# Sylvester Cannon and Adriane Cannon

> United States Bankruptcy Court, N.D. Mississippi · November 22, 2024

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10749160

## Case

- **Court:** United States Bankruptcy Court, N.D. Mississippi
- **Decided:** November 22, 2024
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10749160

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- stating that debtors may modify plans and reclassify a deficiency claim as unsecured using § 502(j)
- finding that reconsideration is only allowed when the equities of the case support reconsideration and cause has been shown

## Opinion text

SO ORDERED,
Ro PN eae ;
Sy Ses
□□ TIT
□ NN eS Judge Selene D. Maddox
ene □ United States Bankruptcy Judge
The Order of the Court is set forth below. The case docket reflects the date entered.

UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF MISSISSIPPI

IN RE: SYLVESTER AND ADRIANE CANNON CASE NO.: 20-13025-SDM
DEBTORS CHAPTER 13
OPINION AND ORDER DENYING MOTION TO MODIFY PLAN TO RECLASSIFY
STUDENT LOAN CLAIMS
With over a year remaining in their Chapter 13 bankruptcy case, the Debtors, Sylvester and
Adriane Cannon (the “Cannons”), are attempting to modify their confirmed Chapter 13 Plan (the
“Plan”) to exclude the nonpriority, unsecured, and nondischargeable student loan Creditors (the
“Student Loan Creditors”) from receiving further distributions under the Plan, including
distribution of proceeds from a personal injury settlement, creating a separate classification for
their student loan claims (the “Student Loan Claims”). See Motion to Modify, Dkt. #137. The
Chapter 13 Trustee objects on the basis that permitting a separate classification at this juncture is
not permitted under the Bankruptcy Code and would unfairly discriminate against the Student
Loan Creditors, among other reasons discussed more below. After a thorough review of the
relevant law, and after considering the parties’ arguments made at the hearings and in their
briefing, the Court finds that the Cannons have not articulated sufficient cause to change the

Page 1 of 19

classification of the Student Loan Claims. Because the Student Loan Claims must remain in the
same class as the other general, unsecured Creditors, and the Bankruptcy Code prohibits treating
creditors of the same class unequally, the Cannons’ request to modify their Plan should be denied.
I. JURISDICTION
This Court has subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1334(a) and 28 U.S.C.

§157(a). This is a “core proceeding” under 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(A) (matters concerning the
administration of the estate), (B) (allowance or disallowance of claims against the estate), and (O)
(other proceedings affecting the liquidation of assets of the estate or adjustment of the debtor-
creditor relationship).
II. BACKGROUND
At the time the Cannons filed their bankruptcy case in October of 2020, the Cannons’
Schedule E/F listed several student loan claims, including the Department of Education/ECMC,
Navient, and the U.S. Department of Education/ECMC. (Dkt. #1). The Student Loan Creditors all
filed claims: Navient Solutions, LLC filed its claims, POC #s 8-1, 9-1, ECMC filed its claim, POC

#10-2, and the U.S. Department of Education filed its claim, POC #21-1 (the “Student Loan
Claims”). The Student Loan Claims total $84,177.00. This Court confirmed the Cannons’ Plan on
April 23, 2021, which provided that unsecured nonpriority claims would be paid approximately
$12,000.00 on a pro rata basis. See Dkt. #66. As the Trustee points out, the Cannons did not
separately classify their Student Loan Claims in Section 5.2 of the Plan at confirmation.
As of the date of the parties’ initial briefing, the unsecured claims filed in the Cannons’
bankruptcy case totaled $104,580.54, with unsecured Creditors set to receive $11,995.39 or
11.47%.1 But due to a personal injury settlement obtained on behalf of the joint Debtor, Adriane
Cannon, in the amount of $82,988.15, the Trustee currently has in her possession an additional
$54,960.97 in net settlement proceeds to disburse to Creditors.2 Prior to any disbursement, the
Cannons filed two separate modification motions. The first modification motion sought to defer
their student loans until completion of their Plan. Dkt. #133. The Trustee filed her Response to the

Motion to Modify Plan (Dkt. #135), arguing that the Court does not have jurisdiction to place the
Student Loan Claims in deferment, and any modification is beyond the scope of 11 U.S.C.
§ 1329(a)3, the Bankruptcy Code section outlining the circumstances in which any
postconfirmation plan modification would be permissible. The Court denied that modification
request, finding no basis in the Bankruptcy Code or otherwise to defer the Cannons’ student loan
payments until after discharge. Order Denying Motion to Modify Plan, Dkt. #173.
Even before the Court could rule on the first modification motion, the Cannons filed the
instant Motion to Modify seeking to separately classify the Student Loan Claims—effectively
prohibiting the Student Loan Creditors from receiving any settlement proceeds. The Trustee filed
her Response to the 2nd Motion to Modify Plan (Dkt. #151), arguing separate classification of the

