# ESTATE OF ROBERT F. ARMITAGE v. United States

> United States Court of Federal Claims · April 7, 2025

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10840335

## Case

- **Court:** United States Court of Federal Claims
- **Decided:** April 7, 2025
- **Precedential status:** Published
- **Opinion:** Opinion
- **Judges:** David A. Tapp
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

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## Opinion text

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
No. 24-1687
Filed: April 7, 2025

ESTATE OF ROBERT F. ARMITAGE,
DECEASED, ROBERT H. ARMITAGE
AND ADAM M. GREEN, EXECUTORS,

Plaintiff,

v.

THE UNITED STATES,

Defendant.

Randall Paul Andreozzi, Lippes Mathias LLP, Clarence, NY, for Plaintiff.

Anthony Mark Cognasi, Trial Attorney, G. Robson Stewart, Assistant Chief, David I. Pincus,
Chief, Court of Federal Claims Section, David A. Hubbert, Deputy Assistant Attorney General,
Tax Division, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for Defendant.

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

TAPP, Judge.

Robert F. Armitage (“Mr. Armitage”) filed a Complaint against the United States for a
tax refund. 1 (See Compl., ECF No. 1). Specifically, Mr. Armitage seeks to recover a 2017 federal
tax refund predicated on his purported right to a foreign tax credit. (See id.). The United States
moves to dismiss the Complaint, arguing that Mr. Armitage did not prepay his tax liability and
adhere to the prerequisites for filing an administrative claim with the Internal Revenue Service
(“IRS”). (See Def.’s Mot. to Dism., ECF No. 10). The Court agrees; Mr. Armitage’s failure to
pay the tax he seeks to have “refunded” divests this Court of jurisdiction.

As set forth below, the Court GRANTS the United States’ Motion to Dismiss for lack of
subject-matter jurisdiction. See RCFC 12(b)(1); see also RCFC 12(h)(3) (“If the court
determines at any time that it lacks subject-matter jurisdiction, the court must dismiss the
action.”).

1
Mr. Armitage passed away since the filing of his Complaint. (ECF No. 9). “Estate of Robert F.
Armitage, Deceased, Robert H. Armitage and Adam M. Green, Executors” was substituted as
Plaintiff thereafter. (Dkt. 1/22/2025). For consistency, the Court refers to Mr. Armitage as the
prosecuting party instead of his estate.

1
I. Background

On November 5, 2018, Mr. Armitage filed his 2017 Individual Income Tax Return (Form
1040), reporting an adjusted gross income of $69,841.00. (Def.’s Mot. to Dism., Ex. B at 6, ECF
No. 10-1). 2 That form listed him as the sole owner of a Canadian corporation, Armbo
Consultants, Inc. (Id. at 15–16).

Thirteen months later, Mr. Armitage filed an amended tax return for 2017 (Form 1040X).
(See Def.’s Mot. to Dism., Ex. C). The amended tax return reported an additional gross income
of $779,966.00, resulting in a $251,241.00 tax increase. (See id. at 67). The considerable jump in
reported returns was attributed to a transition tax under 26 U.S.C. § 965 (“Section 965”). (See id.
at 68). Section 965 is related to The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, which the Supreme Court
has described as:

[An act that] altered the United States’ approach to international corporate
taxation. The primary goal was to encourage Americans who controlled
foreign corporations to invest earnings from their foreign investments back
in the United States instead of abroad . . . . [O]ne piece of that intricate and
multi-faceted 2017 Act imposed a new, one-time pass-through tax on some
American shareholders of American-controlled foreign corporations. That
one-time tax addressed one of the problems that had arisen under the old
system: For decades before the 2017 Act, American-controlled foreign
corporations had earned and accumulated trillions of dollars in income abroad
that went almost entirely untaxed by the United States. The foreign
corporations themselves were not taxed on their income. And other than
subpart F, which applies mostly to passive income, the undistributed income
of those foreign corporations was not attributed to American shareholders for
the shareholders to be taxed.

As part of the complicated transition to a more territorial system, the 2017
Act imposed a one-time, backward-looking tax on that accumulated income
. . . . [T]he MRT attributed the long-accumulated and undistributed income
of American-controlled foreign corporations to American shareholders, and
then taxed those American shareholders on their pro rata shares of that long-
accumulated income[.]

