# Hammer v. Office of the Maine Secretary of State

> Superior Court of Maine · September 28, 2010

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10809536

## Case

- **Court:** Superior Court of Maine
- **Decided:** September 28, 2010
- **Precedential status:** Unpublished
- **Opinion:** Opinion
- **Judges:** M. Michaela Murphy
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

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## Opinion text

STATE OF MAINE SUPERIOR COURT
PENOBSCOT, ss. CIVIL ACTION
DOCKET NO. AP-09-007

ALEX HAMMER,

Petitioner,

V. DECISION & ORDER ON
SOC APPEAL

OFFICE OF THE MAINE
SECRETARY OF STATE

Respondent.

The matter before the Court is an appeal by the Petitioner, Alex Hammer,

pursuant to 5 M.R.S. §§ 11001-11008 and Rule 80C of the Maine Rules of Civil

Procedure, from a decision by the Respondent, Mathew Dunlap, Secretary of State, and

the Bureau of Corporations, Elections and Commissions ("Bureau"), declaring seventy of

Hammer ' s non-party nomination petitions for the November 2, 2010 General Election for

the Office of Governor invalid on account of purported failures to meet the certification

requirements of 21-A M.R.S. § 354. As a consequence of the Division's decision,

invalidating seventy of the ..,non-party nomination petitions, the petitioner failed to acquire

the minimum number of signatures required-"at least 4,000 and not more than 6,000"-

to ensure his placement on the November 2010 ballot as a independent candidate for the

Office of Governor. 21-A M.R.S. § 354(5)(A). Having reviewed the administrative

record and the parties ' filings, the Court denies Petitioner Hammer's administrative

appeal.
BACKGROUND

On the record certified by the Secretary of State, the parties do not dispute the

basic underlying facts giving rise to this administrative action. Pursuant to

correspondence from Mr. Hammer, the Secretary of State, via the Bureau, delivered to

him I 00 of non-party petition forms. (Administrative Record at 24) [hereinafter R. at

_). In an undated written reply, Hammer wrote back to Julie L. Flynn, Deputy

Secretary of State, requesting both a copy of the 2010 Candidates Guide to Ballot Access

and specific information regarding the contact information for the municipal town clerks

and registrars located throughout the State. (R. at 23.) On January 8, 2010, Hammer

delivered an email directly to Secretary of State Mathew Dunlap requesting that the

Bureau send to him "additional ballot signature forms." (R. at 22.) Thereafter, Secretary

Dunlap and Hammer engaged in an email exchange between January 8, 2010, and

January 12, 2010. (R. at 22.) The substance of those emails demonstrates that Petitioner

Hammer wanted additional copies of the non-party petitions while Secretary Dunlap

consistently reiterated that Hammer could make photocopies of the petitions already

provided, and that prospective candidates were responsible for duplicating the non-party

petition form at their own expense. (R. at 22-23.)

After various communications with the Petitioner, (R. at 18), Deputy Secretary

Flynn sent Hammer a letter explaining the petition process, and enclosed fifty additional

non-party petitions along with the 2010 Candidate's Guide to Ballot Access. (R. at 19.)

On February 18, 2010, Hammer indicated a preference for delivering some of his non-

party petitions to municipal town clerks and registrars by submitting photocopies of

them, (R. at 17), based on his realization that some of the petitions contained signatures

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from more than one municipality. 1lammer thus anticipated that he might be unable to

circulate the "original" copy of some of the non-party petitions to each and every local

municipality for certification:

I was going to forward you copies of the multiple towns per
ballot signature page (already covers hundred of signatures)
and let you know that I plan to send the towns photocopies
to certify (for your advisement) because it is logistically
impossible to send same form to 15-20 or more towns (not
enough time) and there is space on the back only for own
[sic] town to certify number for each form as well.

(R. at 17.) Secretary Dunlap replied, "you can only photocopy the blank originals; for

verification, the clerks need the original for the circulator's oath, etc." (Id.)

Subsequently, Hammer and Secretary Dunlap engaged in another email exchange, with

the Secretary once again advising Hammer that the certification process required delivery

of each "original" petition to the local municipal officer charged with certifying signers,

as registered voters; in each particular municipality noted on the form petition. (R. at 16.)