Student Loan Claims is not permissible under § 1322(b)(1)’s unfair discrimination standard, and,
as argued above as to the first modification attempt, the modification the Cannons propose is
beyond the scope of § 1329(a). At the initial hearing on both modification motions, the Court

1 According to the Trustee, as of the date of the initial hearing, the Trustee had disbursed a
total of $6,594.78 to unsecured Creditors. Of note, the Trustee did not produce any records
regarding disbursements or calculations, and the Court did not admit any documents in evidence.
Any information used in this Opinion and Order regarding disbursements is being gleaned from
the parties’ briefs.
2 The Court approved the Application to Compromise Controversy (Dkt. #124) in its Agreed
Order Approving Application to Compromise Controversy. See Dkt. #147.
3 The Court will refer to Title 11 of the United States Code for any later statutory references
unless it notes otherwise.
entertained arguments by counsel for the Trustee and the Cannons, which will be discussed more
below in the context of the parties’ briefing. In addition, the Cannons proffered their testimony to
shed light on the facts surrounding their student loans and careers in education. Specifically, the
Cannons testified that they began taking out student loans to cover their tuition and cost of
education in the 1990s. Sylvester Cannon ultimately obtained his doctorate degree while Adriane

Cannon obtained her master’s degree. The Cannons have been educators—either in administration
or the classroom—over the last 20 years, but neither of them have made the necessary 120
qualifying payments while being employed in public service full time to qualify for the Public
Service Loan Forgiveness (“PSLF”).4 Nevertheless, the Cannons testified they anticipate receiving
student loan forgiveness under PSLF in the future as soon as they qualify.
In the weeks following the hearing, the parties submitted briefing at the Court’s request.
The Trustee argues that the proposed modification of the Cannons’ Plan should not be permitted
because it violates the unfair discrimination prohibition under § 1322(b)(1), does not fall within
one of the permissible purposes for postconfirmation modification under § 1329(a), and is barred

by the preclusive or binding effect of the Cannons’ confirmed Plan, which did not provide for a
separate treatment for Student Loan Claims. On the other hand, the Cannons argue that their
proposed modification to separately classify their Student Loan Claims is permissible and
equitable under the Bankruptcy Code, does not unfairly discriminate against the general unsecured
Creditors as they will be paid in full and the Student Loan Creditors will be paid according to their
original contract, and depriving the Cannons the benefit of eventual forgiveness under PSLF would

4 The PSLF is a government program that allows individuals who have made 120 qualifying
monthly payments while working for a qualifying employer to have the remaining balance of their
direct loans forgiven. FEDERAL STUDENT AID, Studentaid.gov/manage-loans/forgiveness-
cancellation/public-service (last visited Nov. 6, 2024).
be inequitable—especially considering the Student Loan Creditors did not object to the proposed
modification.
Prior to issuing its ruling on this Motion to Modify, the Court requested and conducted a
status hearing on August 26, 2024. During the status hearing, the parties agreed that even further
briefing was required regarding the applicability of § 1325(b)(4)(B) 5 considering the proposed

modification. The parties submitted those simultaneous briefs on September 18, 2024 at which
time the Court officially took the legal issues in the instant Motion to Modify under advisement.
In that briefing, the Cannons argue that § 1325(b)(4)(B) permits shortening the Cannons’ Plan
period because reclassifying the Student Loan Claims would result in no further distributions to
the Student Loan Creditors under the Plan and payment in full of all allowed unsecured claims.
While the Trustee referenced the applicable 60-month commitment period, the Trustee mainly
reasserted her arguments that separately classifying the Student Loan Claims would result in unfair
discrimination against the Student Loan Creditors and would neither be in the Cannons’, nor the
Creditors’, best interests.6