Moore v. United States, 602 U.S. 572, 580–81 (2024) (citing 131 Stat. 2054); see also Section
965 Transition Tax, IRS, https://www.irs.gov/businesses/section-965-transition-tax (last updated
Nov. 27, 2024).

2
Instead of separately tabbed attachments, the United States attached eight exhibits to its Motion
in a single document without consecutive pagination. (Def.’s Mot. to Dism., Exs. A–H, ECF No.
10-1). For ease of reference, the Court refers to the Exhibit’s letter identification and, where
applicable, the page number assigned by CM/ECF.

2
According to Mr. Armitage’s amended return, the $251,241.00 increase in income tax
under the transition tax was neutralized by an indirect foreign tax credit of equal amount under
26 U.S.C. § 960 (“Section 960”). (Def.’s Mot. to Dism., Ex. C at 79–80). On his return, Mr.
Armitage elected to pay the net tax liability in installments pursuant to 26 U.S.C. § 965(h)(1)
(“Section 965”). (See id. at 108). The amended return also included an additional $877.00 in net
investment income tax under 26 U.S.C. § 1411. (See id. at 67, 88). With his amended return, Mr.
Armitage remitted a $877.00 payment. 3 (See Def.’s Mot. to Dism., Ex. A at 2 (noting subsequent
payment of $877.00)).

On August 24, 2020, the IRS began an appraisal of an additional tax of $252,118.00, the
aggregate of the $251,241.00 transition tax and $877.00 net investment income tax. (See Def.’s
Mot. to Dism., Ex. A). The IRS opened an examination in the same month to assess the
additional tax. 4 (See id.). The IRS provided Mr. Armitage with Information Document Requests
(“IDRs”) twice the following year. (See Def.’s Mot. to Dism., Exs. D, E). The IDRs requested
calculations and substantiating documents attesting to both his Section 965 transition tax and
Section 960 indirect foreign tax credit and set forth a time and date for a telephone conference.
(See Def.’s Mot. to Dism., Exs. D, E). The IRS furnished a Report of Income Tax Examination
Change (Form 4549-A) on August 18, 2022, after Mr. Armitage failed to respond or provide
additional information as requested. (See Def.’s Mot. to Dism., Ex. H). While the report did not
grant income adjustments, it allowed $10,106.00 in foreign tax credits and noted a $0.00 balance
due or for overpayment. (See id. at 155).

On October 18, 2022, the IRS officially denied Mr. Armitage’s “refund” claim, thereby
rejecting the Section 960 indirect foreign tax credits. (See Compl. Ex. 1, ECF No. 1-1). In its
reason for disallowance, the IRS cited the election statement requirement under 26 U.S.C. § 962
(“Section 962”), which Mr. Armitage did not provide. 5 (See id. at 3). Further, the IRS stated,
“[u]nder IRC 965(h), the election to pay the tax in installments needs to be elected by the due

3
While a copy of this check does not appear in the record before the Court, it is undisputed that
this $877.00 payment occurred. (See Pl.’s Resp. at 3 (“Plaintiff enclosed a check for that $877
with the return[.]”); Def.’s Mot. to Dism. at 6 (reference to “$877 payment remitted with
plaintiff’s amended return”)).
4
The parties disagree on the date the audit began. Mr. Armitage states the audit began on August
28, 2020, four days after assessing the additional tax. (Pl.’s Resp. at 2, ECF No. 11 (citing Pl.’s
Resp. Ex. A, ECF No. 11-1)). The United States claims it began on August 6, 2020. (Def.’s Mot.
to Dism. at 4). Despite this discrepancy, the dates of the audit and assessment are not relevant.
5
United States shareholders must make Section 962 elections in the “manner as the Secretary
shall prescribe by regulations[,]” including filing an election statement. These statements must
identify, among other requirements, the name, address, and tax year of each relevant controlled
foreign corporation and related entities in the ownership chain. 26 C.F.R. § 1.962-2(b)(1). They
must also specify the income included in their gross income per controlled foreign corporation,
their share of earnings and profits and related foreign taxes for each controlled foreign
corporation, and the distributions received from each controlled foreign corporation. See 26
C.F.R. § 1.962-2(b)(1)–(4).

