# Linenweber v. Southwest Airlines Co

> District Court, N.D. Texas · September 19, 2023

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10671155

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, N.D. Texas
- **Decided:** September 19, 2023
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

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## Opinion text

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS
DALLAS DIVISION

ROBERT G. LINENWEBER, Individually
and on Behalf of All Others Similarly
Situated,

Plaintiff,

v. Civil Action No. 3:20-CV-00408-K

SOUTHWEST AIRLINES CO., GARY C.
KELLY, TAMMY ROMO, and MIKE
VAN DE VEN,

Defendants.

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

Before the Court are Defendants Southwest Airlines Co. (“Southwest”), Gary C.
Kelly, Tammy Romo, and Mike Van de Ven’s Motion to Dismiss and Brief in Support
(the “Motion to Dismiss”), Doc. No. 27, Defendants’ Appendix in Support of Defend-
ants’ Motion to Dismiss, Doc. No. 28, Lead Plaintiffs (“Plaintiffs”) Canadian Elevator
Industry Pension Trust Fund and Elevator Constructors Union Local No. 1 Annuity &
401(k) Fund’s Opposition to Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss the Consolidated Com-
plaint for Violations of the Federal Securities Laws, Doc. No. 29, Defendants’ Reply in
Support of Motion to Dismiss, Doc. No. 30, Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Purported
“Scheme and Course of Business” Claim Under SEC Rule 10b-5(a) and (c), Doc.
No. 31, Plaintiffs’ Opposition to Defendants’ Second Motion to Dismiss, Doc. No. 32,
Defendants’ Reply in Support of Motion to Dismiss Purported “Scheme and Course of
Business” Claim Under SEC Rule 10b-5(a) and (c), Doc. No. 33, and the Parties’ No-
tices of Recent Authority and Responses thereto, Doc. Nos. 35, 37–38, 40–41, 43–44,

46–47, 49–50. Upon consideration of the Parties’ filings, the Court GRANTS Defend-
ants’ Motion to Dismiss and dismisses all claims asserted in Plaintiffs’ Consolidated
Complaint for Violations of the Federal Securities Laws (the “Complaint” or
“Compl.”). Plaintiffs’ claim that Defendants made misleading statements to investors

fails because Defendants’ alleged misstatements about deficiencies in Southwest’s
safety and regulatory compliance practices are generalized expressions of optimism that
would not mislead investors or are neither false nor misleading on the facts alleged by
Plaintiffs. Plaintiffs’ “misstatement” claim also fails because Plaintiffs do not plead
with particularity that Mr. Kelly, Ms. Romo, or Mr. Van de Ven (the “Officer Defend-

ants”), speaking as officers of Southwest, made their alleged misstatements severely
recklessly or with the intent to mislead investors. Plaintiffs’ allegations do not suggest
that the Officer Defendants actually learned of Southwest’s alleged operational defi-
ciencies or would have benefited from concealing them more than a typical executive

would benefit from concealing moderately unfavorable news about his or her business.
While Plaintiffs claim that Defendants are independently liable for engaging in a fraud-
ulent or deceptive “scheme,” Defendants’ alleged scheme consists of making misstate-
ments to investors. Plaintiffs’ “scheme” claim fails for the same reasons as their “mis-
statement” claim. Since Defendants’ alleged misstatements and scheme are their only

alleged primary violations of the securities laws, Plaintiffs’ remaining claim seeking to
hold the Officer Defendants derivatively liable for Southwest’s primary violations fails
for lack of a properly alleged primary violation.

I. BACKGROUND
A. Southwest’s Safety and Compliance Issues
This is a putative class action against Southwest. The Court draws the following
facts from Plaintiffs’ class action Complaint and assumes they are true.
Southwest is a commercial passenger airline regulated by the Federal Aviation
Administration (“FAA”), a division of the Department of Transportation (“DOT”).

Compl. ¶ 18. As of December 21, 2019, Southwest operated approximately 750 Boe-
ing aircraft of various types. Id. ¶ 29. During the proposed class period, spanning
February 7, 2017 through January 29, 2020, Gary C. Kelly was Southwest’s CEO,
Tammy Romo was Southwest’s CFO, and Mike Van de Ven was Southwest’s COO.
Id. at 5 n.2; id. ¶¶ 18–21. Mr. Kelly sat on Southwest’s board of directors, which had

a Safety and Compliance Oversight Committee. Id. ¶ 136(j). Mr. Van de Ven was
Southwest’s “Accountable Executive in all matters of Safety and Security” and respon-
sible for Southwest’s “Safety and Security Management System,” or “SMS,” an internal
risk management system. Id. ¶¶ 27, 129(b), 136(c).

