# Bardram v. Oak Hill Health and Rehabilitation, LLC

> District Court, M.D. Florida · April 16, 2025

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10846880

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, M.D. Florida
- **Decided:** April 16, 2025
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10846880

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- finding the complaint sufficiently stated a FPWA claim where it “pleaded violations of sections of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act” and “cited relevant portions of the United States Code and the Code of Federal Regulations”
- concluding that the plaintiff’s failure to show the exact number of unpaid hours he worked did not defeat his FLSA claim at the summary judgment stage
- noting the Eleventh Circuit “rule that the protected activity must be known to the decision-maker who takes the adverse action”
- finding summary judgment inappropriate where the plaintiffs provided deposition and affidavit testimony regarding the extent and amount of their uncompensated work

## Opinion text

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
MIDDLE DISTRICT OF FLORIDA
TAMPA DIVISION

JENNIFER BARDRAM,

Plaintiff,

v. Case No: 8:22-CV-00873-MSS-AEP

OAK HILL HEALTH AND
REHABILITATION, LLC,

Defendant.

ORDER
THIS CAUSE comes before the Court for consideration of Defendant’s Motion
for Summary Judgment, (Dkt. 20), Plaintiff’s response in opposition thereto, (Dkt. 22),
Defendant’s reply, (Dkt. 27), and the Parties’ Stipulation of Agreed Facts. (Dkt. 38)
Upon consideration of the relevant filings, case law, and being otherwise fully advised,
the Motion is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART as stated herein.
I. BACKGROUND
a. Procedural Background
Plaintiff Jennifer Bardram sues Defendant Oak Hill Health and Rehabilitation,
LLC (“Oak Hill”), for violation of the Fair Labor Standards Act (the “FLSA”), breach
of contract, and violation of the Florida Private Whistleblower Act (the “FPWA”).
(Dkt. 1) In the Complaint, Plaintiff alleges she was a non-exempt employee of Oak
Hill. (Id.) Plaintiff further alleges that, while an Oak Hill employee, she regularly
worked more than 40 hours per week but was not compensated for all her overtime
hours. (Id. at ¶¶ 10, 18–19) She alleges Oak Hill’s failure to pay her overtime
compensation violated the FLSA. (Id.) Additionally, Plaintiff alleges she and Oak Hill

agreed that Oak Hill would pay her a wage of $16.32 per hour. (Id. at ¶ 27) Plaintiff
claims Oak Hill breached this agreement by not compensating Plaintiff for her
overtime hours. (Id. at ¶ 28) Finally, Plaintiff alleges she complained to Oak Hill that
she was not getting paid fairly. (Id. at ¶ 31) She also alleges she complained to Oak
Hill about its practice of “counting nursing hours worked as CNA hours” to meet

statutory requirements for staffing, which Plaintiff believed was illegal. (Id. at ¶ 32)
Plaintiff alleges that Oak Hill terminated her employment because she objected to
these alleged illegal practices in violation of the FPWA. (Id. at ¶ 34)
Oak Hill moves for summary judgment on Plaintiff’s claims. (Dkt. 20)
b. Undisputed, Material Facts

The following facts are undisputed in the record for purposes of resolving the
motion.1 Oak Hill hired Plaintiff Jennifer Bardram as its Staffing Coordinator and
Central Supply Coordinator on June 29, 2021. (Dkt. 38 at ¶ 3; Dkt. 20 at 27 (Ex. A))
As the Staffing Coordinator, Plaintiff created schedules of shift assignments for Oak

Hill’s nursing staff. (Dkt. 38 at ¶ 14) The schedules governed Oak Hill’s staffing during
given pay periods. (Id.) Plaintiff ensured employees were apprised of the schedules,

1 The Court notes that much of the evidence in the record conflicts. Specifically, the bulk of the record
consists of Tabby Diaz’s deposition and Plaintiff’s deposition, and the testimony of the two women
regarding material facts often conflicts. In this section, the Court relays only those facts which are
unrebutted or unrebuttable.
adjusted the schedules to cover gaps, and scheduled replacements for employees who
were absent. (Id.) Plaintiff was also responsible for coordinating with staffing agencies
to hire agency clinicians when Oak Hill employees could not fully staff the facility. (Id.

at ¶ 13) Finally, as Staffing Coordinator, Plaintiff recruited and interviewed applicants
for nursing services positions. (Id. at ¶ 14)
To create the schedule, Plaintiff used an application called OnShift. (Dkt. 22-2
at 31) Through OnShift, an Oak Hill employee could view his or her assigned
schedule. (Id.) “[I]n theory, people would know six months in advance if they were

going to be working on [a given] Thursday.” (Id. at 32) “The schedule was usually
posted a month to six weeks in advance[.]” (Id. at 33) OnShift also allowed Oak Hill
employees to pick up additional, open shifts and notified Oak Hill employees about
new or unexpected shift openings in the building. (Id. at 31–32) Plaintiff testified,
“[T]he point of OnShift is . . . it works for itself . . . . [I]t’s kind of like mindless at that

point[.]” (Id. at 33) Oak Hill employees, however, could not use OnShift to remove a
shift from their schedules. (Id. at 34) To remove a shift, an Oak Hill employee had to
call or text the Staffing Coordinator to prompt him or her to adjust the schedule
according to the employee’s request. (Id.)
The Staffing Coordinator was issued a phone, which was called the staffing

