conditions.” (Id. at 5). PAI asserts that CACI included
thirty-seven (37) improper assumptions and reservations to the terms of the Solicitation that were
“rubber stamped” by MSC during the selection process. (Id. at 6).

PAI also contends that CACI failed to provide the “required” certification that its
proposal was without assumptions or conditions. (See id. at 4). PAI’s arguments hinge on this
Court accepting its interpretation of the relevant Solicitation provisions—specifically, whether
the word “shall” is necessary to establish a minimum requirement. PAI argues that the
Solicitation’s phrase “please provide” was imperative even without the use of the term “shall.”
(Compl. ¶ 49; see Def.-Interv.’s Cross-MJAR at 10). However, PAI does little to substantiate this
component of its argument, referencing it briefly in two footnotes, but providing little in the way

1
In its Reply, PAI rather mysteriously states that “information in or absent from the
Administrative Record (‘AR’) conspicuously confirms that the Agency disregarded certain
requirements set forth in the RFP and its effort to reconcile those discrepanc[ies] as part of this
protest is lacking in factual or legal support.” (Pl.’s Reply at 2, ECF No. 35). If PAI was aware of
any information absent from the Administrative Record, it should have notified Defendant and
this Court. To the extent that it may be referring to matters within the AR, it is PAI’s
responsibility to explicitly direct the Court to its precise location.

5
of meaningful analysis. 2 In turn, MSC and CACI persuasively argue that the word “shall” is
indispensable to create a minimum requirement. (See Def.’s Cross-MJAR at 1–2, 11–13; Def.-
Interv.’s Cross-MJAR at 5, 10–11).

To determine whether the provisions at issue were mandatory, the Court must examine
the minutiae of not only the Solicitation, but also the English language. The United States
conveniently lays out the three key phrases and labels them “provision 1,” “provision 2,” and
“provision 3[.]” (Def.’s Cross-MJAR at 10). Provision 1 states: “In this FAR 52.212-1
addendum, the use of ‘shall’ in a sentence denotes that the sentence establishes a minimum
solicitation requirement. If ‘shall’ is not used (e.g., ‘should’ is used), then no minimum
requirement is established.” (AR 8041). Provision 2 states: “Please provide certification that
price was without reservation, assumption, or qualification and that the Total Evaluated Price
contains pricing for all the work in the PWS.” (AR 8046). Provision 3 states:

The following information shall be provided in the proposal cover letter: . . .
Agreement with Terms: A statement specifying the extent of agreement with
all terms, conditions, and provisions included in the solicitation and
agreement to furnish any or all services upon which prices are offered.
Offerors are to clearly detail any exceptions taken and the rationale for the
exceptions taken to the solicitation. Exceptions taken to the solicitation may
render the proposal unacceptable to the Government.

(AR 8047). The Court relies on these provisions to evaluate each of PAI’s arguments.

i. CACI was not required to include a certification that its proposal was without
reservations and assumptions.

PAI contends that CACI’s proposal failed to meet two requirements, the first being the
absence of a certification that the proposal was submitted without reservations or assumptions.
(Pl.’s MJAR at 5, 9, 11–12). 3 Specifically, PAI argues that omitting this certification should have
rendered CACI’s proposal unacceptable because it was a violation of Provision 2. (Id. at 4–5).
PAI alleges that the words “please provide” at the outset of the provision created a mandatory
condition that CACI failed to meet. (See id. at 4 n.1; Pl.’s Reply at 3 n.1, ECF No. 35). PAI
contends that many other stated requirements in the Solicitation were necessary but were not
preceded by the word “shall,” and the same was true for this provision. (See Pl.’s MJAR at 4 n.1
(“[w]hat the Defendants also fail to share is that the RFP includes many requirements, like the
need to provide a rationale for any exceptions, that are not triggered by the word “shall”.)).

2
In its Cross-MJAR, the United States urges the Court to disregard PAI’s argument that “please
provide” establishes a minimum requirement in the absence of the word “shall[.]” (Def.’s Cross-
MJAR at 14 (“Because PAI has relegated this argument to an undeveloped footnote, the Court
should deem it forfeited.”) (internal citation omitted)). The Court declines to do so.
3
This certification is different than the Agreement with Terms, (see AR 1779), discussed in
more detail below.