3
date of the return,” which was extended to October 15, 2018. 6 (Id.). Since the amended return
was filed on December 26, 2019, after the extended deadline, and provided no substantiations,
the IRS denied his claim. (See id.).

Mr. Armitage filed this action on October 18, 2024, alleging his entitlement to a tax
refund for the 2017 taxable year under 26 U.S.C. § 7422. (See generally Compl.). According to
Mr. Armitage, the amended federal income tax return where he claimed a credit for $251,241.00,
satisfied a claim with the Secretary under 26 U.S.C. § 7422(a). (Id. at 2).

II. Analysis

The United States moves to dismiss Mr. Armitage’s claim for lack of subject-matter
jurisdiction under RCFC 12(b)(1). (See generally Def.’s Mot. to Dism.). Specifically, the United
States argues Mr. Armitage neglected to prepay his assessed tax liability and follow the
prerequisites outlined in § 7422(a) for duly filing an administrative claim with the IRS. (See id.
at 5). Further, the United States asserts that this Court does not have jurisdiction over disputes
regarding the Declaratory Judgment Act. (See id. at 7 (citing 28 U.S.C. § 2201)). Mr. Armitage
argues that this tax assessment was not statutorily allowed. (See Pl.’s Resp. at 2, ECF No. 11).
He also states that this claim should be treated as a “denial of a refund” claim even though he
does not actually demand a refund. (Id.). The Court finds that Mr. Armitage has not shouldered
his jurisdictional burden and that his case must be dismissed.

The burden of establishing subject-matter jurisdiction rests with the plaintiff, who must
do so by a preponderance of the evidence. See Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561
(1992); Reynolds v. Army & Air Force Exch. Serv., 846 F.2d 746, 748 (Fed. Cir. 1988). When
considering a motion to dismiss for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction, the Court accepts as true
all uncontroverted factual allegations made by the non-movant and draws all inferences in the
light most favorable to that party. See Estes Exp. Lines v. United States, 739 F.3d 689, 692 (Fed.
Cir. 2014). Pursuant to RCFC 12(b)(1) and 12(h)(3), the Court must dismiss claims that do not
fall within its subject-matter jurisdiction.

This Court has subject matter jurisdiction over tax refund suits under the Tucker Act if
certain prerequisites are met. See United States v. Clintwood Elkhorn Mining Co., 553 U.S. 1, 4
(2008). First, and most importantly here, a plaintiff must satisfy the full payment rule, which
requires the principal tax deficiency to be paid in full. 26 U.S.C. § 6511(a) (imposing statute of
limitations from when tax was paid); see e.g., Diamond v. United States, 603 F. App’x 947, 950
(Fed. Cir. 2015); Shore v. United States, 9 F.3d 1524, 1526–27 (Fed. Cir. 1993); Flora v. United
States, 357 U.S. 63, 68 (1958). Second, the plaintiff must duly file a tax refund claim with the
IRS. 7 See 26 U.S.C. § 7422(a) (“No suit or proceeding shall be maintained in any court for the

6
In his Complaint, Mr. Armitage asserts that he did not request the eight-year payment plan for
Section 965(h). (See Compl. ¶ 16). Yet, Form 1040X shows he elected for payment installments
by checking the requisite box. (See Def.’s Mot. to Dism., Ex. C at 108).
7
The administrative filing requirement of section 7422(a) is jurisdictional; without satisfying it,
a petitioner cannot bring a tax refund case to this Court. Brown v. United States, 22 F.4th 1008,
1011 (Fed. Cir. 2022). “Under United States v. Dalm, . . . [duly] filing is a jurisdictional

4
recovery of any internal revenue tax alleged to have been erroneously or illegally assessed or
collected . . . until a claim for refund or credit has been duly filed with the Secretary [of the
Treasury.]”). Unless a plaintiff satisfies these prerequisites, the Court lacks jurisdiction to hear a
tax refund claim. See Clintwood Elkhorn Mining Co., 553 U.S. at 4; see also Chicago Milwaukee
Corp. v. United States, 40 F.3d 373, 374 (Fed. Cir. 1994). 8

