# Cronin v. Davis

> District Court, M.D. Florida · February 6, 2025

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10795574

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, M.D. Florida
- **Decided:** February 6, 2025
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

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## Opinion text

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
MIDDLE DISTRICT OF FLORIDA
TAMPA DIVISION

ROBERT W. CRONIN,

Plaintiff,

v. Case No. 8:22-cv-565-MSS-UAM

RHONDA DAVIS, et al.,

Defendants.

ORDER
THIS CAUSE comes before the Court on Defendant Andre Hester’s Motion to
Dismiss, (Dkt. 23), Defendants Rhonda Davis and Jason Brenes-Catinchi’s Motion to
Dismiss, (Dkt. 34), and pro se Plaintiff Robert W. Cronin’s responses to Defendants’
Motions. (Dkts. 37, 43) Upon consideration of all relevant filings, case law, and being
otherwise fully advised, the Court GRANTS in part and DENIES in part Defendants’
Motions to Dismiss.1
I. BACKGROUND
A. Factual Allegations
This case arises from Defendants’ alleged failure to properly treat and
accommodate Cronin’s shoulder injuries from August 2018 to March 2022. During
this time, Cronin primarily resided at Zephyrhills Correctional Institution

1 Cronin’s Motion for Expedited Review and Ruling, (Dkt. 44), is GRANTED to the extent that this
Order resolves the pending Motions to Dismiss.
(“Zephyrhills CI”). (Dkt. 1 at 4) Defendants Davis and Dr. Brenes-Catinchi worked
for Centurion Healthcare Services, a private company that provided medical care to
prisoners in the Florida Department of Corrections (“FDOC”). (Id.) Davis served as

the Health Services Administrator at Zephyrhills CI, and she “controlled and
supervised” Cronin’s medical care. (Id.) Dr. Brenes-Catinchi served as Centurion’s
Acting Regional Medical Director. (Id. at 2, 4) Unlike Davis and Dr. Brenes-Catinchi,
Defendant Hester was an FDOC employee. (Id.) He served as the Americans with
Disabilities Act (“ADA”) Coordinator for Zephyrhills CI and other facilities in central

Florida. (Id.)
Cronin injured his left shoulder during a slip-and-fall incident in November
2015; he injured his right shoulder during another slip and fall in August 2017. (Id. at
5) As of August 2018, Cronin experienced severe shoulder pain (“level 9+”) every day
and was forced to perform daily activities “without help.” (Id. at 7) For example, his

locker was “extremely difficult to open,” and the “buttons” on the sink, toilet, and
shower were “hard to push.” (Id. at 9) Cronin’s “pain and suffering” were
“exponentially magnified” when he was forced to temporarily transfer facilities for
medical appointments—something that happened 29 times from August 2018 to
March 2022. (Id. at 7) During the transfers, Cronin was forced to “carry all his

property” while “handcuffed, shackled, and chained.” (Id.) This exacerbated Cronin’s
shoulder injuries, “resulting in increased impairment/disability.” (Id. at 6)
Starting in August 2018, Cronin submitted numerous grievances and inmate
requests to Davis and Hester. (Id. at 7, 15-16) Cronin described the “substantial risk of
serious, excessive harm to his shoulders” resulting from prison officials’ failure to
“protect him.” (Id. at 7) He also asked to be classified as an “ADA inmate” and to be
provided with an “Impaired Inmate Assistant”—that is, someone who could help him

with daily activities. (Id. at 6-7) Defendants allegedly ignored Cronin’s requests,
choosing to “disregard [his] serious medical[ ] needs in order to save money on the
cost of ADA compliance.” (Id. at 7, 15-16)
In February 2020, Cronin finally saw an orthopedist, who told him that both
shoulders needed to be replaced. (Id. at 8) According to Cronin, the need for surgery

was “serious and urgent” because his everyday activities were causing “extreme pain”
and “degrad[ing] the . . . shoulder joints over time.” (Id. at 15) Cronin repeatedly
“conveyed his shoulder surgery needs” to Davis, but she allegedly delayed scheduling
the surgeries “to save Centurion the cost of surgical procedures and [physical
therapy].” (Id.)

On July 15, 2021—over a year after the orthopedist consult—Cronin underwent
surgery to replace his right shoulder. (Id. at 8) The next day, Dr. Brenes-Catinchi saw
Cronin for a “post-operative . . . examination.” (Id. at 9) Cronin explained “the risk of
possible injury to his new [ ] shoulder from having to perform” everyday activities
without an inmate assistant. (Id.) He asked to be “designated as an ADA inmate” and

provided with “accommodations,” but Dr. Brenes-Catinchi allegedly “ignored his
pleas,” releasing him to a “non-ADA dorm” without any assistance. (Id.)
Four days later, correctional officers ordered Cronin to “strip his bed for sheet
day.” (Id.) They gave him two minutes to complete the task. (Id.) As he attempted to
comply, the “new prosthesis” was “dislocated” as a result of “the stress inadvertently
placed on it while [he] pull[ed] the sheets off.” (Id.) Cronin was taken to the emergency
room and underwent another surgery to fix the prosthesis. (Id.) Upon his return to

prison, Cronin saw Dr. Brenes-Catinchi for another “post-surgery exam.” (Id.) Dr.
Brenes-Catinchi allegedly said, “Dislocation is common in shoulder replacements.”
(Id.) In addition, Dr. Brenes-Catinchi “still refused” to classify Cronin as a disabled
inmate or provide an inmate assistant—even though Cronin’s right shoulder “was in
worse pain now.” (Id.)