6
There is no dispute that CACI did not include this certification in its proposal. However,
the United States argues that the words “please provide” do not establish a minimum
requirement, and CACI’s proposal is therefore acceptable regardless of whether it contained the
referenced certification. (Def.’s Cross-MJAR at 10). To support its claim, the United States
makes three arguments. (Id. at 11–12). First, the United States argues in no uncertain terms that
Provision 1 establishes that to be a minimum requirement, the provision must contain the word
“shall.” (Def.’s Cross-MJAR at 11 (“In light of the instruction in Provision 1 (AR 8041), the
‘please provide certification language’ in provision 2 (AR 8046)—which does not use the word
‘shall’—does not establish a minimum requirement.”)). Second, the United States notes that the
Solicitation at issue underwent corrective action, during which the word “shall” was added to
multiple provisions to clarify that those provisions were required. (Def.’s Cross-MJAR at 12;
compare AR 8046 with AR 6561). In contrast, the word “shall” was not added to Provision 2
during that time. (Def.’s Cross-MJAR at 12). Third, the United States points to Provision 3 for
additional support, which states in part that “[e]xceptions taken to the solicitation may render the
proposal unacceptable to the Government.” (Id. (citing AR 8047 (emphasis added)).

The Court finds the United States’ arguments persuasive. The text of Provision 1 plainly
states that to establish a minimum requirement, the provision must include the imperative
“shall.” The provision asking offerors to “please provide” certifications that their proposals do
not contain any reservations, assumptions, or qualifications plainly does not contain the word
“shall.” Furthermore, MSC had the opportunity to add the word “shall” to this provision during
its corrective action and chose not to. This is an even further indication that the provision was
indeed not mandatory. In its Reply, PAI states that “[i]t should also be noted, that in not less than
eighty-one (81) reported decisions from this Court the words ‘please provide’ were noted as
directives, mandates, and terms that prefaced requirements imposed on offerors.” (Pl.’s Reply at
4). However, PAI does not cite to any of these decisions. 4

Despite what PAI would like this Court to find, the meaning here is plain. MSC was well
within its discretion to find CACI’s proposal acceptable even though it did not contain a
certification that its proposal was without reservations, assumptions, or qualifications. In fact,

4
In a footnote, PAI claims that “the [Court of Federal Claims has addressed scores of
procurements where the words ‘[p]lease provide’ established a requirement.” (Pl.’s MJAR at 4
n.1 (citing Land Shark Shredding, LLC v. United States, 156 Fed. Cl. 84 (2021)). PAI’s reliance
on Land Shark is misplaced. There, the Solicitation asked offerors to “please provide the names
of all subcontractors” which Land Shark did not do. (Land Shark, 156 Fed. Cl. at 87). The
Contracting Officer determined that Land Shark’s proposal was unacceptable, in part because it
had “inconsistent information regarding whether it would use subcontractors” and “if it intended
to use subcontractors, it did not provide the name of those subcontractors.” (Id. (citations
omitted)). The Court did not directly assess whether “please provide” in this instance was a
requirement. That Land Shark did not provide the names of its subcontractors was not why its
proposal failed, it was fact that the CO could not discern whether Land Shark intended to use
subcontractors at all. (See id.). The words “please provide” were not a requirement in Land
Shark, nor are they here.

7
using PAI’s argument, it would be logically impossible for CACI to include this certification
while also containing reservations and assumptions in its proposal.

ii. The Contracting Officer reviewed CACI’s assumptions and reasonably found
that none took exception to material terms of the solicitation.

According to PAI, CACI’s proposal failed to meet a second requirement stated in the
Solicitation because it contained thirty-seven (37) assumptions, reservations, and conditions.
(Pl.’s MJAR at 6). The Solicitation stated that an “Agreement with Terms” “shall be submitted”
as part of the proposal. (AR 1778–79, 8046). The Agreement with Terms is defined in the
Solicitation as:

A statement specifying the extent of agreement with all terms, conditions,
and provisions included in the solicitation and agreement to furnish any or all
services upon which prices are offered. Offerors are to clearly detail any
exceptions taken and the rationale for the exceptions taken to the solicitation.
Exceptions taken to the solicitation may render the proposal unacceptable to
the Government.

(AR 1779). CACI provided the following statement in their proposal: “CACI acknowledges
receipt of Solicitation N3220523R4140 through Amendment 0006 and takes no exception to any
terms, conditions, or provisions included in the solicitation and agrees to furnish any or all
services upon which prices are offered.” (AR 8301).

Exceptions to the Solicitation are clearly permitted under the above provisions, so long as
they are accompanied by a rationale. (AR 1779). CACI’s proposal contained reservations and
assumptions, though MSC found that none qualified as an “exception” to the Solicitation’s
terms. (AR 12706–11; see AR 12712 (“The Contracting Officer has thoroughly reviewed each of
CACI’s pricing assumptions individually and has determined that none constitute exceptions to
any material terms of the solicitation or contract.”)). PAI argues that this evaluation lacks “true
analysis” and that this “simply act[ed] as a rubber stamp exercise.” (Pl.’s Reply at 8).

