# Kali M Holman v. Department of the Army

> Merit Systems Protection Board · February 27, 2025 · 2025 MSPB 2

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10814137

## Case

- **Court:** Merit Systems Protection Board
- **Decided:** February 27, 2025
- **Citations:** 2025 MSPB 2
- **Precedential status:** Published
- **Opinion:** Opinion
- **Cited by:** 15 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10814137

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- finding that an agency EEO office constituted an agency “component responsible for internal investigation or review,” such that filing a complaint with the EEO office is protected activity under 5 U.S.C. § 2302 (b)(9)(C)

## Opinion text

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
MERIT SYSTEMS PROTECTION BOARD
2025 MSPB 2
Docket No. AT-1221-19-0410-W-1

Kali Mary Holman,
Appellant,
v.
Department of the Army,
Agency.
February 27, 2025

Kali Mary Holman , Phenix City, Alabama, pro se.

Nic Roberts , Fort Moore, Georgia, for the agency.

BEFORE

Cathy A. Harris, Chairman
Henry J. Kerner, Vice Chairman*
Raymond A. Limon, Member

*Vice Chairman Kerner recused himself and
did not participate in the adjudication of this appeal.

OPINION AND ORDER

¶1 The appellant has filed a petition for review of the initial decision,
which dismissed her individual right of action (IRA) appeal for lack of
jurisdiction. For the reasons discussed below, we GRANT the appellant’s
petition for review, VACATE the initial decision, and REMAND the appeal for
further adjudication consistent with this Opinion and Order. This Opinion and
Order clarifies the extent to which an equal employment opportunity (EEO)
complaint may constitute protected activity under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(9)(C).
2

BACKGROUND
¶2 The appellant was a GS-07 Purchasing Agent for the agency,
stationed in Fort Benning, Georgia. 1 Initial Appeal File (IAF), Tab 1 at 1, Tab 6
at 4. In early 2019, she filed two whistleblower complaints with the Office of
Special Counsel (OSC)—one on February 4, 2019, and one on March 12, 2019.
IAF, Tab 1 at 14-22; Petition for Review (PFR) File, Tab 4 at 8-14. OSC closed
the first complaint without taking corrective action. IAF, Tab 5 at 16. The
record does not show what action, if any, OSC took with respect to the second
complaint.
¶3 On April 15, 2019, the appellant filed the instant IRA appeal and
requested a hearing. IAF, Tab 1. The administrative judge issued an order, fully
apprising the appellant of her burden of proving Board jurisdiction over an IRA
appeal and notifying her of the specific information that she needed to provide to
satisfy that burden. IAF, Tab 3. Both parties responded to the order. IAF,
Tabs 4-6.
¶4 After the record on jurisdiction closed, the administrative judge
issued an initial decision dismissing the appeal for lack of jurisdiction. IAF,
Tab 7, Initial Decision (ID). Specifically, the administrative judge found that the
appellant’s EEO activity was not protected under the Whistleblower Protection
Act as amended. ID at 3-4.
¶5 The appellant has filed a petition for review, disputing the
administrative judge’s jurisdictional analysis. PFR File, Tab 2. The appellant
has also filed supplements to her petition for review, including, among other

1
The events of this appeal took place prior to May 11, 2023, when Fort Benning was
renamed “Fort Moore.” Media Release, U.S. Army Maneuver Center of Excellence,
Fort Moore celebration set for May 11 (Mar. 8, 2023), https://www.moore.army.mil/
MCOE/PAO/newsreleases/
2023/20230308%20MEDIA%20RELEASE_Fort%20Moore%20Ceremony.pdf . While
recognizing the official name change, all of the documents in the record refer to the
installation as “Fort Benning,” and so to avoid confusion, we refer to the installation by
its former name.
3

things, documentation of her correspondence with OSC. 2 PFR File, Tabs 4-5.
The agency has filed a response. PFR File, Tab 7.

