# Bruce v. Adams and Reese, LLP

> District Court, M.D. Tennessee · February 25, 2025

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10806203

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, M.D. Tennessee
- **Decided:** February 25, 2025
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10806203

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- characterizing claims “where the harassment is not severe or pervasive” as claims that “used to be referred to as quid pro quo sexual harassment”

## Opinion text

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
NASHVILLE DIVISION

RANDI MARIE BRUCE, )
)
Plaintiff, )
)
v. ) Case No. 3:24-cv-00875
) Judge Aleta A. Trauger
ADAMS AND REESE, LLP, )
)
Defendant. )

MEMORANDUM
In her First Amended Complaint (“FAC”) (Doc. No. 18), plaintiff Randi Bruce sets forth
claims against her former employer, defendant Adams and Reese, LLP (“A&R”), under the
Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”) for failure to accommodate a disability and failure to
engage in the interactive process and for “retaliation, hostile work environment, and discriminatory
discharge” (id. at 40). She also sets forth a claim under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
(“Title VII”), for “sexual harassment and hostile work environment” that, the plaintiff alleges,
“resulted in [her] termination.” (Id. ¶ 407).1 Now before the court are two motions filed by A&R:
(1) its Second Motion to Dismiss (Doc. No. 21), which is actually a motion for partial dismissal,
as it challenges only the viability of the plaintiff’s Title VII claim under Rule 12(b)(6) of the
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure; and (2) its Motion to Compel Arbitration (Doc. No. 13) of the
ADA claims.
It is clear from the parties’ briefing that Bruce and A&R executed an otherwise valid and

1 The plaintiff also brings her sexual harassment claim under the Tennessee Human Rights
Act (“THRA”), but discrimination and retaliation claims under the THRA are reviewed under the
same standards as claims brought under Title VII. Bailey v. USF Holland, Inc., 526 F.3d 880, 885
n.1 (6th Cir. 2008). The court therefore analyzes the claims solely under federal law.
binding Arbitration Agreement in May 2022, when Bruce began working for A&R, in which the
parties mutually agreed to “submit any and all claims that may arise between A&R and [Bruce]
that cannot be resolved internally to binding arbitration,” subject to certain exceptions not at issue
here. (Doc. No. 14-1 at 3, 6.) It is also undisputed that (1) the recently enacted Ending Forced

Arbitration of Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment Act of 2021, 9 U.S.C. §§ 401, 402, is
implicated by the plaintiff’s sexual harassment claim; and (2) if the sexual harassment claim is
subject to dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6), the remaining claims under the ADA will be subject to
arbitration.2 What is disputed here is whether the FAC states a colorable claim for sexual
harassment under Title VII and, if that claim is not dismissed, whether the entire case must be tried
in this court or whether, alternatively, the ADA claims must be severed and referred to arbitration.
As set forth herein, the court finds that the FAC states a colorable claim for sexual
harassment but fails to state a claim for retaliation under Title VII. Because the FAC states a claim
for sexual harassment that withstands the defendant’s Rule 12(b) motion, under 9 U.S.C. § 402(a),
the Arbitration Agreement is unenforceable as to the entire case.

I. MOTION TO DISMISS
A. Standard of Review
A motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) tests the legal sufficiency of the complaint. RMI
Titanium Co. v. Westinghouse Elec. Corp., 78 F.3d 1125, 1134 (6th Cir. 1996). Such a motion is

2 Several courts have held that only plausibly pleaded sexual harassment claims implicate
the EFAA and that, if such claims are subject to dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6), any remaining
claims will be subject to an otherwise enforceable arbitration agreement. See, e.g., Scoggins v.
Menard, Inc., No. 2:24-CV-00377, 2024 WL 3860464, at *7 (S.D. Ohio Aug. 19, 2024)
(“Plaintiff’s claim is pled such that it would overcome a 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, which places
the claim within the substantive purview of the EFAA.”); Yost v. Everyrealm, Inc., 657 F. Supp.
3d 563, 588 (S.D.N.Y. 2023) (holding that, “with the SAC’s sexual harassment claims having been
dismissed as implausible, the EFAA no longer has any bearing on this litigation”).
properly granted if the plaintiff has “fail[ed] to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.”
Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6); Marvaso v. Sanchez, 971 F.3d 599, 605 (6th Cir. 2020). To survive a
motion to dismiss, a complaint must allege facts that, if accepted as true, are sufficient to state a
claim for relief that is plausible on its face. Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555–57

(2007); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). A complaint has “facial plausibility when the plaintiff
pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is
liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Twombly,
550 U.S. at 556). The complaint need not contain “detailed factual allegations,” but it must contain
more than “labels and conclusions” or “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action.”
Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (2007). A complaint that “tenders ‘naked assertions’ devoid of ‘further
factual enhancement’” will not suffice. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting
Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557).
In ruling on a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), the court must “construe the
complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, accept all well-pleaded factual allegations in

the complaint as true, and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff.” Courtright v.
City of Battle Creek, 839 F.3d 513, 518 (6th Cir. 2016).
“[A] plaintiff generally need not plead the lack of affirmative defenses to state a valid
claim.” Cataldo v. U.S. Steel Corp., 676 F.3d 542, 547 (6th Cir. 2012). Thus, when a defendant
raises an affirmative defense as a basis for dismissing a complaint (or a claim therein), the court,
in evaluating the affirmative defense, must “only look to the facts alleged in the plaintiff’s
complaint, albeit alongside the legal elements of the affirmative defense raised in the defendant’s
motion to dismiss.” Goins v. Saint Elizabeth Med. Ctr., 640 F. Supp. 3d 745, 751 (E.D. Ky. 2022)
(citing Hensley Mfg. v. ProPride, Inc., 579 F.3d 603, 613 (6th Cir. 2009)). “If the elements of an
affirmative defense are met by the factual allegations contained in the complaint, then the district
court may grant the motion to dismiss.” Id.; see also Kreipke v. Wayne State Univ., 807 F.3d 768,
784 (6th Cir. 2015) (“Where an affirmative defense appears ‘clearly on the face of the complaint,’
. . . a court may dismiss a complaint under Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim.”).

B. Factual and Procedural History
According to the Amended Complaint, the well pleaded allegations of which the court
accepts as true for purposes of the Motion to Dismiss, A&R is a law firm with an office in
Nashville, Tennessee, and Bruce was a paralegal at that office beginning in May 2022, when she
was recruited by A&R from another Nashville law firm where she was employed at the time. At
least two of the attorneys with whom she worked at the previous law firm were also recruited by
A&R and were apparently responsible for bringing Bruce on board as well. These attorneys were
Will Cheek and Rob Pinson. Although the plaintiff’s allegations regarding her history of abuse
and her attendant medical diagnoses are not relevant here and will not be discussed in great detail,
the plaintiff alleges that both Cheek and Pinson were aware of her history, diagnoses, and
disabilities before recruiting her to go work with them at A&R.