phone, to receive calls or texts from Oak Hill employees about their schedules. (Dkt.
38 at ¶ 15) An Oak Hill employee could call the staffing phone at any time, even
outside of normal business hours. Plaintiff testified she kept the staffing phone with
her 24 hours a day, seven days a week, (Dkt. 22-2 at 57), even though Plaintiff’s job
description did not require that she be on call 24 hours a day, seven days a week. (Dkt.
38 at ¶ 18)
As Staffing Coordinator, Plaintiff managed Oak Hill’s use of staffing agencies

to ensure Oak Hill was fully staffed. (Dkt. 38 at ¶ 13) Oak Hill opened in 2021. (Dkt.
22-2 at 21; Dkt. 22-1 at 9) Beginning in September 2021, Oak Hill’s “exponential”
growth outpaced its hiring of nurses and certified nursing assistants (“CNAs”). (Dkt.
22-1 at 15–16; Dkt. 22-2 at 29–30) Oak Hill did not employ enough staff to keep the
building in compliance with state and federal requirements for the ratio of patients per

staff member in a nursing home. (Id.) Consequently, Oak Hill used a staffing agency,
Gale Healthcare Solutions (“Gale”), to ensure it had the required number of staff
working each shift to care for its patients and to meet legal requirements. (Dkt. 22-1 at
16; Dkt. 38 at ¶ 12) Agency clinicians from Gale covered shifts at Oak Hill as needed.
(Id.) Plaintiff testified, “There were times where we were 70 percent agency versus

staff.” (Dkt. 22-2 at 42)
When Oak Hill needed more staff to cover a given shift, Plaintiff posted the shift
on Gale’s application for agency clinicians to accept. (Dkt. 38 at ¶ 13) If an agency
clinician called out last minute, Plaintiff testified she would not receive a notification.
(Dkt. 22-2 at 59–60) Instead, Plaintiff testified she had to monitor the Gale application

about an hour prior to a shift to ensure that all the agency clinicians who had accepted
the shift at Oak Hill still intended to show up for work. (Id.)
Plaintiff testified,
[Y]ou would need to book agency at least two hours in
advance. You would need to cancel agency two hours in
advance as well to avoid extra charges . . . .You had to pay
two hour s [of compensation] . . . if you canceled somebody
. . . after 5:00 A.M. for their 7:00 A.M. shif t.

Typically, I would overbook . . . because you just don't
know these clinicians, . . . they're very touch and go, call-
outs were very prevalent, so getting up at 4:00 A.M., get on
. . . the Gale app, open it, look to see who's called out for
that day, look to see who's picked up the call-out because .
. . it does get released back to the agency . . . as an opening
on their end, and have to cancel any overages based on
census that we opened up at midnight by 5:00 A.M. to
avoid charges to the company.

(Dkt. 22-2 at 108–09) So, Plaintiff testified that she worked for about an hour before
each shift to determine whether Oak Hill was understaffed or overstaffed. (Dkt. 22-3
at ¶ 6) When Oak Hill was understaffed, Plaintiff testified she would try to fill the
vacancy by calling Oak Hill employees who were not already scheduled and offering
them the shift. (Id.) Plaintiff testifies this process usually took an hour. (Id.) If she could
not find an Oak Hill employee to take the shift, Plaintiff testified she would use the
Gale application to find an agency clinician to fill the vacancy. (Id.) Oak Hill shifts
began at 7:00 a.m., 3:00 p.m., 7:00 p.m., and 11:00 p.m. (Id. at ¶ 5) Thus, Plaintiff
estimated she worked three hours every day outside of her normal work hours—one
hour each time: before the 7:00 a.m., 7:00 p.m., and 11:00 p.m. shifts. These time slots
fell outside Plaintiff’s normally scheduled workday. Although Plaintiff was not
scheduled to work on weekends, she testified she worked at least three hours per day
on weekends as well. (Id. at 9)
Despite Plaintiff’s testimony that she routinely worked three hours per day from
home in addition to her normal shifts, Plaintiff testified, “I did not keep track of every
time I worked on a schedule at home.” (Dkt. 22-2 at 72) She also testified she did not
report every time she worked overtime from her home. (Id. at 76) Plaintiff testified she

would not report these hours because Janice Fout, a supervisor of Oak Hill’s human
resources and payroll, warned her that she was accumulating too much overtime and
that her supervisors were watching her overtime. (Id. at 76–77) But Plaintiff testified
that when she did submit her time worked from home, she was paid for it, (id. at 106),
and she did not recall an occasion on which she reported that she worked overtime at

home and did not get paid for it. (Id. at 80) Plaintiff’s payroll records reflect that
Plaintiff received overtime compensation for 17 pay periods. (Dkt. 22-4) The number
of overtime hours for which Plaintiff was compensated ranged from ten hours to 64
hours per pay period. (Id.)
Plaintiff testified that when Fout warned Plaintiff that she needed to be careful

with her overtime, Fout offered Plaintiff $50 per day she kept the staffing phone. (Dkt.
22-3 at ¶¶ 13–14; Dkt. 22-2 at 95) Plaintiff accepted. (Id.) At the time, Plaintiff testified,
she noted that $50 “was basically three hours of pay and three hours per day was
representative of how much time I typically spent working from home for Oak Hill
each day.” (Dkt. 38 at ¶ 13) Plaintiff testified that after she accepted this $50 per on-

call day arrangement, she stopped reporting her time worked from home. (Dkt 38 at ¶
14) However, Plaintiff testified that she never received the $50 per on-call day
payment. (Id. at ¶ 15) She testified she reported that she never received the payment
to Fout and to Fout’s successor, Karen Dowling, but still, she never received the $50
per on-call day payment. (Id.)
Thirty minutes per workday were automatically deducted from Plaintiff’s pay
for a meal break. (Dkt. 22-2 at 67) Plaintiff testified that she did not report every time

that she worked through her meal break. (Id. at 68) She further testified she took her
meal breaks “on occasion,” but worked through the meal break if she was busy. (Id.)
She testified she would not report that she worked through a meal break if she “forgot
. . . or was too busy or ate at [her] desk.” (Id.)
As Central Supply Coordinator, Plaintiff was responsible for ordering needed

supplies, such as catheters, oxygen tubing, and cups. (Dkt. 38 at ¶ 16) The Central
Supply Coordinator also stocked and distributed supplies to the nursing stations. (Dkt.
22-1 at 22)
Oak Hill terminated Plaintiff’s employment on March 16, 2022. (Dkt. 38 at ¶ 8)
Two days prior, on March 14, 2022, Tabby Diaz, the Executive Director of Oak Hill,

emailed Plaintiff the following:
Hi Jen, a couple of items:

1. OT-I’m asking you again to please reduce your overtime
immediately. Unless you are working a floor
assignment, you really should not have more than 10
hours a PP in OT. Please correct this ASAP.

2. Supplies- I am continually hearing from our nursing staff
that they don’t have supplies-today was cups and saline
solution. We cannot have nurses stopping treatments,
med times, etc., to deal with this. Please stock the Med
rooms accordingly for the types of patients that we have.
Nel or Lobna would be happy to help clarify what needs
to be stocked and re-stocked in the med rooms. I also
had a concern that the floor didn’t have Styrofoam cups
on Friday. With the amount of expense that we are
running in overage, there’s no excuse for staff to not
have what they need. Let’s fix this ASAP as well.

3. February spend-downs were not done. This isn’t
optional. I see a few entries for March but I also received
about 30 bills last night to process which has already
shown me that we will be way over budget again. This
cannot continue to happen.

We MUST get this . . . I cannot continue to justify the
overages especially when staff feel that they don’t have
needed supplies.

(Dkt. 20 at 81 (Ex. H))
In her Complaint, Plaintiff alleges Oak Hill violated the FLSA by not paying
her overtime compensation for the hours she worked from home and for the times she
worked through her lunch breaks. Plaintiff also alleges Oak Hill breached an
agreement to pay Plaintiff a wage of $16.32 per hour. Finally, Plaintiff alleges Oak Hill
terminated Plaintiff in retaliation for her objection to its alleged FLSA violation as well
as an objection she made to Oak Hill being understaffed on March 12, 2022, allegedly
in violation of state and federal regulations.
In the Motion, Oak Hill argues the undisputed facts do not support Plaintiff’s
claims. Oak Hill asserts it is entitled to summary judgment on each count of the
Complaint.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
Summary judgment is appropriate when the movant can show that there is no
genuine issue of material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter
of law. Fennell v. Gilstrap, 559 F.3d 1212, 1216 (11th Cir. 2009) (citing Welding
Servs., Inc. v. Forman, 509 F.3d 1351, 1356 (11th Cir. 2007)). Which facts are material
depends on the substantive law applicable to the case. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby,
Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). The moving party bears the burden of showing that no

genuine issue of material fact exists. Clark v. Coats & Clark, Inc., 929 F.2d 604, 608
(11th Cir. 1991).
Evidence is reviewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party.
Fennell, 559 F.3d at 1216 (citing Welding Servs., Inc., 509 F.3d at 1356). A moving
party discharges its burden on a motion for summary judgment by showing or pointing

out to the Court that there is an absence of evidence to support the non-moving party's
case. Denney v. City of Albany, 247 F.3d 1172, 1181 (11th Cir. 2001) (citation
omitted).
When a moving party has discharged its burden, the non-moving party must
then designate specific facts (by its own affidavits, depositions, answers to

interrogatories, or admissions on file) that demonstrate there is a genuine issue for trial.
Porter v. Ray, 461 F.3d 1315, 1320-1321 (11th Cir. 2006) (citation omitted). The party
opposing a motion for summary judgment must rely on more than conclusory
statements or allegations unsupported by facts. Evers v. Gen. Motors Corp., 770 F.2d
984, 986 (11th Cir. 1985) (“conclusory allegations without specific supporting facts

have no probative value.”). “If a party fails to properly support an assertion of fact or
fails to properly address another party's assertion of fact . . . the court may grant
summary judgment if the motion and supporting materials . . . show that the movant
is entitled to it.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e).
III. DISCUSSION
Oak Hill moves for summary judgment on each of Plaintiff’s claims. First, Oak

Hill argues there is no evidence that Plaintiff performed overtime work for which she
was not properly compensated. (Dkt. 20 at 13) Additionally, Oak Hill argues the
evidence does not establish Oak Hill had either actual or constructive knowledge that
Plaintiff was working overtime hours for which she was not paid. (Id. at 19) For these
reasons, Oak Hill asserts it is entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiff’s FLSA claim.

Next, Oak Hill argues there is no evidence that Plaintiff and Oak Hill entered into an
agreement or contract that obligated Oak Hill to pay Plaintiff a wage of $16.32. (Id. at
20–21) Oak Hill also maintains that even if an agreement between Plaintiff and Oak
Hill existed, there is no evidence Oak Hill breached the agreement by failing to pay
Plaintiff for overtime hours worked. (Id. at 22) Thus, Oak Hill requests the Court grant

summary judgment in its favor on Plaintiff’s breach of contract claim. Finally, Oak
Hill argues the record does not show Plaintiff engaged in any activity protected by the
FPWA, and no evidence suggests a causal connection between Plaintiff’s alleged
objection to Oak Hill’s practices and her termination. (Id. at 23–24) On these bases,
Oak Hill moves for summary judgment on Plaintiff’s FPWA claim.