ANALYSIS
¶6 As relevant here, the Board has jurisdiction over an IRA appeal if an
appellant proves that she exhausted her administrative remedies before OSC and
makes nonfrivolous allegations that (1) she made a disclosure described under
5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8) or engaged in protected activity described under 5 U.S.C.
§ 2302(b)(9)(A)(i), (B), (C), or (D), and (2) the disclosure or protected activity
was a contributing factor in the agency’s decision to take or fail to take a
personnel action outlined in 5 U.S.C. § 2302(a). Graves v. Department of
Veterans Affairs, 123 M.S.P.R. 434, ¶ 12 (2016). If an appellant proves Board
jurisdiction over an IRA appeal, she is entitled to a hearing on the merits, if she
requested one. Shope v. Department of the Navy, 106 M.S.P.R. 590, ¶ 5 (2007).

Exhaustion
¶7 The substantive requirements for exhaustion are met when an
appellant has provided OSC with a sufficient basis to pursue an investigation.
Chambers v. Department of Homeland Security, 2022 MSPB 8, ¶ 10. The
Board’s jurisdiction is limited to those issues that were previously raised with
OSC. Id. However, an appellant may give a more detailed account of her
whistleblowing activities before the Board than she did to OSC. Id. An appellant
may demonstrate exhaustion through her initial OSC complaint; evidence that she

2
Under 5 C.F.R. § 1201.115, the Board generally will not consider evidence filed for
the first time on petition for review absent a showing that it was previously unavailable
despite the party’s due diligence. Avansino v. U.S. Postal Service, 3 M.S.P.R. 211,
213-14 (1980). However, considering the totality of the circumstances, including the
nature of evidence proffered, the appellant’s pro se status, and the issues presented in
this appeal, we find that it is in the interest of justice to waive the regulatory
requirement. See 5 C.F.R. § 1201.12; see, e.g., Boechler v. Department of the Interior,
109 M.S.P.R. 638, ¶ 8 (2008) (considering documentation submitted by the appellant
for the first time on review in an IRA appeal when determining whether he exhausted
administrative remedies with OSC), aff’d, 328 F. App’x 660 (Fed. Cir. 2009).
4

amended the original complaint, including but not limited to OSC’s determination
letter and other letters from OSC referencing any amended allegations; and any
written responses to OSC referencing the amended allegations. Id., ¶ 11. An
appellant also may establish exhaustion through other sufficiently reliable
evidence, such as an affidavit or a declaration attesting that she raised with OSC
the substance of the facts in the Board appeal. Id. An appellant may file an IRA
appeal with the Board if, after filing a request for corrective action with OSC,
(1) OSC notifies her that it terminated its investigation of her request for
corrective action and she then files an IRA appeal with the Board within 60 days
of such notification; or (2) 120 days pass after the filing of a request for
corrective action with OSC and OSC has not notified her of whether it will seek
corrective action. 5 U.S.C. § 1214(a)(3)(A), (B).
¶8 As noted above, this appeal involves two separate whistleblower
complaints that the appellant filed with OSC. Supra ¶ 2. In her first
whistleblower reprisal complaint, the appellant informed OSC that she filed an
EEO complaint on November 14, 2018, in which she alleged discrimination based
on race and sex. PFR File, Tab 4 at 13-14. She further informed OSC that, in the
following months, agency management subjected her to “several verbal threats of
termination, letters of caution, leave restriction and tour of duty schedule change
and nasty gram emails with screaming from leadership in my cubicle.” Id.
at 12-13. On March 7, 2019, OSC notified the appellant that it would not be
seeking corrective action on that complaint. IAF, Tab 5 at 16. Based on these
facts, we find that the appellant exhausted her administrative remedies with
respect to claims that the agency threatened to remove her and subjected her to a
significant change in working conditions in retaliation for her EEO complaint. 3

3
A threatened removal is a covered personnel action under 5 U.S.C.
§ 2302(a)(2)(A)(iii). See Grubb v. Department of the Interior, 96 M.S.P.R. 361, ¶ 25
(2004). The rest of these alleged retaliatory acts are not separately enumerated in that
paragraph as covered “personnel actions.” However, taken together, they could
contribute to a finding that the agency subjected the appellant to a significant change in
5