On July 30, 2021, Dr. Brenes-Catinchi designated Cronin as suffering from a
“minor physical impairment” with a duration of three months or less. (Id.) As a result
of this “incorrect physical impairment grade,” Cronin’s latest request for an
accommodation was “denied.” (Id.) Approximately two weeks later, Cronin attended
an “orthopedic consult follow-up.” (Id. at 10) He told the orthopedist about his

“serious [ ] shoulder pain” as well as the numbness he experienced in both hands. (Id.)
An X-ray revealed that the prosthesis “had dislocated again,” so Cronin underwent
yet another surgery. (Id.) Cronin attributes the “repeated dislocation[s]” to “physical
stress caused by the deficient post-[operation] . . . protocols” at his facility. (Id.)
In December 2021, Dr. Carlos Gonzalez-Pagan—a non-party to this action—

finally classified Cronin as disabled and issued a “medical pass” for an inmate assistant
to help him with everyday activities. (Id. at 13) Yet as of the date Cronin filed this
action (March 2022), he had yet to be assigned an inmate assistant. (Id.) Moreover,
although an orthopedist told Cronin in February 2020 that his left shoulder needed to
be replaced, he still had not undergone that procedure as of March 2022. (Id. at 8, 15)
According to Cronin, a “property” sergeant at Zephyrhills CI told him that Centurion
employees would “probably . . . just . . . wait till [he is released] so they don’t have to

pay for surgery.” (Id. at 12) A classification officer allegedly echoed this assertion,
telling Cronin that “Centurion won’t want to send [him] for shoulder surgeries because
he [will be released] in [September] 2022 and they will attempt to save money on fixing
his shoulders.” (Id.)
Cronin separately alleges that in August 2018, Defendants wrongfully

discontinued his prescription for Tegretol, which had been “effective in treating his
mania and mood variations as well as the serious pain emanating from [his] unrepaired
shoulders.” (Id. at 17) Two psychiatrists—non-parties Dr. Rohana and Dr. Cadena—
allegedly determined that the Tegretol “may be causing [Cronin’s] anemia.” (Id. at 13)
Cronin was placed on “alternative[ ]” medications, but they were “not effective or

produced adverse reactions.” (Id.) In January 2019, another psychiatrist requested that
Cronin receive a “Drug Exception Request” for Tegretol. (Id.) Centurion denied the
request. (Id.)
B. Procedural History

Cronin brought this civil rights action against Davis, Hester, and Dr. Brenes-
Catinchi, alleging that they were deliberately indifferent to his serious medical needs
in violation of the Eighth Amendment. (Id. at 15-17) Specifically, Cronin asserts that
(1) Davis intentionally delayed his shoulder surgeries out of a “personal desire to save
Centurion the cost of surgical procedures and [physical therapy]”; (2) Davis, Hester,
and Dr. Brenes-Catinchi refused to properly classify him as disabled—and thus ensure
he received appropriate accommodations for his shoulder injuries—in order to “save
money on the cost of ADA compliance”; (3) Davis, Hester, and Dr. Brenes-Catinchi

ignored the harm caused by prison transfers during which “[he] [was] coerced to carry
his property to/from the prison bus”; and (4) Davis, Hester, and Dr. Brenes-Catinchi
wrongly discontinued his Tegretol prescription for “non-medical, non-psychiatric
reasons of security . . . or cost.” (Id.) Additionally, Cronin cites the ADA in the “Basis
for Jurisdiction” section of his Complaint, but he does not include an ADA claim in

the “Causes of Action” section. (Id. at 3, 15) As relief, Cronin seeks compensatory and
punitive damages. (Id. at 5)
Defendants move to dismiss the Complaint. (Dkts. 23, 34) They argue that (1)
the Complaint is an impermissible shotgun pleading, (2) Cronin failed to exhaust his
administrative remedies as to the claims against Davis and Dr. Brenes-Catinchi, (3)

Cronin failed to accurately disclose his litigation history, (4) Cronin failed to comply
with Florida’s pre-suit “notice requirements” for medical negligence and medical
malpractice claims, (5) the Complaint fails to state an ADA claim or an Eighth
Amendment claim for deliberate indifference to serious medical needs, and (6) Hester
is entitled to qualified immunity. (Id.)