5 Section 1325(b)(4)(B) provides that the commitment period may be less than three or five
years, whichever is applicable only if the plan provides for full payment of all unsecured claims.
11 U.S.C. § 1325(b)(4)(B).
6 The Trustee also provided information to the Court regarding the potential disbursement
depending on how the Court rules on the Cannons’ modification attempt. According to the Trustee,
disbursement of the settlement proceeds would be as follows if the Court were to grant the Motion
to Modify: unsecured Creditors (but not the Student Loan Creditors) would collectively receive
the sum of $18,874.34 (100%) and Regions Bank, a secured Creditor, would receive $13,672.87.
Including the Trustee’s statutory compensation, $34,997.00 would be paid from the settlement
proceeds to those Creditors, leaving $19,909.67 for the Cannons. Should the Court deny the
Cannons’ Motion to Modify, and the settlement proceeds were disbursed as under the confirmed
Plan, the Student Loan Creditors would receive disbursements as all other unsecured Creditors.
Further, no payments would be made to secured Creditors from the settlement proceeds, and the
Plan would obviously not be complete. While the Court agrees with that portion of the latter
scenario, the Court is unsure of the next representation by the Trustee. Specifically, the Trustee
claims that the Student Loan Creditors would receive approximately $41,120.97 (52.92%), while
the other unsecured Creditors would receive approximately $18,870.84 (99.98%) should the Court
III. DISCUSSION
The Court will attempt to address each relevant argument advanced by the parties at any
hearing and in their respective briefs. To begin, the Bankruptcy Code permits postconfirmation
modifications of a plan under § 1329, which provides that a trustee, debtor, or unsecured creditor
may move to modify a confirmed plan prior to completion of plan payments. 11 U.S.C. § 1329(a).

Section 1329 contains three essential requirements for modification, only two of which are
applicable here. In re Scarver, 555 B.R. 822, 827 (Bankr. M.D. Ala. 2016). The first is that a
modification must comply with § 1329(a), which permits modification to adjust payment amounts,
change the payment schedule, alter distribution amounts, and reduce plan payments for health
insurance costs. 11 U.S.C. § 1329(a)(1)-(4). Second, the modification must meet the requirements
for plan confirmation as established in §§ 1322(a) and 1325(a) and should treat claims as permitted
by §§ 1322(b)(2) and 1323(c). 11 U.S.C. § 1329(b)(1).7 The burden of proof lies with the party
seeking the modification. In re Anderson, 545 B.R. 174, 176 (Bankr. N.D. Miss. 2015).

not permit the modification. If those calculations are correct, mainly that the unsecured Creditors
apart from the Student Loan Creditors would receive almost 100% payment on their claims
regardless of the proposed modification, the Court does not see any discernable benefit to the
bankruptcy estate as proposed in the Cannons’ Motion to Modify according to the disbursements
proposed by the Trustee in her briefing. See Dkt. #177, n. 4. But the Court does not see how the
Trustee is arriving at the almost 100% distribution to unsecured Creditors outside of the Student
Loan Creditors if the Court allowed the Cannons’ proposed modification. Common sense dictates
that the general unsecured Creditors could not receive almost 100% of their claims if the Court
were to grant the Motion to Modify as the total proposed distribution to be paid is $59,991.81,
which exceeds the actual balance of the settlement proceeds of approximately $54,960.00. It
appears to this Court after deducting the amounts necessary to pay the Trustee’s compensation, the
Student Loan Creditors would receive approximately $40,890.00 and the rest of the general
unsecured Creditors would receive approximately $10,233.00. Regardless of how much the
general unsecured Creditors would or would not receive, that is not a factor in the Court’s “cause”
analysis below under § 502(j).
7 The last requirement for modification is that the modification cannot extend the payment
period beyond five years after the first plan payment became due and cannot extend the original
commitment period of a debtor’s disposable income absent cause. 11 U.S.C. § 1329(c). This is not
A. Claim preclusion does not prohibit the Cannons from modifying their Plan.

The Court must first address the Trustee’s contention that the Cannons’ Plan, which did
not originally provide for separate treatment of the Student Loan Claims even though it could have
based on the Cannons’ potential eligibility under PSLF, is binding on all parties and bars the
Cannons from raising the issue now under the doctrine of “res judicata” (or claim preclusion).8
This discussion, however, will be brief. As the Cannons correctly point out, this issue has already
been addressed by another court in the Northern District, specifically Judge Jason D. Woodard in
Anderson cited above.
There, the debtors’ confirmed Chapter 13 plan included retaining a vehicle and making
monthly payments to the lienholder. Anderson, 545 B.R. at 175-76. Four years later, the debtors
filed a motion seeking to modify the plan by surrendering the vehicle in full satisfaction of the
creditor’s claim and discontinuing further payments because the vehicle had developed a
transmission problem, making it less practical for the debtors to retain it. Id. at 176. The creditor
objected to the proposed modification, arguing that while postconfirmation modifications were not

“categorically barred”, the debtors were required to show a substantial, unforeseeable change in
circumstances to justify the modification and the modification must be made in good faith. Id.