This jurisdictional issue is straightforward—plaintiffs must pay the disputed tax in full
for this Court to have jurisdiction over a Tucker Act tax claim. See e.g., 26 U.S.C. § 6511(a);
Diamond, 603 F. App’x at 950; Shore, 9 F.3d at 1526–27; Flora, 357 U.S. at 68; United States v.
Williams, 514 U.S. 527, 533 (1995); DiNatale v. United States, 12 Cl. Ct. 72, 74 (1987). Mr.
Armitage asserts that he “filed the instant suit, having paid all tax due per his Amended Return.”
(Pl.’s Resp. at 7 (emphasis added)). However, this payment was based on his own calculations.
As the United States correctly argues, Mr. Armitage was required to pay the $252,118.00 tax
assessment before challenging the assessment’s validity. (See Def.’s Reply. at 2, ECF No. 12).
Mr. Armitage’s self-assessed tax liability in his amended return does not eclipse the IRS’s
official assessment. See Actavis Lab’ys FL, Inc. v. United States, ___ F.4th. __, No. 2023-1320,
2025 WL 876911, at *1 (Fed. Cir. Mar. 21, 2025) (exercising jurisdiction when plaintiff “paid its
tax liabilities as calculated by the IRS” (emphasis added)). This is fatal to Mr. Armitage’s claim.

The parties dispute the significance of the $0.00 balance reflected on the relevant tax
documents. The United States maintains that this balance “indicates that the amount of total
corrected tax . . . equals the amount of the tax as previously adjusted (i.e., the additional tax
assessed on August 24, 2020).” (Def.’s Mot. to Dism. at 4). Mr. Armitage, however, contends
that the additional tax assessment was improper because it was based on an audit that was never
properly initiated, thereby denying him the IRC’s statutory deficiency procedures and
circumventing the statute of limitations under 26 U.S.C. § 6501. 9 (See Pl.’s Resp. at 3).

Ultimately, whether the $0.00 balance reflects the actual tax assessment is immaterial to
the Court’s jurisdiction because Mr. Armitage’s dispute is improper. Mr. Armitage’s claims are
not for money damages and there is no basis for awarding a refund for money that was never
actually paid. See Flander v. United States, 737 Fed. Appx. 530, 532 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (“Debt
cancellation does not constitute monetary damages[.]”); Ackerman v. United States, 643
F.Supp.2d 140, 146 (D.D.C. 2009) (common sense dictates that person cannot request “refund”

requirement, while the adequacy of that filing is a claims-processing requirement.” Duke v.
United States, 173 Fed. Cl. 630, 633 (2024) (citing 494 U.S. 596, 609–10 (1990); Brown, 22
F.4th at 1011; Vensure HR, Inc. v. United States, 119 F.4th 7, 12–16 (Fed. Cir. Oct. 4, 2024)).
8
Further, to properly prosecute an action in this Court, the plaintiff must provide the amount,
date, and place of each payment to be refunded, as well as a copy of the refund claim when filing
suit. RCFC 9(m).
9
Mr. Armitage states that this was an attempt by the IRS to “couch[] its determination in the
audit as the disallowance of a ‘refund claim’ rather than a notice of deficiency even though the
amended tax return did not claim a refund.” (Pl.’s Resp. at 3). This denial, according to Mr.
Armitage, was filed after Section 6501’s statute of limitations. (See id.). This issue, however,
goes to the merits of Mr. Armitage’s claims, which cannot be addressed at this stage.

5
when entity to which they made request does not have their money). The only potential recovery
would be for this Court to issue a declaratory judgment that the IRS improperly imposed a tax
liability, which it cannot do. 28 U.S.C. § 2201; see also Rice v. United States, 31 Fed. Cl. 156,
164 (1994), aff’d, 48 F.3d 1236 (Fed. Cir. 1995). Due to Mr. Armitage’s noncompliance with
jurisdictional prerequisites, the Court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction under RCFC 12(b)(1). See
Skillo v. United States, 68 Fed. Cl. 734, 740–41 (Fed. Cl. 2005) (a plaintiff must “fully pay the
disputed tax[,] . . . submit a claim for a refund to the IRS, and wait until the IRS either denies the
claim or fails to respond to the claim within six months” (emphasis added)).

III. Conclusion

For the stated reasons, the Court hereby GRANTS the United States’ Motion to Dismiss,
(ECF No. 10). The Clerk is directed to enter judgment accordingly.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

s/ David A. Tapp
DAVID A. TAPP, Judge

6

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10840335. Public record. Not legal advice.