II. LEGAL STANDARD
The threshold for surviving a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim under
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) is a low one. Quality Foods de Centro Am.,
S.A. v. Latin Am. Agribusiness Dev. Corp., S.A., et al., 711 F.2d 989, 995 (11th Cir.
1983). A plaintiff must plead only enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible
on its face. Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 127 S. Ct. 1955, 1968-69 (2007)
(abrogating the “no set of facts” standard for evaluating a motion to dismiss

established in Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46 (1957)). Although a complaint
challenged by a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss does not need detailed factual
allegations, a plaintiff is still obligated to provide the “grounds” for his entitlement to
relief, and “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.”
Berry v. Budget Rent A Car Sys., Inc., 497 F. Supp. 2d 1361, 1364 (S.D. Fla. 2007)

(quoting Twombly, 127 S. Ct. at 1964-65). In evaluating the sufficiency of a complaint
in light of a motion to dismiss, the well pleaded facts must be accepted as true and
construed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Quality Foods, 711 F.2d at 994-
95. However, the court should not assume that the plaintiff can prove facts that were
not alleged. Id. Thus, dismissal is warranted if, assuming the truth of the factual

allegations of the plaintiff’s complaint, there is a dispositive legal issue that precludes
relief. Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 326 (1989).
III. DISCUSSION
The Court first considers Defendants’ non-merits arguments for dismissal.

Those arguments fail. Specifically, the Complaint is not a shotgun pleading,
Defendants have not shown that Cronin failed to exhaust his administrative remedies,
Cronin did not intentionally fail to disclose his litigation history, and Cronin was not
required to comply with Florida’s pre-suit notice requirements.
The Court next turns to Defendants’ merits arguments. Cronin fails to state an
ADA claim. He also fails to state an Eighth Amendment claim based on the
discontinuation of his Tegretol prescription. Cronin does, however, state viable Eighth

Amendment claims based on the delay in scheduling his shoulder surgeries, the failure
to properly accommodate his shoulder injuries, and the failure to address the issues he
experienced during prison transfers. Furthermore, Hester is not entitled to qualified
immunity at this stage of the litigation.
A. Shotgun Pleading

The Complaint is not an impermissible shotgun pleading. A federal pleading
violates the prohibition against “shotgun” pleadings if it “fail[s] to one degree or
another, and in one way or another, to give the defendants adequate notice of the
claims against them and the grounds upon which each claim rests.” Weiland v. Palm

Beach Cnty. Sheriff’s Office, 792 F.3d 1313, 1320 (11th Cir. 2015). “While [the
Eleventh Circuit has] identified several pleading deficiencies indicative of a ‘shotgun
pleading,’ the underlying issue is one of substance, not form—that is, whether the
complaint gave the defendants fair ‘notice of the specific claims against them and the
factual allegations that support those claims.’” Charles v. GEO Grp. Inc., No. 22-

13891, 2024 WL 1619911, at *2 (11th Cir. Apr. 15, 2024) (quoting Weiland, 792 F.3d
at 1325).2

2 The Court notes that “[a]lthough an unpublished opinion is not binding on this court, it is persuasive
authority. See 11th Cir. R. 36-2.” United States v. Futrell, 209 F.3d 1286, 1289 (11th Cir. 2000).
The Complaint is not a shotgun pleading because it gives Defendants “adequate
notice of the claims against them and the grounds upon which each claim rests.”
Weiland, 792 F.3d at 1320. Cronin alleges that Defendants violated the Eighth

Amendment by displaying deliberate indifference to his shoulder-related medical
needs. (Dkt. 1 at 15-17) He sets out his factual allegations in numbered paragraphs,
providing a chronology of the allegedly inadequate treatment he received for his
injuries from August 2018 to March 2022. (Id. at 6-14) Cronin also explains the role
of each Defendant in his medical care. (Id.) Based on these factual allegations, Cronin

identifies four “Causes of Action” corresponding to (1) the delay in scheduling his
shoulder surgeries, (2) the refusal to properly accommodate his shoulder injuries, (3)
the failure to address the issues he experienced during prison transfers, and (4) the
discontinuation of his Tegretol prescription. (Id. at 15-17) As the factual summary
above makes clear, Cronin’s allegations are relatively straightforward and easy to

comprehend. Thus, although the Complaint is not a “model of efficiency or
specificity,” it “adequately put[s] [Defendants] on notice of the specific claims against
them and the factual allegations that support those claims.” Weiland, 792 F.3d at
1325. As a result, the Complaint is not subject to dismissal as a shotgun pleading.

