# State of Tennessee v. James Allen Worley

> Court of Criminal Appeals of Tennessee · January 15, 2025

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10781048

## Case

- **Court:** Court of Criminal Appeals of Tennessee
- **Decided:** January 15, 2025
- **Precedential status:** Published
- **Opinion:** Opinion
- **Judges:** Judge Kyle A. Hixson
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10781048

## Opinion text

01/15/2025
IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
August 13, 2024 Session

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. JAMES ALLEN WORLEY

Appeal from the Circuit Court for Grundy County
No. 6286 Justin C. Angel, Judge

No. M2023-00867-CCA-R3-CD

Following a jury trial, the Defendant, James Allen Worley, challenges his convictions and
sentences for four counts of rape of a child and one count of attempted rape of a child on
multiple statutory and constitutional grounds. Specifically, the Defendant contends that
the trial court erred by 1) admitting the forensic interview of the child victim on the grounds
of the forensic interviewer’s lack of requisite experience and improper authentication by
the victim, 2) denying the Defendant’s motion to suppress his statements to law
enforcement on the ground that they occurred during an impermissibly lengthy warrantless
detainment, and 3) excessively sentencing the Defendant to consecutive terms on all
counts. After a thorough review of the record and consideration of the parties’ arguments,
we remand the case to the trial court for entry of corrected judgment forms in counts 1
through 5. In all other respects, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Circuit Court Affirmed;
Case Remanded

KYLE A. HIXSON, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which J. ROSS DYER and JILL
BARTEE AYERS, JJ., joined.

B. Jeffrey Harmon, District Public Defender; and Kendall S. Jones (on appeal) and Robert
G. Morgan (at trial), Assistant District Public Defenders, for the appellant, James Allen
Worley.

Jonathan Skrmetti, Attorney General and Reporter; Richard D. Douglas (at oral argument)
and Caroline Weldon (on brief), Assistant Attorneys General; J. Michael Taylor, District
Attorney General; and David O. McGovern, Assistant District Attorney General, for the
appellee, State of Tennessee.
OPINION

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

This case arises out of the Defendant’s sexual abuse of the victim, 1 his biological
daughter, on multiple occasions between January 1, 2018, and October 16, 2019. The
victim was six and seven years old at the time of the offenses. The victim initially disclosed
the abuse to her mother, who took her to the Grundy County Sheriff’s Office on October
16, 2019. The victim disclosed additional information to an investigator there. Later that
day, the investigator spoke with the Defendant at the police station, and the Defendant
denied the allegations but conceded that his memory could have been faulty due to
methamphetamine use. Based upon the information provided by the victim and her mother,
as well as the Defendant’s equivocating statement, the investigator arrested the Defendant
at the conclusion of the interview. No formal charging instruments were filed at that time.
The next day, on October 17, 2019, the victim gave a forensic interview during which she
made additional disclosures about other instances of her sexual abuse by the Defendant.
Shortly after this, the Defendant was interviewed by law enforcement again, and he
confessed to sexually abusing the victim. On October 18, 2019, approximately forty-four
hours after the Defendant’s initial detention, an arrest warrant issued charging the
Defendant with six instances of rape of a child.

A Grundy County grand jury subsequently indicted the Defendant and charged him
with five counts of rape of a child. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-522 (2013). Prior to
trial, the State filed a motion to admit the forensic interview of the victim. The Defendant
filed a motion to suppress his statements to police made following his detention but prior
to the issuance of arrest warrants. An evidentiary hearing for both motions ensued on
August 13, 2021.

A. Pretrial Hearing

1. Forensic Interview

The Defendant objected to the admission of the forensic interview based upon the
forensic interviewer’s professional experience at the time she conducted the interview,
which he contended did not meet the statutory requirements. See Tenn. Code
Ann. § 24-7-123(b)(3)(C) (2015) (requiring the forensic interviewer to have had
“experience equivalent to three (3) years of fulltime professional work in one (1) or a
combination of the following areas: (i) Child protective services; (ii) Criminal justice; (iii)

1
It is the policy of this court to protect the identity of victims of sexual offenses.

-2-
Clinical evaluation; (iv) Counseling; or (v) Forensic interviewing or other comparable
work with children”). The Defendant did not challenge the admissibility of the forensic
interview on any basis other than the forensic interviewer’s qualifications, and then only
as to the necessary three years’ fulltime professional experience in the fields enumerated
in the statute. See id.

At the outset of the hearing, the trial court indicated that it had already watched the
video of the forensic interview, and the Defendant agreed with the trial court’s assertion
that it did not need to be played during the hearing. In fact, defense counsel indicated it
would not be appropriate to play the video of the interview in the courtroom and stated a
desire only to ensure that the trial court had viewed it in a private setting. The video
recording of the forensic interview was made an exhibit to the hearing without a challenge
to the authenticity of its content.

Rachel Fuller testified that she had been conducting forensic interviews for
approximately two-and-a-half years at the time of the victim’s interview. Prior to her
employment at the Coffee County Children’s Advocacy Center in this role, she had been
an elementary school teacher for five years. Ms. Fuller indicated that, as a kindergarten
and second-grade teacher, she had gained extensive experience with young children related
to dispute resolution, problem solving, and asking questions, which often required her to
talk to the children privately to determine what had happened during a disputed situation.
On cross-examination, Ms. Fuller defined her role in conducting forensic interviews as
having “a structured conversation with a child for purposes of eliciting as much information
as possible, in as neutral and nonleading way as possible to assist in furthering an
investigation.” She stated the similarities between her work as a forensic interviewer and
her work as an elementary school teacher included these types of conversations with
children, explaining, “They’re both me asking questions, trying to . . . find out more
information. . . .” Prior to concluding her testimony, Ms. Fuller affirmed that she had not
tampered with the video recording in any way.

The State next called the victim to testify regarding the video recording of the
forensic interview. After affirming that she knew the difference between the truth and a
lie and being placed under oath, the victim testified that the day before the hearing she had
reviewed the video of her forensic interview with Ms. Fuller, that it accurately portrayed
their conversation, and that she had told the truth during that conversation. On
cross-examination, the Defendant inquired into numerous specific portions of the forensic
interview, and the victim acknowledged remembering some of the things she had said in
the video while stating that she did not remember other things from the video. No further
proof was introduced on this issue at the hearing.

-3-
In its argument, the State first drew the trial court’s attention to the victim’s
testimony regarding the truthfulness of the video, and the State also confirmed that the
victim would be available for cross-examination at trial. In relation to Ms. Fuller’s
qualifications, the State emphasized that the statutory requirements included experience
“comparable [to forensic interviewing], not identical, comparable work with children.”
The State highlighted the testimony from Ms. Fuller regarding her responsibilities as a
kindergarten and second-grade teacher and contended that this experience constituted
“other comparable work with children” as contemplated by the statute. See Tenn. Code
Ann. § 24-7-123(b)(3)(C)(v). The State asserted that teachers have similar duties
interacting with children such that Ms. Fuller’s five years of teaching experience was
sufficient to bridge the gap of the few months she lacked in experience as a forensic
interviewer.

The Defendant argued that elementary school teaching experience did not align with
what Tennessee courts had decided constituted “other comparable work with children.”
See State v. Clymer, No. M2016-01124-CCA-R3-CD, 2017 WL 5197292, at *11 (Tenn.
Crim. App. Nov. 9, 2017) (holding that fulltime professional experience working with
children who had brain injuries and their families to educate and provide resources for them
met the requirements of this portion of the statute). The Defendant contended that Ms.
Fuller’s experience as a teacher was not comparable based upon its dissimilarity to the
forensic interviewer’s experience in Clymer.