a. FLSA Violation
The Court must determine whether Plaintiff’s FLSA claim may be resolved as
a matter of law. The FLSA requires an employer pay an employee who works more
than 40 hours in a workweek overtime compensation at a rate not less than one and a
half times the employee’s regular rate. 29 U.S.C. § 207(a)(1). An FLSA plaintiff must
demonstrate that (1) she worked overtime without compensation and (2) her employer
knew or should have known about the overtime work. Allen v. Bd. of Pub. Educ. for
Bibb Cnty., 495 F.3d 1306, 1314–15 (11th Cir. 2007) (citations omitted). Otherwise,

the plaintiff’s FLSA claim fails.
i. Plaintiff’s Uncompensated Work
Oak Hill argues the record contains no evidence to show Plaintiff worked more
than 40 hours during a week for which she was not properly compensated. Plaintiff

responds that her deposition and affidavit testimony show the amount and extent of
her uncompensated work as a matter of reasonable inference. “It is the employer's duty
to keep records of the employee's wages, hours, and other conditions and practices of
employment.” Id. at 1315 (citing Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery Co., 328 U.S. 680,
687 (1946), superseded on other grounds by 28 U.S.C. § 251(a)–(b)). If an employer failed

to keep appropriate records of an employee’s hours, the employee carries her burden
if she proves that she performed work for which she was improperly compensated and
produces “‘sufficient evidence to show the amount and extent of that work as a matter
of just and reasonable inference.’” Id. at 1316 (citing Anderson, 328 U.S. at 687). At
the summary judgment stage, if the parties’ allegations or evidence conflict, “the non-

moving party’s evidence is presumed to be true and all reasonable inferences must be
drawn in the non-moving party’s favor.” Id. at 1314.
Plaintiff’s deposition testimony creates a genuine issue of material fact as to
whether Oak Hill maintained proper and accurate records of overtime. Plaintiff
testified that there was no slip or form provided by Oak Hill for her to use to report
overtime worked from home. (Dkt. 22-2 at 71) She testified that if she sought to report
at-home overtime, she orally reported it to HR. (Id. at 72) Specifically, Plaintiff
testified that Fout, the HR Director, instructed Plaintiff to inform Fout if Plaintiff

worked outside of her regular business hours on the following workday. (Id. at 76)
Plaintiff testified she never documented her overtime on a piece of paper or otherwise.
(Id. at 72–73) As for the time Plaintiff spent working through her automatically
deducted meal breaks, Plaintiff testified “there was no way of documenting” when she
worked through a meal break. (Id. at 68–69) Plaintiff testified she would report to HR

that she had worked through a meal break “on occasion” even though “[t]here was no
real process” for reporting such overtime. (Id. at 68)
Plaintiff testified that when she did orally report her time worked from home,
she was paid for it. (Id. at 106) But, accepting this testimony as true, the payroll records
do not differentiate these orally reported hours from Plaintiff’s normal clock-ins and

clock-outs. In its pleadings, Oak Hill does not explain how the payroll records
document these apparently manual adjustments to Plaintiff’s time sheets. The record
contains no evidence that Oak Hill’s HR otherwise documented oral reports from
Plaintiff that she worked overtime. In other words, the record reflects that Oak Hill
failed to properly document Plaintiff’s at-home overtime even when she reported it.

Viewing the record in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, a reasonable jury
could find that Oak Hill failed to maintain proper records of when its employees
worked overtime at home or worked through their automatically deducted meal
breaks. Summary judgment on Plaintiff’s FLSA claim, therefore, is inappropriate if a
reasonable jury could find there is sufficient evidence of the amount and extent of
Plaintiff’s uncompensated work “as a matter of just and reasonable inference.” See
Allen, 495 F.3d at 1316 (finding summary judgment inappropriate where the plaintiffs

provided deposition and affidavit testimony regarding the extent and amount of their
uncompensated work).
When an FLSA plaintiff presents evidence, such as affidavits or deposition
testimony, to show the amount and extent of unpaid work, the plaintiff meets her
“burden of estimating [her] FLSA damages for purposes of summary judgment.”

Centeno v. I&C Earthmovers Corp., 970 F. Supp. 2d 1280, 1288 (S.D. Fla. 2013)
(quoting Pascual v. Family Boarding Home, Inc., No. 11–21221, 2012 WL 2953768,
at *6 (S.D. Fla. Jul. 19, 2012)); Santelices v. Cable Wiring, 147 F. Supp. 2d 1313, 1328
(S.D. Fla. 2001) (concluding that the plaintiff’s failure to show the exact number of
unpaid hours he worked did not defeat his FLSA claim at the summary judgment

stage). A plaintiff who produces evidence to support a just and reasonable inference of
the number of unpaid hours worked is “‘entitled to demonstrate at trial the amount
and extent of the unpaid overtime[.]’” Centeno, 970 F. Supp. 2d at 1288 (quoting
Pascual, 2012 WL 2953768, at *6).
In her deposition and affidavit, Plaintiff described her uncompensated work.