Bruce was interviewed at A&R on April 26, 2022. Both Pinson and A&R’s Office
Manager, Brooke Ponder, were present at that meeting. Bruce’s first day at A&R was May 16,
2022. Both Pinson and Cheek acted as her supervising attorneys while she was employed at A&R.
The plaintiff alleges that Pinson’s “harassing” behavior began prior to their move to A&R
and largely consisted of Pinson’s “pressuring” Bruce to accompany him on social outings. She
identifies several specific instances in 2019 when this occurred, while they were both still
employed at their previous law firm. She sometimes said “yes” but usually said “no” to these
invitations. Despite Bruce’s declining another such invitation on December 2, 2019, Pinson gave
her a $1,000 bonus from his personal finances on December 6, 2019. The invitations and the
pressure to accept them continued through March 2020, when Bruce was laid off temporarily due
to the COVID pandemic. Around the same time, Pinson made an inappropriate comment in
response to her telling him that she had been accepted at the Nashville School of Law.3
Even while she was absent from the firm for a year, Pinson reached out to Bruce several

times to say how much he missed her, and he “encourag[ed] her to start dating married men as if
suggesting himself,” but Bruce rejected these invitations. (Doc. No. 18 ¶ 311.) Shortly after Bruce
rejoined the firm in April 2021, Pinson started back pressuring her to attend social events with him
and asking her out for drinks; she usually declined. Despite her continuing to reject his invitations,
Pinson asked Bruce in October 2021 if she would be willing to leave the law firm and join him at
a different firm. In January 2022, she began a serious relationship with her future fiancé, and
Pinson was initially respectful. He gave her a $500 bonus from his personal finances and wrote
her an effusive thank you note at the end of January 2022.
On February 2, 2022, Pinson texted Bruce at 12:30 a.m. to wish her a happy birthday. When
she responded immediately with a “thank you,” he “asked her if she wanted him to come join her

at her house since she was awake.” (Id. ¶ 326.) She replied “no” immediately. (Id. ¶ 327.) Bruce
informed Will Cheek, whom she viewed as a mentor, about this comment. Cheek told her he had
observed Pinson say and do inappropriate things and that his behavior on the instance in question
was “not right.” (Id. ¶ 330.) All of these events took place before the plaintiff, Cheek, or Pinson
was employed by A&R.
Over the next few months, as Pinson transitioned to A&R from the previous law firm, he
was rarely in the office. Once the entire “team” to which Bruce belonged moved to A&R,

3 His response was, “All those handjobs [he] gave really paid off!” and telling her how
much his wrist hurt, apparently implying that she was accepted because of sexual favors he
provided to officials at the school that had accepted her. (Doc. No. 18 ¶ 309.)
presumably including Bruce herself, Pinson’s “presence in the office was even more rare.” (Id.
¶ 333.) But, the plaintiff says, “Mr. Pinson continued sexually harassing Ms. Bruce when he was
in the office.” (Id. ¶ 334.) The harassment “included Mr. Pinson making sexual comments and
jokes to and about Ms. Bruce, as well as making inappropriate comments about Ms. Bruce’s

appearance, clothing, and private life.” (Id. ¶ 335.) After his February 2, 2022 “proposition,” Bruce
became “more and more uncomfortable” with his behavior and “went out of her way to avoid
him.” (Id. ¶ 336.) By the fall of 2022, she “hardly spoke to Mr. Pinson unless he reached out to
her about a specific client or project.” (Id. ¶ 337.)
Bruce asserts that, unbeknownst to her, on Friday, September 30, 2022, Pinson reached out
to Brooke Ponder and Cheek to tell them he wanted Bruce to be terminated “because she had not
personally informed him that she would not be in her office that day.” (Id. ¶ 338.) Pinson then sent
her a text message on Sunday, October 2, 2022, stating that her actions on Friday, September 30,
2022 “had not helped things.” (Id. ¶ 339.) The plaintiff was confused and asked what he meant.
Pinson responded that Ponder had been searching for her on Friday morning and was concerned

because she did not know where Bruce was. Pinson told her that Ponder was “so troubled by this”
that she had involved the Director of Human Resources. (Id. ¶ 342.) Bruce, however, knew that
Ponder had been out of town on Friday. When she spoke with Ponder on October 3, 2022, trying
to understand what Pinson had been talking about, Ponder told her that Pinson had reached out to
her while she was out of town to ask where Bruce was and that Pinson was pushing for Bruce to
be terminated.4

4 In the context of pleading the facts supporting her ADA claims, the plaintiff alleges that,
around October 2, 2022, she was “informed that the firm considered her communication” regarding
her start times to be inadequate. (Doc. No. 18 ¶ 55.) That issue appeared to be resolved by the
plaintiff’s including Ponder on emails informing her team that she would be late on a particular
Bruce scheduled a meeting with Pinson on October 5, 2022. During this meeting, Pinson
denied saying anything about wanting to have her terminated, denied talking to Ponder or the HR
Director about her, and affirmed that he would “never try to get [her] fired.” (Id. ¶ 352.)
The plaintiff states that she was “convinced that complaining about her situation to Adam

and Reese Human Resources would lead to negative results and additional retaliation,” and she
felt she “had no choice but to resort back to accepting Mr. Pinson’s harassment to keep her job.”
(Id. ¶¶ 354, 355.) So, Bruce alleges, Pinson’s “inappropriate comments and jokes to and about”
her continued. (Id. ¶ 356.) When Pinson learned that Bruce had become engaged in December
2022, his “harassment started to include inappropriate comments related to the engagement and
Ms. Bruce’s relationship.” (Id. ¶ 357.) These comments “started occurring even in work-related
conversations” with Bruce and during team meetings. (Id. ¶¶ 358–59.) For example, Pinson would
say things like, “Let’s have Randi go down there in a short skirt.” (Id. ¶ 360.) When talking to her,
he would say “Hoe no” instead of “Oh no.” (Id. ¶ 361.) On April 19, 2023, he made “sexually
suggestive comments about how ‘hot’ it would be to see Ms. Bruce and another paralegal engaging

in sexual acts on his desk.” (Id. ¶ 362.)
As set forth in the FAC within the context of detailing the facts supporting Bruce’s ADA
claims, her employment with A&R was terminated on May 11, 2023.
Under the “Causes of Action” heading articulating the elements of her “sexual harassment
and hostile work environment” claim, the plaintiff asserts that, while working for A&R, she
experienced “persistent, ongoing, and continued” sexual harassment from Pinson, in the form of
“unwelcome verbal conduct of a sexual nature,” up until the day she was fired. (Id. ¶¶ 396–97.)