applicable based on the Cannons’ proposed modification, and the Court need not discuss this
Bankruptcy Code provision any further.
8 As the Fifth Circuit has noted, a “true” claim preclusion argument is an affirmative
defense that bars the litigation of claims that have been or should have been raised in an earlier
suit. Snow Ingredients, Inc. v. SnoWizard, Inc., 833 F.3d 512, 521 (5th Cir. 2016). Claim
preclusion has four elements: (1) the parties are identical or in privity; (2) the judgment in the prior
action was rendered by a court of competent jurisdiction; (3) the prior action was concluded by a
final judgment on the merits; and (4) the same claim or cause of action was involved in both
actions. Id. Here, even though the Trustee argues that all the elements of claim preclusion are met,
the Court need not expound on the elements of claim preclusion at common law or otherwise due
to its inapplicability to postconfirmation plan modifications under § 1329.
The court recognized that the Fifth Circuit, like several other circuits, does not require
debtors to prove a change in circumstances to modify a confirmed plan. Id. at 177 (citing Meza v.
Truman (In re Meza), 467 F.3d 874, 877-78 (5th Cir. 2006)). According to the court in Anderson,
this view contrasts with other courts that have imposed such a requirement based on claim
preclusion, i.e., because of the binding nature of a confirmation order, to modify a plan

postconfirmation, debtors must show changed circumstances. Id. at 176. The court also
emphasized that § 1329 provides debtors with an “absolute right to seek a modification,” and claim
preclusion does not bar such modifications as it would render § 1329 “meaningless”. Id. at 177.
Instead, §§ 13279 and 1329 are designed to work together harmoniously, allowing the debtor to
modify the plan at any time after confirmation but before the completion of payments. Id.
Moreover, the court noted that if Congress intended to impose a “change in circumstances”
requirement for post confirmation modifications, it would have explicitly included such language
in § 1329, like the requirement found in § 1328(b) for a hardship discharge. Id.
Despite the factual and legal differences present in this bankruptcy case, the Court finds

Anderson instructive. While the court in Anderson was faced with a reclassification of a secured
claim, the fact remains that claim preclusion cannot serve as a basis to prohibit the Cannons from
modifying their Plan—regardless of the underlying reasons for the modification request. Indeed,
the Cannons may very well have proposed a separate classification for the Student Loan Claims at
confirmation due to their future eligibility for PSLF, but because § 1329 imposes no requirement

9 Section 1327 provides the “effect of confirmation” of a plan, in that a confirmed plan
binds the debtor and creditors regardless of whether a creditor’s claim is provided for in the plan
or whether a creditor agrees or disagrees with the plan. 11 U.S.C. § 1327(a). As noted by the court
in Anderson, § 1327 does not limit permitted modifications of a confirmed plan, and only binds
the debtor and all creditors unless and until it is modified, at which time the modified plan becomes
the plan under § 1329(b)(2). Id. (citing In re Jock, 95 B.R. 75, 77 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. 1989).
for the factual circumstances to change prior to modification, the Cannons are not prohibited from
modifying their Plan based on the doctrine of claim preclusion.
B. The Cannons cannot modify their Plan under § 1329(a).

While claim preclusion is not an obstacle for the Cannons’ modification attempt, the
Cannons’ proposed modification under § 1329(a) does not meet the requirements of § 1322(a)—a
limiting provision to § 1329(a). To begin, the Court notes that § 1329(a) does not prohibit anything.
In fact, the provision permits types of modifications. In re Fayson, 573 B.R. 531, 534 (Bankr. D.
Del. 2017). Sections 1322(a) and (b) and §§ 1323(c) and 1325(a) are the appropriate sources of
limits on modification under § 1329. See In re Anderson, 545 B.R. 174, 177 (Bankr. N.D. Miss.
2015) (citing In re Jock, 95 B.R. 75, 77 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. 1989)). Nevertheless, § 1329(a)
provides three circumstances arguably relevant here which permit a debtor to modify a plan. The
first relates to adjusting payment amounts, i.e., the debtor can increase or decrease the “amount of
payments on claims of a particular class” provided for in a plan. 11 U.S.C. § 1329(a)(1).
The second situation allows modification where a debtor seeks to extend or reduce the time

for “such” payments. 11 U.S.C. § 1329(a)(2). The third situation involves altering distribution
amounts, where a debtor may modify the amount distributed to creditors to account for payments
made outside the plan. 11 U.S.C. § 1329(a)(3). These provisions allow flexibility in adjusting a
confirmed plan to accommodate changes in a debtor’s financial situation during the life of the plan.
In re Anderson, 545 B.R. 174, 176 (Bankr. N.D. Miss. 2015) (citing Meza, 467 F.3d at 877).
Even though § 1329(a) is meant to allow debtors flexibility, the Trustee argues that the
Cannons do not carry their burden as to any of these circumstances because the Cannons proposed
modification seeks to create a new class of claims—the Student Loan Claims—that did not exist
in the confirmed Plan. In other words, the Trustee argues that because the class of Student Loan
Claims is not provided for in the Plan, modifying their Plan to decrease payments to this non-
existent class is not permitted under § 1329(a)(1). Further, the Trustee submits that the Cannons
are not requesting for payments to be made to the Student Loan Creditors from a source other than
what is provided in the confirmed Plan, so the Cannons do not meet § 1329(a)(3) either.10 The
Court will endeavor to discuss all the relevant modification provisions of § 1329(a) that could