B. Exhaustion
Nor is the Complaint subject to dismissal for failure to exhaust. The Prison
Litigation Reform Act (“PLRA”) requires prisoners to exhaust “such administrative
remedies as are available” before filing suit in federal court. 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a).
“[W]hen a state provides a grievance procedure for its prisoners, . . . an inmate alleging
harm suffered from prison conditions must file a grievance and exhaust the remedies
available under that procedure before pursuing a [42 U.S.C.] § 1983 lawsuit.”
Dimanche v. Brown, 783 F.3d 1204, 1210 (11th Cir. 2015). A prisoner must “complete

the administrative review process in accordance with the applicable procedural rules.”
Jones v. Bock, 549 U.S. 199, 218 (2007).
“In response to a prisoner suit, defendants may bring a motion to dismiss and
raise as a defense the prisoner’s failure to exhaust these administrative remedies.”
Whatley v. Warden, Ware State Prison, 802 F.3d 1205, 1209 (11th Cir. 2015). A court

follows a “two-step process for resolving motions to dismiss prisoner lawsuits for
failure to exhaust.” Id. First, the court “look[s] to the factual allegations in the motion
to dismiss and those in the prisoner’s response and accept[s] the prisoner’s view of the
facts as true.” Id. “The court should dismiss if the facts as stated by the prisoner show
a failure to exhaust.” Id. Second, “if dismissal is not warranted on the prisoner’s view

of the facts, the court makes specific findings to resolve disputes of fact, and should
dismiss if, based on those findings, defendants have shown a failure to exhaust.” Id.
“[D]efendants bear the burden of proving that the plaintiff has failed to exhaust his
available administrative remedies.” Turner v. Burnside, 541 F.3d 1077, 1082 (11th Cir.
2008).

Defendants have not met their burden of showing that Cronin failed to exhaust
his administrative remedies. In their Motion to Dismiss, they assert that “[u]pon
review of the administrative records received, it does not appear that [Cronin] properly
and timely exhausted his administrative remedies as to . . . Davis and Dr. Brenes-
Catinchi.” (Dkt. 34 at 15) But Defendants do not attach any “administrative records”
to their motion, nor do they submit any other evidence to support their exhaustion
argument. In response, Cronin alleges that he “fully exhausted his administrative

remedies of inmate grievances and appeals . . . ad nauseam.” (Dkt. 43 at 2) Accepting
this allegation as true—as is required at the first step of the analysis—Defendants are
not “entitled to have the complaint dismissed for failure to exhaust administrative
remedies.” Turner, 541 F.3d at 1082.
The next step is to “make specific findings in order to resolve the disputed

factual issues related to exhaustion.” Id. Here, Defendants “bear the burden of proving
that [Cronin] has failed to exhaust his available administrative remedies.” Id.
Defendants have not met that burden because they failed to submit any evidence
supporting their assertion that Cronin failed to fully exhaust his remedies. Of course,
the unsupported statements in their Motion to Dismiss are not evidence. See Morales

v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 799 F. App’x 672, 676 (11th Cir. 2020) (“We have only the
assertions in [plaintiff’s] brief, which are not evidence.”). Because Defendants “have
provided no evidence, they have not met their burden” to show lack of exhaustion.
Pray v. Ogunsanwo, No. 3:16-cv-180-MMH-JBT, 2018 WL 1169641, at *4 (M.D. Fla.
Mar. 6, 2018); see also Major v. Jones, No. 7:21-cv-51-WLS, 2022 WL 22867310, at

*4 (M.D. Ga. June 28, 2022) (“Defendant bears the burden of proof under the Turner
inquiry, and he has failed to carry his burden because he did not provide any evidence
regarding Plaintiff’s exhaustion of his administrative remedies.”), adopted by 2022
WL 22867309 (M.D. Ga. July 20, 2022); Dudley v. Gandy, No. 7:11-cv-4170-LSC,
2014 WL 5020102, at *5 (N.D. Ala. Oct. 7, 2014) (“Under the two-step analysis in
Turner . . . Plaintiff has made a facial showing of exhaustion (because the Court
assumes his assertions to be true), and Defendants have not presented any evidence to

meet their burden of proving he has not exhausted his remedies.”).
C. Failure to Disclose Litigation History
Likewise, dismissal is not warranted on the ground that Cronin failed to fully
disclose his litigation history. Under the PLRA, “[a] finding that the plaintiff engaged

in bad faith litigiousness or manipulative tactics warrants dismissal.” Attwood v.
Singletary, 105 F.3d 610, 613 (11th Cir. 1997). “Bad faith” and “manipulative tactics”
include “lying about one’s litigation history.” Kendrick v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr.,
No. 21-12686, 2022 WL 2388425, at *3 (11th Cir. July 1, 2022). But dismissal is
appropriate only where the plaintiff “intentionally misrepresented his litigation

history.” Adams v. Todd, No. 23-10908, 2024 WL 4449453, at *6 (11th Cir. Oct. 9,
2024); see also Hines v. Thomas, 604 F. App’x 796, 801 (11th Cir. 2015) (“While it is
apparent that [plaintiff] was certainly negligent in failing to inform the court of his
litigation history, his actions as a whole do not present a clear record of willful
misconduct.”).