day, at least until late-March 2023, when the plaintiff began to have trouble with side effects related
to her medication. (Id. ¶¶ 59–63.)
She asserts that Pinson’s behavior “became aggressive enough to create a hostile work
environment”; that she reported her concerns to Cheek, her manager; that Cheek had observed
Pinson’s inappropriate actions and comments and had told Bruce that Pinson’s conduct was “not
right”; that Pinson also functioned as her direct supervisor; that A&R is vicariously liable for the

hostile work environment created by Pinson’s sexual harassment; and that the sexual harassment
“resulted in Ms. Bruce’s termination.” (Id. ¶¶ 399–407.) Regarding her termination, Bruce asserts
that, even if Pinson did not make the ultimate employment decision, he was “the driving force
behind her termination because he initiated the conversations with the Defendant about terminating
Ms. Bruce after she stopped acquiescing to his inappropriate requests and behaviors.” (Id. ¶ 408.)
The plaintiff filed her lawsuit in July 2024. According to documents attached to the original
Complaint, the plaintiff filed a Charge of Discrimination with the Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission (“EEOC”), alleging disability discrimination and retaliation. (Doc. No. 1-1.)5 The
plaintiff received her Notice of Right to Sue from the EEOC around April 23, 2024 (Doc. No. 1-
2) and filed suit within 90 days thereafter.

The defendant responded to the filing of the original Complaint by filing both a Motion to
Dismiss the sexual harassment claim and a Motion to Compel Arbitration of the ADA claims. The
plaintiff filed the FAC and a notice indicating her belief that both of the defendant’s motions were

5 The Charge attached to the original Complaint does not reference a claim for sexual
harassment or contain any factual allegations that could be construed as giving rise to any type of
sexual harassment claim. According to the defendant, the plaintiff filed an Amended Charge (see
Doc. No. 27 at 2 n.1), but neither party filed the Amended Charge with the pleadings or in
connection with the pending motions. The court presumes, based on the defendant’s decision not
to seek dismissal of the sexual harassment claim altogether for failure to exhaust, that the Amended
Charge incorporates a sexual harassment claim based on a hostile work environment. However, as
discussed below, the defendant asserts in a footnote in its Memorandum in support of the Second
Motion to Dismiss that the plaintiff failed to exhaust any sexual harassment claim premised on
allegations that her termination was in quid pro quo or retaliation for refusing sexual overtures, as
distinct from her hostile work environment theory of recovery. (See Doc. No. 22 at 3 n.1.)
rendered moot by the filing of the amended pleading. After being notified by the court that only
the original Motion to Dismiss was mooted, the defendant filed the Second Motion to Dismiss,
supporting Memorandum of Law, and a Supplemental Memorandum in support of its Motion to
Compel Arbitration. (Doc. Nos. 21, 22, 23.) The plaintiff filed Responses in opposition to both

motions (Doc. Nos. 24, 25), and the defendant filed Reply briefs in further support of both motions
(Doc. Nos. 26, 27).
C. Sexual Harassment Claims Under Title VII
Title VII provides that “[i]t shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer . . .
to discriminate against any individual . . . because of such individual’s . . . sex,” among other
protected characteristics. 42 U.S.C. 2000e-2(a)(1); see also Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S.
17, 21 (1993). This prohibition “includes requiring people to work in a discriminatorily hostile or
abusive environment.” Harris, 510 U.S. at 21 (citing Meritor Sav. Bank, FSB v. Vinson, 477 U.S.
57, 64 (1986)). Under this prohibition, courts broadly recognize two types of sexual harassment
claims: (1) a claim of harassment that creates an offensive or hostile environment, also known as
a hostile work environment claim; and (2) quid pro quo harassment, in which a supervisor demands

sexual favors as a condition for job benefits. Kauffman v. Allied Signal, Inc., Autolite Div., 970
F.2d 178, 182 (6th Cir. 1992); Brown v. RCO Eng’g Inc., No. 23-11371, 2024 WL 1019258, at *5
(E.D. Mich. Mar. 8, 2024).6 In addition, Title VII creates a cause of action for retaliation for

6 The Sixth Circuit has on occasion suggested that quid pro quo sexual harassment is no
longer approved terminology and, instead, that the two types of sexual harassment claims are (1)
a claim of harassment that results in a hostile work environment but does not result in a tangible
employment action and (2) a claim that does not necessarily allege severe or pervasive harassment
but does result in a tangible employment action. See, e.g., Bowman v. Shawnee State Univ., 220
F.3d 456, 461, 461 n.4 (6th Cir. 2000) (characterizing claims “where the harassment is not severe
or pervasive” as claims that “used to be referred to as quid pro quo sexual harassment”). The Sixth
Circuit, however, has continued to use the term “quid pro quo” as effective short-hand for claims
that involve a tangible employment action. See, e.g., Huang v. Ohio State Univ., 116 F.4th 541,
560 (6th Cir. 2024) (defining the elements of a quid pro quo sexual harassment claim as including
opposing illegal conduct, and the Sixth Circuit has held that opposing sexual harassment qualifies
as protected activity for purposes of a retaliation claim. See E.E.O.C. v. New Breed Logistics, 783
F.3d 1057, 1067 (6th Cir. 2015) (“If an employee demands that his/her supervisor stop engaging
in this unlawful practice—i.e., resists or confronts the supervisor’s unlawful harassment—the

opposition clause’s broad language confers protection to this conduct.”). “[T]he label affixed to
the claim is not dispositive; instead; the [court’s] focus should be on the substance of the plaintiff’s
allegations.” Stevens v. Saint Elizabeth Med. Ctr., Inc., 533 F. App’x 624, 628–29 (6th Cir. 2013)
The FAC purports to set forth only one claim of “Sexual Harassment and Hostile Work
Environment,” under which the plaintiff states that “she was consistently subject to unwelcome
verbal conduct of a sexual nature” by Pinson and that his conduct was “aggressive enough to create
a hostile work environment.” (FAC ¶¶ 396, 399.) Consequently, it appears that the plaintiff
intended to state a hostile work environment claim. However, she might also have intended to state
a quid pro quo harassment claim, or perhaps a retaliation claim, insofar as the plaintiff alleges that
Pinson’s sexual harassment “resulted in [her] termination” and that he was the “driving force

behind her termination because he initiated conversations with [Ponder] about terminating Ms.
Bruce after she stopped acquiescing to his inappropriate requests and behaviors.” (FAC ¶¶ 407–
08.) Regarding the plaintiff’s claim that the harassment “resulted in [her] termination,” A&R
states, in a footnote, that, “[t]o the extent Bruce argues that she is making sex-based claims other
than a hostile work environment claim, such claims must also be dismissed both because she did
not make such claims in her EEOC charges and because she has failed to allege any of the elements