At the conclusion of the argument on this issue, the trial court analyzed each of the
statutory considerations required by Tennessee Code Annotated section 24-7-123.
Specifically, the trial court first found that “the child testifie[d], under oath, that the offered
video recording is a true and correct recording of the events contained in the video
recording and the child is available for cross examination.” Tenn. Code
Ann. § 24-7-123(b)(1). The trial court next found that the video recording, which it had
reviewed prior to the hearing, possessed particularized guarantees of trustworthiness. See
id. § -123(b)(2). The trial court further found that the interview was conducted by a
forensic interviewer employed by a child advocacy center meeting the statutory
requirements of Tennessee Code Annotated section 9-4-213 and that Ms. Fuller had
satisfied all of the necessary education and training requirements. See id. § -123(b)(3)(A),
(B).

The trial court then assessed Ms. Fuller’s experience in the context of “other
comparable work with children.” See id. § -123(b)(3)(C)(v). In finding that Ms. Fuller’s
work as an elementary school teacher satisfied the experiential requirements of the statute,
the trial court agreed with the State that the employment relied upon need not be identical
to forensic interviewing. The trial court also stated its understanding that the “comparable”

-4-
language in the statute was meant to fulfill “the purpose [of demonstrating] . . . fulltime
work experience with children.” The trial court emphasized that Ms. Fuller’s teaching
experience required skills comparable to forensic interviewing because “[teachers] have to
communicate with children . . . [and] have to speak to them on their level . . . [which Ms.
Fuller did] virtually every day for years. . . .” After articulating on the record its
consideration of all of the statutory factors, the trial court ruled that the video of the forensic
interview was admissible at trial.

2. Defendant’s Statements to Law Enforcement

The evidentiary hearing then proceeded to the Defendant’s motion to suppress his
statements made to law enforcement. The Defendant contended that his October 17, 2019
confession to Investigator Larry Sims of the Grundy County Sheriff’s Office (“GCSO”)
was the product of an impermissibly lengthy warrantless detainment and averred that a
“72-hour investigative hold” had been placed on him to keep him in custody in lieu of
charges. The Defendant asserted in his motion that the delay was for the purpose of
gathering evidence to support the arrest.

Investigator Sims testified that, on October 16, 2019, he was contacted by Officer
Gary Goodwin of the GCSO following the victim’s mother reporting that the victim had
been sexually abused by the Defendant. Officer Goodwin had begun conducting the initial
interview and requested Investigator Sims to join them. The victim’s mother recounted
what she had observed and what both the victim and the Defendant had told her regarding
the allegations of sexual abuse. All of these discussions were recorded on Officer
Goodwin’s body camera, and the video recording was made an exhibit to the hearing.

In the recording, the victim’s mother said that, on the morning of Saturday, October
12, 2019, she exited her bedroom and saw the victim run out of the bathroom while the
Defendant was taking a shower. The victim’s mother found this unusual and went to the
victim’s bedroom to ask what she had been doing. The victim initially did not respond,
other than to say that it was a secret, but eventually disclosed to her mother with both words
and gestures that the Defendant had made her put his penis in her mouth and stimulate it
with her hand while he was in the shower. The victim’s mother then entered the bathroom
and asked the Defendant what had happened, to which he responded that the victim had
come in to use the bathroom while he was in the shower. At that time, the victim’s mother
did not confront the Defendant with the victim’s disclosure but instead left the residence
with the victim and went to the home of the Defendant’s mother.

The victim’s mother and the victim later returned to the family home, and the
victim’s mother confronted the Defendant with the allegations. At that time, the Defendant

-5-
denied any wrongdoing and refused to discuss the matter further with the victim’s mother.
The Defendant stayed in the couple’s bedroom all of the following day, October 13, 2019,
stating that he wanted to avoid the victim so that he “could not be accused of anything.”
While the Defendant was at work on October 14, 2019, the victim commented to her
mother that her parents’ bedroom smelled “like [the Defendant]’s penis[.]” The victim’s
mother then attempted to elicit more information from the victim about what the Defendant
had been making her do. At this point, the victim disclosed that the Defendant would come
into her room while the victim’s mother was asleep and tell the victim to do “the mouth
thing” because it helped him sleep. The victim’s mother and the victim then left the
residence and spent the night at the victim’s maternal grandmother’s house. During this
absence, the victim’s mother communicated with the Defendant by text message, and the
two agreed to take the victim to the health department the following day to determine
whether she or another child who might have confided in her needed help based upon her
statements and apparent knowledge of the practice of oral sex.

When the Defendant returned from work on Tuesday, October 15, 2019, it was “too
late” for the couple to take the victim to the health department that day, but the victim’s
mother continued to insist to the Defendant that something needed to be done. The
Defendant then retrieved a rifle and placed it on the bed between himself and the victim’s
mother, indicating that it was necessary based upon what he was about to tell her. 2 The
Defendant then informed the victim’s mother that he had been masturbating and watching
pornography on his laptop at an unspecified point in the past, and the victim had walked in
and seen this. He further stated that he explained to the victim at that time what she had
seen on the laptop, and that was where her knowledge of these sexual matters came from.
He also admitted to the victim’s mother that he had secretly been using methamphetamine
habitually, which she had previously indicated would prompt her to leave him and take the
victim with her. Out of fear that the Defendant would attempt suicide, the victim’s mother
remained in the home with the victim and “acted like nothing was wrong” for the rest of
the evening.

After the Defendant left for work the following day, October 16, 2019, the victim’s
mother asked the victim if she had ever walked in on the Defendant watching anything on
the computer, and the victim denied that this had ever occurred. The victim also disclosed
that on other occasions when the victim’s mother had been working, the Defendant would
take her to “the blue house” and make her do “the mouth thing” while they were there. The
victim’s mother stated that she recalled numerous occasions when the Defendant and the
victim had gone to spend time together at the Defendant’s deceased great-grandmother’s
2
There is conflicting testimony in the record regarding whether the Defendant stated that he himself
or the victim’s mother would need the rifle, but both parties appeared to understand that he was threatening
suicide.

-6-
vacant house, which was blue and white. Because the Defendant had possession of the
victim’s mother’s cell phone and she did not have her own vehicle, she went to a neighbor’s
house to call for a ride. The victim’s mother then took the victim to the health department,
but she was told to proceed to the GCSO based on the nature of the complaint.

After the victim’s mother finished her account of events to Investigator Sims and
Officer Goodwin, the victim was brought into the room with the three of them, and she was
asked to talk about what had been happening with the Defendant. Officer Goodwin’s body
camera also recorded this conversation, wherein the victim stated that she was seven years
old and in the second grade. She told Investigator Sims that “a lot of times,” starting when
she was in the first grade, the Defendant made her put his penis in her mouth and stimulate
it with her hand. Using words and gestures, she displayed how the Defendant would put
his hand on the back of her head and move it back and forth while his penis was in her
mouth. The victim further stated that this made her gag and feel sick, but she did it because
the Defendant told her to. The victim also gestured with her hand to demonstrate how the
Defendant told her to stimulate his penis, and she stated that he would not let her take a
break when her hand was tired because she had to keep doing it until “some stuff came
out.” She described the “stuff” as white and explained that it also came out when she did
“the mouth thing.” The victim stated that when this happened, she would spit it out on a
tissue, the ground, a towel, in the toilet, in the bathtub, in the sink, or on the floor of her
bedroom. When asked if the Defendant had ever touched her private areas, the victim
stated that the Defendant had put his penis in her “butt” one time. The victim said that this
hurt, she cried, and she thought it had happened when she was in the first grade. She had
not previously disclosed this to her mother, whose shock upon hearing this statement
prompted Investigator Sims to ask the victim’s mother if she needed to take a break.

At the conclusion of this discussion, the victim’s mother received information about
how the investigation would proceed, and she was instructed that she and the victim both
were to have no contact with the Defendant. Investigator Sims explained that the victim
would need to have a forensic interview as part of the investigation, and he emphasized
that his own expertise was in questioning adults, but the forensic interview would involve
individuals who specialized in speaking with children. However, Investigator Sims relayed
to the victim’s mother that, based upon his belief in the victim’s statements, he would arrest
the Defendant that same day.

