# Conservation Law Found., Inc. v. LaPointe

> Superior Court of Maine · June 14, 2004

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10808029

## Case

- **Court:** Superior Court of Maine
- **Decided:** June 14, 2004
- **Precedential status:** Unpublished
- **Opinion:** Opinion
- **Judges:** Joyce A. Wheeler
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10808029

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- recognizing the presence of the public trust doctrine in Maine law
- stating, “all acts of the legislature are presumed to be constitutional and the burden of proof is on the party who asserts an infirmity.”
- acknowledging the existence of the public trust doctrine in Maine

## Opinion text

STATE OF MAINE SUPERIOR COURT
HANCOCK, ss CIVIL ACTION
DOCKET NO. AP-2003-21
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CONSERVATION LAW )
FOUNDATION, INC. )
AND SUSAN BRALEY )

)

)

Petitioners, )

)
vy. ) DECISION AND

) ORDER
GEORGE LAPOINTE, )
COMMISSIONER, )

STATE OF MAINE, DEPARTMENT) hee
OF MARINE RESOURCES, ) wert
)

)

Respondent)

This matter is before the Court on appeal pursuant to Rule 80C of the Maine
Rules of Civil Procedure from the Commissioner of the Department of Marine
Resources’ (herein, “Commissioner”) decision to grant Taunton Bay Oyster Company,
Inc.’s (herein, “TBOC”’) application for an aquaculture lease of 7.47 acres for the
purpose of cultivating eastern oysters using suspended and bottom culture techniques.
The legal basis for the Commissioner’s decision was that the proposed aquaculture
activities met the requirements for the granting of an aquaculture lease set forth in 12
M.R.S.A. §6072.

Background
On October 21, 2002, TBOC applied for an aquaculture lease of 7.47 acres for the
purpose of cultivating eastern oysters! in Taunton and Hog Bays in Franklin, Maine.
According to the application, the 7.47 acres were to be divided into two tracts: Tract 1

consisting of 1.19 acres located in Hog Bay; and Tract 2 consisting of 6.28 acres located

' The Eastern Oyster has never existed in Taunton Bay or the surrounding area. TBOC plans to cultivate
over 1.5 million eastern oysters in 1500 to 1800 floating trays in this area.
containment techniques on Tract I, and bottom containment techniques on Tract 2. The

lease term requested was for a period of ten years.

project meets certain specified criteria. The Commissioner held a public hearing on the
application on June 18, 2003.7 Prior to that hearing, Conservation Law Foundation, Inc.,
and Susan Braley (herein, “Petitioners’’) requested, and were granted, intervenor status.
The Petitioners fully participated in the process as parties.

After the hearing, the Hearing Officer prepared a “Proposed Findings of Fact,
Conclusions of Law and Decision,” which included findings that the proposed lease,
subject to certain conditions, met the Statutory criteria necessary for approval. After
opportunity for the parties to comment on the proposed decision, the Commissioner

issued the final decision granting the lease application on September 10, 2003. See

* Taunton and Hogs Bays comprise a unique ecosystem consisting at low tide of nearly all mud flats, except
for two narrow channels that vary in depth from 2 to 17 feet at low tide. Taunton Bay is the northern most
breeding ground for the horseshoe crab. The rocks adjacent to Tract 2 serve as haul-outs and a “pupping”
ground for Taunton Bay’s Population of Harbor Seals.

* Prior to granting a lease, the Commissioner is required to hold a hearing in accordance with the
adjudicatory Proceeding provisions of the Maine Administrative Procedure Act (S M.R.S.A., chapter 375,
subchapter 4), 12 M.R.S.A. 86072(6).