What PAI asks is beyond the power of this Court. See Bowman Transp., 419 U.S. at 285.
MSC conducted an evaluation of the assumptions and reservations contained in CACI’s
proposal, and explicitly found that none rose to the level of an exception to the material terms of
the Solicitation. (AR 12706–11). PAI complains that the Agency’s review is “undated, untitled,
filled with unnumbered paragraphs, and is not attributed to any specific government official.”
(Pl.’s Reply at 9). The Court is not in the business of monitoring the format and style of the
United States’ procurement documents. PAI’s dissatisfaction with the agency’s explanation, on
its own, does not amount to evidence of misconduct. MSC itself confirmed that CACI’s proposal
was “in compliance with the minimum requirements listed in the solicitation” in the Procurement
Contracting Officer’s Compliance Worksheet (“PCO Worksheet”). (AR 12712–13). The Court
can muster no evidence that the actions of the Contracting Officer were arbitrary, capricious, or
an abuse of discretion. See Glenn Def. Marine, 720 F.3d at 907. MSC’s decision that the
assumptions and clarifications were not exceptions is well supported by the Administrative

8
Record, (AR 12712), and the Court will not endeavor to substitute its judgment for that of the
agency. See Bowman Transp., 419 U.S. at 285.

PAI asserts that it “submitted a proposal to MSC that contained a fair and reasonable
price with the belief that PAI would absorb any risk if it failed to properly ‘identify any
misalignments.’ PAI never believed it could impose ‘conditions’ or ‘reservations’ on the Agency
. . . .” (Pl.’s MJAR at 8–9). 5 A bid protest cannot remedy PAI’s mistaken assumptions. While
unfortunate, there is generally always a losing party in the game of government contracts. Here,
PAI has not demonstrated that CACI’s proposal failed to satisfy the Solicitation’s second
requirement.

iii. CACI reserved the right to request an adjustment in pricing, not the right to
receive an adjustment in pricing.

Alternatively, PAI also argues that assumptions in an offeror’s proposal that reserve a
right to seek a price adjustment are unacceptable. (Pl.’s MJAR at 12). PAI previously raised this
argument at the GAO, where the United States prevailed. (AR 12918). PAI cites Harmonia
Holdings Grp., LLC v. United States, where a disappointed offeror protested a contract award on
the basis that the awardee submitted a proposal containing disqualifying assumptions. (Pl.’s
MJAR at 12–13 (citing 136 Fed. Cl. 298, 312 (2018)). The Harmonia Court denied the
disappointed offeror’s protest because the assumptions in the winning proposal did not directly
or indirectly reserve the right for the awardee to try to increase its price after award. Harmonia
Holdings, 136 Fed. Cl. at 312. PAI argues that CACI’s price assumptions do try and increase
their price post-award, rendering its proposal unacceptable. (Pl.’s MJAR at 12–13). PAI
generally argues that “[i]n the instant matter, it is undisputed that CACI’s proposal mirrors the
conditions that the [C]ourt found disqualifying in the Harmonia decision as its 2023 and 2024
proposal regularly contain assumptions in which CACI’s [sic] reserves the right to obtain an
increase in its prices.” 6 (Pl.’s MJAR at 13).

CACI’s proposal contains assumptions about pricing that were dispensed with by the
Contracting Officer. (AR 12706–11). PAI claims that “CACI boldly and remarkably” included
an assumption that “[CACI] will engage in discussions with MSC Directors post-award to
review the PWS requirements and expectations in detail to identify any misalignment and
uncover any gaps between expectations and priced level of effort.” (Pl.’s MJAR at 8).

The United States and Defendant-Intervenor argue that CACI merely reserved the right to
request an adjustment in pricing, which is different than the right to receive an adjustment. (See
AR 8303; AR 12918). According to Defendant-Intervenor, the reservation of the right to request
a pricing adjustment can be declined by the agency, and therefore does not make performance
conditional and does not constitute an exception. (Def.-Interv.’s Cross-MJAR at 16–17; see, e.g.,
Dev. Tech. Grp., B-412163, Jan. 4, 2016, 2016 CPD ¶ 10 at 3–6 (statement that “[i]t is assumed

5
The internal quotations in this sentence were unattributed in PAI’s MJAR.
6
CACI’s 2023 proposal is not at issue in PAI’s bid protest and is not reviewed here.

9
that as the Technical Landscape changes over time and the team requires new or additional skills,
the pricing of the team can be renegotiated[,]” did not constitute an exception because it did not
condition offeror’s price on the right to receive additional payment); Advanced Techs., B-
411658, 2015 CPD ¶ 301 at 9–10 (revised proposal statement that “[a]ny requested price
adjustment regarding wages will be in compliance with and as allowed by [FAR 52.222-43]” not
an exception because it no longer conditioned the offeror’s performance on payment of an
adjustment).

