# Slone v. Racer

> District Court, S.D. West Virginia · September 26, 2024

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10731925

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, S.D. West Virginia
- **Decided:** September 26, 2024
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10731925

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- stating that because the answer and motion to dismiss were filed “simultaneously, it technically should have filed the motion under Rule 12(c) as one for judgment on the pleadings” (citations omitted)
- stating the deliberate indifference standard applies when the officer had “ample time to deliberate his actions”
- stating in limited circumstances a failure may “be so patently obvious that a city could be liable under § 1983 without proof of a pre-existing pattern of violations”

## Opinion text

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF WEST VIRGINIA

HUNTINGTON DIVISION

OPAL R. SLONE, individually and as the
Administratrix of the Estate of Jacquline Hudson, and
THE ESTATE OF JACQULINE HUDSON

Plaintiff,

v. CIVIL ACTION NO. 3:23-0636

JEFFREY RACER, individually & in his capacity
as a Deputy for the Cabell County Sheriff’s Office, and
CABELL COUNTY SHERIFF’S OFFICE,
a West Virginia political subdivision, and
CHUCK ZERKLE, as the Elected Sheriff of
Cabell County, West Virginia, and
CABELL COUNTY COMMISSION,
a West Virginia political subdivision, and
JOHN DOE 1-5,

Defendants.

MEMORANDUM OPINON AND ORDER

Pending before the Court is Defendant Jeffrey Racer’s Motion to Dismiss
Plaintiffs’ First Amended Complaint (ECF No. 34) and a joint Motion to Dismiss by Defendants
Cabell County Sheriff’s Office, Sheriff Chuck Zerkle, and the Cabell County Commission. ECF
No. 41. For the following reasons, the Court DISMISSES the Cabell County Sheriff’s Office as
a Defendant in this matter, and GRANTS, in part, and DENIES, in part, the remainder of the
motions.
I.
FACTUAL AND
PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On September 25, 2023, Plaintiffs Opal R. Slone, individually and as the
Administratrix of the Estate of Jacquline Hudson, and the Estate of Jackquiline Hudson filed a
Complaint against Jeffrey Racer, the Cabell County Sheriff’s Office, Sheriff Chuck Zerkle, the
Cabell County Commission, and John Does 1-5. The named Defendants filed Answers and
Motions to Dismiss. In response, Plaintiffs filed an unopposed Motion to Amend their
Complaint. The Court granted the motion and denied the pending Motions to Dismiss without
prejudice. On January 3, 2024, Plaintiffs filed their First Amended Complaint. The named
Defendants then filed Answers to the First Amended Complaint and renewed Motions to
Dismiss.

Plaintiffs allege in their First Amended Complaint that Jeffrey Racer was a Cabell
County Deputy Sheriff who was acting within the scope and authority of his employment and
under color of state law when he struck and killed thirteen-year-old Jacquiline “Laney” Hudson
with his patrol cruiser. Am. Compl. ¶¶1, 28. At the time of the event, Plaintiff alleges that Deputy
Racer was driving above the speed limit in an outrageous, reckless, or negligent manner and Ms.
Hudson’s body was thrown approximately 150 feet from the point of impact. Id. ¶¶3, 6, 50, 66.
In his Affidavit, which Plaintiffs quote and reference in the Amended Complaint, Deputy Racer
further states that, when the accident happened, he was driving the cruiser to the Main Tri-State
Transit Authority to refuel it. Id. ¶7; Aff. of Jeffrey Racer, Jr. ¶4 (Oct. 17, 2023), ECF No. 14-1.
Although his shift had ended earlier in the day, Deputy Racer asserts the Cabell County Sheriff’s
Office had a policy that “tasks deputies such as [himself] with ensuring that their County-issued
vehicles are properly maintained in a manner that will allow them to effectively discharge their
duties during their shift,” which includes permitting off-duty deputies to drive their patrol
vehicles for refueling purposes. Aff. of Racer ¶¶3, 5-7. Deputy Racer stated that his “plan was to
refuel and then drive [his] County-issued vehicle to the residence at which [he] was staying that

night so that [his] fully-fueled vehicle was ready for patrol immediately when [his] shift started
the following morning.” Id. ¶4.

Plaintiffs further allege that, after Deputy Racer struck Ms. Hudson, he failed to
render proper aid to her or place her in his cruiser and drive her to an emergency department that
was one-half mile away. Am. Compl. ¶¶40-42. Plaintiffs claim that he also did not use his radio,
his department-issued cellphone, or his personal cellphone to call 911. Id. ¶¶43, 44. Instead, he
relied upon a bystander to call 911 to report the accident. Id. ¶44. Unfortunately, Ms. Hudson
tragically died at the scene.

As a result of these events, Plaintiffs assert nine causes of action in their
Amended Complaint against Defendants. In Count I, Plaintiffs assert a claim under 42 U.S.C.
§ 1983 against all the named Defendants for violating the substantive due process clause under
the Fourteenth Amendment. In Count II, Plaintiffs state a claim of negligence against Deputy
Racer and a claim of vicarious liability for his negligent acts against Defendants the Cabell
County Sheriff’s Office, the Cabell County Commission, and Sheriff Zerkle. In Count III,
Plaintiffs allege Defendant Racer violated his duty to render aid to Ms. Hudson. In Count IV,
Plaintiffs assert a claim for Wrongful Death under West Virginia law. In Count V, Plaintiffs
assert a § 1983 claim against Defendants the Cabell County Sheriff’s Office, the Cabell County
Commission, and Sheriff Zerkle for failing to properly screen Deputy Racer when he was hired
and for failing to properly train and supervise him. In Count VI, Plaintiffs state a claim for
negligent hiring against Defendants the Cabell County Sheriff’s Office, the Cabell County
Commission, and Sheriff Zerkle. In Count VII, Plaintiffs assert a claim against Defendants the

Cabell County Sheriff’s Office, the Cabell County Commission, and Sheriff Zerkle for negligent
retention. In Count VIII, Plaintiffs assert Defendants actions and/or inactions violated the West
Virginia State Constitution. Lastly, in Count IX, Plaintiffs assert a claim for intentional and/or
negligent infliction of emotional distress against all Defendants. Defendants now seek to have
these claims dismissed.
II.
STANDARD OF REVIEW

In both Deputy Racer’s motion and the joint motion by Defendants the Sheriff’s
Office, the County Commission, and Sheriff Zerkle, the parties argue the claims against them
should be dismissed pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. However,
the motion filed by the joint Defendants was filed after they filed their Answer and Deputy
Racer’s motion was filed contemporaneously with his Answer. Therefore, both motions
technically are motions for judgment on the pleadings pursuant to Rule 12(c), rather than under
Rule 12(b)(6). See Walker v. Kelly, 589 F.3d 127, 139 (4th Cir. 2009) (stating that because the
answer and motion to dismiss were filed “simultaneously, it technically should have filed the
motion under Rule 12(c) as one for judgment on the pleadings” (citations omitted)).