At the public hearing, the record shows that testimony was presented by Michael Briggs and Chris Davis,
representing TBOC, Jon Lewis, the Department of Marine Resources’ (DMR) Aquaculture Environmental
Record, Volume III, Exhibits 67 and 68. The Commissioner adopted the Hearing
Officer’s proposed decision in full.4
The Commissioner made specific findings of fact and conclusions of law in
determining that the lease met each of the specified criteria set forth in 12 M_R.S.A.
§6072(7-A).° In addressing the concerns set forth by the Petitioners, the Commissioner
imposed conditions on the lease. Those conditions require:
1. TBOC to monitor ecological conditions in accordance with a monitoring plan
established by the Department of Marine Resources (DMR);

2. Tract 1 contain floating gear only, that no oysters be planted on the bottom of
Tract 1, and that no oysters or gear be over-wintered on Tract 1;

3. No oysters be planted on the bottom of Tract 2 until the fall of 2004;
4. The harvesting of oysters on Tract 2 be done by diver; and

5. Divers harvesting oysters on Tract 2 to conduct their dives at high tide or in a
direction away from the seal ledges when seals are present.

Record, Volume III, Exhibit 67, Commissioner’ s Decision, p. 16.

If TBOC fails to comply with one or more of the conditions imposed or the lease
activities are substantially injurious to marine organisms, the Commissioner may
commence revocation procedures of the lease. See id., ; see also 12 M.R.S.A. §6072(7-
B) and (11) (2003) (permitting conditions to be imposed and providing for the monitoring

and revocation of leases).

* The Commissioner’s Decision contains: a summary of the evidence introduced concerning the nature and
impact of the proposed leases, findings of fact, conclusions of law, the decision, and conditions to be
imposed on the lease.

> The statutory criteria in effect at the time of the Commissioner’s decision can be found in 12 M.R.S.A.
§6072(7-A) (1994 & Supp. 2002). The criteria have since been amended and now contain 2 additional
standards. See 12 M.R.S.A. $6072(7-A) (2003).
The Petitioners filed an appeal pursuant to M.R.Civ.P. 80(C). The Petitioners
contend that the Commissioner did not properly apply the statutory criteria as set forth in
12 M.R.S.A. §6072(7-A) (1994 & Supp 2002). Specifically, the Petitioners argue that
because TBOC’s lease application involved the leasing of “public trust resources,” the
Commissioner’s findings would be held to a demanding standard of reasonableness in
granting an aquaculture lease. The Petitioners also argue that the introduction of non-
native oysters will unreasonably interfere with the natural processes in the area and
ecologically significant flora and fauna, with the population of horseshoe crabs and
related studies in the area, and with the harbor seals. The Petitioners contend the
Commissioner’s decision is unsupported by substantial evidence on the record and is
arbitrary and capricious. The Petitioners further argue the hearing transcript is
inadequate as a matter of law requiring the decision to be reversed or remanded to the
Commissioner for further proceeds to correct the errors.

Discussion
A. Standard of Review

The scope of judicial review of an administrative agency’s fact-finding is strictly
limited; such a finding may be overturned only upon a showing by the challenger that it
was “unsupported by substantial evidence on the whole record.” Clarke v. Maine
Unemployment Insurance Commission, 491 A.2d 549, 552 (Me. 1985) (citation omitted).
“This standard of review of an administrative finding of fact is identical to the ‘clear

error’ standard used by the Law Court.” Id. (quoting Gulick v. Board of Environmental

Protection, 452 A.2d 1202, 1207-08 (Me. 1982)). The reviewing court must examine the

entire record to determine whether on the basis of all the testimony and exhibits before
the agency it could fairly and reasonably find the facts as it did. Clarke, 491 A.2d at 551

(citing In re Maine Clean Fuels, Inc., 310 A.2d 736, 741 (Me. 1973)). The Court will not
substitute its judgment for the Commissioner’s where there may be a reasonable

difference of opinion. Clarke, 491 A.2d at 552 (citing Seven Islands Land Co. v. Maine

Land Use Regulation Commission, 450 A.2d 475, 479 (Me. 1982)).

In an 80C appeal, the Court must determine whether the Commissioner abused its
discretion, committed error of law, or made findings not supported by substantial

evidence in the record. McGhie v. Town of Cutler, 2002 ME 62, 95, 793 A.2d 504.

Substantial evidence is evidence that a reasonable mind would accept as sufficient to

support a conclusion. Bath Iron Works v. Maine Unemployment Insurance Commission,

docket no. AP-01-066 (Me. Super. Ct., June 17, 2002) (Crowley, J.).