apply to the Cannons’ proposed modification. To an extent, and as will be explained below, the
Court agrees with the Trustee’s arguments, and because the Court believes § 1329(a)(1) to be the
most applicable to the facts as presented in this case, it will begin there.
1. § 1329(a)(1)
Practically speaking, modification typically occurs under § 1329(a)(1) where debtors can
no longer afford to pay their plan payments and seek to reduce their payments or where additional
income or nonexempt property may necessitate an increased distribution to unsecured creditors.
Indeed, § 1329(a)(1) allows a plan to be modified to increase or reduce the amount of payments
on claims of a particular class provided for by the plan. 11 U.S.C. §1329(a)(1) (emphasis added).

Here, the Cannons are seeking to increase distribution amounts paid on all unsecured claims other
than the Student Loan Claims, which means they are not seeking to increase or reduce on all claims
of a particular class. Instead, as the Trustee argues, the Cannons are attempting to increase the
amount paid on some claims within the class and reduce the amount to others. Increasing the
payments for only some of the claims within a particular class clearly exceeds the bounds of the
Bankruptcy Code because § 1322(a)(3) requires that all claims within the same class receive equal

10 As the Trustee acknowledges and the Court agrees, the Cannons are not purposing to
reduce the amount to be paid under the Plan by the actual amount paid by the Cannons for the
purchase of insurance under § 1329(a)(4). Because the Cannons have not sought modification
under § 1329(a)(4), the Court will not discuss it any further.
treatment. Public Finance Corp. v. Freeman, 712 F.2d 219, 22 (5th Cir. 1983); 11 U.S.C.
§ 1322(a)(3); COLLIER ON BANKRUPTCY ¶ 1322.04 16th ed.
Faced with this prohibition, the Cannons are attempting a workaround by separately
classifying the Student Loan Claims. If the Court were to permit the reclassification of the Student
Loan Claims, the payment in full of all other unsecured claims could constitute an increase in the

amount paid to claims of a particular class, i.e., the general unsecured Creditors, and likely fall
under the purview of § 1329(a)(1). As the Cannons argue (and the Court agrees), separate
classification of unsecured claims is permitted, but only if the treatment complies with the
prohibition on unfair discrimination found in § 1322(b)(1). While § 1122 allows a plan to place
“substantially similar claims within the same class”, it does not require it. In re Idearc Inc., 423
B.R. 138, 160 (Bankr. N.D. Tex. 2009). Likewise, § 1322(b)(5) allows debtors to separately
classify unsecured claims on which the last payment is due after the date on which the final plan
payment is due, as is the case with the student loans. 11 U.S.C. § 1322(B)(5); In re Durand Day,
2022 WL 14938726 *2 (Bankr. N.D. Tex. 2022).

The Cannons would have been able to at least propose separate classification of the Student
Loan Claims at confirmation, subject only to the prohibition of unfair discrimination as mentioned
above. But at the modification stage, the Court must also consider additional provisions of the
Bankruptcy Code, and the Court must now determine whether it may “reclassify”11 the Student
Loan Claims so that increasing the amount paid to the general unsecured Creditors, but not the
Student Loan Creditors, does not violate § 1322(a)(3)’s requirement that all claims within a class

11 Merriam-Webster defines reclassify as follows: to move from one class, classification,
or category to another. Reclassify, Meriam-Webster’s Dictionary (11th ed. 2003).
receive the same treatment. To that end, the Cannons argue § 502(j) permits the proposed
modification attempt.
While § 502(j) allows an allowed or disallowed claim to be reconsidered for cause, courts
are split as to whether § 502(j) can be used to reclassify a claim postconfirmation. Compare In re
Tucker, 500 B.R. 457, 464 (Bankr. N.D. Miss. 2013) (stating that debtors may modify plans and

reclassify a deficiency claim as unsecured using § 502(j)), with In re Nolan, 232 F.3d 528, 535
(6th Cir. 2000) (holding that a claim cannot be reclassified at modification). While courts have
utilized § 502(j) as a tool for reclassification, those courts have only applied § 502(j) in the context
of surrendering collateral and reclassifying any deficiency as an unsecured claim under
§§ 1329(a)(1) or (a)(3). See Tucker, 500 B.R. at 461. In Tucker, the court reasoned that
§§ 1329(a)(1) and (a)(3) provide for modifications that alter the payment of a claim by eliminating
the payments to the secured creditor, implicating §§ 1329(a)(1) and (a)(3), in conjunction with
§ 506, which provides that a secured creditor’s claim may be partially unsecured. Id. When relying
on § 502(j) to permit reclassifying of secured claims, courts like Tucker have concluded that a