Nevertheless, as a practical matter, the standard of review for a Rule 12(c) motion
is nearly identical to one under Rule 12(b)(6), with the key difference being that under Rule
12(c) a court also may consider a party’s Answer and attachments. See Pellegrino v. Equifax
Info. Servs., LLC, 709 F. Supp.3d 206, 211 (E.D. Va. Jan. 2, 2024) (stating that, “[i]n ruling on a
motion under Rule 12(c), the court applies the standard for a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, [however,]
[u]nlike a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, courts consider[ ] the pleadings (the complaint, answer, and any
written instruments attached to those filings) and any documents that are integral to the

complaint and authentic” (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)); cf. Morrison v.
Indian Harbor Ins. Co., Civ. Act. No. 3:23-0451, 2024 WL 3258213, at *3 (S.D. W. Va. July 1,
2024) (stating “a court reviewing a Rule 12(b)(6) motion ‘may . . . consider documents
incorporated into the complaint by reference, as well as those attached to the motion to dismiss,
so long as they are integral to the complaint and authentic” without converting the motion into
one for summary judgment’” (quoting United States ex rel. Oberg v. Pa. Higher Educ.
Assistance Agency, 745 F.3d 131, 136 (4th Cir. 2014)). Here, similar to the Affidavit, Deputy
Racer also states in his Amended Answer that, at the time of the accident, “he was going to
refuel his vehicle” and “was acting within the scope of his employment.” Def. Jeffrey Racer,
Jr.’s Ans. To Pls.’ First Am. Compl. ¶¶1, 8, ECF No. 33. Deputy Racer further explained “he was

required to insure [sic] that the routine and scheduled maintenance on his assigned vehicle was
current and properly maintained and that he was permitted to utilize his assigned vehicle while
not on duty to refuel his vehicle in preparation for returning to duty.” Id. ¶8. As the authenticity
of Deputy Racer’s Affidavit is not challenged and Plaintiffs specifically quote from it in the
Amended Complaint to support their claims, the Court may consider both the Affidavit and
Deputy Racer’s Answer under Rule 12(c) without converting the motion into one for summary
judgment.
Additionally, as a Rule 12(c) motion in other respects is the same as a Rule
12(b)(6) motion, the Court must “accept the complaint’s factual allegations as true and draw all
reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiffs.” Feminist Majority Found. v. Hurley, 911 F.3d
674, 685 (4th Cir. 2018) (citation omitted). “However, the court need not accept the legal

conclusions drawn from the facts, and need not accept as true unwarranted inferences,
unreasonable conclusions, or arguments.” Monroe v. City of Charlottesville, Va., 579 F.3d 380,
385–86 (4th Cir. 2009) (internal citations, brackets, and quotations omitted). This Court should
grant a Rule 12(c) motion only if, “‘accepting all well-pleaded allegations in the plaintiff’s
complaint as true and drawing all reasonable factual inferences from those facts in the plaintiff’s
favor, it appears certain that the plaintiff cannot prove any set of facts in support of his claim
entitling him to relief.’” Priority Auto Grp., Inc. v. Ford Motor Co., 757 F.3d 137, 139 (4th Cir.
2014) (quoting Edwards v. City of Goldsboro, 178 F.3d 231, 244 (4th Cir.1999)). It is under
these standards the Court must consider Defendants’ arguments.1
III.
DISCUSSION

A.
Cabell County Sheriff’s Office

Initially, the Court addresses the Cabell County Sheriff’s Office’s argument that it
lacks the capacity to be sued. This Court recently addressed this precise issue in Eagon v. Cabell
County Emergency Medical Services, Civ. Act. No. 3:23-0013, 2023 WL 8853727 (S.D. W. Va.

1Plaintiffs make a cursory argument that Defendants’ motions should be summarily
denied because they cite the wrong Rule. Although Defendants should be more observant in the
future, to deny both motions on this basis would put form over substance, with Defendants likely
refiling the same motions under Rule 12(c). Therefore, the Court rejects Plaintiffs’ argument. See
Shelton v. Safeway, Inc., No. Civ. Act. No. PJM 10-2358, 2011 WL 1869827, at *3 (D. Md. May
16, 2011) (“To avoid the elevation of form over substance, a court may construe an untimely
Rule 12(b)(6) motion as a Rule 12(c) motion for judgment on the pleadings.”).
Dec. 21, 2023). In Eagon, the Court held that the Cabell County “Sheriff's Department is not a
separate suable entity as suit lies with the County Commission.” Eagon, 2023 WL 8853727, at
*3 (citing Zsigray v. Cty. Comm’n of Lewis Cty., Civ. Act. No. 2:16-0064, 2017 WL 462011, at
*2 (N.D. W. Va. Feb. 2, 2017), aff’d sub nom. Zsigray v. Cty. Comm’n of Lewis Cty., 709

F. App’x 178 (4th Cir. 2018) (holding “while West Virginia law authorizes suits against a county
commission/council, it does not contain any similar provision for county sheriff's offices.
Therefore, while plaintiff may sue the County Commission of Lewis County, he may not sue the
Lewis County Sheriff’s Office” (citation omitted)).

In response, Plaintiffs cite two West Virginia Supreme Court cases that discuss a
sheriff’s office’s liability. See Helms v. Carpenter, Civ. Act. No. 16-1070, 2017 WL 5513618, *6
(W. Va. Nov. 17, 2017) (unpublished) (stating “[u]nder §1983, a sheriff’s department may not be
held liable for the actions of its employees or agents, but may be held liable for constitutional
torts caused by the department’s policies, procedures, or customs” (citation omitted)); Maston v.