Defendants dispute PAI’s interpretation of Harmonia and echo the findings of the GAO.
(See Def.’s Cross-MJAR at 15; Def.-Interv.’s Cross-MJAR at 16; AR 12918). In Harmonia,
none of the awardee’s assumptions reserved the right to alter the pricing. Id. It seems to this
Court that the Harmonia Court concerns the ability of the awardee to alter its pricing post-award,
rather than the ability for the protester to reserve a right to request an adjustment. Id. A request to
reserve the right to seek a price adjustment and an unequivocal reservation of the right to seek a
price adjustment are plainly not the same. The Court cannot make the leap that CACI’s
assumptions reserve the right to obtain an increase in its prices.

Aligning with this rationale, the GAO found that the Contracting Officer’s evaluation of
CACI’s pricing assumptions were reasonable, and “the right to request equitable adjustment did
not indicate that CACI’s proposed price was not firm.” (AR 12918). The Court sees no reason to
differ. As stated above, the Contracting Officer’s analysis of CACI’s assumptions, some of
which were related to pricing, were reasonable. (See also AR 12706–11). PAI has not shown that
MSC’s decision was in violation of law or arbitrary and capricious. See Weeks Marine, 575 F.3d
at 1358; Impresa Construzioni, 238 F.3d at 1332. On the contrary, MSC’s decision-making
process is rational and well-supported by the administrative record. Nowhere in CACI’s proposal
has it demanded the right to receive an adjustment in pricing, and a mere request (deniable by
MSC) is not grounds to find in PAI’s favor. See, e.g., Dev. Tech. Grp., B-412163, Jan. 4, 2016,
2016 CPD ¶ 10 at 3–6.

iv. PAI has not demonstrated prejudice.

For a protester to succeed in a bid protest, it must not only show that the procuring
agency violated the law or acted arbitrarily and capriciously, but also show that the agency’s
violation is prejudicial. See Glenn Def. Marine, 720 F.3d at 907. PAI has done neither. PAI made
no argument about prejudice in its MJAR. 7 PAI references prejudice in its Complaint, (Compl. at
¶¶ 11, 30, 45), and uses the word once in its Reply, (Pl.’s Reply at 2). To the extent that PAI
raised additional arguments in its Complaint and not in its MJAR, those arguments are waived.
See Rivera-Gomez v. de Castro, 843 F.2d 631, 635 (1st Cir. 1988) (quoting Paterson-Leitch Co.
v. Mass. Mun. Wholesale Elec. Co., 840 F.2d 985, 990 (1st Cir. 1988) (“Judges are not expected
to be mindreaders[;] . . . a [party] has an obligation ‘to spell out its arguments squarely and

7
The Table of Contents of PAI’s Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record contains a
heading titled “The Plaintiff was prejudiced by the evaluation and source selection processes
employed by the Agency[,]” but the corresponding page does not contain any references to this
argument. (Pl.’s MJAR at 2, 13).

10
distinctly’ or else forever hold its peace.”). Given the lack of substantive argument, the Court
cannot possibly find that PAI was prejudiced by MSC’s decision. See Seventh Dimension, LLC v.
United States, 161 Fed. Cl. 110, 129 (2022) (citing SmartGene, Inc. v. Advanced Biological
Lab’ys, SA, 555 F. App’x 950, 954 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (“Arguments that are not appropriately
developed in a party’s briefing may be deemed waived.”) United States v. Zannino, 895 F.3d 1,
17 (1st Cir. 1990) (“It is not enough merely to mention a possible argument in the most skeletal
way, leaving the court to do counsel’s work, create the ossature for the argument, and put flesh
on its bones.”)).

III. Conclusion

Not only does PAI’s interpretation of the words “shall” and “please provide” misalign
with the plain text of the Solicitation and its component parts, but finding for PAI would
necessarily require this Court to improperly substitute its judgment for that of the Agency’s. PAI
has failed to prove the elements essential for a successful bid protest. The Court therefore
GRANTS the United States’ Cross-Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record, (ECF
No. 33), and Defendant-Intervenor’s Cross-Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record,
(ECF No. 34). PAI’s Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record, (ECF No. 32), is
DENIED. The Clerk is directed to enter judgment accordingly.

The Court ORDERS the parties to meet and confer and file a Joint Status Report
proposing redactions to this Order and Opinion fourteen (14) days after the entry of this Order.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

s/ David A. Tapp
DAVID A. TAPP, Judge

11

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11064067. Public record. Not legal advice.