On April 1, 2010, Hammer sent an email message to Secretary Dunlap requesting

delivery of additional non-party petitions after recognizing that certification of some of

his petitions might pose a significant logistical problem because they contained signers

from "15-20 or more towns." (R. at 15.) Secretary Dunlap responded on April 2, 2010,

informing Hammer that he would not authorize the delivery of additional petitions and

reiterated that Hammer was free to make copies of a blank petition in the event he needed

more forms. (R. at 14.) 1

On May 10, 2010, Ham1ner initiated contact with Secretary Dunlap informing

him that he intended to have "scanned" copies of some of the petitions made available to

1 Throughout the nomination process, the Secretary also advised Hammer that he could avoid the logistical

problems associated with municipal certification simply by organizing each non-party petition to include
signers from one municipality. (See R. at 10, 16, and 18-19.)

3
the municipal !own clerks and registrars through an internet file sharing program. (R. at

13.) During this exchange, Secretary Dunlap repeated that the various town registrars,

consistent with 21-A M.R.S. § 354, could only certify signers if presented with the

"original" copies of the non-party petitions. (/d.) Despite the Secretary Dunlap's warning

that the town registrars were not permitted, by statute, to accept "copies" of the non-party

petitions, and were therefore anemic to properly certify the signers, Hammer delivered a

May 15, 2010, email to various town registrars requesting them to download

electronically scanned copies of certain non-party petitions from an internet file sharing

, network in order to certify those voter signatures that appeared to be on the respective

town voting rolls. (R. at 5, 12.) Included in the email, Hammer provided a "key" to each

petition so that the various registrars and town clerks could locate those petitions that

contained signatures of voters purportedly residing and registered to vote in each

respective municipality. (/d.) In the email correspondence that followed, the Belfast City

Clerk, Roberta Fogg, after consulting with Deputy Secretary Flynn, advised the town

clerks and municipal officers copied on the email to refrain from certifying signatures

using Hammer's proposed method of "delivery" until the Secretary of State's office had

an opportunity to engage the Office of the Attorney General for guidance. (R. at 11.) On

May 18, 2010, Deputy Secretary Flynn delivered a letter to Hammer indicating that the

Secretary of State would not permit the various municipal authorities to accept for

certification any petitions provided by Hammer in "scanned" or other facsimile format.

(R. at 10.) Deputy Secretary Flynn also circulated a Memorandum to all municipal town

clerks and registrars urging them not to accept Hammer's proposed method for certifying

signatures and advised that they could only accept/certify those "original copies of

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petitions containing signatures." (R. at 9.) On Monday, May 24,2010, Hammer delivered

an email message to the town clerks arguing that election laws permitted copies of the

non-party petitions to be provided for certification. (R. at 7 .)

On May 25, 2010, Hammer delivered the Secretary of State's office 175 properly

certified petitions, 10 petitions with "copies" of certifications by municipal registrars, and

70 petitions without proper certifications by any of the municipal registrars. (See R. at 3-

5.) On May 27, 2010, Director of Elections, Melissa Packard, delivered a letter to

Hammer indicating that 3,209 signatures contained in 185 of the non-party petitions were

properly certified and submitted, but that the Secretary could not accept as "valid" the

signatures contained on 70 petitions because they did not contain the proper certification

from local municipal officials. (R. at 1.) The Secretary therefore determined that

Hammer had failed to obtain the 4000 certified petition signatures necessary to ensure a

place on the November 2010 ballot for Governor. See 21-A M.R.S. § 354(5)(A).

After receiving Deputy Flynn's letter, Hammer appealed the Secretary's decision

by filing a M.R. Civ. P. 80C complaint with the Penobscot County Superior Court on

June 28, 2010. The State filed the administrative record on August 2, 2010. On

September 10, 2010, some two days after Hammer had submitted his brief, the Court was

finally alerted to existence of this administrative appeal. 2 Realizing the sensitivity of this

litigation and its proximity to the upcoming November 2010 election, the Court held a

conference call with the parties on September 15, 2010, in which the parties were advised

that the litigation would be expedited. The Court ordered the State to file its brief by no

2 The Penobscot County Superior Court Clerk issued a standard Scheduling Order that would have had the
briefing in this case continue well into October.
)

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later than September 22, 2010. The State filed its brief on that day, and the Petitioner

filed bis response on that date as well.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

The Court's review of Petitioner's administrative appeal is confined by a

deferential standard. Agency rulings may only be reversed or modified on M.R. Civ. P.

SOC appeal upon a finding that the administrative ruling is: (1) in violation of

constitutional or statutory provisions; (2) in excess of the statutory authority of the

agency; (3) made upon unlawful procedure; (4) affected by bias or by error of law; (5)

unsupported by substantial evidence on the whole record; or (6) arbitrary or capricious or

characterized by abuse of discretion. 5 M.R.S. § 11007(4)(C)(l )-(6); see also Seider v.