There is no evidence that Cronin “engaged in bad faith litigiousness or
manipulative tactics.” Attwood, 105 F.3d at 613. The complaint form required Cronin
to disclose any prior “lawsuits in state or federal court . . . relating to the conditions of
[his] imprisonment.” (Dkt. 1 at 23) In response, Cronin listed two prior federal cases.
(Id. at 24-25) But he failed to disclose a state-court mandamus action from 2011:
Cronin v. Dep’t of Corr., No. 2011-CA-348 (2d Jud. Cir. Ct.). In that case, Cronin
challenged an “administrative disciplinary action taken against” him for lying to staff
and falsifying records. Cronin v. Dep’t of Corr., No. 2011-CA-348, Order Dismissing

Petition (2d Jud. Cir. Ct. Feb. 6, 2012). The mandamus petition was dismissed as moot
after the “disciplinary report” was “expunged” and Cronin’s “forfeited gain time [was]
restored.” Id.
In these circumstances, the Court cannot say that Cronin “intentionally
misrepresented his litigation history.” Adams, 2024 WL 4449453, at *6. The form

required him to disclose any prior “lawsuits. . . relating to the conditions of [his]
imprisonment.” (Dkt. 1 at 23) There is a good-faith argument that the mandamus
action did not concern Cronin’s “conditions of imprisonment”—and thus did not need
to be disclosed. The phrase “conditions of imprisonment” encompasses “all conditions
under which a prisoner is confined for his term of imprisonment,” including “the

deprivation of exercise, medical care, adequate food and shelter, and other conditions
that, if improperly imposed, could violate the Constitution.” Jenkins v. Haubert, 179
F.3d 19, 28 (2d Cir. 1999). Conditions-of-confinement claims are distinguished from
habeas claims, which seek to “attack the fact or duration of physical imprisonment
and to obtain immediate or speedier release.” Valle v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 654

F.3d 1266, 1267 (11th Cir. 2011).
The mandamus petition fell on the habeas side of the line. Through his petition,
Cronin sought to restore gain time that he had lost during a disciplinary proceeding.
Thus, the petition arguably challenged the “duration” rather than the “conditions” of
his confinement. Vaz v. Skinner, 634 F. App’x 778, 780 (11th Cir. 2015); see also
Himko v. English, No. 5:16-cv-35-MMP-EMT, 2016 WL 7645584, at *4 (N.D. Fla.
Dec. 5, 2016) (distinguishing between “claims challenging the execution of [a]

sentence”—for example, “claims challenging the forfeiture of gain time”—and
“claims challenging only the conditions of confinement and not the length thereof”),
adopted by 2017 WL 54246 (N.D. Fla. Jan. 4, 2017). At the very least, the form did
not clearly require disclosure of the mandamus action. Therefore, Cronin’s failure to
list the action in his complaint does not reflect “bad faith litigiousness or manipulative

tactics.” Attwood, 105 F.3d at 613.
D. Pre-suit Notice Requirements
Defendants contend that the Complaint must be dismissed because Cronin
failed to comply with Florida’s “pre-suit notice and screening requirements.” (Dkt. 34

at 18) This argument is meritless. Florida law “imposes certain notice and pre-suit
screening requirements” on plaintiffs who wish to bring “medical malpractice and
medical negligence actions.” J.B. v. Sacred Heart Hosp. of Pensacola, 635 So. 2d 945,
948 (Fla. 1994); see also Fla. Stat §§ 766.106(2)-(3). Those requirements “include
conducting a pre-suit investigation process to ascertain whether there are reasonable

grounds to believe that the defendant medical provider was negligent, and that the
negligence resulted in injury to the claimant.” Weaver v. Myers, 229 So. 3d 1118, 1121
(Fla. 2017).
Here, however, Cronin does not bring any medical negligence or medical
malpractice claims under Florida law. Instead, he sues Defendants under federal law—
i.e., the Eighth Amendment and (possibly) the ADA. (Dkt. 1 at 3) Thus, Cronin was
not required to comply with Florida’s pre-suit notice requirements. See Windom v.
Orange Cnty., No. 6:23-cv-761-JA-EJK, 2024 WL 361362, at *2 (M.D. Fla. Jan. 31,

2024) (plaintiff not “required to comply with the medical malpractice pre-suit notice
screening process” because he “assert[ed] a claim for deliberate indifference to a
serious medical need in violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment,” not “a
claim for medical malpractice”); Alvarez v. Brevard Cnty., No. 6:12-cv-1762-JA-KRS,
2013 WL 1686115, at *2 (M.D. Fla. Apr. 18, 2013) (declining to dismiss for failure to

comply with Florida’s pre-suit notice requirements because “the claim against
[defendant] [was] not a state law medical negligence claim but a § 1983 claim in which
plaintiffs allege[d] that [defendant] acted not merely with negligence but with
deliberate indifference to [plaintiffs’] constitutional rights”).