Wagner, 781 S.E.2d 939, 955 (W. Va. 2015) (holding “the Tyler County Sheriff’s Department is
not entitled to immunity because, under the Governmental Tort Claims and Insurance Reform
Act, a political subdivision (such as a county sheriff) is statutorily liable for damages ‘caused by
the negligent performance of acts by their employees while acting within the scope of
employment.’ W. Va. Code § 29–12A–4(b)(1), (c)(2) [1986]”). However, it does not appear in
either of these cases that the issue of whether a sheriff’s office actually is a separate suable entity
was raised or addressed. Additionally, although the district court in Cottrell v. Stepp, Civ. Act.
No. 2:18-01281, 2019 WL 1140198, *4 (S.D. W. Va. Mar. 12, 2019), found “a county sheriff’s
office is a suable entity under West Virginia law,” this Court stands by its position that it is not
suable and the county commission is the properly named defendant. See Eagon, supra; Barnett v.
Cabell Cty. Comm’n, Civ. Act. No. 3:22-0203, 2023 WL 2604800, at *4 (S.D. W. Va. Mar. 22,
2023) (“It is likewise axiomatic in West Virginia that the county commission is the proper party
for suit when claims are alleged against the county, county officers, or county officials. W. Va.
Code § 7-1-1(a)(1).”).2 Therefore, the Court GRANTS the motion to dismiss the Sheriff’s Office

and finds any liability that attaches to the Sheriff’s Office’s acts or omissions rests on the
shoulders of the county commission, which already is named as a Defendant in this action.
B.
42 U.S.C. § 1983 Claims

1.
Count I

Next, the Court considers Defendants’ arguments to dismiss Count I. In Count I,
Plaintiffs allege that Defendants violated the substantive due process clause under the Fourteenth
Amendment to the United States Constitution pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The Fourth Circuit
has explained that “a plaintiff asserting a § 1983 substantive due process claim must allege both
the deprivation of his life, liberty or property interest by a state actor, and that the deprivation of
this interest was “‘arbitrary in the constitutional sense.’” Callahan v. N. Carolina Dep’t of Pub.

2See also Zsigray, supra; Frederick v. W. Virginia Dep’t of Health & Hum. Servs., Civ.
Act. No. 2:18-01077, 2019 WL 1198027, at *46 n.26 (S.D. W. Va. Feb. 15, 2019), report and
recommendation adopted, Civ. Act. No. 2:18-01077, 2019 WL 1173358 (S.D. W. Va. Mar. 13,
2019) (stating “neither the Jefferson County Sheriff’s Department [n]or the Jefferson County
Prosecuting Attorney’s Office are suable entities. Rather, the proper entity or entities to be sued
are the elected officials of these offices or the Jefferson County Commission, which is the
governing body of the County”); Rankin v. Berkeley Cty. Sheriff's Dep’t, 222 F. Supp. 2d 802,
807 (N.D. W. Va. 2002) (“finding that the Berkeley County Sheriff's Department is not a
separate cognizable legal entity”); Revene v. Charles Cty. Comm’rs, 882 F.2d 870, 874 (4th Cir.
1989) (finding, in Maryland, “[t]he separate claim against the ‘Office of Sheriff’ was rightly
dismissed on the basis that this ‘office’ is not a cognizable legal entity separate from the Sheriff
in his official capacity and the county government of which this ‘office’ is simply an agency”
(citations omitted)).
Safety, 18 F.4th 142, 145 (4th Cir. 2021) (quoting Collins v. City of Harker Heights, 503 U.S.
115, 129 (1992)). In this case, Plaintiffs allege that Deputy Racer acted within the scope of his
employment with “reckless indifference” to Laney Hudson’s rights by operating his patrol
vehicle “in excess of posted speed limits and/or fail[ing] to operate his vehicle with due care or

due regard” which resulted in her death. Am. Compl. ¶47. In the alternative, Plaintiffs assert
Deputy Racer’s excessive speed was “unnecessary, unreasonable, and outrageous and constitutes
wanton, willful, reckless, unjustifiable, and malicious conduct” or establishes a “fail[ure] to
exercise due care or due regard[.]”Id. ¶¶49, 50. Plaintiffs also allege the mandated refueling
policy that permitted Deputy Racer to take his patrol vehicle with him after his shift ended
“created a danger to citizens . . ., including Laney Hudson, because it failed to ensure that
deputies operated their vehicles with ordinary and due care and pursuant to the requirements of
West Virginia state law.” Id. ¶53. Plaintiffs further claim that “Defendants callously and
recklessly disregarded Plaintiffs’ state and federal constitutional and statutory rights by
Defendants’ custom(s), policies, and/or procedures that created the situation wherein Defendant

Racer ignored posted speed limits while engaged in a mandated refueling task.” Id. ¶55.
Defendants challenge the sufficiency of these allegations under § 1983.

“Section 1983 provides a cause of action against ‘[e]very person who, under color
of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State’ deprives someone of a
federal constitutional or statutory right.” Lindke v. Freed, 601 U.S. 187, 194 (2024) (quoting 42
U.S.C. § 1983; emphasis added in Lindke)). In other words, § 1983 “protects against acts
attributable to a State, not those of a private person.” Id. (citations omitted). Although often it is
easy to distinguish between state and private acts, sometimes the line is blurred, and courts have
grappled with where the line should be drawn. Id. at 195-96. To do so, a court must closely
examine whether “‘the conduct allegedly causing the deprivation of a federal right be fairly
attributable to the State’” with careful consideration paid “to the relevant statute, ordinance,
regulation, custom, or usage” or “grant of authority” to the alleged actor. Id. at 198, 200 (quoting

Lugar v. Edmondson Oil Co., 457 U.S. 922, 937 (1982) (emphasis added in Lindke)).

In determining whether Plaintiffs’ have adequately alleged a substantive due
process claim, the Court looks to the Fourth Circuit’s decision in Dean ex rel. Harkness v.
McKinney, 976 F.3d 407 (4th Cir. 2020). In Dean, a deputy sheriff was on patrol and driving a
department-owned vehicle when he collided with another motorist who sustained severe injuries.
976 F.3d at 411-12. Prior to the accident, the deputy was responding to a “Code 3” emergency
response, which permitted him to exceed the posted speed limit. Id. While in route to the scene,
however, the Code 3 was cancelled and the deputy was required to cut back his speed and abide
by the traffic laws. Id. at 412. Approximately two minutes after the Code 3 ended, the deputy

was still driving “at least 38 miles per hour over the 45 mile-per-hour speed limit” when he
wrecked. Id. The guardian and conservator of the injured motorist filed a lawsuit against the
deputy, the Sheriff, and the Sheriff’s Office, alleging, in part, a § 1983 claim for violating the
injured motorist’s substantive due process rights under the Fourteenth Amendment for driving at
an excessive speed and acting with deliberate indifference. Id.

On appeal, the deputy argued the district court erred by not granting him qualified
immunity. In considering whether the deputy violated the injured motorist’s substantive due
process rights, the Fourth Circuit held that, “when an officer is able to make unhurried judgments
with time to deliberate, such as in the case of a non-emergency, deliberate indifference is the
applicable culpability standard for substantive due process claims involving driving decisions.”
Id. at 415 (citation omitted). An officer’s conduct is deliberately indifferent where the evidence
demonstrates “the officer subjectively recognized a substantial risk of harm and that his actions

were inappropriate in light of the risk.” Id. 416 (citations omitted). Additionally, an officer’s
“subjective knowledge of the risk may be inferred from circumstantial evidence.” Id. (citations
omitted).