a showing that submission to unwelcomed advances was an express or implied condition for
receiving job benefits or that the refusal to submit to those advances caused the harasser to take
adverse employment action against her (citing Bowman, 220 F.3d at 461)). Because the defendant
uses the term in this case, and the plaintiff imposes no objection, the court also uses it.
of such claims.” (Doc. No. 22 at 3 n.1 (citing Doc. No. 1-1).)
A&R affirmatively seeks dismissal of the hostile work environment claim on the basis that
Bruce fails to allege harassment that was sufficiently severe to alter the terms or conditions of her
employment or create an abusive working environment and fails to show that the alleged conduct

was unwelcome. It also asserts that the allegations in the FAC establish that A&R will be able to
establish an affirmative defense based on the rulings in Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 524 U.S.
775 (1998), and Burlington Industries, Inc. v. Ellerth, 524 U.S. 742, 765 (1998) (the
“Faragher/Ellerth defense”). In another footnote, it asserts that the plaintiff’s allegations that
Pinson wanted her to be fired “cannot be used to support a hostile work environment claim, as
claims for discrete acts of discrimination such as termination cannot be used to support a hostile
work environment claim.” (Doc. No. 22 at 7 n.4 (citing Ogbonna-McGruder v. Austin Peay State
Univ., 91 F.4th 833, 840 (6th Cir. 2024)).)
The plaintiff’s Response directly addresses the defendant’s claims in support of the
dismissal of her hostile work environment claim. Regarding the defendant’s footnoted arguments,

she states only, “To the extent that Adams and Reese was attempting to broach additional issues
in footnotes, Plaintiff would seek an opportunity to respond to those issues in a separate brief
should the Court require it.” (Doc. No. 24 at 1–2.) However, she also argues that the defendant
cannot support a Faragher/Ellerth defense because the harassment “culminated in a tangible
employment action”—her termination—and she has adequately alleged that Pinson retaliated
against her by being the “driving force behind the employment action.” (Doc. No. 24 at 4.)
The defendant devotes two-thirds of its Reply to arguing that the plaintiff failed to
adequately exhaust or plead a quid pro quo harassment claim and then briefly reiterates its
arguments in support of dismissal of the hostile work environment claim.
1. Quid Pro Quo Sexual Harassment
While it is generally true that “substantive arguments are best not left to footnotes,” Bright
v. Brookdale Senior Living, Inc., No. 3:19-CV-00374, 2021 WL 6496799, at *16 n.6 (M.D. Tenn.
Mar. 12, 2021) (Campbell, J.), the court understands the point of the defendant’s footnote to be
that A&R does not actually construe the FAC as asserting such a quid pro quo claim, based on the

fact that neither the plaintiff’s Amended Charge nor the FAC actually sets forth the elements of
such a claim. The plaintiff did not address the footnoted assertion other than to state that, “[t]o the
extent that Adams and Reese was attempting to broach additional issues in footnotes, Plaintiff
would seek an opportunity to respond to those issues in a separate brief should the Court require
it.” (Doc. No. 24 at 1–2.) The plaintiff does not clarify whether she did or did not intend to state a
quid pro quo claim or whether she believes the FAC adequately articulates such a claim.7
For purposes of clarity, the court nonetheless feels compelled to address the question of
whether the FAC actually does, or was intended to, state a claim for quid pro quo sexual
harassment.8 Quid pro quo sexual harassment requires a showing of a tangible employment action.
To state a colorable quid pro quo claim, Bruce would need to allege facts that, if true, would

establish that:

7 The court will not address the defendant’s footnoted exhaustion argument, because
exhaustion is an affirmative defense that the defendants bears the burden of both pleading and
proving. Moore v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co. Consol., 113 F.4th 608, 622 (6th Cir. 2024). While a
defense based on exhaustion may be “susceptible to resolution on a motion to dismiss if a plaintiff
affirmatively pleads himself out of court,” the plaintiff had no obligation to respond to A&R’s
motion “with affirmative matter raising a triable issue of fact on an affirmative defense.” Rembisz
v. Lew, 590 F. App’x 501, 504 (6th Cir. 2014) (citing Jones v. Bock, 549 U.S. 199, 215 (2007)).
The plaintiff did not respond to the footnoted exhaustion issue, and the defendant, though it
arguably could have, did not produce for the court the plaintiff’s Amended Charge.
8 The court does not require additional briefing from the plaintiff to address this issue.
(1) [she] was a member of a protected class; (2) [Pinson] subjected her to unwanted
sexual advances; (3) these unwanted advances were because of her sex; (4)
“submission to the unwelcomed advances was an express or implied condition for
receiving job benefits,” or that [Bruce’s] refusal to submit to those advances caused
[Pinson] to take adverse employment action against her; and (5) [A&R] is
vicariously liable for [Pinson’s] actions.
Huang v. Ohio State Univ., 116 F.4th 541, 560 (6th Cir. 2024) (citing Bowman v. Shawnee State
Univ., 220 F.3d 456, 461, 461 n.5 (6th Cir. 2000)). In this case, the plaintiff does not allege that
Pinson made any “sexual advances” after the move to A&R. Instead, she alleges that he made
inappropriate sexual comments and jokes to and about her. (See FAC ¶¶ 335, 356–62.) The
plaintiff does not allege any facts suggesting that any of these comments constituted unwelcome
advances or that her submission to them was an express or implied condition of her receipt of any
job benefit.
The last alleged incident that could arguably be characterized as a sexual advance occurred
on February 2, 2022—before the move to A&R—when Pinson texted Bruce happy birthday after
midnight and, when she responded immediately, asked her if she wanted him to come over. She
said no. In other words, she did not submit to that unwelcome advance. Nor, however, can she
establish that there is a causal connection between that event and her termination from A&R more
than a year later. Three months after the proposition, Bruce moved to A&R (at Pinson’s request).
Another five months passed (during which the plaintiff alleges she rarely interacted with Pinson)
before Pinson allegedly complained to Ponder about not being able to reach Bruce on September
30, 2022, which the plaintiff learned about on October 2, 2022. After that incident, although the
plaintiff alleges that Pinson’s inappropriate comments continued, the next apparent adverse
employment event did not occur until March 2023—and it occurred because of Ms. Ponder, as the
plaintiff alleges in connection with her disability claim. (See FAC ¶¶ 62–97.)9 In the absence of
any additional evidence tying them together, the fact that more than eight months ensued between
Pinson’s February 2, 2022 proposition and his September 30, 2022 complaint eliminates the
possibility of drawing a causal connection between them.