Board ofr.,xaminers of Examiners of Psychologists, 2000 ME 206, ~ 8, 695 A.2d 552,

555 ("The standard ofreview [on M.R. Civ. P. 80C appeal] is limited to whether the

lgovernmental agency] abused its discretion, committed an error of law, or made findings

not supported by substantial evidence in the record.") (internal quotation mark omitted)

( citation omitted). Long-established rules of statutory construction obligate this Court to

construe Maine statutes through the lens of giving "effect to intent of the Legislature."

Knutson v. Sec '.Y ofState, 2008 ME 124, ~9, 954 A.2d 1054, 105 8 (quoting Arsenault v

Sec'y o[State, 2006 ME 111, ii 11 , 905 A.2d 285, 287-88). The Court first endeavors "to

effectuate the plain language of the statute." Id Where, however, the language of the

statute is ambiguous, the Court "will defer to the Secretary's interpretation if that

interpretation is reasonable." Id.

6
D !SC USS! 0 N

The issue before the Court in this M.R. Civ. P. 80C action concerns whether the

Secretary of State erred as a matter of law by instructing Hammer that he could submit

only "original" copies of the non-party petition forms to town clerks and registrars, both

preventing municipal authorities from certifying signatures contained in those petitions

delivered by electronic means and culminating in the Bureau's rejection of 70 petitions.

(See R. at I, 5.) The statutory procedures outlined in 21-A M.R.S. §§ 351-57 provide the

non-party candidate attempting to run for public office with a detailed framework for

obtaining a position on the election ballot. See id. The requirements for that process are

outlined in § 354(7).

The Secretary argues that the statute effectuating the petition certification process

is unambiguous, and explicitly requires the candidate to deliver "original" copies of the

non-party petitions to the various municipal officials responsible for certifying voter

signatures. The Court agrees with the State's position.

The Legislature has decided that a "[a] nomination petition shall be on the form

provided by the Secretary of State." 21-A M.R.S. § 354. 3 Once the Secretary distributes

the petition form(s), the recipient candidate and/or his agents are left to circulate the

petitions by gathering name and residence ofregistered voters, id. § 354( 4), and the

personal signature of each voter signing the petition "in such a manner as to satisfy the

registrar of his municipality that he is a registered voter," id. § 354(3). After collecting

3 There is nod ispute that the Secretary delivered 150 non-parly petitions to Hammer, enough to col lect
6750 certified signatures, 750 more than Hammer would need , or the Secretary would uhimately accept, in
declaring Hammer's nomination for the Office of Governor. See 21-A M.R.S. § 354(5)(C). As noted in the
Court's recital ion of the facts, Secretary Dunlap and Deputy Secretary Flynn repeatedly told Hammer that
he could recrca t the form petition provided by making photocop ies of them in the event he ran out of
forms. (R. at 16, 19, 22, and 23 .)

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the minimum number (but not exceeding the maximum number) of signatures needed for

the particular office, all petitions are required to be "verified and certified" according to

procedure contained in § 354(7)(A)-(C), the language critical to resolving the instant

dispute.

Section 354(7)(A) requires the circulator to swear an oath "verifying that each of

the signatures was made in his presence," Knutson v. Secretary of State, 2008 ME 124,

i11 I 0-13, 954 A.2d I 054, 1058-59, and Section 354(7)(8)-(C) prescribes the certification
method assumed by the individual town clerks and registrars:

B. Pelitions must be delivered to the registrar, or clerk at
the req uest or upon the absence of the registrar for
certification by 5 p.m . on May 25th in the e lection year in
which the petit iom are to be used except thal petitions for
a slate of candidates for the office of presidential elector
must be delivered for certification by 5 p.m. on August 8th
in the election year in which the petitions are to be used.

C. 'D1e registrar or clerk at the request or upon the absenc ·
of the reg istrar, f each municipality concerned shall certify
wh ich names on a p ?titiun appear in the central vote r
registration system as registered voters in that rnunjcipalily
and may not c:ertify any names that do not sclli.~[Y
subsection 3.