Applying this standard to the facts before it, the Fourth Circuit found that a
reasonable jury could determine that the deputy “knowingly disregarded a substantial risk of
serious harm, and that his deliberate indifference to life and safety was conscience-shocking, in
violation of [the injured motorist’s] Fourteenth Amendment substantive due process rights.” Id.
at 417 (citations omitted). Additionally, the Fourth Circuit determined that, while there were no
cases exactly the same as the one under review, “[a] reasonable officer in [the deputy’s] position

would have known his conduct was not only unlawful, but that it created a substantial risk of
serious harm to those around him” and, thus, was clearly established at the time of the accident.
Id. at 419. Accordingly, the Fourth Circuit held the deputy was not entitled to qualified
immunity. Id. at 419.

More recently, in Powell v. Barry, Civ. Act. No. 2:22-01604-DCN, 2023 WL
5672757 (D. S.C. Sept. 1, 2023), a § 1983 action was filed alleging that a fatal car accident was
caused by a deputy sheriff who was driving in excess of the speed limit. At the time of the
accident, the deputy was in uniform and driving a patrol car “to the precinct before his active-
duty shift.” 2023 WL 5672757, at *4. In considering whether the plaintiff’s § 1983 claim should
be dismissed, the district court cited the Fourth Circuit’s decision in McKinney and had little
difficulty finding the plaintiff had plausibly alleged the deputy “knowingly disregarded a
substantial risk of serious harm and that his deliberate indifference to life and safety was

conscience-shocking, in violation of the decedent’s Fourteenth Amendment substantive due
process rights” by driving well in excess of the speed limit. Id. at *3 (citation omitted). Likewise,
the district court found the law was clearly established at the time of the accident. Id. at *7
(citation omitted). However, unlike McKinney, the district court found the § 1983 claim could
not survive because the deputy was not acting under the color of law when the accident occurred.
Although the deputy stated he was acting in the scope of his employment and the plaintiff
alleged he was acting under color of law, the district court determined the facts belied those
assertions. Rather, the district court stated the “nature of the act” controls regardless of whether
an officer is on or off duty. Id. at **4, 7. From this standpoint, the district court found the deputy
driving to work and exceeding the speed limit during his commute was “purely personal

circumstances” that did not arise from his official duties. Id. at *4.

In support of their argument that Plaintiffs’ § 1983 claim cannot survive, the joint
Defendants and Deputy Racer cite Powell and insist that Deputy Racer was not acting within the
scope of his employment because he was off duty and he was driving to refuel like any other
person. However, the Court finds this case distinguishable from Powell. Here, Plaintiff alleged in
her Complaint that the Sheriff’s Office had a policy “task[ing] deputies with ensuring that their
County-issued vehicles are properly maintained in a manner that allows them to effectively
discharge their duties during their shift.” Am. Compl. ¶29. Additionally, in his Affidavit, Deputy
Racer states that the “Sheriff’s Department permits deputies such as [himself] to drive their
County-issued vehicles when they are off-duty for certain employment-related purposes,
including refueling,” and that he elected to take his vehicle and was traveling to refuel it at a
governmental gas station “in preparation for my duties the following morning as permitted by the

policies and/or procedures of the Cabell County Sheriff’s Department.” Aff. of Jeffrey Racer, Jr.
¶¶6-7. Thus, while Deputy Racer’s official shift had ended, the Court finds Plaintiff has plausibly
alleged he nevertheless was acting under color of law at the time of the accident as he was
performing an employment-related duty pursuant to the Sheriff Office’s policy or procedure that
required him to refuel his patrol vehicle. To the contrary, in Powell, the deputy was not acting
pursuant to any policy that he had to complete an employment-related task with his patrol
vehicle, he was simply driving it to work. This situation makes Powell substantively different
than what is alleged in this case.

The Court also finds the allegations are sufficient to show a violation of Ms.

Hudson’s substantive due process rights. Plaintiffs assert that, at the time of the accident, Deputy
was not responding to an emergency, was not in pursuit, and had no other official reason to
exceed the posted speed limit. Therefore, Deputy Racer had time to consider his conduct, and the
deliberate indifference standard applies. See McKinney, 976 F.3d at 416 (stating the deliberate
indifference standard applies when the officer had “ample time to deliberate his actions”). Under
this standard, the Court finds a reasonable jury could decide Deputy Racer subjectively should
have recognized his speed presented a substantial risk of harm to others, was inappropriate in
light of that risk, and was dangerous, reckless, and conscience-shocking in violation of Ms.
Hudson’s Fourteenth Amendment substantive due process rights. See id.
The County Commission also argues that Plaintiffs’ § 1983 claim in Count I
should be dismissed against them under Monell v. Department of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658
(1978). “[I]t is well established [under Monell] that a state’s political subdivisions are amenable
to suit under § 1983.” Doe v. Cabell County Board of Education, Civ. Act. No. 3:21-0031, 2022

WL 568342, *2 (S.D. W. Va. Feb. 24, 2022). As this Court recently explained in Eagon, “[t]o
hold a political subdivision liable under Monell, ‘a plaintiff must adequately plead and prove the
existence of an official policy or custom that is fairly attributable to the municipality and that
proximately caused the deprivation of their rights.’” 2023 WL 8853727, at *4 (quoting Doe,
2022 WL 568342, at *2; other internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Municipal liability
may occur when an employee acts “under color of some official policy . . . [that] causes [the]
employee to violate another’s constitutional rights.” Monell, 436 U.S. at 692 (internal quotation
marks omitted). A municipality’s policy or custom can be created in four ways:
through an express policy, such as a written ordinance or
regulation; (2) through the decisions of a person with final
policymaking authority; (3) through an omission, such as a
failure to properly train officers, that “manifest[s] deliberate
indifference to the rights of citizens”; or (4) through a practice
that is so “persistent and widespread” as to constitute a
“custom or usage with the force of law.”

Lytle v. Doyle, 326 F.3d 463, 471 (4th Cir. 2003) (quoting Carter v. Morris, 164 F.3d 215, 218
(4th Cir. 1999)). When determining the sufficiency of a Complaint, a plaintiff’s allegations “need
not be particularly detailed, and the chance of success need not be particularly high.” Owens v.
Baltimore City State’s Att’ys Office, 767 F.3d 379, 403 (4th Cir. 2014) (citations omitted).