court’s power to reconsider a claim enables a debtor to modify his or her confirmed plan to
surrender collateral and reclassify a creditor’s claim under § 1329. Id. This ability is restricted,
however, by the requirement of a showing of cause and consideration of the equities of the case
before a claim is reconsidered under § 502(j). 11 U.S.C. § 502(j).
As mentioned above, courts in the Fifth Circuit have held that § 1329 and § 502(j) allow
for modifications to surrender collateral and reclassify any deficiency as an unsecured claim.
Tucker, 500 B.R. at 460. But after review, and aside from § 502(j)’s statutory language, the Court
has not found any case law or precedent where § 502(j) has been used to reclassify wholly
unsecured claims. Even so, to the extent that it may apply, the Court will address the Cannons
argument that § 502(j) allows the reclassification of the Student Loan Claims. Assuming it is
applicable, a prerequisite to reconsider a claim under § 502(j) is the existence of “cause”. 11 U.S.C.
§ 502(j). In addition to cause, the equities of the case must also support reconsideration. In re
Anderson, 545 B.R. 174, 180 (Bankr. N.D. Miss. 2015).
Because “cause” is a prerequisite to reconsideration, the first inquiry must be whether cause

exists. In re Coffman, 271 B.R. 492, 497 (Bankr. N.D. Tex. 2002). The Bankruptcy Code does not
define “cause”, but the Fifth Circuit has held that the § 502(j)-cause standard is like the cause
standard in Rule 60(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure made applicable by Rule 9024 of
the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure. See Matter of Colley, 814 F.2d 1008, 1010 (5th Cir.
1987). Rule 60(b) provides that “cause” exists for the following reasons: (1) mistake, inadvertence,
surprise, or excusable neglect; (2) newly discovered evidence; (3) fraud, misrepresentation, or
other misconduct of an adverse party; (4) the judgment is void; (5) the judgment has been satisfied,
released, or discharged or enforcement is no longer equitable; or (6) any other reason justifying
relief. Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b).

Before applying the Rule 60(b) “cause” standard in this case, in situations where courts
have analyzed the “cause” standard using § 502(j) to reclassify a deficiency claim as unsecured,
courts have reasoned that surrender of the collateral securing the original claim is expressly
permitted by §§ 1329(a)(1) and (a)(3). Tucker, 500 B.R. at 461. Once a debtor has surrendered
collateral, § 506 allows any deficiency to become an unsecured claim since a secured creditor’s
claim is only a secured claim to the extent of the estate’s interest in that collateral. Id. at 462; 11
U.S.C. § 506. Thus, by operation of law, a creditor cannot have a claim secured by collateral which
is no longer in the debtor’s possession, creating cause under Rule 60(b)(6) to reconsider and
reclassify any deficiency using § 502(j). Anderson, 545 B.R. at 183.
Although the courts have found “cause” to reclassify secured claims under Rule 60(b)(6),
the Cannons seek relief wholly on equitable grounds, which implicates both Rules 60(b)(5) and
(b)(6). As to Rule 60(b)(5), relief is only provided when it is no longer equitable, not when it is no
longer convenient to live with the terms of the judgment. Exchange Commission v. Novinger, 40
F.4th 297, 307 (5th Cir. 2022) (citing Rufo v. Inmates of Suffolk Cnty. Jail, 502 U.S. 367, 383

(1992)). Further, Rule 60(b)(5) requires a change in factual conditions or the law. Anderson v. City
of New Orleans, 38 F.4th 472, 479 (5th Cir. 2022). The movant bears the burden to show it is no
longer equitable. Novinger, 40 F.4th at 307. As to Rule 60(b)(6), the Fifth Circuit has held that
relief should only be granted if extraordinary circumstances are present. Hesling v. CSX Transp.,
Inc., 396 F.3d 632, 642 (5th Cir. 2005).
To support their argument under Rules 60(b)(5) or (b)(6), the Cannons assert that it would
be unjust or unequitable to allow the Student Loan Creditors to receive further distributions under
the Plan due solely to the Cannons’ potential future eligibility of loan forgiveness under PSLF.
While the Court understands and appreciates that the Cannons have devoted their careers to public

service, it does not believe the mere possibility of student loan forgiveness in the future outweighs
prohibiting the Student Loan Creditors from receiving nonexempt settlement proceeds while the
other general unsecured Creditors are paid in full. Further, just because the Student Loan Creditors
failed to file any response or objection to the Motion to Modify, that alone does not change the
reality that the Cannons may very well never qualify for student loan forgiveness.
Even more, unlike the cases12 in which § 502(j) has been used to permit the surrender of
collateral and reclassification of secured claims by relying on the operation of § 506 to find cause