21-A M.R.S. § 354(7)(8)-(C) (emphasis added). Given the explicit procedural design of

the non-party nomination process-from § 354(3)'s requirement that the voter "must

personally sign the petition" on the "form provided by the Secretary of State" to §

354(7)(B)'s requirement that the "[p]etitions must be delivered to the registrar or clerk"

and § 354(7)(C)'s restriction that a town clerk or registrar "may not certify any names

that do not satisfy subsection 3"-the statute plainly indicates that the candidate seeking

a non-party nomination deliver the "original" petition, complete with the "original"

signatures of the voters signing the petition, to each town clerk or registrar responsible

8
for certifying signatures in their municipality.'1 Particularly relevant is Section

354(7)(C)'s requirement that a town clerk "may not certify names that do not satisfy

subsection 3." This section presupposes that the voter's original signature appear on the

petition delivered; otherwise, the town clerk may have no discernable method of

distinguishing the circulator's writing from that of the signing voter. 5

Even if the plain language of§ 354(7)(8) were found to be ambiguous, the Court

finds the Secretary's interpretation of the statute to be reasonable, and therefore, entitled

to deference. See, e.g., Knutson, 2008 ME 124, ~ 13, 954 A.2d at 1059 (deferring to the

Secretary's interpretation of "presence" in the context of requiring circulator to directly

observe a voter signature on a petition before the circulator can properly fulfill the

obligation of his oath). Three considerations support this conclusion.

First, as the Secretary argues, "all methods of delivery are not equivalent." (Sec'y

Br. at 10.) Petitioner Hammer suggests that the term "delivered" contained in§

354(7)(8) includes all possible methods of delivery, whether in hand, by mail, by

facsimile, or by "scanned" electronic transmission. (Id.; see Petr. 's Br. at 2; R. at 7.).

Petitioner Hammer realized relatively early in the petition process-at least by February

18, 2010 - that he might not be able to deliver the "original" copy of some of the

petitions, especially those containing voter signatures from "15-20 or more towns," (R. at

13, 17; see also R. at 5.) to each municipality charged with certifying signatures by May

4 Petitioner Hammer also suggests that the 70 petitions containing the signatures from voters registered in
disparate geographic locations, (R. at 5), could be delivered and certified by one municipal town clerk or
registrar given each municipality's "capacity to certify names from throughout the state." (R. at 13.) This
proposed certification method clearly contradicts plain language of2 l-A MRS § 354(7)(C) and does not
constitute a ground upon which Hammer might be entitled to relief in the M.R. Civ. P. 80C action now
before the Court. See id ("The registrar, or clerk at the request or upon the absence of the registrar, of each
municipality concerned shall certify which names on a petition appear in the central voter registration
system as registered voters in that municipality . ... ") (emphasis added).
5 Subsections 354(3)-(4) permit the circulator to "print the voters name" and/or "write or print the voter's
residence address and the municipality of registration." Id.

9
25 , 2010. To tlrnt end, on May 15, 2010, I-lammer delivered an email correspondence to

various town clerks outlining an alternative system of "delivery" by which the municipal

clerks could " download and extract PDF" versions of the petitions from Hammer's

website; view them using Adobe Reader; verify those voters' signatures appearing on

each petition purported to be registered in each respective municipality; complete the

scanned version of the registrar's certification for each petition reviewed; and email the

scanned version of the certification back to the Petitioner. (R. at 12.) However, in the

Court's view, Section 354(7)(8) contemplates a transfer of physical documents, and not

electronic delivery of over 70 non-party petitions nine days before the petitions were, by

statute, required to be in the hands of town clerks and registrars. See Blacks Law

Dictionary 494 (9th ed. 2009). 6

Second, when the petition certification process is compared to other statutory

provisions allowing "copies" of official forms to be used, accepted, delivered, or

distributed in the election process, the Legislature has made those exceptions clear in the

election statute. See, e.g., 21-A M.R.S. § 737-A(7) (requiring the Secretary to make

photocopies of the disputed ballots in the event of an election recount); id. § 852(5)

(mandating the warden at each polling place, at the close of Election day, "to run an

additional copy of the tally tape to provide to the clerk with the tally sheets and the return

of the votes cast"); id. § 711(1)-(2) (requiring the municipal clerk to prepare election

returns by making "an attested copy" of the returns "and immediately send them to the

Secretary of State"); id. § 753-A(3) (permitting a voter applying for an absentee ballot to

6 Not only would electronic delivery contraven e th e plain language of§ 354(7)(8), requiring that "original"

petit io n be tl eli vere l t.o th e town clerk , it would also inev itably cau se town clerk and registrar to
labori ous ly pl ow th ro ugh each "scann ed" petition, or "key" provided for ec1ch petition, to I cate those
voters purportedly res idin g and reg istered to vote in that particular municipality . Th is seems to be precisely
the type of result § 354 is des igned, at leas1 in part to prevent.