Soon after, Investigator Sims and Officer Goodwin went to the Defendant’s place
of work and asked him to accompany them to their office, which he voluntarily did. This
initial encounter and the subsequent interview with the Defendant were recorded on Officer
Goodwin’s body camera and the camera in the interview room. The video recordings from
both sources were made exhibits to the hearing.

-7-
In the recording, Investigator Sims began the interview by reading the Defendant
his Miranda rights, and the Defendant indicated that he understood those rights both
verbally and by signing a waiver form. The Defendant stated that he and the victim had a
close relationship and said that the victim’s mother had brought the allegations of sexual
abuse to his “attention” a few days prior. The Defendant went on to say that he had been
using methamphetamine habitually and repeated his claim that the victim had recently
walked in on him while he was masturbating and watching pornography. He claimed that,
at the time of the interview, he had not used methamphetamine for several days and that he
only used “a very small amount” when he did so.

The Defendant stated that he knew the victim had seen the pornography when she
walked in on him, but he did not know how long she had been standing there before he
noticed her presence. Investigator Sims then articulated the difference between seeing
sexual acts and being able to describe what they felt like, and he told the Defendant he
believed the victim’s version of events. The Defendant responded that no sexual abuse had
occurred that he was “aware of” but indicated that his drug use may have affected his
memory. At the conclusion of this interview, the Defendant was placed under arrest and
told that he would be charged with “rape of a child, three counts.” Investigator Sims
testified that at that point, he handed “custody over to booking . . . to take care of the rest.”

The following morning, Investigator Sims observed the victim’s forensic interview
from a separate room at the Children’s Advocacy Center, and he returned to the jail to
interview the Defendant again afterward, which was approximately twenty-two hours after
his first interview with the Defendant. The second interview was also recorded on the
camera in the interview room, and the video recording was made an exhibit to the hearing.

In the recording, the Defendant acknowledged understanding of his Miranda rights
in the same manner as he had the previous day, and he also provided consent for a DNA
sample collection and the search of his two trucks. The Defendant asked why it was “taking
so long” for him to get a bond, and Investigator Sims replied that they were “probably
waiting on [him]” to finish his report. Investigator Sims then informed the Defendant that
the victim had been interviewed again and made additional disclosures, but he did not tell
the Defendant the details of the new allegations. The Defendant initially responded that
his methamphetamine use changed him into a “totally different” person and caused him to
“black out,” but he “thought” he had done what he was being accused of because he did
not believe the victim would lie. After further questioning concerning his lack of memory,
the Defendant admitted that he had sexually abused the victim on multiple occasions. He
stated that he did not remember every situation, but he estimated that he had orally
penetrated the victim “at least twice[,]” and he was “positive” that he anally penetrated her

-8-
only one time. The Defendant described the anal penetration as occurring on the floor in
the bathroom of their home with the victim kneeling in front of him, and the oral
penetration as occurring in his brown truck with her seated on the floorboard in front of
him while parked at his great-grandmother’s house. The Defendant also described the
incident from October 12, 2019, stating that he was in the shower and the victim was
standing beside him outside of the shower when he orally penetrated her, and she spit his
ejaculate into the bathtub. The Defendant confirmed that he had told the victim not to talk
about this with anyone else.

Investigator Sims testified that he started “working on the paperwork . . . that
evening” but that Officer Goodwin had started a report the previous day, October 16, 2019.
Investigator Sims’s final report contained the narrative that was attached to the affidavit
supporting the issuance of an arrest warrant. He did not finish this report and narrative
until “late that evening” on October 17th “due to the fact that we had other things we were
doing with the case.”3 An arrest warrant charging the Defendant with “rape of a child x6”
was filed on the morning of October 18, 2019, approximately forty-four hours after the
Defendant’s arrest. Investigator Sims’s report was attached in support of the warrant, and
the narrative filled two pages with single-spaced type. Investigator Sims also testified that
he had reviewed the booking records and confirmed that he had not placed a seventy-two-
hour investigative hold on the Defendant during the initial detention.

The jail administrator, GCSO Captain Melinda Meeks, testified that her
responsibilities included communicating with the general sessions court judge to have a
bond set in the Defendant’s case. Capt. Meeks exchanged text messages with the judge on
the morning of October 17, 2019, regarding the Defendant’s charges. At approximately
9:00 a.m., the judge set the Defendant’s bond at $30,000.00. However, at 9:18 a.m., the
judge rescinded this order, stating instead “no bond for now.” Capt. Meeks testified that,
in the interim, either she had spoken with the judge by phone, or the judge had called
another member of the GCSO, but that she could not recall which had occurred. She also
testified that, in the case of charges like the Defendant’s, she was required to advise the
sheriff of the bond amount once it was set, and she had done so on this occasion. In any
event, shortly after the initial bond was set, more information about the Defendant’s

3
Investigator Sims’s report and warrant narrative were not made exhibits to the hearing. However,
the copy of the report in the technical record indicates that after his second interview with the Defendant,
Investigator Sims went to the family’s residence. The victim’s mother signed a consent form for a search
of the residence, whereupon Investigator Sims took photographs of areas identified by the victim the
previous day as places she had spit out the Defendant’s ejaculate. Investigator Sims also removed a section
of the carpet in the victim’s bedroom for biological testing after the victim approximated the position from
which she spat the ejaculate. During this same time period, another officer went to the Defendant’s parents’
residence to retrieve the vehicles belonging to the Defendant for additional searches and biological testing.

-9-
charges was conveyed to the judge and he elected not to set a bond at that time. Capt.
Meeks testified that she too had reviewed the booking records and confirmed that a
seventy-two-hour hold had not been placed on the Defendant.

At the conclusion of this proof, defense counsel stated that the testimony at the
hearing was not what he had expected regarding the placement of a seventy-two-hour hold
but argued that the delay in filing warrants and setting a bond was nonetheless
unreasonable. The State responded that the Defendant was not being held for investigative
purposes and the delay was not unreasonable, nor was it impermissibly lengthy. The trial
court ruled that “[the Defendant] was not held unreasonably, he was not held in order to
collect more evidence, and he wasn’t held . . . for delay’s sake. He was . . . lawfully arrested
and being detained, and during that time new evidence came out, it’s just how
investigations go.” The trial court denied the Defendant’s motion to suppress.

B. Trial

A two-day jury trial commenced on August 25, 2021. The victim’s mother testified
about her relationship and conversations with the Defendant and described her actions after
the victim disclosed the abuse to her, as set forth above. The State then indicated it would
next call Ms. Fuller to testify. At that time, the Defendant renewed his objection to the
introduction of the forensic interview based upon Ms. Fuller’s work experience, which the
trial court overruled. Ms. Fuller then testified about her work at the Children’s Advocacy
Center and her forensic interview of the victim. When the State moved to introduce a
recording of the forensic interview, the Defendant stated he had “[n]o new objection,” and
the recording was received into evidence. At the conclusion of Ms. Fuller’s testimony, the
recording of the forensic interview between Ms. Fuller and the victim was published to the
jury.

The recording showed that, prior to asking any questions about sexual abuse, Ms.
Fuller told the victim to correct her if she made any mistakes, to tell her if the victim did
not know or understand something, and not to guess if the victim forgot something. The
victim interacted with Ms. Fuller during these explanations and displayed understanding
of Ms. Fuller’s instructions as well as what it meant to tell the truth. When Ms. Fuller
asked the victim if she felt safe with various members of her family, the victim stated she
only “kind of” felt safe with the Defendant because he liked to do things that she did not
like to do. The victim then disclosed to Ms. Fuller with words and gestures that the
Defendant made her stimulate his penis with her hand and mouth until “stuff” came out of
his penis and that after she did so, she would spit the “stuff” out. The victim stated that
she was six years old the first time that it happened, when the Defendant showed her a

- 10 -
video on his phone of someone doing “the mouth thing,” and then made her “practice” on
his penis what she had seen in the video.