In considering whether the refueling policy itself created a danger, the Court finds
the allegations against the County Commission and Sheriff Zerkle in Count I are inadequate. The
alleged refueling policy is completely neutral and was not the proximate cause of the accident.
Instead, assuming the facts in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs, the proximate cause of the
accident was the manner in which Deputy Racer drove to refuel. In other words, his alleged
speed was the immediate cause of the accident, not that he purportedly was driving pursuant to a

policy requiring him to have sufficient fuel for his next shift. Therefore, this portion of Plaintiffs’
claim is dismissed.
2.
Count V

In Count V, Plaintiffs further allege that the County Commission and Sheriff
Zerkle’s are liable under § 1983 because they failed to properly screen Deputy Racer before he
was hired and, once hired, they failed to adequately train and supervise him. Plaintiffs contend
these factors also contributed to the accident. However, the County Commission and Sheriff
Zerkle argue Plaintiffs have failed to set forth a sufficient factual basis for these claims.

Specifically, Plaintiffs allege that the County Commission and Sheriff Zerkle
failed to properly screen deputy sheriff candidates, including Deputy Racer. Am. Compl. ¶100. If
Deputy Racer had been properly screened, Plaintiffs contend they would have learned he had a
history of speeding and, consequently, should have realized his propensity to speed would likely
result in harm to a third person. Id. ¶¶101, 102. Additionally, Plaintiffs claim that, after he was
hired, there were “multiple negative events” documented in his “personal jacket.” for Id. ¶112.
Yet, Plaintiffs state the County Commission and Sheriff Zerkle failed to adequately train and
supervise him, specifically with respect to his driving and his responsibility to render aid
following an accident. Furthermore, Plaintiffs allege there was “an official and/or unofficial
policy or custom beyond those sworn to by Defendant Racer that permitted Cabell County
Sheriff’s Deputies to ignore posted speed limits when engaged in employment-related activities,
like refueling.” Id. ¶103.

In determining whether Plaintiffs’ claims based upon inadequate hiring, training,

and supervision under § 1983 can survive dismissal, the Court recognizes that “[s]poradic or
isolated violations of rights will not give rise to Monell liability; only widespread or flagrant
violations will.” Owens v. Baltimore City State’s Attys Off., 767 F.3d 379, 403 (4th Cir. 2014)
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted). As to Plaintiffs’ claim the County Commission
and Sheriff Zerkle inadequately screened Deputy Racer’s background when he was hired, the
United States Supreme Court reiterated in Board of County Commissioners of Bryan County,
Oklahoma v. Brown, 520 U.S. 397 (1997), “that a municipality may not be held liable under
§ 1983 solely because it employs a tortfeasor” nor can be held “liable under a theory of
respondeat superior.” 520 U.S. at 403 (citations omitted). Rather, a plaintiff must “identify a
municipal ‘policy’ or ‘custom’ that caused the plaintiff’s injury.” Id. (citations omitted). A

“custom” may be shown when a practice is so widespread it has the force of law even if it has
never been formally approved. Id. at 404. To prove liability under § 1983, it is not enough for a
plaintiff “to identify conduct properly attributable to the municipality,” the plaintiff also must
show the municipality’s “deliberate conduct . . . was the ‘moving force’ behind the injury
alleged.” Id. (emphasis original). In other words, the Supreme Court explained that “a plaintiff
must show that the municipal action was taken with the requisite degree of culpability and must
demonstrate a direct causal link between the municipal action and the deprivation of federal
rights.” Id. (emphasis original).
The Supreme Court further cautioned that, if “municipal liability rests on a single
decision, not itself representing a violation of federal law and not directing such a violation,”
there exists a high danger liability will be found despite the absence of municipal fault. Id. at
408. When a “decision necessarily governs a single case, there can be no notice to the municipal

decisionmaker, based on previous violations of federally protected rights, that his approach is
inadequate.” Id. Likewise, the plaintiff will not be able to point to another event “mak[ing] it
more likely that the plaintiff’s own injury flows from the municipality’s action, rather than from
some other intervening cause.” Id. at 408-09. Particularly, when there is a decision to hire a
single employee, courts must be especially cautious not to allow it to become a backdoor to
attach liability via respondeat superior. Id. “Only where adequate scrutiny of an applicant's
background would lead a reasonable policymaker to conclude that the plainly obvious
consequence of the decision to hire the applicant would be the deprivation of a third party’s
federally protected right can the official’s failure to adequately scrutinize the applicant’s
background constitute “‘deliberate indifference.’” Id. at 411. See also Connick v. Thompson, 563

U.S. 51, 64 (2011) (stating in limited circumstances a failure may “be so patently obvious that a
city could be liable under § 1983 without proof of a pre-existing pattern of violations”).

As to Plaintiffs’ claim Deputy Racer should have never been hired because he had
a history of speeding, those allegations reflect a decision to hire a single employee. While
Plaintiffs further claim that the County Commission and Sheriff Zerkle generally “failed to
properly screen . . . candidates . . . through the background review process,”3 they offer no
factual support in the Amended Complaint that this failure was a general practice. In their

3Id. ¶100.
Response, Plaintiffs also assert Deputy Racer was required to complete certain trainings before
he could be employed as a deputy, and the County Commission and Sheriff Zerkle stated in their
Amended Answer that they were without sufficient information to either admit or deny Deputy
Racer had completed those training. 4 Therefore, Plaintiffs argue the Court should deem their

Amended Answer as an admission that Deputy Racer lacked the qualifications to be employed.
The Court declines to draw this conclusion but, even if it did, it still reflects a single applicant
and not a widespread policy or practice. Thus, at this point in the proceedings, the Court must
decide whether the allegations are sufficient to survive a judgment on the pleadings because they
fall within the narrow exception to show the accident was a plainly obvious consequence of the
decision to hire Deputy Racer in light of his background. Assuming the truth of Plaintiffs’
allegation that Deputy Racer’s has a history of speeding, the Court finds it is plausible that his
driving record is so alarming that it should have been plainly obvious that he would get into an
accident. Therefore, the Court finds this claim survives the County Commission and Sheriff
Zerkle’s motion.