12 See Tucker, 500 B.R. at 461 (finding that § 1329 in conjunction with § 506(a) allows
modification); In re Owens, 2019 WL 9828473 at *5 (Bankr. S.D. Miss. 2019) (stating that
surrender of the collateral is cause to reconsider and reclassify); and In re Anderson, 545 B.R. 174,
under Rule 60(b)(6), the facts in this case are simply different. Here, the Cannons seek to reclassify
wholly unsecured claims where they substantially benefit to the tune of approximately $19,000.00
while the Student Loan Creditors receive nothing. The Court believes that finding cause in this
situation under Rule 60(b)(6) would also be a step too far as the potential for future loan
forgiveness does not create extraordinary circumstances that justify relief like the surrender of

collateral cases cited above. Regarding either Rule 60(b)(5) or (b)(6), the Court notes that had the
Cannons already qualified for forgiveness under PSLF, the result may be different.
Simply put, the Cannons have failed to establish cause exists to reconsider and reclassify
the Student Loan Claims. While the Court does not believe cause exists in the current situation, it
does not intend this ruling to convey that cause to reconsider wholly unsecured claims cannot exist.
Nevertheless, because the Court has found that the Cannons have failed to meet the “cause”
standard of § 502(j), the Court need not further address whether the equities of the case mandate a
reclassification of the Student Loan Claims under Rule 60(b). See Anderson, 545 B.R. at 180
(finding that reconsideration is only allowed when the equities of the case support reconsideration

and cause has been shown). In summary, the Cannons have failed to show cause to reconsider the
classification of their Student Loan Claims, and those claims must remain in their current class
with the rest of the general, nonpriority unsecured Creditors. Therefore, the Cannons’ proposed
modification is not permitted under § 1329(a)(1), as it would result in unequal treatment of claims
within the same class prohibited by § 1322(a)(3).13

180 (Bankr. N.D. Miss 2015) (stating that both law and equity require reconsideration where a
secured creditor no longer has an interest in property of the estate).
13 As a result of the Court’s decision regarding reclassification of the Student Loan Claims
at the modification stage, the Court need not assess § 1322(b)(1)’s unfair discrimination
prohibition between classes of the Cannons’ Creditors’ claims because all the general unsecured
Creditors will remain in the same class. The Court appreciates the parties’ briefing on the issue,
including the parties’ legal positions regarding the two-part test adopted to evaluate what
2. § 1329(a)(2)
Even if the Court would have permitted the reclassification of the Student Loan Claims,
the Cannons’ modification does not fall under § 1329(a)(2). Section 1329(a)(2) allows
modification to extend or reduce the time for payments under the plan. 11 U.S.C. § 1329(a)(2).
Typically, § 1329(a)(2) is invoked when debtors face financial hardship and require additional

time to complete their plan payments. That is clearly not the case here, as the Cannons are seeking
to alter the amount to be paid under the Plan based on the nonexempt settlement proceeds and
receive a discharge now.
Some courts have reasoned that because early payment14 of the amount designated to be
paid under the plan does not change the substantive terms of the plan, it is an acceleration, not a
modification under § 1329. In re McCollum, 48 B.R. 377, 389 (Bankr. E.D. La. 2006). While this
“acceleration” view is not universally accepted, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals has endorsed
the idea that an early payoff is not a modification. Id. (citing Bayshore National Bank of Laporte
v. Smith, 252 F.3d 1357 (5th Cir. 2001) (noting that a debtor may use a lump sum to pay the full

amount owed under the plan and receive a discharge, regardless of the number of payments made).
Based on the Fifth Circuit’s willingness to endorse the early payoff theory, the Court agrees that
while paying all claims to the extent they would have been paid under the confirmed plan entitles
a debtor to a discharge, this early payoff method does not constitute a modification. See In re
Childers, 2015 WL 360120 at *2 (Bankr. N.D. Tex. 2015). Although the Court believes that the

constitutes “unfair discrimination” in the Fifth Circuit. That issue may very well come up again in
the future should another debtor propose to classify his or her student loan claims separately and
apart from other general unsecured claims either at confirmation or in a proposed modification.
14 Early payment, or acceleration, occurs when a debtor tenders the payments owed to
creditors under the confirmed plan prior to the conclusion of the plan term. See In re Refosco, 2013
WL 3489923 at 3* (Bankr. W.D. Penn. July 9, 2013).
Cannons’ proposed modification is not actually a modification, as the Childers court noted, early
payment may constitute a modification. Childers, 2015 WL 360120 at *3.
Even if the Cannons’ proposal constitutes a modification, or if this Court were to reclassify
the Student Loan Claims, the Student Loan Claims are still unsecured, and the Cannons’
modification attempt would be unsuccessful under § 1325. Specifically, § 1325(b)(4)(B) is clear