E. ADA
As an initial matter, it is unclear whether Cronin intends to assert an ADA
claim. As noted above, Cronin cites the ADA in the “Basis for Jurisdiction” section of
his Complaint, but he does not include an ADA claim in the “Causes of Action”
section. (Dkt. 1 at 3, 15) Even if Cronin had intended to bring an ADA claim, it would

be subject to dismissal.
Title II of the ADA bars public entities from discriminating against individuals
with disabilities or denying them services because of their disabilities. See 42 U.S.C. §
12132. “Only public entities are liable for violations of Title II of the ADA.” Edison
v. Douberly, 604 F.3d 1307, 1308 (11th Cir. 2010). Here, Cronin sues Davis, Hester,
and Dr. Brenes-Catinchi in their individual capacities. (Dkt. 1 at 2-3) But “there is no
individual capacity liability under . . . the ADA.” Badillo v. Thorpe, 158 F. App’x 208,
211 (11th Cir. 2005); see also Owens v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 602 F. App’x 475,

478 (11th Cir. 2015) (“Since only public entities may be liable under the ADA,
[plaintiff] fails to state ADA claims against [defendants] in their individual
capacities.”); Cottrell v. Martinelli, No. 8:20-cv-2137-TPB-TGW, 2021 WL 4459646,
at *3 (M.D. Fla. Sept. 29, 2021) (“[Plaintiff] cannot pursue an ADA claim against an
individual defendant.”). Accordingly, the ADA claim is dismissed without prejudice.

F. Eighth Amendment
Cronin’s remaining claims arise under the Eighth Amendment. The Court
concludes that Cronin states plausible Eighth Amendment claims based on the delay
in scheduling his shoulder surgeries, the failure to properly accommodate his shoulder

injuries, and the failure to address the issues he experienced during prison transfers.
Cronin fails, however, to state a claim based on the discontinuation of his Tegretol
prescription.
“[P]rison officials violate the bar on cruel and unusual punishments when they
display deliberate indifference to serious medical needs of prisoners.” Keohane v. Fla.

Dep’t of Corr. Sec’y, 952 F.3d 1257, 1265 (11th Cir. 2020). To state a deliberate
indifference claim, a plaintiff must allege “(1) a serious medical need; (2) the
defendants’ deliberate indifference to that need; and (3) causation between that
indifference and the plaintiff’s injury.” Mann v. Taser Int’l, Inc., 588 F.3d 1291, 1306-
07 (11th Cir. 2009). An objectively serious medical need “is one that has been
diagnosed by a physician as mandating treatment or one that is so obvious that even a
lay person would easily recognize the necessity for a doctor’s attention.” Goebert v.
Lee County, 510 F.3d 1312, 1326 (11th Cir. 2007). To plead deliberate indifference,

the second element, a plaintiff must allege that the defendant “was subjectively aware
that his own conduct . . . put the plaintiff at substantial risk of serious harm.” Wade v.
McDade, 106 F.4th 1251, 1255 (11th Cir. 2024).
1. Delay in Scheduling Surgeries

Cronin states a deliberate indifference claim against Davis for delaying his
shoulder surgeries. As an initial matter, Cronin adequately alleges that his shoulder
injuries constituted an objectively serious medical need. He pleads that, as a result of
two slip and falls, he experienced severe shoulder pain (“level 9+”) every day starting
in August 2018. (Dkt. 1 at 7) Cronin further alleges that in February 2020, an

orthopedist told him that both of his shoulders needed to be replaced. (Id. at 8) The
need for surgery was allegedly “serious and urgent” because Cronin’s everyday
activities were causing “extreme pain” and “degrad[ing] the . . . shoulder joints over
time.” (Id. at 15) Yet, according to the Complaint, Cronin did not undergo surgery on
his right shoulder until July 2021 (over a year after the orthopedist consult), and he

had yet to undergo surgery on his right shoulder as of March 2022. (Id. at 8, 15)
“[S]evere pain that is not promptly or adequately treated can present a serious medical
need.” Hinson v. Bias, 927 F.3d 1103, 1122 (11th Cir. 2019); see also Adams, No. 23-
2024 WL 4449453, at *3 (“[T]he mistreatment or lack of treatment of severe pain can
form the basis for a deliberate indifference claim.” (collecting cases)).
Cronin also plausibly alleges that Davis was deliberately indifferent to his need
for shoulder surgery, and that this indifference prolonged his severe pain. According
to the Complaint, Cronin repeatedly “conveyed his shoulder surgery needs” to Davis,

but she delayed scheduling the surgeries “to save Centurion the cost of surgical
procedures and [physical therapy].” (Dkt. 1 at 15) “[P]rison officials who substantially
delay or deny inmates necessary medical care for nonmedical reasons such as cost
savings can violate the inmate’s Eighth Amendment rights.” Brewington v. Correct
Health, No. 4:21-cv-261, 2022 WL 2307469, at *2 (S.D. Ga. June 27, 2022) (collecting

cases). Thus, Cronin adequately alleges that Davis was deliberately indifferent to his
serious medical needs. See Fields v. Corizon Health, Inc., 490 F. App’x 174, 185 (11th
Cir. 2012) (“[C]ost is not a factor which can justify the lack of timely medical treatment
for [a serious medical need].”). Likewise, Cronin sufficiently alleges that Davis’s delay
in scheduling the surgeries contributed to his “extreme pain.” See Adams, 2024 WL