¶9 In her second whistleblower reprisal complaint, the appellant alleged
that, also in retaliation for her EEO complaint, the Fort Benning Civilian
Personnel Advisory Center (CPAC) was obstructing her right to compete for
various positions to which she had applied. IAF, Tab 1 at 17-21. There is no
evidence that OSC ever closed its investigation into this complaint, and the
appellant filed this appeal before 120 days had passed. IAF, Tab 1 at 14-22.
Nevertheless, because 120 days have passed as of the date of this Opinion and
Order, the requirements of 5 U.S.C. § 1214(a)(3) are now satisfied. See Jundt v.
Department of Veterans Affairs, 113 M.S.P.R. 688, ¶ 7 (2010). We therefore find
that the appellant exhausted her administrative remedies with respect to a claim
that the agency failed to select her for various positions in retaliation for her EEO
complaint. See 5 U.S.C. § 2302(a)(2)(A)(i) (listing “an appointment” as a
covered personnel action).

Protected Activity
¶10 The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has long held that
an EEO complaint disclosing violations of antidiscrimination statutes does not
constitute protected activity under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8). Young v. Merit Systems
Protection Board, 961 F.3d 1323, 1329 (Fed. Cir. 2020); Spruill v. Merit Systems
Protection Board, 978 F.2d 679, 690-91 (Fed. Cir. 1992). Nor did the expanded
scope of whistleblower protections provided by the Whistleblower Protection
Enhancement Act of 2012 serve to place such disclosures within the ambit of
section 2302(b)(8). Edwards v. Department of Labor, 2022 MSPB 9, ¶¶ 21-22.
We therefore find that the appellant’s EEO complaint did not constitute a
protected disclosure under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8).
¶11 We have also considered whether the appellant’s EEO activity may
have been protected under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(9)(A)(i), which prohibits
retaliation because of “the exercise of any appeal, complaint, or grievance

working conditions under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(a)(2)(A)(xii). See generally Skarada v.
Department of Veterans Affairs, 2022 MSPB 17, ¶¶ 14-16.
6

right . . . with regard to remedying a violation of [5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8)].”
However, there is no copy of the EEO complaint in the record, and the only
evidence of the contents of that complaint is an EEO counselor’s report dated
November 1, 2018, and the description of the complaint in the appellant’s
correspondence with OSC. IAF, Tab 5 at 10; PFR File, Tab 4 at 13. These
documents show that the appellant’s EEO complaint regarded remedying
violations of Title VII—not section 2302(b)(8). For this reason, we find that the
appellant’s EEO activity was not protected under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(9)(A)(i).
See Abutalib v. Merit Systems Protection Board, 127 F.4th 373, 378-79 (Fed. Cir.
2025).
¶12 Nevertheless, for the following reasons, we find that the appellant
made a nonfrivolous allegation that her EEO activity was protected under
5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(9)(C). 4 Under section 2302(b)(9)(C), it is a prohibited
personnel practice to take a personnel action against an employee in reprisal for
“cooperating with or disclosing information to the Inspector General (or any other
component responsible for internal investigation or review) of an agency, or the
Special Counsel, in accordance with applicable provisions of law.” Although the
appellant’s EEO activity concerned alleged violations of Title VII, the subject
matter of the appellant’s activity does not serve to exclude it from the protections
of section 2302(b)(9)(C), which, unlike section 2302(b)(8), is devoid of explicit
content-based limitations. See Reese v. Department of the Navy, 2025 MSPB 1,
¶ 46.
¶13 All that is left to determine is whether the agency’s Office of Equal
Opportunity is a “component responsible for internal investigation or review.”
See id., ¶ 48. The Board has held that, “[i]n general, such components will have a

4
The appellant does not argue, and we have not seriously considered, whether her EEO
activity was protected under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(9)(B) or (D) because those
subparagraphs are inapplicable to this situation on their face. The appellant is not
alleging that she assisted in another individual’s appeal, complaint, or grievance or that
she refused to obey an order.
7