The FAC, in short, does not expressly state a quid pro quo claim; nor does it allege facts
from which the court might infer the intention to state a quid pro quo claim. The defendant does
not expressly move to dismiss such a claim; the plaintiff does not expressly seek to defend the
existence of such a claim. Under these circumstances, the court finds that the FAC does not state
a claim based on quid pro quo sexual harassment and, moreover, that the plaintiff did not intend
to state such a claim.
2. Hostile Work Environment Claim
“[D]iscrimination based on sex” that “create[s] a hostile or abusive work environment” is
actionable under Title VII. Meritor, 477 U.S. at 66. “In the case of a harassing supervisor, the
employer is vicariously liable for the hostile work environment.” Doe v. City of Detroit, 3 F.4th
294, 301 (6th Cir. 2021).

At the motion-to-dismiss stage, a plaintiff is not required to plead facts establishing a prima
facie case, as would be required at the summary judgment stage under McDonnell Douglas v.

9 In this part of the FAC, the plaintiff exhaustively details one of the events giving rise to
her ADA claims. For purposes of the present Motion to Dismiss, it suffices to point out that the
plaintiff does not allege any events that took place from November 8, 2022, when she began
including Ponder on her communications about being late to work, until March 13, 2023, when
she began to oversleep as a result of her medications and, after arriving late to work nine days over
the course of two weeks, had an unscheduled meeting with Ponder, Cheek and Pinson on March
24, 2023. (FAC ¶¶ 60–65.) The plaintiff alleges that, during this meeting, Ponder was aggressive
and confrontational, told the plaintiff she deserved to be fired, berated the plaintiff when she
requested an accommodation, and caused the plaintiff to experience a panic attack. (Id. ¶¶ 70–88,
91–96.) Bruce also alleges that Pinson and Cheek voiced their support for her and her work product
during this meeting and that Cheek apologized to her for Ponder’s actions. (Id. ¶¶ 89–90, 97–99.)
Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973). See Ogbonna-McGruder v. Austin Peay State Univ., 91 F.4th 833,
839 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 144 S. Ct. 2689 (2024). “Instead, a plaintiff asserting a hostile work
environment claim must allege that her ‘workplace is permeated with discriminatory intimidation,
ridicule, and insult that is sufficiently severe and pervasive to alter the conditions of the victim’s

employment and create an abusive working environment.’” Id. (quoting Nat’l R.R. Passenger
Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 116 (2002)). The alleged harassment must be both objectively and
subjectively severe and pervasive to be actionable. Id. at 841 (citation omitted). The plaintiff must
also allege that she is a member of a protected class and that “the harassment was based on [sex].”
Id. at 839 (quoting Phillips v. UAW Int’l, 854 F.3d 323, 327 (6th Cir. 2017)). The plaintiff,
however, is not required to allege “specific facts beyond those necessary to state [her] claim.”
Kinney v. McDonough, No. 21-1414, 2022 WL 223633, at *6 (6th Cir. Jan. 26, 2022) (citation
omitted).
In addition, “allegations of discrete acts of discrimination [sh]ould not be characterized as
part of the hostile work environment claim.” Ogbonna-McGruder, 91 F.4th at 840. This is because,

“under Title VII, a plaintiff may bring a claim alleging that either (1) an employer engaged in
‘discrete discriminatory acts’ such as ‘termination, failure to promote, denial of transfer, or refusal
to hire’; or (2) the employer’s ‘repeated conduct’ created a hostile work environment.” Id. (quoting
Morgan, 536 U.S. at 114–15). Thus, the Sixth Circuit has “consistently held that allegations of
discrete acts may be alleged as separate claims, and as such ‘cannot properly be characterized as
part of a continuing hostile work environment.’” Id. (quoting Sasse v. U.S. Dep’t of Labor, 409
F.3d 773, 783 (6th Cir. 2005)).
Setting aside the alleged events that occurred before the plaintiff began working for A&R
and that cannot, as a result, be attributed to A&R, the plaintiff alleges, as set forth above, that
Pinson was rarely in the office after they transitioned to A&R, that she “went out of her way to
avoid him” because his comments made her increasingly uncomfortable, and that, by the fall of
2022, she “hardly spoke to him.” (FAC ¶¶ 333–34, 336–37.) Despite the relative rarity of their
contact, Pinson “continued” to sexually harass Bruce when he was in the office. This harassment

consisted of sexual comments to and about her and inappropriate comments about her appearance,
clothing, and private life, including inappropriate comments related to her engagement and
relationship with her fiancé. Bruce provides three examples of inappropriate comments: (1)
Pinson’s saying, “Let’s have Randi [Bruce] go down there in a short skirt”; (2) his saying “Hoe
no” instead of “Oh no” when talking to her; and (3) his making a comment on April 19, 2023
“about how ‘hot’ it would be to see Bruce and another paralegal engaging in sexual acts on his
desk.” (Id. ¶¶ 360–62.)
The defendant argues that these allegations, even if accepted as true, do not show that the
alleged harassment was sufficiently severe or pervasive to “alter the conditions of [Bruce’s]
employment and create an abusive working environment.” Harris, 510 U.S. at 21. In responding

to this argument, the plaintiff points to her allegations of “almost four years of harassment that
culminated in her termination” and contends that the “continuous nature of the harassment is
enough” to permit the court to find that Pinson’s actions were “hostile.” (Doc. No. 24 at 3.) She
also points out that she and Pinson worked together at A&R for almost a year and that she alleges
that the unwanted comments continued until her termination. (Id.) She asserts that Pinson
“retaliated against her by working with Brooke Ponder to put her under increased scrutiny and
have her fired.” (Id.)
Although the case presents an extremely close call, the court finds that the plaintiff has
adequately pleaded a hostile work environment claim, for purposes of Rule 8 of the Federal Rules
of Civil Procedure and the standards articulated in Twombly and Iqbal. She is not required to allege
every instance of harassing conduct, and the three examples of inappropriate comments are
apparently intended to be just that: examples. She alleges that such comments were essentially
continuous for the period of time she was employed by A&R, whenever she interacted with Pinson,

continuing up until her termination. Although none of the conduct qualifies as severe, it was, at
least as alleged in the FAC, pervasive.10 When the facts are fleshed out through discovery, it may
well be that the alleged conduct was neither objectively nor subjectively sufficiently pervasive to
create a hostile working environment. For now, however, viewing the facts in the light most
favorable to the plaintiff and drawing all reasonable inferences in her favor, the court finds that
the FAC very marginally alleges that Pinson’s “‘repeated conduct’ created a hostile work
environment.” Ogbonna-McGruder, 91 F.4th at 840.11
As for the defendant’s argument that the plaintiff has failed to allege that the conduct was
“unwelcome,” the court is not persuaded. First, as previously noted, Bruce does not need to plead
every element of a prima facie case at this juncture. And second, she has, in fact, adequately

alleged that the conduct was unwelcome and that Pinson knew it was unwelcome. The comments