Plaintiff estimated she worked three hours every day outside of her normal work hours.
Specifically, Plaintiff testified that, about an hour before each shift, she began working
to determine whether Oak Hill was understaffed or overstaffed. (Dkt. 22-3 at ¶ 6)
When Oak Hill was understaffed, Plaintiff would try to fill the vacancy by calling Oak
Hill employees who were not already scheduled to offer them the open shift. (Id.)
Plaintiff testifies this process usually took an hour. (Id.) If she could not find an Oak
Hill employee to take the shift, Plaintiff testified she would use the Gale application to

find an agency clinician to fill the vacancy. (Id.) Although Plaintiff was not scheduled
to work on weekends, she testified she worked at least three hours per day on weekends
as well. (Id. at ¶ 9) As for her uncompensated meal breaks, Plaintiff testified she only
took her meal breaks “on occasion.” (Dkt. 22-2 at 67) Plaintiff identified witnesses
who could corroborate her testimony that she worked outside of business hours. (Id.

at 89–91)
Moreover, Plaintiff presents evidence she was discouraged from accurately
recording overtime work. Plaintiff testified she was told “to be careful with [her]
overtime.” (Dkt. 22-3 at ¶ 13) Then, Plaintiff testified Fout offered her $50 per day she
had the staffing phone, and Plaintiff acknowledged this payment would approximately

compensate her for three hours of overtime work per day. (Id.) When asked, “[S]o the
$50 a day compensated you for any after-hours calls that you would have to manage
as far as scheduling staffing in addition to your hourly rate for your regular shift?”
Plaintiff responded, “That’s what I was told I would be getting[.]” (Dkt. 22-2 at 95)
Plaintiff testified that after Fout offered her the $50 per on-call day payment, she

stopped recording her at-home overtime. (Dkt 38 at ¶ 14)
Plaintiff’s evidence establishes genuine issues of material fact as to whether
Plaintiff worked unpaid overtime hours and, if she did, the amount and extent of those
hours. Thus, summary judgment on this element of Plaintiff’s FLSA claim is
inappropriate.
ii. Oak Hill’s Knowledge

Oak Hill also argues it is entitled to summary judgment because there is no
evidence Oak Hill had actual or constructive knowledge of Plaintiff’s unpaid overtime
hours. Oak Hill argues Plaintiff puts forth no evidence that she told anyone at Oak Hill
that she worked overtime hours for which she was not paid. (Dkt. 20 at 19) Moreover,
Oak Hill notes that Plaintiff testified she never told a supervisor that she regularly

worked from home without reporting her time. (Id. at 10) Although Plaintiff’s response
does not discuss Oak Hill’s argument that it lacked knowledge of Plaintiff’s unpaid
overtime hours, (see Dkt. 22), the evidence in the record establishes an issue of fact
exists as to Oak Hill’s constructive knowledge of Plaintiff’s overtime work.
“An employer is said to have constructive knowledge of its employee's overtime

work when it has reason to believe that its employee is working beyond his shift.”
Allen, 495 F.3d at 1319 (citing 29 C.F.R. § 785.11). “[I]f an employer had an
opportunity to acquire knowledge of an employee's work by using reasonable
diligence, then the employer can be charged with constructive knowledge.” Id. at 1321.
In Allen, the Board pointed to deposition excerpts in which some plaintiffs admitted

that “they had not informed their supervisors of their overtime work, or had not told
them that they had not recorded or been paid for hours that the supervisor may have
known they worked beyond their scheduled hours.” Id. at 1319–20. In response, the
plaintiffs pointed to testimony “that tended to create a dispute of fact as to whether the
Board knew or should have known that [they] were working without pay.” Id. at 1320.
For example, the Allen court concluded an issue of fact existed as to the Board’s
knowledge where the plaintiff, a school bus driver, testified that a “route supervisor”
knew she was working “off the clock.” Id. at 1320. Likewise, the court found an issue

of fact existed where another plaintiff, also a school bus driver, testified that she
washed and cleaned her bus without pay, and she alerted two transportation
department directors to that fact. Id. at 1321. The Board argued this testimony did not
establish the directors or supervisors knew the plaintiffs would not be compensated for
their overtime work. Id. The Allen court, however, found that a jury could find the

supervisors, and therefore the Board, had constructive knowledge of the unpaid
overtime work. Id.
Here, Plaintiff testified she told Fout, the HR Director, about “the calls that [she
was] getting at home . . . that [she] considered to be overtime and that [she] should be
compensated for that overtime[.]” (Dkt. 22-2 at 75–76) Plaintiff also testified that she

listed Mikaela Saunderson, Oak Hill’s Life Enrichment (Activities) Director and
Plaintiff’s friend, in Plaintiff’s interrogatories because Saunderson could corroborate
that Plaintiff worked overtime hours while not present on Oak Hill’s campus. (Id. at
88–89, 91) Plaintiff testified that Lobna Amara, the Director of Nursing and Plaintiff’s
direct supervisor, and Nomari Roebig, the Assistant Director of Nursing, knew she

worked outside of her scheduled shift because they would communicate with her about
staffing outside of normal business hours. (Id. at 91–92) Plaintiff’s testimony shows
that at least four people with director or assistant director status at Oak Hill had
constructive knowledge that Plaintiff was working outside of her scheduled hours. By
using “reasonable diligence,” Oak Hill could have learned that Plaintiff regularly
worked outside of her scheduled shift. Allen, 495 F.3d at 1321. Under Allen’s
precedent, Plaintiff has established an issue of fact exists as to Oak Hill’s knowledge

of her unpaid overtime hours.
Oak Hill has not established it is entitled to summary judgment on either
element of Plaintiff’s FLSA claim. Accordingly, the Motion is DENIED as to Count
I.

b. Breach of Contract
Oak Hill argues it is entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiff’s breach of
contract claim because the record contains no evidence that Plaintiff and Oak Hill
entered into an agreement under which Oak Hill would pay Plaintiff $16.32 per hour
of work. In her response, Plaintiff claims a breach of contract based on the following:

“Plaintiff testified that to avoid paying her overtime for the time she spent working
from home, Defendant offered to pay her $50 per day for being on-call. Defendant did
not pay her as agreed, which is a breach of contract.” (Dkt. 22 at 16–17) The
Complaint alleges generally that Oak Hill committed breach of contract due to its
failure to pay Plaintiff at an unspecified overtime rate of pay. Now and in discovery,