degree of independence and objectivity, as well as the authority to investigate or
review by taking testimony, collecting evidence, and making findings and
recommendations.” Id., ¶ 50. We find that the agency’s Office of Equal
Opportunity fits this description. According to the Army Regulation in effect
during the relevant time period, “EEO officials independently operate within the
command.” Army Regulation 690-12, Equal Employment Opportunity and
Diversity, ch. 8-1a.(5) (Dec 12, 2019). 5 Likewise, Army Regulation 690-600,
Equal Employment Opportunity Discrimination Complaints, ch. 1-4d. (Feb. 9,
2004), states that “[c]omplaints will be processed promptly and impartially.”
This same regulation goes on to describe in detail the authority of EEO officials
to investigate claims by gathering evidence, including testimony and documentary
evidence, and issue final agency decisions on such claims. Id., ch. 4, 5. These
Army regulations are consistent with the Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission’s regulations, requiring each agency to establish an EEO office that
will provide for impartial investigations and complaint processing, with broad
investigatory authority and authority to issue final decisions. 29 C.F.R.
§§ 1614.102(a)(2), (b)(4), 1614.106(e)(2), 1614.108(b). These powers and
functions of EEO offices are further detailed in Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission Management Directive 110 (Nov. 9, 1999). In light of these powers,
functions, and characteristics, we find that the agency’s Office of Equal
Opportunity is a component responsible for internal investigation or review. See
Reese, 2025 MSPB 1, ¶ 52. Therefore, the appellant has made a nonfrivolous
allegation that she engaged in activity protected under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(9)(C)
on November 1, 2018, when she spoke with an EEO counselor, and on

5
This provision remains unchanged in the most recent revision of this regulation.
Army Regulation 690-12, Civilian Equal Employment Opportunity Program (Feb. 6,
2025).
8

November 14, 2018, when she filed an EEO complaint. 6 IAF, Tab 5 at 10; PFR
File, Tab 4 at 14.

Contributing Factor
¶14 The most common way of establishing contributing factor, and the
one most germane to the jurisdictional record in this case, is the
knowledge/timing test of 5 U.S.C. § 1221(e). Gonzalez v. Department of
Transportation, 109 M.S.P.R. 250, ¶ 19 (2008). Under the knowledge/timing
test, an appellant can prove that her disclosure was a contributing factor in a
personnel action through evidence that the official taking the personnel action
knew of the whistleblowing disclosure and took the personnel action within a
period of time such that a reasonable person could conclude that the disclosure
was a contributing factor in the personnel action. Id.
¶15 As set forth above, the appellant has nonfrivolously alleged that the
agency took several personnel actions against her in retaliation for her EEO
activity: (1) a threatened removal; (2) a significant change in working
conditions; and (3) numerous nonselections for appointment. 7 Supra ¶¶ 8-9. The

6
We acknowledge that the appellant’s engagement with the EEO office might also
constitute activity protected under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(9)(A)(ii). However,
notwithstanding certain dicta in McCray v. Department of the Army, 2023 MSPB 10,
¶¶ 27-30, we find that this would not prevent coverage under section 2302(b)(9)(C). In
this regard, we take notice of the amicus brief that OSC filed in Reese v. Department of
the Department of the Navy, MSPB Docket No. DC-1221-21-0203-W-1, Petition for
Review File, Tab 18 at 16-17, and we find it persuasive on this point. We agree with
OSC that subparagraphs (b)(9)(A) and (C) do not overlap completely. For instance, a
Board appeal is an “appeal” within the meaning of subparagraph (A), but the Merit
Systems Protection Board is not a “component responsible for internal investigation or
review” within the meaning of subparagraph (C). Conversely, a disclosure to OSC
would be covered under subparagraph (C), but it is not an “appeal, complaint, or
grievance” within the meaning of subparagraph (A). For the reasons stated in McCray,
2023 MSPB 10, ¶ 27, the Board would hesitate to interpret one of these subparagraphs
as completely subsuming the other, but we have not interpreted them thus. A partial
overlap between the two subparagraphs does not render either of them inoperative or
superfluous.
7
The appellant has filed documentation showing that the agency proposed to suspend
her on April 8, 2019, and that the deciding official sustained the proposal on May 3,
9