B. Discussion.
I. Maine’s Aquaculture Leasing Statute, 12 M.R.S.A. §6072.
Maine’s aquaculture leasing statute provides a rather narrow list of factors that a
Commissioner must consider before granting a lease in submerged lands. Before an

aquaculture lease can be approved, the Commissioner must ensure:

A. That the proposed would not unreasonably interfere with ingress and egress of
riparian owners;

B. That the proposed project would not unreasonably interfere with navigation;

C. That the proposed project would not unreasonably interfere with fishing or other
uses of the area taking into consideration the number and density of aquaculture
leases in the area;

D. That the proposed project would not unreasonably interfere with the ability of the
lease site and surrounding areas to support existing ecologically significant flora
and fauna;
E. That the applicant had demonstrated that there is an available source of organisms
to be cultured for the lease Site; and

F. That the lease would not unreasonably interfere with public use or enjoyment
within 1000 feet of municipally-owned, state-owned, or federally-owned beaches
and parks or municipally-owned, state-owned or federally-owned docking
facilities.
12 M.R.S.A. §6072(7-A) (1994 & Supp. 2002).

2. Public Trust Doctrine / Demanding Standard of Reasonableness.

Despite the fact that a demanding standard of reasonableness is not required by
the plain language of §6072(7-A), the Petitioners argue that the statute requires the
Commissioner to use this demanding standard when determining whether the proposed

lease meets the statutory criteria.° Alternatively, the Petitioners relying on the Opinion of

the Justices, 437 A.2d 597 (Me. 1981), argue that the so-called “public trust doctrine”

compels the Commissioner to use this demanding standard of reasonableness by
implication.’

Maine law has long reco gnized that public rights inhere in submerged lands
owned by the State and that the State must manage these lands for the benefit of the

public. Harding v. Commissioner of Marine Resources, 510 A.2d 533 (Me., 1986)

(citations omitted), Under the public trust doctrine, the United States Supreme Court has
established that “the individual states have the authority to define the limits of the lands

held in public trust and to recognize private rights in such lands as they see fit.” Phillips

6 Specifically, the Petitioners point to the language in §6072(7-A), which states that the proposed project
must not “unreasonably interfere” with the enumerated factors listed in the statute. The Petitioners argue
that the use of these words “makes it plain that more is demanded of the Commissioner.” (See Petitioners’
Reply Brief, p. 2).

’ The Court notes that the long-standing rule in Maine is “an advisory opinion binds neither the Court nor

the individual Justices who gave the opinion.” Harding v. Commissioner of Marine Resources, 510 A.2d

533, 537 (Me., 1986) (citing Martin v. Maine Savings Bank, 147 A.2d 131, 137 (Me., 1958)).
Petroleum Co. v. Mississippi, 484 U.S. 469, 475; 98 L. Ed. 2d 877, 108 S. Ct. 791

(1988). Individual Justices of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court and the Legislature
itself have acknowledged the existence of the “public trust doctrine” in Maine. See

Opinion of the Justices, 437 A.2d 597 (Me. 1981); 12 MLR.S.A. §559(1) (1981); see also

Donnell v. United States, 834 F. Supp. 19, 16 (D. Me. 1993) (acknowledging the
existence of the public trust doctrine in Maine); Harding, 510 A.2d at 537 (recognizing
the presence of the public trust doctrine in Maine law).

In the Opinion of the Justices, 437 A.2d 597, 607, 610 (Me. 1981), the Justices
held that it is the legislation giving up public rights in submerged lands that must satisfy a
particularly demanding standard of reasonableness. In the Opinion, the Justices were
asked by the Governor to render an advisory opinion as to whether the proposed
legislation would violate the State’s legal responsibilities as trustee for the public and
exceed the constitutional power of the Legislature under the Legislative Powers Clause of
the Maine Constitution.® The Justices expressly stated: “in testing L.D. 1594 (legislation
giving up public rights in intertidal and submerged lands) for compliance with the
Legislative Powers Clause, we apply a high and demanding standard of reasonableness.”
Opinion of the Justices, 437 A.2d at 607.