The victim told Ms. Fuller that “the mouth thing” had happened “probably twenty
times” at “the blue house” and that it made her feel sick. She described sitting in front of
the Defendant on the floor of his truck while he was seated when she did “the mouth thing”
at “the blue house” and said that the Defendant took a video of her doing this and showed
it to her before he deleted it. The victim went on to describe other occasions where the
Defendant made her do “the mouth thing” in her bedroom and in the bathroom of their
home while the victim’s mother was in her bedroom working or sleeping. The victim
demonstrated how she would use her hand to “make [the Defendant’s penis] try to be
bigger” when she did “the mouth thing” and said that the Defendant had shown her how to
do this.

When asked if the Defendant’s penis had touched any other part of her body, the
victim said that he “put it in [her] butt and it hurt.” She described being naked in the
bathroom on her hands and knees with the Defendant “right behind” her and said that when
the Defendant put his penis in “the hole in [her] butt,” it felt like something was “biting”
her and she cried. The victim said that the Defendant told her at the time that he would not
do that again but that he later said that they could “try that thing again” the next time they
went to “the blue house.”

The victim stated that on one occasion at “the blue house,” the Defendant had put
his penis in her “vagina” but “not in the hole.” She said that she had been wearing a two-
piece bathing suit, but the Defendant told her to take the bottoms off, and he then made her
sit on his lap while he was not wearing any clothes. The victim explained that the
Defendant typically did not wear a shirt unless he was “going to his buddy’s house” and
that any time she did something to his penis, he was not wearing any clothes. She
confirmed that the Defendant had told her not to tell her mother about any of this because
“it would make her mad,” but when the victim’s mother saw her run out of the bathroom
and asked what happened, she told the truth and “probably ruined [the Defendant]’s day.”

After the recording was played, the victim was called to testify. The victim
confirmed that she had watched the recording of the forensic interview within the past two
weeks, she had told the truth during the interview, and the video recording accurately
captured her conversation with Ms. Fuller. On cross-examination, the victim volunteered
very little information, mostly answering only “yes” or “no,” and she sometimes provided
conflicting responses to the questions posed by defense counsel. She also often responded
that she did not know or did not remember when asked about the timing of the abuse, the
order in which the incidents occurred, or to whom she had spoken after her initial

- 11 -
disclosure. However, when asked about the allegation of anal penetration, the victim stated
that it had occurred in a tent and not in the bathroom of their home. She also stated her
belief that she had told Ms. Fuller the same thing in her forensic interview.

Investigator Sims testified about the investigation he conducted in this case, and
video recordings of his October 16th and October 17th interviews with the Defendant were
played for the jury, with some redactions as agreed to between the parties. At the
conclusion of Investigator Sims’s testimony, the State rested its case-in-chief. The State’s
election of proof as to each offense was then announced to the jury: count 1 alleged anal
penetration in the bathroom; count 2 alleged oral penetration without ejaculation in the
Defendant’s brown truck; count 3 alleged oral penetration in the bathroom whereupon the
victim spit the Defendant’s ejaculate into the bathtub; count 4 alleged oral penetration in
the victim’s bedroom whereupon the victim spit the Defendant’s ejaculate on the carpet
and also possibly in the sink; and count 5 alleged vaginal penetration.

During the defense’s proof, the Defendant’s father testified that he had familiarized
himself with the Defendant’s home through doing repairs on the interior, and he estimated
that the bathroom was approximately twenty-five feet from the door of the bedroom that
the Defendant shared with the victim’s mother. The Defendant’s mother testified that she
had taken the victim’s mother and the victim to her house on the day the victim made the
initial allegations. She further testified that she recorded a conversation amongst the three
of them about the allegations, which was then played for the jury, but that the content of
this conversation did “not really” cause her concern. In the recording, the victim indicated
that what she had told her mother was supposed to be a secret between her and the
Defendant, stating, “I do that, but I don’t tell nobody.”

The Defendant then elected to testify in his own defense. He stated that he had not
abused the victim but claimed he had explained “the mouth thing” and “the butt thing” to
the victim after she had observed him watching pornography. The Defendant also claimed
that he had used methamphetamine just before his first interview with Investigator Sims,
but that he had lied about it at that time to avoid being prosecuted for his drug use.
Contradicting his statements in the interview, the Defendant testified that he did not believe
methamphetamine use could cause him “to rape somebody and not know it.” On cross-
examination, the Defendant stated that he had confessed to raping his daughter because he
was trying to get the investigator to leave him alone, and that he was either high on
methamphetamine or “coming down” from his methamphetamine use at the time. The
Defendant claimed that the details he gave during his confession came from him being
informed of the allegations by the victim’s mother the week before he was interviewed.

- 12 -
At the conclusion of this proof, the Defendant moved for judgment of acquittal. The
trial court denied the Defendant’s motion as to counts 1 through 4, but reduced the charge
in count 5 to attempted rape of a child based on the lack of evidence that penetration had
occurred vaginally. Following deliberation, the jury convicted the Defendant of rape of a
child as charged in counts 1 through 4 and of attempted rape of a child as charged to the
jury in count 5.

C. Sentencing

The trial court held a sentencing hearing on January 11, 2022, following receipt of
the presentence investigation and psychosexual evaluation reports. Andrew Thornton with
the Tennessee Department of Correction testified at the hearing that he had conducted an
interview with the Defendant and completed the presentence investigation report. Mr.
Thornton worked in a unit that specialized in the supervision of sexual offenders, and he
explained that the “containment” model used in such supervision was predicated on the
Department of Correction’s “non[-]rehabilitative” stance that the “drive to commit sexual
offenses is never curable.” Mr. Thornton stated that the Defendant spoke at length about
his drug addiction in the interview but denied having committed the offenses for which he
had been convicted. The Defendant told Mr. Thornton that his confession was the result
of methamphetamine use and the investigators having “railroaded” him, and he repeatedly
stated that there was no proof of the offenses. When Mr. Thornton asked why the victim
would have said these things if they were not true, the Defendant told him he did not know
but assumed the victim’s mother had coached her to make these accusations against him.

Tressie VanHooser testified that she currently provided counseling services to the
victim and had done so since October of 2019. Ms. VanHooser described the now
nine-year-old victim as having a hard time explaining her emotions and that she did not
understand “what happy is.” She stated that “[a]ll [the victim] knows is being angry and
being sad” and that the victim had declined significantly as her understanding developed
about what the Defendant had done to her. The victim told Ms. VanHooser that she felt
like “the only one in the world that this has happened to” and that she did not see a future
for herself. When asked about her goals, the victim stated that she was “going to live in a
cardboard box,” that she “wasn’t going to have any friends,” and that she “wasn’t going to
have anything.” Ms. VanHooser described the victim as “very negative” and unable to
point out anything positive or identify something good that had happened to her on any
given day.

The victim’s mother testified at the hearing that the victim was “severely withdrawn
and depressed and in a dark, dark place.” She described how playful and affectionate the
victim used to be, but she no longer wanted anyone to touch her. The victim’s mother said

- 13 -
that the victim did “not have any kind of positive” because this had “ruined her life” and
she felt “worthless.” The victim’s mother related that the victim was “living in torment
every day. At seven years old she wanted to die. She would punch and slap herself, have
meltdowns, and hated herself.” When the Defendant had been released on bail prior to
trial, the victim’s mother stated that the victim was “scared to death” that she would see
him and that they often had to leave public places because the victim would “break down
crying and shaking” if she saw a man wearing overalls or smoking cigarettes out of fear
that it was the Defendant. The victim’s mother reported that the victim still had nightmares
about the Defendant coming into her room to “make her do the mouth thing” and that the
victim had been unable to sleep alone or in her own bedroom since the offenses occurred.