10 Insofar as the plaintiff continues to rely on events that occurred while she was still
employed at a different law firm, before moving to A&R, in support of her hostile work
environment claim, she provides no basis for attributing Pinson’s conduct during that time period
to A&R. While the court finds that the allegations regarding what happened after she began
working at A&R are sufficient to establish her claim, at this juncture, the plaintiff is on notice that,
to prove her claim, she will likely not be able to rely on events that predated the move, for purposes
of A&R’s liability.
11 The absence of more detailed allegations in the FAC of the allegedly harassing conduct
that occurred between May 2022 and May 2023 certainly suggests that the plaintiff lacks additional
evidence, particularly given the highly detailed nature of the allegations covering the allegedly
harassing conduct that took place between July 26, 2019 and March 31, 2020 and between May
25, 2021 and February 2, 2022 (all when the plaintiff was not employed by A&R), and given the
details set forth in the FAC concerning the defendant’s alleged conduct giving rise to the plaintiff’s
ADA claims that took place between October 2, 2022 and May 12, 2023. Again, however, in the
context of a motion to dismiss, the court must draw reasonable inferences in the plaintiff’s favor.
she attributes to Pinson are sufficiently offensive that any reasonable person—and certainly any
reasonable attorney—would have known that they were inappropriate and unwelcome.
The FAC, in sum, adequately alleges a hostile work environment claim based on Pinson’s
repeated and continuous sex-based inappropriate comments and jokes.

3. The Faragher/Ellerth Defense
That conclusion requires the court to consider the defendant’s next argument: that the
plaintiff cannot overcome its Faragher/Ellerth defense. Generally, when a “supervisor,” as
opposed to a co-worker, engages in sexual harassment, an employer may be strictly liable for that
conduct if it “culminates in a tangible employment action.” Wyatt v. Nissan N. Am., 999 F.3d 400,
412 (6th Cir. 2021). However, “if the harassment does not result in a tangible employment action,
‘the employer may escape liability by establishing’ an affirmative defense under the Faragher-
Ellerth framework.” Id. (quoting Vance v. Ball State Univ., 570 U.S. 421, 424 (2013), and citing
Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 807 (1998); Burlington Indus., Inc. v. Ellerth, 524
U.S. 742, 765 (1998)). To avail itself of the affirmative defense, the employer must show by a
preponderance of the evidence that (1) it “exercised reasonable care to prevent and correct any

harassing behavior” and (2) that Bruce “unreasonably failed to take advantage of the preventive or
corrective opportunities” that A&R provided. Id. at 414 (quoting Vance, 570 U.S. at 424); see also
Clark v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 400 F.3d 341, 348 (6th Cir. 2005). The defendant must prove
both prongs to prevail on its affirmative defense. Wyatt, 999 F.3d at 414.
At least for purposes of its Motion to Dismiss, A&R accepts that the plaintiff plausibly
alleges that Pinson was a supervisor. It argues, however, that Bruce has otherwise “failed to plead
facts to show her claim could go forward in the face of” its Faragher/Ellerth defense. (Doc. No.
22 at 10; see id. at 5 (asserting that the FAC “fail[s] to address the glaring problem with her hostile
work environment claim—Bruce’s admission that she knew how to complain about sexual
harassment but chose not to do so”).)
Notably, the Faragher/Ellerth defense is a defense that the defendant must plead and prove.
The plaintiff has no obligation to plead facts to avoid it. A&R argues, however, that the allegations
in the FAC itself establish that the hostile work environment claim will be barred by the defense.

(Id. at 11.) Specifically, it points out that Bruce alleges that she received a handbook when she
went to work for A&R, that the handbook contained provisions prohibiting harassment and
providing employees multiple avenues for reporting harassment, and that the plaintiff showed she
knew how to use these procedures, because she did so when she requested a reasonable
accommodation for her disability. (See id (citing FAC ¶¶ 137, 143).) A&R also argues that the
FAC shows that the plaintiff never complained to anyone at A&R that she was being sexually
harassed. A&R’s position is that this is all that is required to show that it is entitled to assert the
Faragher/Ellerth defense.
In Response, the plaintiff asserts that Pinson, the harasser, was a supervisor and a partner
at the law firm and, therefore, that he knew about the harassment. The implication of this assertion

is that, because Pinson was a supervisor, his knowledge can be imputed to A&R. Bruce also asserts
that the harassment “culminated in a tangible employment action” (her termination) and that
Pinson was the “driving force” behind that action, which makes the Faragher/Ellerth defense
unavailable to A&R. (Doc. No. 24 at 4.) Specifically, she claims that:
Pinson discussed terminating Plaintiff with office manager Brooke Ponder, on
September 30, 2022. It was not until after this discussion that Adams and Reese
began reprimanding Plaintiff for her attendance and punctuality. Given the amount
of control Pinson had over Plaintiff’s work, his leadership role within the law firm,
and the fact that his actions resulted in Plaintiff being terminated from her position,
Adams and Reese cannot use the affirmative defense to protect itself.
(Doc. No. 24 at 5 (citing FAC 36–37).) Her position, in other words, is that the FAC adequately
alleges that Pinson, in addition to harassing her, “began retaliating against [her] at [A&R].” (Id. at
1, 3.)
Despite the failure of either party to adequately brief this issue, the court finds that the FAC
cannot be construed to assert a Title VII retaliation claim and that, to the extent the plaintiff
intended to assert such a claim, the attempt failed. To state a claim for retaliation, Bruce must

plausibly allege that she engaged in protected conduct, that she was subjected to an adverse action
taken by the employer, and that there was a causal link between the adverse action and the
protected conduct. O’Connor v. Lampo Grp., LLC, No. 3:20-CV-00628, 2021 WL 4480482, at *9
(M.D. Tenn. Sept. 29, 2021) (citing Hazel v. Quinn, 933 F. Supp. 2d 884, 886–87 (E.D. Mich.
2013)).12
Here, as discussed above, the only protected conduct in which Bruce allegedly engaged
was declining Pinson’s invitations to social events in 2019 and 2021 and then, very particularly,
saying “no” to a sexual proposition on February 2, 2022, all while she was not yet employed by
A&R. Bruce also allegedly told Will Cheek about the event in February 2022—again, before they
moved to A&R. The plaintiff does not allege any continued invitations or propositions by Pinson

after they moved to A&R, only inappropriate comments and jokes. She does not allege that she
complained to anyone, including Pinson or Cheek, about those post-move comments and jokes. In
other words, for purposes of a retaliation claim, Bruce fails to allege that she engaged in any
protected conduct once she moved to A&R. Absent protected conduct, her retaliation claim fails.
Moreover, to the extent that saying “no” to Pinson’s February 2, 2022 proposition may
qualify as protected conduct even though the plaintiff was not yet employed by A&R at that time,
as already discussed above, the period of time between that sexual proposition and Pinson’s