record shows that the Installation Division Chief was aware of the appellant’s
discussion with the EEO Counselor, IAF, Tab 5 at 8-9, and the appellant has
alleged that officials at the Fort Benning CPAC were aware of her protected
activity because they work in the same building that she does, IAF, Tab 1 at 17.
Although these allegations are based partially on conjecture, at least at the
jurisdictional stage, we find that they amount to a nonfrivolous allegation that
officials in her supervisory chain and in the Fort Benning CPAC became aware of
the appellant’s EEO activity around the time that it happened. See Cahill v. Merit
Systems Protection Board, 821 F.3d 1370, 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (stating that,
when determining whether an appellant has made a nonfrivolous allegation of
contributing factor, the allegations should be “read with an eye on likely
inferences appropriate to the context”); Bradley v. Department of Homeland
Security, 123 M.S.P.R. 547, ¶ 6 (2016) (“Any doubt or ambiguity as to whether
the appellant made nonfrivolous jurisdictional allegations should be resolved in
favor of finding jurisdiction.”).
¶16 As for timing, the appellant alleged that the threatened removal and
the various matters that might constitute a significant change in working
conditions happened shortly after she filed her EEO complaint. PFR File, Tab 4
at 12. The documentary evidence of record corroborates this at least in part.
PFR File, Tab 4 at 32-36. To the extent that the appellant has not given precise
dates for some of the claimed retaliatory actions, we nevertheless find that they
must have occurred, if at all, before she filed the February 4, 2019 OSC
complaint in which she described them. This period of no more than a few
months is sufficient to satisfy the timing component of the knowledge/timing test.
See Peterson v. Department of Veterans Affairs , 116 M.S.P.R. 113, ¶ 16 (2011)
(holding that personnel actions taken within 1 or 2 years of the protected activity

2019. PFR File, Tab 4 at 24-29. However, we agree with the administrative judge that
neither the suspension proposal nor the suspension decision is properly before the
Board in the context of this IRA appeal because there is no evidence that the appellant
ever raised the matter with OSC. ID at 3 n.1.
10

will generally satisfy the timing component). We therefore find that the appellant
has made a nonfrivolous allegation that her protected activity was a contributing
factor in a threatened removal and in a significant change in working conditions. 8
¶17 As for the nonselections for appointment, the appellant has listed no
fewer than 60 positions for which she alleges she applied but was not selected.
IAF, Tab 1 at 18-19. For jurisdictional purposes, we find sufficient the
appellant’s allegation that officials at the Fort Benning CPAC who were aware of
her EEO complaint had a hand in those nonselections. However, the appellant
has, for the most part, not explained when those nonselections occurred, and in
fact, she states that the nonselections began in May 2017—well before she
engaged in the EEO activity at issue. Id. Because protected activity cannot be a
contributing factor in a personnel action that already occurred in the past,
Easterbrook v. Department of Justice, 85 M.S.P.R. 60, ¶ 12 (2000), we find that
the appellant has not made a nonfrivolous allegation of contributing factor for any
of the nonselections for which she has not given specific dates. However, the
appellant has given the requisite information for one nonselection—a
nonselection for an Office Support Assistant position, to which she applied in
December 2018, and for which she was not selected in January 2019. IAF, Tab 1
at 19. Again, this timing is sufficient to satisfy the timing element of the
knowledge/timing test, and we find that the appellant has made a nonfrivolous
allegation of contributing factor as to this specific nonselection only.
¶18 For the reasons explained above, we find that the appellant has
established IRA jurisdiction over her appeal. She has made a nonfrivolous

8
We find that the appellant’s allegations of the agency’s treatment of her, taken as true,
could amount to a “significant change in working conditions” within the meaning of
5 U.S.C. § 2302(a)(2)(A)(xii). PFR File, Tab 4 at 12; see Skarada, 2022 MSPB 17,
¶ 18. However, after she filed the instant IRA appeal, the appellant filed another appeal
under 5 U.S.C. chapter 75, raising some of these same issues. Holman v. Department of
the Army, MSPB Docket No. AT-0752-19-0608-I-2. On remand, the administrative
judge should consider the extent to which the appellant’s chapter 75 appeal may have
preclusive effect.
11

allegation that the agency threatened to remove her, subjected her to a significant
change in working conditions, and declined to select her for an Office Support
Assistant position in retaliation for activity protected under 5 U.S.C.
§ 2302(b)(9)(C).

ORDER
¶19 We remand this appeal to the regional office for adjudication of the
merits.

Gina K. Grippando
Clerk of the Board
Washington, D.C.

---

Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10814137. Public record. Not legal advice.