The State urged the trial court to impose the maximum sentence and run all counts
consecutively for a total sentence of 172 years. Defense counsel did not argue for any
length of sentence in particular but remarked that a sentence of eighty years was typical in
the jurisdiction. The parties agreed that the Defendant would be sentenced as a Range II
offender as required by the rape of a child statute.4

After hearing argument from the parties, the trial court stated that it had considered
the evidence presented at trial and the sentencing hearing, the presentence report and
psychosexual evaluation, the Strong-R assessment, and the principles of sentencing to
determine the appropriate sentence for the Defendant’s offenses. Related to the
enhancement factors, the trial court found that the victim was particularly vulnerable due
to her age, stature, and meek temperament in relation to the Defendant’s large stature; the
psychological injuries inflicted upon the victim were “severe”; the offenses were
committed for sexual gratification; and the Defendant abused a position of private trust as
the victim’s father. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114 (4), (6), (7), (14). As to mitigating
factors, the trial court found factor (1) applicable in that the Defendant’s criminal conduct
neither caused nor threatened serious bodily injury, but gave this factor no weight. See id.
§ -113(1). The trial court noted that it had also considered the Defendant’s lack of criminal
history and support from his parents, but it did not find that either or both merited
mitigation of the sentence.

The trial court also found that consecutive sentencing was permitted due to the
Defendant’s commission of two statutory offenses involving sexual abuse of a minor and
the aggravated circumstances surrounding those offenses. See Tenn. Code
Ann. § 40-35-115(b)(5). Based upon the father-daughter relationship between the
Defendant and the victim, the time span of the undetected sexual offenses, the nature and
4
No discussion occurred at the sentencing hearing regarding the proper sentencing range for count
5. However, we note that the Defendant had no criminal history prior to the commission of these offenses,
and the trial court properly fixed the term of punishment for this conviction within Range I.

- 14 -
scope of the sexual offenses, and the residual physical and mental damage to the victim,
the trial court found that consecutive sentencing was appropriate. The trial court also stated
its understanding that the statute required “the length of sentence when consecutive in
nature [to] be justly deserved in relation to the seriousness of the offense.”

The trial court articulated at length its consideration of the seriousness of the
offenses and the proof that had been introduced in this case. In remarking upon “how bad
the proof was,” the trial court stated,

[The Defendant is] supposed to be the man of the house, the protector, the
ideal person for [the victim] to model what she looks for maybe in a spouse
one day, and [the Defendant] just did the exact opposite. [The Defendant]
betrayed . . . hurt . . . scared . . . [and] did not protect [the victim].

The trial court acknowledged that the Defendant had put on a defense that was rejected by
the jury, remarked that the Defendant’s confession and the victim’s account in her forensic
interview were too accurate to have been planned or falsified, and stated that it was
“scar[il]y accurate how close[ly] [the victim’s] disclosure matched [the Defendant’s]
confession.” The trial court remarked that it was alarmed by the scope of the sexual acts
in this case, and it found the circumstances to be “[h]orrendous” and “[h]orrible. You
couldn’t make up this story.” The trial court then stated that it tried to be consistent with
typical sentences within the jurisdiction. However, it also emphasized that some cases are
“just different” and called this case the worst it had ever seen, before concluding,

I have to send a message to you and to anybody else about how if they’re
convicted of crimes such as this in my court and the factors allow for it, that
I’m going to take severe action to make sure a proper sentence is set forth
and that I do believe is justly deserved in relation to the seriousness of the
offense.

After sentencing the Defendant to thirty-five years on counts 1 through 4 and ten years on
count 5, the trial ordered all counts to run consecutively for an aggregate sentence of 150
years, stating that it wanted to “assure that [the Defendant] never touch[es] a child again
for the rest of [his] life.”

The Defendant filed a timely motion for new trial, which was heard on May 10,
2023. At the hearing, the Defendant encouraged the trial court to reconsider its rulings on
the admissibility of the forensic interview and suppression of the Defendant’s statements
to law enforcement on the same grounds relied upon in the initial hearing. The Defendant
also challenged the sufficiency of the evidence and the “excessive” sentence imposed by

- 15 -
the trial court. The trial court denied the Defendant’s motion for new trial at the conclusion
of the hearing, which was memorialized by written order on May 22, 2023.

The Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal.

II. ANALYSIS

A. Admissibility of Victim’s Forensic Interview

The Defendant contends on appeal that the forensic interview of the victim should
not have been admissible at trial. In large part, the Defendant relies on the arguments made
at the pretrial evidentiary hearing regarding the statutory requirements for the experience
of the forensic interviewer. However, the Defendant also argues that the State’s failure to
have the victim authenticate the recording of the forensic interview at the pretrial hearing
and at trial before it was played to the jury constituted reversible error. He requests plain
error review on this issue, having conceded that authentication was not challenged in the
trial court. The State responds that the trial court properly exercised its discretion regarding
the experience of the forensic interviewer. Additionally, the State responds that the victim
properly authenticated the recording at the pretrial hearing and at trial, and the Defendant
therefore cannot show the breach of a clear and unequivocal rule of law so as to justify
plain error relief.

1. Experience of the Forensic Interviewer

In order for a forensic interview to be admissible under Tennessee Code Annotated
section 24-7-123, the trial court must determine in a pretrial hearing that, inter alia, the
forensic interviewer

(C) Had experience equivalent to three (3) years of fulltime professional
work in one (1) or a combination of the following areas:
(i) Child protective services;
(ii) Criminal justice;
(iii) Clinical evaluation;
(iv) Counseling; or
(v) Forensic interviewing or other comparable work with children[.]

Tenn. Code Ann. § 24-7-123(b)(3)(C) (emphasis added). Questions concerning the
admissibility of a forensic interview rest within the sound discretion of the trial court, and
this court will not interfere with the exercise of that discretion in the absence of a clear
showing of abuse appearing on the face of the record. State v. Franklin, 585 S.W.3d 431,

- 16 -
448 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2019). “An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court (1)
applies an incorrect legal standard; (2) reaches an illogical or unreasonable decision; or (3)
bases its decision on a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence.” State v. McCoy, 459
S.W.3d 1, 8 (Tenn. 2014) (citing State v. Mangrum, 403 S.W.3d 152, 166 (Tenn. 2013)).

The parties on appeal agree that, at the time of the forensic interview in this case,
Ms. Fuller had approximately two years and four months of experience as a forensic
interviewer. The question before the court is whether the trial court abused its discretion
in concluding that Ms. Fuller’s five years as an elementary school teacher qualified as
“other comparable work with children” to satisfy the remaining eight months of experience
required under the statute.

The Defendant relies heavily on Clymer and its holding that experience as a
traumatic brain care specialist qualified as comparable work with children. 2017 WL
5197292, at *11. However, we are unpersuaded by the Defendant’s argument that this type
of experience is dissimilar to Ms. Fuller’s background in elementary school education. In
Clymer, the forensic interviewer testified that she “[s]upported children that had sustained
brain injuries as they transitioned back into home life and school by educating the families
and providing resources as needed.” Id. The trial court in Clymer focused on the forensic
interviewer’s “discussing and talking to children” as fitting the statutory criteria that aimed
to ensure a forensic interviewer had knowledge of “child development and training that
would apprise one to the point of being a trustworthy interviewer.” Id. Therefore, the
forensic interviewer’s experience in Clymer having difficult conversations with children
and educating both them and their families was held to be sufficient under the statute by a
panel of this court. Id. Ms. Fuller’s professional experience with children is not identical
to that of the forensic interviewer in Clymer, but it need not be—just as it need not be
identical to forensic interviewing—to qualify her under the statute.

By including the “comparable” language in section 24-7-123(b)(3)(C)(v), the
legislature clearly intended to allow for a broader spectrum of prior experience to qualify
beyond those professions specifically enumerated in the statute. While it is true that being
a forensic interviewer is much different in many ways than being an elementary school
teacher, the same could be said when one compares forensic interviewing to almost any
other profession. But there are, as the trial court noted, many similarities between the two
professions.