The Petitioners reliance on the Opinion of the Justices, 437 A.2d 597 (Me. 1981)

for support of its argument that the Commissioner must satisfy a particularly demanding

8 See Me. Const. art IV, pt. 3, §1. “On achieving statehood in 1820 the people of Maine through their
Constitution declared that ‘all power is inherent in the people,’ article I, §2, and then vested in the
Legislature [:]”

full power to make and establish all reasonable laws and regulations for the defense and
benefit of the people of this State, not repugnant to this Constitution, nor to that of the
United States.

Opinion of the Justices, 437 A.2d at 606.
standard of reasonableness in applying 12 M.R.S.A. §6072 is misplaced. It is the statute
itself that must satisfy this particularly demanding standard of reasonableness, not the
findings of the Commissioner in determining whether the criteria of the 12 M.R.S.A.
$6072 (7-A) have been met. The Petitioners are not challenging the constitutionality of
the aquaculture leasing statute, but rather they are challenging the findings of the
Commissioner. The constitutionality of the aquaculture leasing statute must be

presumed. See National Hearing Aid Centers. Inc. v. Smith, 376 A.2d 456, 460 (Me.

1977) (citing Union Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Emerson, 345 A.2d 504, 507 (Me. 1975)

(stating, “all acts of the legislature are presumed to be constitutional and the burden of
proof is on the party who asserts an infirmity.”)). Accordingly, §6072(7-A) does not
require that the Commissioner’s decision satisfy a particularly high standard of
reasonableness.

3. Commissioner’s Decision is § upported by Substantial Evidence.

Even if this Court were to adopt a more expansive view of the public trust
doctrine by ensuring the Commissioner’s decision meets “a particularly demanding
standard of reasonableness” as the Petitioners argue, the Commissioner’s decision to
grant the aquaculture lease subject to the satisfaction of imposed conditions would meet
this more demanding standard. The record shows the Commissioner addressed each of
the specified criteria in 12 M.R.S.A. §6072(7-A) in great detail, as well as the concerns of
the Petitioners before granting TBOC’s application for an aquaculture lease. See Record,
Volume IH, Exhibit 67, Commissioner’s Decision, pp. 12-14. Furthermore, the
Commissioner imposed conditions on the lease to address the concerns and challenges,

which are raised by the Petitioners in this appeal.
The Petitioners contend that the Commissioner erred in concluding that the
evidence showed that the proposed lease would not interfere with fishing or other uses of
the area, including the horseshoe crabs and related studies. At the hearing, testimony was
provided by Dr. Davis’ that oyster farming has existed in the Damariscotta River in
Maine for over 20 years and eastern oysters and horseshoe crabs co-exist in this area. Dr.
Davis testified that he has personally observed horseshoe crabs maneuver around the
trays where the oysters are farmed. The DMR’s Aquaculture Environmental Coordinator
(AEC) testified that shellfish aquaculture and horseshoe crabs co-exist in other parts of
Maine. A research paper by the DMR (Oyster Paper) discussing the introduction of
oysters into the proposed lease site was also introduced into evidence during the hearing.
The Oyster Paper supports the AEC’s findings that horseshoe crabs and oysters co-exist
in other parts of Maine and concluded that the horseshoe crab population would not be
adversely affected by the introduction of eastern oysters into Taunton Bay.

Concerns were voiced that the proposed lease would interfere with the horseshoe
crab population study conducting spawning counts and the radio-telemetry study tracking
the movement of horseshoe crabs, which concludes in the spring 2004, if oysters were
planted on the bottom of Tract 1. To ensure that the lease did not unreasonably interfere
with these two ongoing studies of horseshoe crabs, the Commissioner imposed a
condition requiring that no oysters are to be planted on the bottom of Tract 1, and that no
oysters shall be over-wintered or planted on the bottom of tract 2 until the summer of

2004. Accordingly, the Court finds that the Commissioner did not error in determining

* Dr. Davis represented the applicant and provided testimony regarding the ecological impact of growing
Eastern Oysters in Taunton and Hogs Bays. Dr. Davis testified that he has a PH.D. in shellfish biology and
that he has been growing oysters for 17 years.