Plaintiffs further contend Deputy Racer’s history of speeding and multiple
negative events in his personnel jacket made it plainly obvious that a lack of training and
supervision would result in a deprivation of a third person’s constitutional rights and constitute
deliberate indifference on the part of the County Commission and Sheriff Zerkle. Although the
Court agrees with the County Commission and Sheriff Zerkle that the Amended Complaint does
not allege sufficient facts to show there was a general policy, practice, or custom of failing to
train and supervise deputies as a whole, the Court finds the allegations specific to Deputy Racer,

4Answer to Pls.’ Am. Compl., ¶¶64, 65, ECF No. 32.
taken in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs, do plausibly state a claim that the accident was an
obvious consequence of a failure to adequately train and supervise him given his alleged
background. As such, for purposes of judgment on the pleadings, the Court finds the allegations
fall within the narrow exception in which it is possible to establish a single-incident liability for

deliberate indifference on the part the County Commission and Sheriff Zerkle.
C.
Negligent Hiring and Retention

In Count VI, Plaintiffs assert that the County Commission and Sheriff Zerkle
were negligent in hiring Deputy Racer and, in Count VII, Plaintiffs claim they were negligent in
retaining him. In McCormick v. West Virginia Department of Public Safety, 503 S.E.2d 502, 506
(W. Va. 1998) (per curiam), the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals stated that liability for
negligent hiring or retention should be determine by asking:
when the employee was hired or retained, did the employer
conduct a reasonable investigation into the employee’s background
vis a vis the job for which the employee was hired and the possible
risk of harm or injury to co-workers or third parties that could
result from the conduct of an unfit employee? Should the employer
have reasonably foreseen the risk caused by hiring or retaining an
unfit person?

McCormick, 503 S.E.2d at 506 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Additionally, the
Court stated that, an employer’s liability for negligent hiring or retention, requires consideration
of the “the nature of the employee’s job assignment, duties and responsibilities—with the
employer’s duty with respect to hiring or retaining an employee increasing, as the risks to third
persons associated with a particular job increase.” Id. at 507 (citation omitted).

Similar to the § 1983 claim, Plaintiffs allege with respect to their negligent hiring
and retention claims that the County Commission and Sheriff Zerkle “failed to conduct a
reasonable investigation into Deputy Racer’s background to determine his suitability for work as
a law enforcement officer, resulting in risk of harm to the citizens of Cabell County, West
Virginia.” Am. Compl. ¶117. Plaintiffs claim that, given Deputy Racer’s history of speeding, the
County Commission and Sheriff Zerkle should have foreseen the risk. Id. ¶119. Additionally,

Plaintiffs allege that the County Commission and Defendant Sheriff were aware of “negative
events and/or misconduct committed by Defendant Racer[, which] made him unqualified to
remain employed” as a deputy, but they did not terminate him. Id. ¶¶125, 126. In their motion,
the County Commission and Sheriff Zerkle argue there is an insufficient factual basis to support
Plaintiffs’ claims.

For the same reasons the Court found the § 1983 hiring claim may proceed, the
Court finds the factual allegations are sufficient to support a plausible claim that it reasonably
could be foreseen that Deputy Racer would have an accident caused by speeding. Likewise, the
Court finds the negligent retention claim survives as Plaintiffs not only allege Deputy Racer had

a history of speeding, but his personnel jacket also had negative events and/or misconduct which
made the risk to Ms. Hudson reasonably foreseeable. Therefore, the Court denies the County
Commission and Sheriff Zerkle’s motion as to Counts VI and VII.
D.
State Constitutional Violations

In Count VIII, Plaintiffs allege all “Defendants violated the constitutional rights
guaranteed to Plaintiffs under Article III, Sections 1, 9, and 10 of the West Virginia
Constitution.” Am. Compl. ¶132. In their motion, the County Commission and Sheriff Zerkle
move for judgment against Plaintiffs on their claims under Sections 1 and 10, and Deputy Racer
moves for judgment as to all three sections. With regard to Section 1, the Court agrees with
Defendants that Plaintiffs’ claim under Section 1 fails as a matter of law because it is entitled as
the Bill of Rights, and simply “‘is a statement of basic principle’ and does not independently
give rise to a cause of action.” Smith v. Oiler, Civ. Act. No. 3:21-0649, 2022 WL 385499, at *2
(S.D. W. Va. Feb. 8, 2022) (citations omitted).

With regard to Section 10, it provides: “No person shall be deprived of life,
liberty, or property, without due process of law, and the judgment of his peers.” W. Va. Const.
art. III, § 10. Defendants argue Plaintiffs’ claim under this Section 10 must be dismissed
pursuant to the West Virginia Supreme Court’s decision in Stepp v. Cottrell, 874 S.E.2d 700
(W. Va. 2022). In Stepp, the plaintiff brought an action against various law enforcement officers
and law enforcement agencies on a variety of grounds including battery, negligence, § 1983, and
excessive force. On certified questions, the West Virginia Supreme Court determined that the
excessive force claim “‘should be analyzed under Article III, Section 6, the state counterpart to
the Fourth Amendment, rather than under a substantive due process approach.’” 874 S.E.2d at

705 (quoting Schoonover v. Clay Cty. Sheriff’s Dep’t, Civ. Act. No. 2:19-00386, 2020 WL
2573243, at *9 (S.D. W. Va. May 21, 2020)). The Court reasoned that Section 10 does not create
a separate cause of action for excessive force, there were other remedies available to the plaintiff,
and the specificity of Section 6 with respect to excessive force should control over the generality
of Section 10. Id. at 707. Additionally, the Court found a claim under Section 10 would be
redundant to a Section 6 claim. Id. Although the plaintiff argued it should be a distinct cause of
action because West Virginia does not recognize a private cause of action for money damages
under Section 6, the Court disagreed emphasizing that there remained other remedies available to
the plaintiff. Id. (citing Syl. Pt. 3, Fields v, Mellinger, 851 S.E.2d 789 (W. Va. 2020)).
In this case, Plaintiffs argue Stepp does not apply because there is no specific
State constitutional provision that supplants their claim under Section 10. Therefore, Plaintiffs
assert the Court should permit the claim to proceed. On the other hand, Defendants insist the
claim should be dismissed because there are other remedies available vis-à-vis Plaintiffs other

causes of action in the Amended Complaint.

Upon consideration, the Court agrees with Defendants. Despite there being no
other applicable State constitutional provision, a fair reading of Stepp indicates that there cannot
be a private cause of action for money damages under Section 10 for a violation on substantive
due process if there are other common law or statutory remedies available to Plaintiffs.
Therefore, Plaintiffs have failed to state a claim under Article III, Section 10. Compare with Syl.
Pt. 2, Hutchison v. City of Huntington, 479 S.E.2d 649 (W. Va. 1996) (“Unless barred by one of
the recognized statutory, constitutional or common law immunities, a private cause of action
exists where a municipality or local governmental unit causes injury by denying that person

rights that are protected by the Due Process Clause embodied within Article 3, § 10 of the West
Virginia Constitution.”).