10
make a written request "by mail, in person, or by facsimile"). Even where the statute

permits electronic delivery of election-related documents, those situations are limited and

precisely defined. See 21-A M.R.S. § 753-(A)(6) (allowing municipal clerks the option of

accepting absentee ballots by e-mail provided the clerk follows certain procedures

specified in the provision); id. § 783(5), enacted by P.L. 2009, c. 563, § 9 (eff. March 29,

2010) (authorizing "electronic receipt of an image of voted absentee ballots transmitted

by email or fax from uniformed service voters or overseas voters"). The existence of

these statutory provisions demonstrates that if the Legislature intended or contemplated

that non-party petitions could be delivered to municipal town clerks and registrars in

electronic, facsimile or other "copy" format, it would have clearly provided for these

alternatives in § 354(7)(B). The Court cannot therefore say that the Legislature intended

to permit delivery of non-party petitions in the manner proposed by the Petitioner in this

case. 7

Finally, if there was any doubt as to whether the § 354(7)(B) requires delivery of

the "original petition," the intent of the Legislature is readily ascertained by the provision

in the Maine Constitution from which§ 354(7) is ultimately derived:

"written petition" means one or more petitions written or
printed, or partly written and partly printed, with the
original signatures of the petitioners attached, verified as
to the authenticity of the signatures by the oath of the
circulator that all of the signatures to the petition were

7 The Court finds the Secretary's interpretation reasonable for the additional reason that allowing potential
candidates to deliver "copies" of the petitions could increase the potential for forged signature and
otherwise "mask material alterations to a petition ." (Sec'y Br. at 15; R. at 13.) Further, electronic
transmittal of the documents under the circumstances proposed by Hammer-on an unsecure, private
website-poses a substantial risk of compromising the security municipal computer systems. (Sec'y Br. at
16). The explicit statutory framework of Maine's election statute lends credence to the Secretary's view
that "if the statute cou Id be read to al low registrars to certify petitions based on a review of an electronic
image of the petition , the Secretary ... would establish a secure, public website for that purpose." (Id.) In
concluding this, Court does not mean to impugn Mr. Hammer's credibility or otherwise suggest that he was
) motivated to deliver fraudulently obtained signatures.

11
made in the presence of the circulator and that to the best of
the circulator's knowledge and belief each signature is the
signature of the person whose name it purports to be, and
accompanied by the certificate of the official authorized by
law to maintain the voting list or to certify signatures on
petitions for voters on the voting list of the city, town or
plantation in which the petitioners reside that their names
appear on the voting list of the city, town or plantation of
the official as qualified to vote for Governor.

Arsenault v. Sec'y ofState, 2006 ME 111,, 11 n.5, 905 A.2d 1054, 1058 n.5 (quoting

ME. CONST. art. IV, pt 3, § 20). The Law Court previously held that Maine's election

laws arc written in "painstaking detail" and the Secretary of State, despite its obligation

to provide oversight of election processes, cannot usurp the proper function of the

Legislature to set election "policy" by enacting election laws consistent with the Maine

Constitution. See Knutson, 2008 ME 124, ,27, 954 A.2d at 1062 ("Although the

Secretary's policy decision, attempting to save petitions in certain circumstances, may

not be unreasonable, it is the Legislature that weighs the competing considerations and

sets the policy.") (emphasis in original); Arsenault, 2006 ME 111,, 23, 905 A.2d at 289-

90 (noting that the Secretary is without the power to "fashion a limitation that docs not

exist in the statutes"). On the facts of this case, the Secretary of State has not engaged in

the type of policy-making that would appear to controvert ME. CONST. art. IV, pt. 3, § 2

or the statute modeled after it, 21-A M.R.S. § 354(7)(8).

Given the forgoing analysis, the Court need not reach the Secretary's additional

argument that granting Hammer's requested relief at this point would "disrupt the

election process and potentially disenfranchise Maine voters." (Sec'y Br. at 16.) The

Court here finds that the Secretary correctly interpreted the language of 21-A M.R.S. §

12
3 54 according to its plain language; and ahernatively, determines that the Secretary's

interpretation of the petition certification provision to be reasonable.

Because the Petitioner could submit enough certifications to tally only 3209

registered voters, he fell short of accomplishing the 4000 properly certified signatures

necessary to ensure his place on the November 2010 ballot for the Office of Governor.

The entry is:

I. Petitioner's M.R. Civ. P. 80C appeal is DENIED.

2. At the direction of the Court, this Order shall be incorporated into the docket
by reference. M.R. Civ. P. 79(a).

Date: September _
7)- r 2010
M. Michaela Murphy ,,,,..-
Justice, Superior Court .

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10809536. Public record. Not legal advice.