12 To be clear, these are the elements of a retaliation claim, not the elements of the
plaintiff’s prima facie case for purposes of the McDonnell Douglas test. Accord O’Connor, 2021
WL 4480482, at *9 n.15.
allegedly retaliatory complaint on September 30, 2022 is simply too attenuated, standing alone, to
give rise to any possible inference of a causal connection between them—much less a causal
connection to Bruce’s termination (for other reasons) in May 2023. Accord Redlin v. Grosse Pointe
Pub. Sch. Sys., 921 F.3d 599, 615 (6th Cir. 2019) (recognizing that “temporal proximity [between

a Title VII complaint and an adverse employment action] alone can be enough circumstantial
evidence of causation if the two are sufficiently close in time,” but that, “[w]here some time elapses
between when the employer learns of a protected activity and the subsequent adverse employment
action, the employee must couple temporal proximity with other evidence of retaliatory conduct
to establish causality” (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)). Because the FAC contains
no other evidence of retaliatory conduct that would support a causal connection between allegedly
protected conduct on February 2, 2022 and an adverse action on September 30, 2022, the plaintiff
fails to state a retaliation claim and, for purposes of the Faragher/Ellerth defense, fails to allege
facts that, if true, would permit a reasonable jury to conclude that the alleged sexual harassment
culminated in a tangible employment action. The defendant, therefore, is not barred from raising

the defense.
However (and despite the plaintiff’s failure to posit other reasons to reject the application
of the defense here), the court finds that the defendant has not carried its burden of proving both
prongs of the defense by simply pointing to Bruce’s admission that A&R had an employee
handbook and her apparent understanding of how to invoke her rights in connection with her
request for an accommodation for a disability. Under the first Faragher/Ellerth prong, “regardless
of whether the victimized employee actively complained, . . . an employer will not escape vicarious
liability if it was aware of the harassment but did nothing to correct it or prevent it from occurring
in the future.” Clark, 400 F.3d at 349. In addition, the Sixth Circuit has explained that,
[w]hile the affirmative duty on the part of the employer will often include the
requirement that it have some sort of sexual harassment policy in place, the duty
does not end there. Prong one of the affirmative defense requires an inquiry that
looks behind the face of a policy to determine whether the policy was effective in
practice in reasonably preventing and correcting any harassing behavior.
Id. (citing Faragher, 524 U.S. at 806). To be “effective,” the employer’s sexual harassment policy
should, at a minimum, “(1) require supervisors to report incidents of sexual harassment; (2) permit
both informal and formal complaints of harassment to be made; (3) provide a mechanism for
bypassing a harassing supervisor when making a complaint; and (4) and provide for training
regarding the policy.” Id. at 349–50 (internal citations omitted). And a court, in evaluating whether
the defendant took reasonable care in preventing and promptly correcting the alleged sexual
harassment, “must look not only to [the defendant’s] sexual harassment policy, . . . but also to its
implementation of that policy.” Id. at 349.
The defendant clearly has not established all of these elements and certainly cannot do so
based solely on the face of the FAC. And even if it could, with regard to the second prong, the
allegations in the FAC do not affirmatively show that the plaintiff’s failure to take advantage of
A&R’s remedial procedures was unreasonable. The plaintiff expressly alleges that, because Pinson
was her supervisor, she was “convinced that complaining about her situation to Adams and Reese
Human Resources would lead to negative results and additional retaliation” and that she “felt like
she had no choice” but to accept Pinson’s alleged harassment in order to keep her job. (FAC ¶¶
354–55.) Only an examination of all of the facts and circumstances of this case will reveal whether
that conclusion was reasonable.
In sum, the court finds that the plaintiff has adequately, though marginally, alleged a hostile
work environment claim, but she has not alleged facts showing that she suffered a tangible
employment action resulting from the harassment. The defendant, therefore, is not barred from
raising a Faragher/Ellerth defense, but it also has not established at this juncture that it is entitled
to dismissal of the hostile work environment claim based on that defense. The defendant’s Second
Motion to Dismiss will be denied, insofar as it seeks dismissal of the plaintiff’s hostile work
environment claim. As set forth above, however, the court does not construe the FAC as asserting
a quid pro quo sexual harassment claim; nor does the FAC allege facts supporting a retaliation

claim. To the extent the plaintiff intended to assert a Title VII retaliation claim, that claim will be
dismissed.13
II. MOTION TO COMPEL ARBITRATION
Having determined that the Second Motion to Dismiss will be denied, the court must
determine whether the plaintiff’s claims under the ADA should be referred to arbitration or
whether the entirety of the case will remain in this court.
Generally, deciding whether to grant a motion to compel arbitration requires the court to
make four distinct determinations:
[F]irst, [the court] must determine whether the parties agreed to arbitrate; second,
it must determine the scope of that agreement; third, if federal statutory claims are
asserted, it must consider whether Congress intended those claims to be
nonarbitrable; and fourth, if the court concludes that some, but not all, of the claims
in the action are subject to arbitration, it must determine whether to stay the
remainder of the proceedings pending arbitration.
Glazer v. Lehman Bros., Inc., 394 F.3d 444, 451 (6th Cir. 2005). The plaintiff does not dispute that
she and A&R agreed to arbitrate and that the Arbitration Agreement covers her ADA claims. She
argues, however, that, with the passage of the Ending Forced Arbitration of Sexual Assault and
Sexual Harassment Act of 2021, none of her claims in this case are referrable to arbitration. A&R
responds that, although the court must maintain jurisdiction of the sexual harassment claims, it

13 Because neither the court nor the parties construe the FAC as intending to assert a quid
pro quo claim, and the defendant does not actually move to dismiss such a claim, the court does
not find it necessary to dismiss that non-existent claim.
should refer the ADA claims to arbitration.
The Ending Forced Arbitration of Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment Act of 2021 (the
“EFAA”) was enacted and went into effect in March 2022 as a direct amendment of the Federal
Arbitration Act (“FAA”). It provides, in relevant part:

Notwithstanding any other provision of this title, at the election of the person
alleging conduct constituting a sexual harassment dispute or sexual assault dispute,
. . . no predispute arbitration agreement . . . shall be valid or enforceable with respect
to a case which is filed under Federal, Tribal, or State law and relates to the sexual
assault dispute or the sexual harassment dispute.
9 U.S.C. § 402(a) (emphasis added). In other words, the EFAA was enacted in order to allow
individuals alleging sexual assault or sexual harassment to forgo arbitration at their election. See
Johnson v. Everyrealm, Inc., 657 F. Supp. 3d 535, 560 (S.D.N.Y. 2023). The EFAA explicitly
refers the question of applicability to “a court, rather than an arbitrator, . . . irrespective of whether
the agreement purports to delegate such determinations to an arbitrator.” 9 U.S.C. § 402(b);
Johnson, 657 F. Supp. 3d at 550.
The issue raised here is this: given the EFAA’s use of the term “case,” if a single case
includes claims of sexual harassment (or sexual assault) and other kinds of claims, as here, does
the EFAA preclude enforcement of an otherwise applicable and enforceable arbitration agreement
as to the whole case or just the sexual harassment/assault claims. “Because the EFAA is so new,
there are few decisions interpreting it.” Williams v. Mastronardi Produce, Ltd., No. 23-13302,
2024 WL 3908718, at *6 (E.D. Mich. Aug. 22, 2024). Although there are apparently no circuit
court opinions addressing the EFAA yet, the issue in dispute in this case has been raised and
addressed by several district courts. See id. The plaintiff contends that the EFAA applies to the
whole case and that the court must deny the Motion to Compel Arbitration; the defendant concedes
that the court cannot compel the court to arbitrate Bruce’s sexual harassment claim, but it contends
that the court must compel the plaintiff to arbitrate her other claims.
By a large majority, the district courts interpreting the EFAA so far (including at least two
within the Sixth Circuit) have concluded, based upon the statute’s use of the term “case,” that the
EFAA precludes arbitration of the entire case, so long as the complaint includes a plausible sexual
harassment/assault claim. See, e.g., Williams, 2024 WL 3908718, at *7 (following the majority);

Scoggins v. Menard, Inc., No. 2:24-CV-00377, 2024 WL 3860464, at *7 (S.D. Ohio Aug. 19,
2024) (recognizing that, “[t]raditionally, in the context of the FAA, ‘if a dispute presents multiple
claims, some arbitrable and some not, the former must be sent to arbitration even if this will lead
to piecemeal litigation’” (quoting KPMG LLP v. Cocchi, 565 U.S. 18, 19 (2011), but holding that
“the EFAA did away with this presumption by directly amending the FAA” and that the
unambiguous language of the EFAA renders a pre-dispute arbitration agreement invalid and
unenforceable “with respect to a case . . . relat[ing] to the . . . sexual harassment dispute” and “thus
does not limit the invalidation to the claim or claims in which that dispute plays a part”); see also
Clay v. FGO Logistics, Inc., No. 3:23-CV-01575-MPS, 2024 WL 4335791, at *12 (D. Conn. Sept.
27, 2024) (“When a covered ‘dispute’ or ‘claim’ arises or accrues after [the effective date of the

EFAA], any arbitration agreement that would otherwise govern that dispute or claim may be
invalidated with respect to all claims in the case by the person alleging the covered dispute or
claim.”); Molchanoff v. SOLV Energy, LLC, No. 23-cv-653, 2024 WL 899384, at *5 (S.D. Cal.
Mar. 1, 2024) (concluding that “the EFAA bar[red] enforcement of the arbitration agreement . . .
as to all claims in th[e] case, and as to all Defendants”); Johnson, 657 F. Supp. 3d at 558–61
(holding that, when a case presents multiple claims—some related to sexual harassment and others
not—the EFAA blocks arbitration of the entire case, not just the sexual harassment claims); Delo
v. Paul Taylor Dance Found., Inc., 685 F. Supp. 3d 173, 180–81 (S.D.N.Y. 2023) (same, agreeing
with Johnson).
On the other hand, a very small minority of cases have held that, when a litigant files a case
with multiple claims, the EFAA invalidates the otherwise enforceable arbitration agreement only
as to the claims that are closely related to, or intertwined with, the sexual assault or sexual
harassment dispute. See, e.g., Mera v. SA Hospitality Grp., LLC, 675 F. Supp. 3d 442, 447

(S.D.N.Y. 2023) (holding that, “under the EFAA, an arbitration agreement executed by an
individual alleging conduct constituting a sexual harassment dispute is unenforceable only to the
extent that the case filed by such individual ‘relates to’ the sexual harassment dispute”—that is,
“only with respect to the claims in the case that relate to the sexual harassment dispute,” and that
“[t]o hold otherwise would permit a plaintiff to elude a binding arbitration agreement with respect
to wholly unrelated claims affecting a broad group of individuals having nothing to do with the
particular sexual harassment affecting the plaintiff alone”); Turner v. Tesla, Inc., 686 F. Supp. 3d
917, 925–28 (N.D. Cal. 2023) (purporting to reject Mera and to agree with Johnson but conducting
a close analysis of each of the plaintiff’s claims and finding that they were not referrable to
arbitration because they were either intertwined with or “substantially related to” her sexual

harassment claims).
This court agrees with those courts expressly rejecting Mera as imposing an unmanageable
standard. As explained in another opinion issued from the same judicial district as Mera:
[Mera’s] interpretation would require courts to carve up every case to which the
EFAA applies by reaching judgment—with respect to each claim—on whether the
claim relates to the sexual harassment or sexual assault dispute. But that approach
not only is antithetical to the language of the EFAA and its protective intent, but it
would also have the court address early in a case and in a definitive manner a
question that often is not easily answered on the pleadings. It is not self-evident for
example, that evidence that the plaintiff was the victim of persistent sexual assault
or harassment would be irrelevant to the claim that such person had also been
deprived of her rights to a minimum wage and overtime pay.
Diaz-Roa v. Hermes L., P.C., No. 24-CV-2105 (LJL), 2024 WL 4866450, at *13 n.9 (S.D.N.Y.
Nov. 21, 2024) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). This court, following the clear
27

majority of opinions on this issue, finds, based on the unambiguous statutory language, that,
because the plaintiff states a colorable sexual harassment claim, the Arbitration Agreement is
unenforceable as to the entire case.
Accordingly, the Motion to Compel Arbitration will be denied.
I. CONCLUSION
For the reasons explained herein, the defendant’s Second Motion to Dismiss (Doc. No. 21)
will be granted in part, insofar as it apparently seeks dismissal of an arguable effort to state a
retaliation claim under Title VII. The motion will be denied as the plaintiff's hostile work
environment claim. The defendant’s Motion to Compel Arbitration (Doc. No. 13) will also be
denied. An appropriate Order is filed herewith.
Milk tag — Fn A TRAUGER
United States District Judge

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10806203. Public record. Not legal advice.