Deputy Racer also argues that Section 9 must be dismissed because Plaintiffs
have not alleged he deprived them of any private property. Section 9 provides, in part: “Private
property shall not be taken or damaged for public use, without just compensation[.]” W. Va.
Const. art. III, § 9, in part. Plaintiffs did not respond to Deputy Racer’s argument, and the Court
agrees that they have not stated a cognizable claim against him under Section 9. Therefore, the
Court grants judgment in favor of Deputy Racer on this claim.5
E.
Intentional and/or Negligent
Infliction of Emotional Distress

The County Commission next argues it is statutorily immune from Plaintiffs’
claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress (IIED) pursuant to the West Virginia
Governmental Tort Claims and Insurance Reform Act, West Virginia Code § 29-12A-1 et seq. In
their Response, Plaintiff concedes it cannot pursue this claim. Therefore, the Court grants the
motion for judgment on the pleadings as to the County Commission. 6 See Hall v. Putnam Cty.
Comm’n, 637 F. Supp. 3d 381, 402 (S.D. W. Va. 2022) (finding the Putnam County Commission
“is immune from suit under the intentional state torts of abuse of process, IIED, and spoilation of
evidence”).

Deputy Racer also argues this claim against him must be dismissed because
Plaintiffs do not allege anything in the Amended Complaint that could be considered intentional
or so reckless as to be tantamount to intentional conduct. To prevail on an intentional or reckless
infliction of emotional distress claim, a plaintiff must show:
(1) that the defendant’s conduct was atrocious, intolerable, and so
extreme and outrageous as to exceed the bounds of decency; (2)
that the defendant acted with the intent to inflict emotional distress,
or acted recklessly when it was certain or substantially certain
emotional distress would result from his conduct; (3) that the

5The County Commission and Sheriff Zerkle did not move to have Section 9 dismissed.
Therefore, this claim remains against them.

6Plaintiffs concede they cannot pursue this claim against the Sheriff’s Office. However,
as the County Commission, not the Sheriff’s Office, is the properly named Defendant, the Court
construes it as a concession as to the County Commission.
actions of the defendant caused the plaintiff to suffer emotional
distress; and, (4) that the emotional distress suffered by the
plaintiff was so severe that no reasonable person could be expected
to endure it.

Syl. Pt. 3, Travis v. Alcon Lab’ys, Inc., 504 S.E.2d 419 (W. Va. 1998). Here, Plaintiffs
specifically have alleged “Defendant Racer acted with reckless indifference to the life of Laney
Hudson while driving in excess of the posted speed limit and/or failing to exercise due care in
the operation of his patrol vehicle while engaged in an employment-related refueling task . . . .”
Am. Compl. ¶39. Plaintiffs further assert Deputy Racer did not render proper aid to Ms. Hudson
or call 911 after the accident. Id. ¶¶40-44. In light of these allegations, the Court finds Plaintiffs
have stated a plausible claim of intentional or reckless conduct on the part of Deputy Racer and
denies his motion in this regard.

Defendants also argue the negligent infliction of emotional distress (NIED) claim
must be dismissed. In Syllabus Point 1, of Heldreth v. Marrs, 425 S.E.2d 157 (1992). the West
Virginia Supreme Court explained:
A defendant may be held liable for negligently causing a plaintiff
to experience serious emotional distress, after the plaintiff
witnesses a person closely related to the plaintiff suffer critical
injury or death as a result of the defendant's negligent conduct,
even though such distress did not result in physical injury, if the
serious emotional distress was reasonably foreseeable.

Syl. Pt. 1, Heldreth, in part. Defendants assert Plaintiffs cannot met the standard set forth in
Heldreth because Ms. Slone, individually and as the Administratrix of her daughter’s estate, did
not contemporaneously witness the accident and only arrived at the scene after the fact. In
Response, Plaintiffs argue the claim should survive because Ms. Slone was notified of the
accident “and went to the scene where Defendant Racer struck Laney Hudson. At the time [she]
arrived at the scene of the collision on December 30, 2022, she was aware that Laney Hudson
was critically injured and/or killed.” Am. Compl. ¶¶141-42. Plaintiffs further allege Ms. Slone
“suffered serious emotional distress as a direct result of witnessing critical injury and/or death to
Laney Hudson.” Id. ¶145.

Assuming, as this Court must, the truth of these allegations in the light most
favorable to Plaintiff, the Court finds there is a plausible claim that Ms. Slone witnessed her
daughter’s death, which is what Plaintiffs would have to show at trial in order to prove her claim
under Heldreth. Although the Court is aware that Defendants maintain Ms. Hudson died
instantly, it raises a factual issue that the Court will not resolve for purposes of this motion.7
Therefore, the Court denies the motions as to the NIED claim.
F.
Statutory Immunity
Deputy Racer

Deputy Racer further argues that he is entitled to statutory immunity on Count II
for Negligence, Count III for Failure to Render Aid, Count IV for Wrongful Death, and Count IX
for Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress pursuant to West Virginia’s Governmental Torts
Claims and Insurance Reform Act. In relevant part, West Virginia Code § 29-12A-5(b) provides:
(b) An employee of a political subdivision is immune from liability
unless one of the following applies:

(1) His or her acts or omissions were manifestly outside the scope
of employment or official responsibilities;

(2) His or her acts or omissions were with malicious purpose, in
bad faith, or in a wanton or reckless manner; or

7The Court is aware that Defendants maintain Ms. Hudson died instantly, which
necessarily would mean Ms. Slone did not witness her death. However, whatever Ms. Slone did
or did not see is a matter best reserved to decide after discovery.
(3) Liability is expressly imposed upon the employee by a
provision of this code.

W. Va. Code § 29-12A-5(b)(1)-(3).

As previously discussed, Plaintiffs assert Deputy Racer was acting within the
scope of his employment when the accident occurred, while the County Commission and Sheriff
Zerkle maintain he was not. To the extent he was acting within the scope of his employment, the
Court agrees with Deputy Racer that he is entitled to statutory immunity as to the pure and
simple negligence claim set forth in Count II. Therefore, the Court grants Deputy Racer’s motion
as to Count II in his official capacity.

However, as to Plaintiffs’ allegations of failing to render aid, wrongful death, and
NIED, there is no immunity if Deputy Racer was acting within the scope of his employment and
his official duties and there is a statute that expressly imposes liability upon Deputy Racer or if
his alleged acts or omissions were in a wanton or reckless manner. In Count III for failing to
render aid, Plaintiffs expressly assert Deputy Racer violated his statutory duties to render aid
under West Virginia Code §§ 17C-4-1 and 17C-4-3(b) and, therefore, he is statutorily liable
pursuant to West Virginia Code § 55-7-9. Consequently, at this point, the Court declines to find
that Deputy Racer is statutorily immune pursuant to § 29-12A-5(b)(3) for failing to render aid.