Importantly, we examine the trial court’s conclusion on this point for an abuse of
discretion. See Franklin, 585 S.W.3d at 448. On this record, we cannot say that the trial
court applied an incorrect legal standard, reached an illogical or unreasonable decision, or
based its decision on a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence. See McCoy, 459

- 17 -
S.W.3d at 8. To the contrary, the trial court’s explanation was logical and well-reasoned.
In fact, the record in this case contains more details regarding Ms. Fuller’s previous work
with children than other cases where this court has found prior work experience to be
comparable with that of a forensic interviewer. See, e.g., State v. Rodriguez, No. W2022-
00894-CCA-R3-CD, 2023 WL 3296376, at *5 (Tenn. Crim. App. May 8, 2023) (finding it
“apparent [a forensic interviewer] worked in some capacity in ‘comparable work with
children’ . . . as both a case manager and family advocate” without any proof in the record
providing details of the forensic interviewer’s prior job responsibilities or specific
experience interacting with children), no perm. app. filed; State v. Haven, No. W2018-
01204-CCA-R3-CD, 2020 WL 3410242, at *14 (Tenn. Crim. App. June 19, 2020) (under
plain error review, holding no clear and unequivocal breach of a rule of law where forensic
interviewer worked in “various social work positions for seven years” without further
elaboration on her experience or her interactions with children in these roles). The trial
court did not abuse its discretion. The Defendant is not entitled to relief.

2. Victim’s Authentication of the Recording

The Defendant has requested plain error review regarding the victim’s
authentication of the forensic interview. In conducting plain error review, our court will
reverse for plain error only if the five following prerequisites are satisfied:

(a) the record must clearly establish what occurred in the trial court; (b) a
clear and unequivocal rule of law must have been breached; (c) a substantial
right of the accused must have been adversely affected; (d) the accused did
not waive the issue for tactical reasons; and (e) consideration of the error is
‘necessary to do substantial justice.’

State v. Smith, 24 S.W.3d 274, 282 (Tenn. 2000) (quoting State v. Adkisson, 899 S.W.2d
626, 641-42 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994)). All five factors must be present in the record before
an appellate court will recognize the existence of plain error, and complete consideration
of all the factors is not necessary when it is clear from the record that at least one factor
cannot be established. Id. at 283. In order to warrant plain error relief, the magnitude of
the error must have been so significant “that it probably changed the outcome of the trial.”
Adkisson, 899 S.W.2d at 642 (quoting United States v. Kerley, 838 F.2d 932, 937 (7th Cir.
1988)). Plain error relief should be “sparingly exercised[,]” see State v. Bledsoe, 226
S.W.3d 349, 354 (Tenn. 2007), and is only appropriate for errors that are “especially
egregious in nature, striking at the very heart of the fairness of the judicial proceeding.”
State v. Page, 184 S.W.3d 223, 231 (Tenn. 2006). A defendant has the burden of
persuading the appellate court that plain error exists. Bledsoe, 226 S.W.3d at 355.

- 18 -
The Defendant contends that the video recording of the forensic interview was
published to the jury before the victim had authenticated it. Our supreme court has
previously held that proper construction of Tennessee Code Annotated
section 24-7-123(b)(1)5 “requires the witness to authenticate the video recording before it
is submitted, and to be available for cross-examination at trial.” McCoy, 459 S.W.3d at
15. “The requirement of authentication or identification as a condition precedent to
admissibility is satisfied by evidence sufficient to the court to support a finding by the trier
of fact that the matter in question is what its proponent claims.” Tenn. R. Evid. 901(a).
Authentication may be established by the testimony of a witness with knowledge “that a
matter is what it is claimed to be.” Tenn. R. Evid. 901(b)(1). Both Rule 901 and the
common law designate the trial court as the “arbiter of authentication issues[.]” Tenn. R.
Evid. 901, Advisory Comm’n Comments.

In this case, the victim testified at the pretrial evidentiary hearing that she had
reviewed the video and that it was an accurate recording of her telling the truth to the
forensic interviewer.6 No challenge was made that the recording had been altered or
tampered with, nor was there any question that the victim would be available for cross-
examination again at trial. At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court analyzed the
statutory factors of admissibility contained in Tennessee Code Annotated section 24-7-123,
and it specifically made a finding that the requirement of authentication by the victim had
been met. The victim’s testimony about the veracity and accuracy of the video occurred
prior to trial, and the recording had thus been authenticated by the victim as contemplated
in the statute before it was published to the jury, regardless of the order of proof introduced
later at the trial itself. See State v. Ruzicka, No. W2023-00134-CCA-R3-CD, 2024 WL
3387294, at *10 (July 12, 2024) (holding no plain error relief where the victim had
authenticated the forensic interview recording at the pretrial hearing, and the State was
therefore not required to reauthenticate the recording at trial), no perm. app. filed. As the
video recording of the victim’s forensic interview was properly authenticated, the
Defendant cannot show a breach of a clear and unequivocal rule of law. There is nothing
in the record to indicate that the recording was anything other than what the proponent
claimed it to be. The Defendant is not entitled to plain error relief.

5
This subsection states, “The child testifies, under oath, that the offered video recording is a true
and correct recording of the events contained in the video recording and the child is available for cross
examination[.]”
6
The Defendant’s reliance on this court’s prior reversal for lack of authentication by the victim at
trial ignores the distinction that authentication did not occur at the pretrial hearing in that case. See State v.
Stegall, No. W2022-00628-CCA-R3-CD, 2023 WL 6319610, at *1 (Tenn. Crim. App. July 14, 2023) no
perm. app. filed.

- 19 -
B. Suppression

The Defendant contends that his statements to law enforcement should have been
suppressed due to the investigator’s delay in seeking an arrest warrant during his initial
detention. The Defendant claims that Investigator Sims’s failure to swear out an arrest
warrant immediately, instead continuing to investigate the allegations against the
Defendant, amounted to a constitutional violation pursuant to Gerstein v. Pugh, 420 U.S.
103 (1975). The State responds that the trial court ruled correctly at the pretrial evidentiary
hearing that the delay was not unreasonable. We agree with the State.

At a suppression hearing, “[q]uestions of credibility of the witnesses, the weight and
value of the evidence, and resolution of conflicts in the evidence are matters entrusted to
the trial judge as the trier of fact.” State v. Odom, 928 S.W.2d 18, 23 (Tenn. 1996).
Therefore, we will uphold the trial court’s findings of fact at a suppression hearing unless
the evidence preponderates against them. State v. Bell, 429 S.W.3d 524, 528 (Tenn. 2014)
(citations omitted). The party prevailing in the trial court “is entitled to the strongest
legitimate view of the evidence adduced at the suppression hearing as well as all reasonable
and legitimate inferences that may be drawn from [the] evidence.” Id. at 529 (citations
omitted). The lower court’s application of law to the facts is reviewed de novo with no
presumption of correctness. State v. Walton, 41 S.W.3d 75, 81 (Tenn. 2001) (citations
omitted). Moreover, an appellate court on review may consider the evidence presented at
the suppression hearing as well as at trial in determining whether the trial court properly
denied a pretrial motion to suppress. State v. Henning, 975 S.W.2d 290, 297-99 (Tenn.
1998).

The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides,

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and
effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and
no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or
affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the
persons or things to be seized.

The Fourth Amendment is applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment.
Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 650 (1961). The Tennessee Constitution provides in pertinent
part, “That the people shall be secure in their persons, houses, papers and possessions, from
unreasonable searches and seizures[.]” Tenn. Const. art. I, § 7. Article I, section 7 “is
identical in intent and purpose with the Fourth Amendment.” Sneed v. State, 423 S.W.2d
857, 860 (Tenn. 1968). Therefore, our courts generally interpret article I, section 7

- 20 -
consistently with the Fourth Amendment. See State v. Reynolds, 504 S.W.3d 283, 303 n.16
(Tenn. 2016).

Under these constitutional provisions, warrantless searches or seizures are presumed
unreasonable, and any evidence discovered as a result is subject to suppression. State v.
Echols, 382 S.W.3d 266, 277 (Tenn. 2012). An arrest supported by probable cause,
however, does not require a warrant. See State v. Hanning, 296 S.W.3d 44, 48 (Tenn.
2009) (citing Brown v. Illinois, 422 U.S. 590, 598 (1975)); see also Tenn. Code
Ann. § 40-7-103(a)(3) (authorizing a warrantless arrest for a felony under certain
circumstances, including when the arrest is supported by “reasonable cause”).