9
that §6072(7-A)(C) was satisfied and that the proposed lease will not unreasonably
interfere with the horseshoe crab population and related studies.

The Petitioners also contend that the Commissioner erred in finding that the
Proposed lease would not unreasonably interfere with the Taunton and Hogs Bays’ ability
to support ecologically significant flora and fauna, as well as with the pupping area for
harbor seals adjacent to Tract 2. The Commissioner relied on the evidence presented at
the hearing by Dr. Davis, who testified that eastern oysters are native to Maine waters,
although not found in Taunton Bay; and oyster farming has existed in the Damariscotta
River for 20 years without having a negative impact on the flora and fauna, nor the seal
pups, who hang out around the oyster trays. The Commissioner further relied on the
DMR’s AEC’s testimony that the lease site is rich in phytoplankton and that the oysters
would not rob the bay of food ensuring the availability of phytoplankton to existing flora
and fauna; that the proposed activities are not expected to have any more of an impact on
the harbor seals then other activities that currently occur-in the area; and that with good
behavior the lease activities can occur around the seals without impacting them.

The Commissioner adequately addressed the concems set forth by the Petitioners
by imposing conditions on TBOC’s proposed aquaculture lease. To ensure that the lease
would not negatively impact the ecology of the bay, the Commissioner imposed a
condition requiring TBOC to monitor the ecological conditions and to report its findings
to the DMR on an annual basis in accordance with a monitoring program established by
the DMR. To ensure that the boating activities associated with the lease would not
disturb the seals, the Commissioner imposed a condition requiring the divers to either

conduct their dives at high-tide (when the seals are not present) or to conduct their dives

10
in the direction away from the seals, so as not to surface when the seals are present.
Accordingly, the Court finds that the Commissioner did not error in finding §6072(7-
A)(D) was satisfied and that the proposed lease will not unreasonably interfere with the
Taunton and Hogs Bays’ ability to support ecologically significant flora and fauna, as
well as with the pupping area for harbor seals.

Furthermore, the aquaculture leasing statute provides an added protection by
permitting the Commissioner to revoke the lease if the applicant fails to comply with the
imposed conditions or if the leasing activities harm marine life in the area. See 12
M.R.S.A. §6072(7-B) and (11) (stating that if applicant fails to comply with one or more
of the conditions imposed or the lease activities are discovered to be substantially
injurious to marine organisms, the Commissioner may commence revocation procedures
of the lease).

Conclusion
The Court concludes that the findings of the Commissioner are supported by

substantial evidence in the record.'” The Commissioner properly considered each of the

© The Petitioners argue that the administrative record is incomplete and, as such, prejudiced their
opportunity to make their factual and legal contentions known to the Commissioner and to the Court. See
Petitioners’ Brief, pp. 19-21. From this extensive record, the Petitioners point to page 181 of the transcript,
at which a portion of the testimony provided at the hearing, was apparently omitted. A review of the
transcript also shows that the word, “inaudible” appears a total of eight times.

The remedy available to the Court when the record is insufficient for judicial review is a remand to the
agency for further findings or conclusions. 5 M.R.S.A. § 11007(4)(B). The statute leaves it to the
discretion of the Court to determine whether additional evidence is necessary to decide the petition for
review. 5 M.R.S.A. §11006(1)(B).

The Court finds that the administrative record is sufficient for review and that additional evidence is not
necessary for deciding this petition. The administrative record in this case consists of 68 Exhibits and a
transcript of the public hearing, which is193 pages in length. The exhibits include written versions of
testimony provided by the Petitioners during the hearing.

11
criteria set forth by 12 M.R.S.A. §6072(7-A). Accordingly, the decision was neither
arbitrary nor an abuse of discretion.

Therefore the entry is:

Appeal DENIED. The Commissioner’s decision to grant the aquaculture lease is

AFFIRMED.

DATED: June \\ 294 (ek ~T “Teal

Justike, Maine Superior Court

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Furthermore, the Petitioners failed to comply with M.R.Civ.P. 80C(f), which require the Petitioners to
serve notice on the Commissioner within 10 days after the record is filed, requesting modifications or
corrections to the record.

12

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10808029. Public record. Not legal advice.