As to Plaintiffs claims for wrongful death and NIED, Plaintiffs allege Deputy
Racer’s acts and omissions were conducted in a reckless manner. To the extent Plaintiff
ultimately may be able to prove recklessness, the Court finds a waiver of statutory immunity
exists pursuant to West Virginia Code § 29-12A-5(b)(2). As there is a genuine issue of material
fact as to whether Deputy Racer acted recklessly, the Court denies the motion to dismiss the
wrongful death and NIED claims as premature. See Webb v. Raleigh Cty. Sheriff's Dep’t, 761
F. Supp. 2d 378, 394 (S.D. W. Va. 2010) (“Because genuine issues of material fact exist as to the
events leading up to and directly after the shooting, summary judgment based on the deputies’

entitlement to immunity under West Virginia Code § 29–12A–5(b) is not appropriate.”).

Deputy Racer further makes a cursory claim that Plaintiffs’ claim for punitive or
exemplary damages and non-economic damages above $500,000 should be dismissed against
him pursuant to West Virginia Code §§ 29-12A-7(a) and (b)8 and 29-12A-9(a).9 However, as

8West Virginia Code § 29-12A-7(a) and (b) provides:

Notwithstanding any other provisions of this code or rules of a
court to the contrary, in an action against a political subdivision or
its employee to recover damages for injury, death, or loss to
persons or property for injury, death, or loss to persons or property
caused by an act or omission of such political subdivision or
employee:

(a) In any civil action involving a political subdivision or any
of its employees as a party defendant, an award of punitive or
exemplary damages against such political subdivision is
prohibited.

(b) There shall not be any limitation on compensatory damages
that represent the economic loss of the person who is awarded the
damages. However, damages awarded that arise from the same
cause of action, transaction or occurrence, or series of transactions
or occurrences that represent noneconomic loss shall not exceed
$500,000 in favor of any one person. The limitation on damages
that do not represent the economic loss of the person who is
awarded the damages provided in this subsection does not apply to
court costs that are awarded to a plaintiff or to interest on a
judgment rendered in favor of a plaintiff in an action against a
political subdivision or its employees.

W. Va. Code Ann. § 29-12A-7(a) and (b).
this Court recently stated in O.W. v. Cabell Cty. Bd. of Educ., Civ. Act. No. 3:24-0070, 2024 WL
3445489, at *9 (S.D. W. Va. July 17, 2024), § 29-12A-7’s restrictions on punitive damages do
not apply to individual defendant employees of political subdivisions. Thus, the Court denies
Deputy Racer’s argument.

G.
Qualified Immunity

Deputy Racer next argues that, to the extent the Court finds Plaintiffs have
adequately alleged state actions against him, he is entitled to qualified immunity. Under the
doctrine of qualified immunity, government officials are protected “from liability for civil
damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional
rights of which a reasonable person would have known.” Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800,
818 (1982) (citations omitted). As the Supreme Court has explained, qualified immunity protects
“‘all but the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law.’ ” District of Columbia
v. Wesby, 583 U. S. 48, 63 (2018) (quoting Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335, 341 (1986)). Here,
as this Court previously indicated, it was well established at the time of this accident under the
Fourth Circuit’s holding in McKinney that excessive speed, barring any legal authority or official
justification, can present a knowing disregard for the law and pose a substantial risk of serious

9West Virginia Code § 29-12A-9 provides:

(a) If a policy or contract of liability insurance covering a political
subdivision or its employees is applicable, the terms of the policy
govern the rights and obligations of the political subdivision and
the insurer with respect to the investigation, settlement, payment
and defense of suits against the political subdivision, or its
employees, covered by the policy. The insurer may not enter into a
settlement for an amount which exceeds the insurance coverage.

W. Va. Code Ann. § 29-12A-9(a).
harm to others. Thus, the Court denies Deputy Racer’s argument he is entitled to qualified
immunity.
H.
Failure to Render Aid

Notwithstanding his immunity arguments, Deputy Racer further argues that
Plaintiffs have failed to sufficiently allege that he did not render reasonable and proper aid
pursuant to West Virginia Code §§ 17C-4-1 and 17C-4-3(b). West Virginia Code § 17C-4-1(a)
provides, in relevant part:
[t]he driver of any vehicle involved in a crash resulting in the
injury . . . of any person shall immediately stop such vehicle at the
scene of the crash or as close to the scene as possible and return to
and remain at the scene of the crash until he or she has complied
with the requirements of § 17C-4-3 of this code.

W. Va. Code § 17C-4-1(a), in part. West Virginia Code § 17C-4-3(b) imposes a duty upon the
driver and provides, in part:
[t]he driver of any vehicle involved in a crash resulting in injury to
or death of any person, if physically able to do so, shall render to
any person injured in such crash reasonable assistance, including
the carrying, or the making arrangements for the carrying, of such
person to a physician, surgeon or hospital for medical or surgical
treatment if it is apparent that such treatment is necessary or if such
carrying is requested by the injured person.

W. Va. Code § 17C-4-3(b), in part. In the Amended Complaint, Plaintiff asserts Deputy Racer
violated his duty under these statutes by failing to render any aid to Ms. Hudson, by relying upon
a bystander to call 911, and by failing to transport Ms. Hudson in his vehicle to the nearby
emergency room. Am. Compl. ¶¶79-85. Plaintiffs assert these acts and/or inactions were
unreasonable under the circumstances and constitute deliberate indifference, giving rise to
liability under West Virginia Code § 55-7-9.'° Id. 9986, 88, 91. While Deputy Racer argues he
remained at the scene and assisted in arranging for emergency medical assistance for Ms.
Hudson, the Court finds there are factual disputes about what Deputy Racer did, did not do, and
whether Ms. Hudson died instantly upon impact, making the situation hopeless. Therefore, at this
point, the Court denies Deputy Racer’s argument that Plaintiffs failed to sufficiently allege a
claim that he did not render Ms. Hudson aid.
IV.
CONCLUSION
Accordingly, for the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS, in part, and
DENIES, in part, Deputy Racer’s Motion to Dismiss the First Amended Complaint (ECF No.
34) and GRANTS, in part, and DENIES, in part, the joint Motion to Dismiss by Defendants
Cabell County Sheriffs Office, Sheriff Chuck Zerkle and the Cabell County Commission. ECF
No. 41. In addition, consistent with the Memorandum Opinion and Order, the Court
DISMISSES the Cabell County Sheriff's Office as a defendant in this matter.

The Court DIRECTS the Clerk to send a copy of this Order to counsel of record
and any unrepresented parties.
ENTER: September 26, 2024

ROBERT C. CHAMBERS
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

West Virginia Code § 55-7-9 states, in part: “Any person injured by the violation of any
statute may recover from the offender such damages as he may sustain by reason of the
violation|[.]”
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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10731925. Public record. Not legal advice.