When such a warrantless arrest is made, “the Fourth Amendment requires a judicial
determination of probable cause as a prerequisite to extended restraint of liberty following
arrest.” Gerstein, 420 U.S. at 114. Such a determination must be made “either before or
promptly after arrest.” Id. at 125. A judicial probable cause determination made within
forty-eight hours of arrest generally complies with the promptness requirement of Gerstein.
County of Riverside v. McLaughlin, 500 U.S. 44, 56 (1991).

This is not to say that the probable cause determination in a particular case
passes constitutional muster simply because it is provided within 48 hours.
Such a hearing may nonetheless violate Gerstein if the arrested individual
can prove that his or her probable cause determination was delayed
unreasonably. Examples of unreasonable delay are delays for the purpose of
gathering additional evidence to justify the arrest, a delay motivated by ill
will against the arrested individual, or delay for delay’s sake.

Id. If a judicial probable cause determination occurs within forty-eight hours of arrest, the
arrested individual bears the burden of proving an unreasonable delay. See id. at 56.
Conversely, if such a determination does not take place within forty-eight hours, “the
burden shifts to the government to demonstrate the existence of a bona fide emergency or
other extraordinary circumstance.” Id. at 57. If a challenged statement is given by the
accused “prior to the time the detention ripened into a constitutional violation, it is not the
product of the illegality and should not be suppressed.” State v. Huddleston, 924 S.W.2d
666, 675 (Tenn. 1996).

In this case, the parties agree, as do we, that the Defendant’s initial arrest on October
16, 2019, was supported by probable cause. The parties further agree that the affidavit was
presented on the morning of October 18, 2019, and that the arrest warrant issued thereafter,
approximately forty-four hours after the initial detention. Thus, under Gerstein and
McLaughlin, the length of the Defendant’s post-arrest, warrantless detention was

- 21 -
presumptively reasonable, and the Defendant has the burden of demonstrating otherwise.
See McLaughlin, 500 U.S. at 56-57 (evaluating the promptness requirements of judicial
probable cause determinations contemplated by Gerstein); see also State v. Clayton, 535
S.W.3d 829, 849 (Tenn. 2017) (“Any delay [absent the defendant’s showing that it was
caused by an improper purpose] . . . would not have ripened to a Gerstein violation until
the duration exceeded forty-eight hours because it was supported by probable cause.”).

In an attempt to carry this burden, the Defendant argues that Investigator Sims
delayed his application for a warrant for the purpose of gathering additional information.
However, a warrantless arrest supported by probable cause does not prohibit further
investigation into the offense or offenses that formed the basis for the arrest. See State v.
Long, No. E2015-01287-CCA-R3-CD, 2017 WL 2958700, at *12 (Tenn. Crim. App. July
11, 2017) (“Although . . . law enforcement continued its investigation after [d]efendant was
taken to the police station, no evidence suggests that the investigation continued in an effort
to establish probable cause to justify [d]efendant’s warrantless arrest.”); compare
Huddleston, 924 S.W.2d at 676 (where the defendant was detained because the officer did
not believe he had enough evidence to obtain an arrest warrant). The mere fact that
Investigator Sims continued his investigation after his arrest of the Defendant does not
equate to a Fourth Amendment violation, nor does it dispel the probable cause upon which
the arrest was originally based. This is not a case, such as the example given in
McLaughlin, where the officer needed to gather additional information to justify the arrest.

The Defendant further claims that Investigator Sims delayed the warrant application
for “delay’s sake,” specifically, for the purpose of delaying the magistrate’s setting of bail.
The record does not support this contention. Investigator Sims testified that as soon as he
arrested the Defendant, he transferred the Defendant to the jail staff to begin the booking
process. Officer Goodwin began a report on that date, October 16, 2019. The following
day, Investigator Sims observed the victim’s forensic interview, reinterviewed the
Defendant, obtained consent from the Defendant to collect a DNA sample and seize his
vehicles for search, and received the Defendant’s confession. Investigator Sims and other
members of the GCSO then acted upon the consent obtained by the Defendant and the
victim’s mother to collect evidence for biological testing. Investigator Sims testified that,
at the conclusion of these tasks, he prepared his report “late that evening” on October 17,
2019, and that he swore out the arrest warrant based upon the narrative in his report the
following morning. There is no indication that Investigator Sims purposely delayed
completing the necessary paperwork regarding the Defendant’s arrest. To the contrary, the
record indicates that he was actively working on the investigation that formed the factual
basis for his lengthy report, but the existence of probable cause prior to this indicates that
Investigator Sims did so in the interest of thoroughness, rather than to support the arrest
itself. In light of these facts and upon our de novo review, we agree with the trial court’s

- 22 -
conclusion that “[the Defendant] was not held unreasonably, he was not held in order to
collect more evidence, and he wasn’t held . . . for delay’s sake. He was . . . lawfully arrested
and being detained, and during that time new evidence came out, it’s just how
investigations go.” The Defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

C. Sentencing

Finally, the Defendant challenges the imposition of consecutive sentences, asserting
that the effective sentence in this case did not reasonably relate to the severity of the offense
and was not the least severe measure necessary to achieve its purpose. The Defendant
concedes that the trial court had the authority to impose consecutive sentencing, but he
nonetheless argues that it abused its discretion by aligning all sentences consecutively for
an “excessive” aggregate sentence of 150 years. The State responds that the trial court
properly exercised its discretion in sentencing the Defendant. We agree with the State.

When an accused challenges the length of a sentence or manner of service, this court
reviews the trial court’s sentencing determination under an abuse of discretion standard
accompanied by a presumption of reasonableness. State v. Bise, 380 S.W.3d 682, 707
(Tenn. 2012). The Bise standard of review also applies to consecutive sentencing
determinations. State v. Pollard, 432 S.W.3d 851, 860-61 (Tenn. 2013). The party
challenging the sentence imposed by the trial court has the burden of establishing that the
sentence is erroneous. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401, Sentencing Comm’n Cmts.; see also
State v. Arnett, 49 S.W.3d 250, 257 (Tenn. 2001).

This court will uphold the trial court’s sentencing decision “so long as it is within
the appropriate range and the record demonstrates that the sentence is otherwise in
compliance with the purposes and principles listed by statute.” Bise, 380 S.W.3d at
709-10. Moreover, under such circumstances, appellate courts may not disturb the
sentence even if we had preferred a different result. See State v. Carter, 254 S.W.3d 335,
346 (Tenn. 2008). Those purposes and principles include “the imposition of a sentence
justly deserved in relation to the seriousness of the offense,” a punishment sufficient “to
prevent crime and promote respect for the law,” and consideration of a defendant’s
“potential or lack of potential for . . . rehabilitation[.]” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-102(1),
(3), (5); see Carter, 254 S.W.3d at 344. Ultimately, in sentencing a defendant, a trial court
should impose a sentence that is “no greater than that deserved for the offense committed”
and is “the least severe measure necessary to achieve the purposes for which the sentence
is imposed.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-103(2), (4).

A trial court may order multiple offenses to be served consecutively if it finds by a
preponderance of the evidence that a defendant fits into at least one of the categories in

- 23 -
Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-115(b). “Any one of these grounds is a sufficient
basis for the imposition of consecutive sentences.” Pollard, 432 S.W.3d at 862 (citing
State v. Dickson, 413 S.W.3d 735, 748 (Tenn. 2013)). This court must give “deference to
the trial court’s exercise of its discretionary authority to impose consecutive sentences if it
has provided reasons on the record establishing at least one of the . . . grounds listed in
Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-115(b).” Id. at 861. “So long as a trial court
properly articulates reasons for ordering consecutive sentences, thereby providing a basis
for meaningful appellate review, the sentences will be presumed reasonable and, absent an
abuse of discretion, upheld on appeal.” Id. at 862 (citing Tenn. R. Crim. P. 32(c)(1); Bise,
380 S.W.3d at 705).