Plaintiff claims that Oak Hill committed breach of contract by failing to pay her $50
per on-call day according to Fout’s alleged promise. Oak Hill replies that Plaintiff has
failed to prove that Fout had authority to commit Oak Hill to the $50 flat rate of pay
per day.
To establish breach of contract under Florida law, a plaintiff must prove “(1)
the existence of a contract; (2) a material breach of that contract; and (3) damages
resulting from the breach.” Vega v. T-Mobile USA, Inc., 564 F.3d 1256, 1272 (11th
Cir. 2009). No issue of fact exists as to whether a contract regarding Plaintiff’s regular

rate of pay existed between Plaintiff and Oak Hill. The Parties stipulate that on
January 8, 2022, Plaintiff’s pay rate increased from $16.00 per hour to $16.32 per hour.
(Dkt. 38 at ¶ 5) Although the record contains no documentary evidence of an
employment contract or other agreement under which Oak Hill agreed to pay Plaintiff
$16.32 per hour of work, the Parties’ stipulation evidences an agreement existed

between the Parties as to Plaintiff’s rate of compensation. Nonetheless, the existence
of an agreement as to Plaintiff’s regular rate of pay does not necessarily establish an
agreement to pay Plaintiff overtime compensation at a specific rate.
Plaintiff asserts that Fout agreed to pay Plaintiff overtime compensation in the
form of a $50 per day flat rate above her hourly rate. Oak Hill disputes that Fout made

this offer and disputes whether Fout’s offer, if it occurred, could bind Oak Hill. The
number of days to which such a rate would apply is also disputed. Thus, material issues
of fact exist as to Plaintiff’s claim that she is owed $50 per day over her hourly rate for
certain days she worked.
Accordingly, Oak Hill is not entitled to summary judgment on Count II of the

Complaint. With respect to Plaintiff’s breach of contract claim, the Motion is
DENIED.
c. FPWA Violation
Oak Hill argues the record does not show Plaintiff engaged in any activity
protected by the FPWA, and no evidence suggests a causal connection between
Plaintiff’s alleged objection to Oak Hill’s practices and her termination. (Dkt. 20 at 23–
24) In response, Plaintiff argues the record evidence establishes the elements of

Plaintiff’s FPWA claim. (Dkt. 22 at 9-15) Specifically, Plaintiff points to her testimony
that she reported to Oak Hill its alleged failure to comply with staffing regulations a
few days prior to her termination. (Id. at 11) She also notes that, according to her
testimony, she reported Oak Hill’s failure to comply with the FLSA approximately six
months before her termination. (Id.) Plaintiff argues the temporal proximity between

her report that Oak Hill allegedly violated staffing regulations and her termination
sufficiently supports a causal connection under the FPWA. (Id. at 12) Plaintiff argues
the record evidence, namely, Tabby Diaz’s email, sufficiently supports a causal
connection between her report of Oak Hill’s alleged FLSA violations and her
termination. (Id.)

Section 448.102(3), Fla. Stat. (2023), prohibits an employer from retaliating
against an employee for objecting to or refusing to participate in any activity, policy,
or practice of the employer which violates a law, rule, or regulation.2 Courts in the
Eleventh Circuit analyze FPWA retaliation claims under the burden-shifting
framework set forth in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973).

McAlpin v. Sneads, 61 F.4th 916, 927 (11th Cir. 2023). “Under this framework, the

2 Oak Hill notes, and Plaintiff does not credibly dispute, that Plaintiff never made any complaints
about Oak Hill’s alleged violations in writing. Consequently, § 448.102(1), Fla. Stat., which provides
protection for an employee who has disclosed an employer’s violation in writing, is inapplicable.
Likewise, the record does not establish Plaintiff provided information to or testified before a
government agency; thus, § 448.102(2) is inapplicable.
plaintiff bears the initial burden of proving his prima facie case.” Id. (citing Sierminski
v. Transouth Fin. Corp., 216 F.3d 945, 950 (11th Cir. 2000)). “If the plaintiff
successfully establishes a prima facie case, ‘the burden shifts to the defendant to proffer

a legitimate reason for the adverse action.’” Id. (citing Sierminski, 216 F.3d at 950). If
the defendant does so, “‘[t]he burden then shifts back to the plaintiff to prove by a
preponderance of the evidence that the “legitimate” reason is merely pretext for
prohibited, retaliatory conduct.’” Id. (citing Sierminski, 216 F.3d at 950).
To establish a prima facie case of retaliation under the FPWA, a plaintiff must

show “‘(1) he engaged in statutorily protected expression; (2) he suffered an adverse
employment action; and (3) there is some causal relation between the two events.’” Id.
(quoting Rice-Lamar v. City of Fort Lauderdale, 853 So. 2d 1125, 1132–33 (Fla. 4th
DCA 2003)).
i. Report of Alleged Violation of Staffing Regulations