4449453, at *4 (causation adequately alleged where denial of treatment “prolonged
[plaintiff’s] severe pain”). Thus, Cronin states an Eighth Amendment claim against
Davis for delaying his shoulder surgeries.
2. Failure to Accommodate Shoulder Injuries and Address Prison Transfers

Cronin likewise states an Eighth Amendment claim against Davis, Hester, and
Dr. Brenes-Catinchi for their failure to (1) accommodate his shoulder injuries and (2)
address the issues he experienced during prison transfers. Cronin alleges that everyday
activities—for example, pushing “buttons” on the toilet—caused him “extreme pain”
and “degrade[d] [his] . . . shoulder joints over time.” (Dkt. 1 at 9, 15) His “pain and
suffering” were “exponentially magnified” when he was repeatedly forced to transfer
facilities for medical appointments. (Id. at 7) Specifically, Cronin was required to
“carry all his property” while “handcuffed, shackled, and chained.” (Id.) This

exacerbated his shoulder injuries, “resulting in increased impairment/disability.” (Id.
at 6) Cronin alleges that he submitted numerous grievances and inmate requests to
Davis and Hester, describing his “substantial risk” of injury and requesting
accommodation as a disabled inmate—for example, the provision of an inmate
assistant to help with everyday tasks. (Id. at 6-7, 15-16) Cronin made the same plea

during two in-person visits with Dr. Brenes-Catinchi. (Id. at 9) Yet Defendants
allegedly ignored Cronin’s requests, choosing to “disregard [his] serious medical[ ]
needs in order to save money on the cost of ADA compliance.” (Id. at 7, 15-16) One
result of this “disregard” was that Cronin twice dislocated the prosthesis he received
for his right shoulder. (Id. at 9-10)

Simply put, Cronin alleges that Defendants failed to provide appropriate care
for his shoulder injuries in order to save money and that as a result his injuries were
exacerbated and he suffered severe pain. Taken as true, these allegations are sufficient
to plead that Defendants were deliberately indifferent to Cronin’s serious medical
needs. See Ancata v. Prison Health Servs., 769 F.2d 700, 705 (11th Cir. 1985) (“Lack

of funds for facilities cannot justify an unconstitutional lack of competent medical care
or treatment of inmates.”); Hutto v. Warden, No. 1:23-cv-119-MHC-JSA, 2023 WL
11959636, at *3 (N.D. Ga. Mar. 13, 2023) (allowing plaintiff to proceed on claim that
defendants “were deliberately indifferent to his serious medical needs by failing to
provide him with a handicap-accessible shower, which posed an unreasonable risk of,
and caused, serious damage to his health”), adopted by 2023 WL 11959638 (N.D. Ga.
Apr. 4, 2023).

3. Discontinuation of Tegretol
Cronin fails, however, to state a claim based on the discontinuation of his
Tegretol prescription. He alleges that Tegretol was “effective in treating his mania and
mood variations as well as the serious pain emanating from [his] unrepaired

shoulders.” (Dkt. 1 at 17) In August 2018, however, two psychiatrists—Dr. Rohana
and Dr. Cadena—determined that the Tegretol “may be causing [Cronin’s] anemia.”
(Id. at 13) Cronin was subsequently placed on “alternative[ ]” medications, but they
were “not effective or produced adverse reactions.” (Id.)
These allegations boil down to “a simple difference in medical opinion between

the prison’s medical staff and [Cronin] as to the latter’s . . . course of treatment.”
Keohane v. Fla. Dep’t of Corr. Sec’y, 952 F.3d 1257, 1266 (11th Cir. 2020). Such
disagreement is insufficient to “support a claim of cruel and unusual punishment.” Id.;
see also Hines v. Parker, 725 F. App’x 801, 805 (11th Cir. 2018) (“[Plaintiff’s]
disagreement with Nurse Practitioner Browning’s choice of which pain medicine to

administer does not establish deliberate indifference.”). Indeed, the Complaint itself
suggests that Defendants replaced the Tegretol with other medications because two
psychiatrists opined that Tegretol “may be causing [Cronin’s] anemia.” (Dkt. at 13)
Cronin may disagree with this course of treatment, but he fails to allege that it was “so
grossly incompetent, inadequate, or excessive as to shock the conscience or to be
intolerable to fundamental fairness.” Keohane, 952 F.3d at 1266; see also Ross v.
Corizon Med. Servs., 700 F. App’x 914, 916 (11th Cir. 2017) (“The failure to
administer stronger medication is generally a medical judgment that is not an

appropriate basis for imposing liability.”). Accordingly, the Court dismisses without
prejudice the Eighth Amendment claim based on the discontinuation of the Tegretol
prescription.
G. Qualified Immunity