The trial court in this case relied upon Tennessee Code Annotated
section 40-35-115(b)(5), which allows for consecutive sentencing if the court finds by a
preponderance of the evidence that

The defendant is convicted of two (2) or more statutory offenses
involving sexual abuse of a minor with consideration of the aggravating
circumstances arising from the relationship between the defendant and victim
or victims, the time span of defendant’s undetected sexual activity, the nature
and scope of the sexual acts and the extent of the residual, physical and
mental damage to the victim or victims[.]

“[N]ot all of the aggravating circumstances listed in section 40-35-115(b)(5) must be
present to support the imposition of consecutive sentencing.” State v. Doane, 393 S.W.3d
721, 738 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2011) (internal quotations and citation omitted). Consecutive
sentences may be imposed under this section “even when one factor militates against them
if the other aggravating circumstances have been established and carry sufficient weight.”
Id. (citation omitted).

In support of his argument that the effective sentence is excessive, the Defendant
cites this court’s previous modification of an effective 220-year sentence imposed for
sexual abuse of a twelve-year-old victim over the span of ten months. See State v. Hayes,
No. M2002-01331-CCA-R3-CD, 2004 WL 1778478, at *10 (Tenn. Crim. App. Aug. 9,
2004) (“Although we realize the effective sentence will in all probability exceed the
lifetime of the defendant, we believe an effective sixty-six-year sentence is justly deserved
and no greater than that deserved for these offenses.”). However, this court’s decision in
Hayes occurred prior to both the 2005 amendments to the Sentencing Reform Act and our
supreme court’s decision in Bise, which changed the standard of review for sentencing
decisions from de novo with a presumption of correctness to the current standard of abuse
of discretion with a presumption of reasonableness.

- 24 -
Additionally, the analysis in Hayes contains numerous examples of cases wherein
lengthy consecutive sentences for child rape convictions were affirmed—including those
that extended beyond the expected life of the defendant—under the less-deferential
standard of review. See, e.g., State v. Zukowski, No. M2001-02184-CCA-R3-CD, 2003
WL 213785, at *21 (Tenn. Crim. App. Jan. 31, 2003) (affirming a 125-year effective
sentence for five convictions of rape of a child of a mentally impaired twelve-year-old
victim by her caregiver); State v. Suggs, No. M1999-02136-CCA-R3-CD, 2000 WL
1521481, at *2-3 (Tenn. Crim. App. Oct. 4, 2000) (affirming a 75-year effective sentence
for three convictions of rape of a child of an eight-year-old victim accompanied by
disseminated recordings of the abuse); State v. Crittenden, No. M1998-00485-CCA-R3-
CD, 1999 WL 1209517, at *3-4 (Tenn. Crim. App. Dec. 17, 1999) (affirming a 100-year
effective sentence for eight convictions of rape of a child spanning eight years from the
time the victim was four years old). More recent cases from this court have affirmed
lengthy sentences imposed pursuant to section 40-35-115(b)(5) under the Bise standard of
review. See, e.g., State v. Gouge, No. E2022-01001-CCA-R3-CD, 2023 WL 3454702, at
*8-10 (Tenn. Crim. App. May 15, 2023) (affirming ninety-nine-year sentence for defendant
whom the victim viewed as a “de facto father figure”), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Sept. 11,
2023); State v. Perry, No. E2015-01227-CCA-R3-CD, 2016 WL 2901817, at *4 (Tenn.
Crim. App. May 13, 2016) (affirming an effective sentence of 106 years for the defendant’s
sexual abuse and exploitation of the minor victim).

The Defendant also relies on State v. Biggs, 482 S.W.3d 923 (Tenn. Crim. App.
2015), which was decided post-Bise. However, we agree with the State that the facts of
the aggravated robbery offenses in Biggs are distinguishable from the sexual offenses at
bar, and we do not consider Biggs to be instructive in our analysis of the sentence imposed
in this case involving the Defendant’s repeated rape of his biological daughter.

The proof introduced at trial and at the sentencing hearing established that the victim
looked upon the Defendant, her father, as a caregiver and authority figure; the abuse began
when the victim was six years old and continued for more than a year; the sexual abuse
involved repeated oral penetration, attempted vaginal penetration, and anal penetration of
the victim; and the victim’s residual hopelessness, fear, and self-abusiveness were caused
by her developing understanding of the wrongfulness of the Defendant’s conduct. The trial
court expressly stated that it considered these facts in the context of Tennessee Code
Annotated section 40-35-115(b)(5) to determine the proper sentence for the Defendant.
Thus, the criteria for consecutive sentencing had been met, and the trial court’s articulation
regarding the weight given to the circumstances in this case provides sufficient basis for
our review, thereby creating a presumption of reasonableness. See Pollard, 432 S.W.3d at
862 (citing Tenn. R. Crim. P. 32(c)(1); Bise, 380 S.W.3d at 705).

- 25 -
We recognize that, while conviction offenses may be the same from case to case,
the circumstances of the offenses themselves are necessarily not. The trial court termed
the offenses in this case the “worst [it] ha[d] ever seen.” See, e.g., Zukowski, 2003 WL
213785, at *21 (affirming a 125-year effective sentence where the trial court “ha[d]n’t
heard a case . . . that is any more disgusting or any more despicable”). We decline to
infringe upon a trial court’s discretion in sentencing when the record demonstrates that
such discretion was exercised thoughtfully and deliberately with the principles and
purposes of sentencing in mind. The trial court in this case had the discretion to impose
consecutive sentences, emphasized its consideration of the requirement that the sentence it
imposed must be justly deserved in relation to the seriousness of the offense, and articulated
its belief that such criteria was met by the sentence it did impose. See Tenn. Code Ann. §
40-35-102(1). We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in imposing
consecutive sentencing as to all counts based upon such consideration. The Defendant is
not entitled to relief.

D. Clerical Errors in the Judgment Forms

While we affirm the judgments of the trial court, remand is necessary to correct
clerical errors in the uniform judgment documents to accurately reflect the statutory service
percentage of each offense, as only one designation should be marked in this section of the
forms. Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 36 provides that “the court may at any time
correct clerical mistakes in judgments, orders, or other parts of the record, and errors in the
record arising from oversight or omission.” Corrected judgment forms should be entered
for counts 1 through 4 to remove the “Multiple 35%” release eligibility notation; “Child
Rapist 100%” is correctly noted for these convictions for rape of a child.

A corrected judgment form should be entered for count 5 to remove the “Child
Rapist 100%” release eligibility notation; “Standard 30%” is correctly noted for this
conviction for attempted rape of a child. Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-501
does not include attempted rape of a child among the offenses for which an offender is
ineligible for parole. Relatedly, Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-13-523, as in effect
at the time of the offenses in this case, required a 100% service rate for rape of a child, but
did not include a provision for criminal attempt to commit the offense. See State v. Seigler,
No. M2014-02559-CCA-R3-CD, 2015 WL 4086321, at *1 (Tenn. Crim. App. July 7, 2015)
(“Attempted rape of a child is not one of the enumerated offenses under [Tennessee Code
Annotated section] 40-35-501 [for which there shall be no release eligibility], and
therefore, the appellant is eligible for parole after serving thirty (30) percent of
his . . . sentence.”); see also State v. Tillman, No. M2006-01716-CCA-R3-CD, 2008 WL
1705062, at *8 (Tenn. Crim. App. Apr. 14, 2008) (holding that the correct service

- 26 -
percentage for a conviction of attempted rape of a child would be thirty (30) percent had
the offense not merged with a conviction for aggravated sexual battery).

III. CONCLUSION

In consideration of the foregoing, we affirm the judgments of the trial court but
remand for entry of corrected judgment forms consistent with this opinion.

s/ Kyle A. Hixson .

KYLE A. HIXSON, JUDGE

- 27 -

---

Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10781048. Public record. Not legal advice.