that an above median income debtor must maintain a bankruptcy plan for five years unless all
unsecured creditors are paid in full. See In re Mason, 520 B.R. 508, 517 (Bankr. S.D. Miss. 2014)
(emphasis added); 11 U.S.C. § 1325(b)(4)(B). Here, because the Cannons are above median
income, the modification would not be permitted as the Cannons have not yet satisfied the five-
year commitment period applicable to above median income debtors, nor are they proposing to
pay all unsecured Creditors in full. Just the opposite: the Cannons want to exclude their largest
unsecured Creditors, i.e., the Student Loan Creditors. The Cannons simply cannot escape
§ 1325(b)(4)(B)’s requirement to pay all unsecured Creditors, regardless of what class the Student
Loan claims are in.15

3. § 1329(a)(3)
To the extent applicable, the Cannons’ proposed modification also does not fall under the
purview of § 1329(a)(3). Section 1329(a)(3) allows a modification to offset the payments made to
a creditor under the plan by the amount of any payments made outside of the plan. 11 U.S.C.
§ 1329(a)(3). While the term “payments made outside of the plan” and “payments made under a
plan” are colloquially used in bankruptcy, they are not directly interchangeable. See In re
Villarreal, 639 B.R. 427, 437 (Bankr. S.D. Tex. 2022). In the Fifth Circuit, a debtor’s direct

15 In addition, because the Cannons cannot reclassify the Student Loan Claims under
§502(j), the Cannons’ proposal of paying all other unsecured Creditors, while excluding Student
Loan Creditors, would not be permitted. See 11 U.S.C. § 1322(a)(3).
payment to a creditor does not constitute “payments made outside of the plan”. Id. In fact, the only
applicable sources of outside payments include payments from third parties such as co-debtors,
sureties, guarantors, or the reclamation or disposition of collateral. Id. (citing COLLIER ON
BANKRUPTCY ¶ 1329.04[3] 16th ed.).
In this case, however, the Cannons are not seeking to make payments to their Student Loan

Creditors outside of the Plan. Instead, the Cannons seek to receive a discharge and resume
payments to the Student Loan Creditors after completion of the Plan in hopes that they eventually
qualify for loan forgiveness under PSLF. Even if the Cannons proposed to make direct payments
to the Student Loan Creditors prior to the Plan’s conclusion, these payments would still constitute
payments made “under the plan”.16 Therefore, the Cannons have failed to propose any scenario in
which the Student Loan Creditors would receive payments outside of the plan. Accordingly, the
Court does not believe that the Cannons have provided sufficient justification for excluding the
Student Loan Creditors from receiving disbursements from the nonexempt settlement proceeds.
Because the Cannons’ proposed modification does not involve payments made outside of the plan,

and no further payments to the Student Loan Creditors at all, the Cannons cannot invoke
§ 1329(a)(3) to modify their Plan.
IV. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, claim preclusion does not bar the Cannons from modifying their Plan, but
the Cannons’ modification attempt fails because they cannot reclassify the Student Loan Claims
under § 502(j) due to the potential for student loan forgiveness through PSLF at some unknown
point in the future. Because the Cannons cannot separately classify their Student Loan Claims, the

16 Without sounding repetitive, the Court notes that for the Cannons to make direct
payments to the Student Loan Creditors, their claims would likely require a separate classification
to avoid violating the identical treatment requirement under § 1322(a)(3).
Cannons cannot modify their Plan under any subsection of 1329(a) due to the limiting provisions
of the Bankruptcy Code—namely §§ 1322(a)(3) and 1325(b)(4)(B). Although the Bankruptcy
Code may have permitted separate classification of the Student Loan Claims if proposed at
confirmation had they satisfied the unfair discrimination standard contained in § 1322(b)(1) or at
modification had the Rule 60(b) “cause” standard been satisfied in addition to § 1322(b)(1), that

is simply not the case here. As a result of the Court’s ruling in this Opinion and Order, the Student
Loan Claims will remain in the same class as the rest of the general, unsecured Creditors, and the
Student Loan Creditors must receive the same pro rata distribution as the other unsecured
Creditors. Therefore, it is hereby ORDERED that the Cannons’ Motion to Modify (Dkt. #137) is
DENIED.
##END OF ORDER##

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10749160. Public record. Not legal advice.