Finally, Hester argues that he is entitled to qualified immunity because the
Complaint fails to allege that he “commit[ted] any unlawful acts in violation of
[Cronin’s] constitutional rights.”3 (Dkt. 23 at 7) The Court concludes that Hester is
not entitled to qualified immunity at this early stage of the litigation.
“Qualified immunity offers complete protection for individual public officials

performing discretionary functions insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly
established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have
known.” Loftus v. Clark-Moore, 690 F.3d 1200, 1204 (11th Cir. 2012). To receive
qualified immunity, an official must first “establish that he or she acted within the
scope of discretionary authority when the allegedly wrongful acts occurred.” Robinson

v. Sauls, 46 F.4th 1332, 1340 (11th Cir. 2022). “To overcome a qualified immunity
defense where the defendant acted within his discretionary authority, the plaintiff must
show that the defendant’s actions not only (1) violated one or more constitutional

3 In their Motion to Dismiss, Davis and Dr. Brenes-Catinchi do not raise a qualified immunity defense.
(Dkt. 34)
rights, but also (2) that it was clearly established at the time that those specific actions
did so.” Franklin v. Popovich, 111 F.4th 1188, 1194 (11th Cir. 2024). Thus, a motion
to dismiss on qualified immunity grounds “will be granted if the complaint fails to

allege the violation of a clearly established constitutional right.” St. George v. Pinellas
Cnty., 285 F.3d 1334, 1337 (11th Cir. 2002).
There is no dispute that Hester acted within the scope of his discretionary
authority at all relevant times. Moreover, the Court has already concluded that Cronin
states an Eighth Amendment claim against Hester for failing to (1) accommodate his

shoulder injuries and (2) address the issues he experienced during prison transfers. The
question thus becomes whether, “at the time of the alleged conduct,” Hester violated
“clearly established law.” Mikko v. City of Atlanta, 857 F.3d 1136, 1146 (11th Cir.
2017). The answer to that question is yes, assuming, as the Court must, that Cronin’s
allegations are true.

“A plaintiff may show that a right was clearly established through: (1) case law
with indistinguishable facts clearly establishing the constitutional right; (2) a broad
statement of principle within the Constitution, statute, or case law that clearly
establishes a constitutional right; or (3) conduct so egregious that a constitutional right
was clearly violated, even in the total absence of case law.” Prosper v. Martin, 989

F.3d 1242, 1251 (11th Cir. 2021).
A “broad statement of principle” controls here. Id. Any reasonable official
would have known in August 2018 that a failure to properly treat a serious medical
need may violate the Eighth Amendment if it is motivated by nonmedical reasons such
as cost savings. See Ancata, 769 F.2d at 705 (“Lack of funds for facilities cannot justify
an unconstitutional lack of competent medical care or treatment of inmates.”); Harris
v. Coweta Cnty., 21 F.3d 388, 394 (11th Cir. 1994) (“Under the clearly established

legal norms, a reasonable sheriff would have known that delaying prescribed treatment
for a serious medical need for several weeks for a nonmedical reason may violate an
inmate’s constitutional rights.”); Collier v. Jones, No. 4:19-cv-53-RH-MAF, 2021 WL
1180781, at *5 (N.D. Fla. Feb. 17, 2021) (denying qualified immunity because “[i]t
has been well established that costs for treatment is not a factor which can justify the

lack of timely medical treatment for a prisoner’s serious medical needs”), adopted by
2021 WL 1172448 (N.D. Fla. Mar. 29, 2021). Here, Cronin alleges that “in order to
save money on the cost of ADA compliance,” Hester ignored his complaints about the
severe pain he experienced while performing everyday tasks and while being
transferred to various facilities. (Dkt. 1 at 7, 15-16) Case law bars this alleged conduct

with enough clarity to put any reasonable officer on notice of the constitutional
violation. Thus, at this early stage of the litigation, Hester is not entitled to qualified
immunity.
IV. CONCLUSION

Upon consideration of the foregoing, it is hereby ORDERED as follows:
1. Defendants’ Motions to Dismiss, (Dkts. 23, 34) are GRANTED in part and
DENIED in part.
a. The ADA claim is DISMISSED without prejudice.
b. The Eighth Amendment claim based on the discontinuation of Cronin’s
Tegretol prescription is DISMISSED without prejudice.
c. The following claims SURVIVE: (1) the Eighth Amendment claim
against Davis for delaying Cronin’s shoulder surgeries, and (2) the Eighth
Amendment claim against Davis, Hester, and Dr. Brenes-Catinchi for
failing to accommodate Cronin’s shoulder injuries and failing to address
the issues he experienced during prison transfers.
2. Within THIRTY days of the date of this Order, Cronin must either (1) file an
amended complaint that includes all the claims that he wishes the Court to
consider, or (2) file a notice informing the Court that he wishes to proceed only
on the surviving Eighth Amendment claims from his initial Complaint.
3. Cronin’s Motion for Expedited Review and Ruling, (Dkt. 44), is GRANTED
to the extent that this Order resolves the pending Motions to Dismiss.
4. The Clerk is DIRECTED to lift the stay and reopen this case.
5. The Clerk is further DIRECTED to mail to Cronin a copy of the standard
prisoner civil rights complaint form.
DONE and ORDERED in Tampa, Florida, this 6th day of February 2025.

MARY\S_SGRIVEN
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

yA

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10795574. Public record. Not legal advice.