Oak Hill argues Plaintiff did not object or refuse to participate in an activity she
believed was illegal. (Dkt. 20 at 23) Instead, Oak Hill asserts “Plaintiff’s testimony
merely suggests that she mentioned the staffing might be ‘under an hour’ after
discovering that an employee had not shown up for work.” (Id.) Oak Hill notes there

is no evidence that Plaintiff objected to Oak Hill “‘counting hours worked as CNA
hours worked’” to meet staffing requirements. (Id. (quoting Dkt. 1 at ¶ 32)) In
response, Plaintiff points to her testimony that she reported Oak Hill “would have been
under an hour by federal guidelines” to Diaz and Amara. (Dkt. 22 at 10–11; Dkt. 22-
2 at 110)
As stated above, the first element of Plaintiff’s prima facie case under the FPWA
is a showing that she engaged in statutorily protected expression. The Court notes at
the outset that Plaintiff presents no evidence that she ever objected to or refused to

participate in Diaz’s plan to cover the shortage in CNA hours with nursing hours.
Since there is no evidence Plaintiff spoke out against this alleged violation before her
termination, there is no evidence of statutorily protected expression related to it.
As for Plaintiff’s report that Oak Hill was understaffed on March 12, 2022,
Plaintiff fails to establish this report was statutorily protected expression. Florida’s

district courts of appeal disagree about whether the first element of a prima facie
FPWA claim requires an employee show the employer actually violated the law, and
the Florida Supreme Court has not resolved the disagreement. Butterfield v. JetBlue
Airways Corp., No. 20-13473, 2022 WL 291003, at *5 (11th Cir. Feb. 1, 2022)
(comparing Aery v. Wallace Lincoln-Mercury, LLC, 118 So. 3d 904, 916 (Fla. 4th

DCA 2013), and Kearns v. Farmer Acquisition Co., 157 So. 3d 458, 465 (Fla. 2d DCA
2015)). In Aery, the Fourth District Court of Appeal held that an employee satisfies
the first element by showing she had “a good faith, objectively reasonable belief” that
her activity was protected by the statute. 118 So. 3d at 916. In Kearns, however, the
Second District Court of Appeal held that employee must prove an actual violation of

a law, rule, or regulation. 157 So. 3d at 465.
Even under Aery’s good-faith belief standard, Plaintiff fails to carry her burden
because she does not identify in the Complaint—or elsewhere in the record—a law,
rule, or regulation she believed was violated. A plaintiff’s FPWA claim “falls short”
where the plaintiff identifies “no law or rule that she could reasonably have believed”
was violated. Scott v. Adv. Pharms. Consultants, Inc., 570 F. Supp. 3d 1120, 1126
(N.D. Fla. 2021); see also Parks v. Speedy Title & Appraisal Review Servs., 318 F.

Supp. 3d 1053, 1071 (N.D. Ill. 2018). In Aery, the plaintiff “observed the . . . manager
commit acts which, if true, appear to be illegal, and which [he] could have reasonably
believed were illegal.” 118 So. 3d at 916. The Fourth District Court of Appeal held the
plaintiff satisfied the first element of his prima facie FPWA claim by showing he
reported his observations to his superiors and described the acts as illegal. Id. The court

stated, “It was not necessary that Aery provide his employer with statutory and case
law citations to support his claim of illegal conduct.” Id. (emphasis added). Notably,
however, Aery alleged in his complaint that the alleged practices of his manager
violated or implicated §§ 817.413, 817.29, 812.017, and 812.014, Fla. Stat. Id. at 908;

see also Aery v. Wallace Lincoln-Mercury, LLC, No. 06-0042730 AD, Dkt. 97 at ¶ 21
(Fla. 15th Cir. Ct. Jul. 18, 2007).
In an affidavit, Plaintiff testified that Oak Hill was understaffed on Saturday,
March 12, 2022, because the Director of Nursing gave an employee the day off without
informing Plaintiff. (Dkt. 22-3 at ¶¶ 18, 20) As a result, Plaintiff did not schedule

another employee to cover the open shift, and Oak Hill’s staffing allegedly fell below
regulatory requirements. (Id.) Plaintiff testified that on the Monday following the day
Oak Hill was short-staffed, she told Diaz and Amara that she believed Oak Hill was
legally required to report a staffing deficiency. (Id. at ¶ 21) Plaintiff testified that Diaz
replied by saying “not to worry, she would cover the shortage by using nursing hours
to cover the deficient CNA hours.” (Id.) Plaintiff believes this practice to be illegal.
(Id.) Nowhere in the record does either Party cite to a state or federal law or regulation
related to the number of staff Oak Hill was required to have on site.

Plaintiff has not pointed to a law, rule, or regulation that Oak Hill allegedly
violated by being short-staffed. Although Plaintiff could satisfy the first element of her
prima facie case without showing that she cited a law or rule to Oak Hill at the time
of her report, she cannot survive summary judgment without identifying for the Court
what law or rule she believed was violated. Aery, 118 So. 3d at 916; Scott, 570 F. Supp.

3d at 1126. Cf. Usher v. Nipro Diabetes Sys., Inc., 184 So. 3d 1260, 1262 (Fla. 4th
DCA 2016) (finding the complaint sufficiently stated a FPWA claim where it “pleaded
violations of sections of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act” and “cited
relevant portions of the United States Code and the Code of Federal Regulations”).
The Court cannot determine whether Plaintiff had a good-faith, objectively reasonable

belief that Oak Hill violated a law without knowing which law, rule, or regulation she
alleges was violated. Accordingly, Plaintiff fails to carry her burden on the first element
of her FPWA claim.
The Court need not address whether Plaintiff’s objection to Oak Hill’s alleged
short-staffing is causally connected to her termination because where one necessary

element fails, the claim fails. For this reason, Oak Hill is entitled to summary judgment
on Plaintiff’s FPWA claim as it relates to her report that Oak Hill was understaffed.
ii. Report of Alleged Violation of the FLSA
Oak Hill argues there is no evidence Plaintiff objected to its alleged violations
of the FLSA, and there is no evidence to support a causal connection between her
alleged objection and her later termination. (Dkt. 20 at 23) Plaintiff points to her
testimony that she discussed her unpaid overtime work with Fout as evidence she

objected to Oak Hill’s alleged FLSA violation. (Dkt. 22 at 11–12) Then, Plaintiff
argues that Diaz’s email shows that her termination was related to her overtime hours.
(Id.)
Plaintiff fails to show she engaged in protected activity by objecting to or
refusing to participate in Oak Hill’s alleged FLSA violation. The Court acknowledges

that at one point, Plaintiff objected to Oak Hill’s alleged FLSA violation. Plaintiff told
Fout about “the calls that [she was] getting at home . . . that [she] considered to be
overtime and that [she] should be compensated for that overtime[.]” (Dkt. 22-2 at 75–
76) However, Fout offered Plaintiff $50 per day she had the staffing phone and warned
Plaintiff “not to push it.” (Dkt. 22-3 at ¶ 13) Plaintiff testified she accepted Fout’s offer,

but never received the $50 per on-call day payment even after complaining to Fout and
Dowling. (Id. at ¶¶ 14, 15) Plaintiff did not testify that she objected to Oak Hill’s
alleged FLSA violation at any point thereafter.
Based on these facts, it appears Plaintiff did not refuse to participate in Oak
Hill’s alleged FLSA violation. § 448.102(3), Fla. Stat. (2023). After Plaintiff objected

to Oak Hill’s alleged failure to compensate Plaintiff for her overtime hours, Fout
offered Plaintiff a compromise that itself would violate the FLSA, and Plaintiff
accepted it. At no point thereafter did Plaintiff object or refuse to participate in Oak
Hill’s alleged, continued FLSA violation.
Even assuming Plaintiff engaged in protected activity, however, Plaintiff fails to
establish a causal connection between her objection to Fout and her termination. “To
establish the causal connection element, ‘a plaintiff need only show “that the protected

activity and the adverse action were not wholly unrelated.”’” Brungart v. BellSouth
Telecomms., Inc., 231 F.3d 791, 799 (11th Cir. 2000) (citations omitted). To show the
two events were not entirely unrelated, the plaintiff must show the decisionmaker who
took the adverse action knew about the plaintiff’s protected activity. Martin v.
Financial Asset Management Sys., Inc., 959 F.3d 1048, 1057 (11th Cir. 2020) (“[T]he

plaintiff must establish ‘that the employer was actually aware of the protected
expression at the time it took adverse employment action.’”); Stone v. Geico Gen. Ins.
Co., 279 F. App’x 821, 824 (11th Cir. 2008) (noting the Eleventh Circuit “rule that the
protected activity must be known to the decision-maker who takes the adverse
action”).3 “A decision maker cannot have been motivated to retaliate by something

unknown to him.” Brungart, 231 F.3d at 799. Thus, unrebutted evidence that the
decisionmaker did not know about the plaintiff’s protected activity before taking the
adverse action forecloses the plaintiff’s retaliation claim on summary judgment. See
Martin, 959 F.3d at 1054 (affirming the grant of summary judgment on the plaintiff’s
retaliation claim where the defendant presented evidence the decisionmaker lacked

knowledge of the plaintiff’s discrimination complaint, and the plaintiff failed to

3 The Court notes that “[a]lthough an unpublished opinion is not binding on this court, it may be
considered as persuasive authority. See 11th Cir. R. 36-2.” United States v. Futrell, 209 F.3d 1286,
1289 (11th Cir. 2000). Where cited herein, any unreported decision of a panel of the Circuit is
considered well-reasoned and is offered as persuasive, not binding.
impeach the decisionmaker’s testimony or to present circumstantial evidence of his
knowledge).
In Plaintiff’s case, Diaz made the decision to terminate Plaintiff. (Dkt. 22-1 at

42; Dkt. 20 at 33 (Ex. E)) Diaz testified that Plaintiff never complained about her
overtime work while she worked for Oak Hill and that she never complained about
uncompensated overtime hours. (Dkt. 22-1 at 37) Oak Hill, therefore, presents
evidence that the decisionmaker responsible for the adverse action taken against
Plaintiff did not know that Plaintiff complained about an FLSA violation to Fout.

Plaintiff fails to rebut Diaz’s testimony, either by impeachment or
circumstantial evidence. Plaintiff testified that she only ever spoke to Fout about the
overtime hours for which she was not compensated. (Dkt. 22-2 at 75-79) Plaintiff
further testified that she never told Diaz about Fout’s promise to pay her $50 per on-
call day. (Dkt. 22-2 at 97) Evidence that Plaintiff complained about an FLSA violation

to another senior employee is not evidence of Diaz’s knowledge under Eleventh
Circuit precedent. See Martin, 959 F.3d at 1054.
Plaintiff thus fails to establish a causal connection between her complaint to
Fout about Oak Hill’s alleged FLSA violation and Diaz’s decision to terminate her
employment. Accordingly, Oak Hill is entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiff’s

FPWA claim. The Motion is GRANTED as to Count III.
IV. CONCLUSION
Accordingly, the Court ORDERS as follows:
1. Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment, (Dkt. 20), is GRANTED
IN PART and DENIED IN PART. The Motion is GRANTED as to
Plaintiffs FPWA claims. The Motion is DENIED as to Plaintiffs FLSA
and breach of contract claims.
2. The Clerk is DIRECTED to LIFT THE STAY and to REOPEN this
case.
3. The Parties are DIRECTED to file an amended case management report
within twenty-one (21) days of the date of this Order.

DONE and ORDERED, in Tampa, Florida this 16th day of April 2025.

fy
de i bay
MARY'S. SGRIVEN
Copies furnished to: UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
Counsel of Record
Any Unrepresented Party

27

---

Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10846880. Public record. Not legal advice.