Southwest has had a long and public history of “safety and maintenance issues.”
Id. ¶ 28. Between 2009 and 2015, Southwest experienced a variety of safety incidents,
including problems with aircraft engines and fuselage skin, as well as pilot error. Id.
¶¶ 33, 37–38, 40, 41. On multiple occasions, the FAA investigated, settled with, or
fined Southwest for deficient maintenance and repair practices. Id. ¶¶ 34–40.

During the proposed class period, four safety and regulatory compliance issues
arose for Southwest. First, the FAA granted Southwest airworthiness certificates for
eighty-eight previously-owned aircraft unusually quickly and later discovered that some
of the aircraft had maintenance or maintenance documentation deficiencies. Id. ¶ 74.
Second, some of Southwest’s flights experienced “balance weight” issues, meaning that

the aircraft in flight carried excessive weight by FAA standards. Id. ¶ 73. Third, South-
west made unspecified changes to its pilot training program with the FAA’s approval
but without conducting an SMS risk assessment. Id. ¶ 77. Fourth, an engine on a
Southwest aircraft failed in April 2018, releasing pieces of the engine’s fan assembly

that broke one of the aircraft’s windows and caused the death of a passenger. Id. ¶ 45.
Plaintiffs allege that Southwest subsequently lobbied for more time to conduct engine
inspections designed to prevent similar incidents, but Plaintiffs do not contend that
Southwest’s failure to prevent the April 2018 engine failure violated FAA regulations

or resulted from Southwest’s other safety and compliance issues. Id. ¶¶ 44, 50, 55.
In December 2017, the FAA opened an investigation into potential maintenance
issues with Southwest’s previously-owned aircraft. Id. ¶ 74. The FAA entered an action
plan with Southwest permitting Southwest to inspect and repair the aircraft by July
2020. Id. ¶ 75. In January 2018, the FAA learned about Southwest’s balance weight

issues. Id. ¶ 57. The FAA entered an action plan with Southwest to correct the issues,
but Southwest continued reporting flights that carried too much weight under FAA
standards. Id. ¶¶ 72–73.

By July 2018, DOT’s Office of the Inspector General (“OIG”) opened an inves-
tigation into the FAA’s oversight of Southwest. Id. ¶ 58. In June 2019, the FAA re-
moved three managers in the office overseeing Southwest “amid allegations of lax safety
enforcement raised by agency whistleblowers and various government inquiries.” Id.
¶ 61. Reporting on the removal, the Wall Street Journal noted that the OIG was inves-

tigating Southwest’s previously-owned aircraft and balance weight issues. Id. South-
west’s stock price fell by 0.59% in the next trading session. Id. ¶ 62.
On January 30, 2020, the Wall Street Journal reported that the OIG would release
a report criticizing the FAA’s oversight of Southwest and stating that FAA employees

“raised concerns about the culture at Southwest” and complained about Southwest’s
resistance to providing the FAA with information. Id. ¶¶ 63, 67. Anticipated areas of
criticism included the FAA’s supervision of Southwest’s handling of its previously-
owned aircraft and balance weight issues. Id. ¶¶ 63–65. While noting that Mr. Kelly

previously said “we have opportunities to improve” balance weight monitoring, the
Wall Street Journal observed that Southwest “long held that heavier-than-expected bag-
gage loads fall well within its planes’ operating safety margins.” Id. ¶ 65. Southwest
had characterized the previously-owned aircraft and balance weight issues identified by
the OIG as “differences of opinion between the airline and its regulators—and
sometimes between various groups of regulators—that didn’t affect safety.” Id. After
the Wall Street Journal’s report, Southwest’s stock price fell 1.89%. Id. ¶ 69.

On February 11, 2020, the OIG released its final report on the FAA’s oversight
of Southwest. Id. ¶ 71. In the report, the OIG found that more than 4,000 Southwest
flights between March 2018 and March 2019 carried weight exceeding FAA allowances
by 300 or more pounds, though only seven to twenty-four per month carried 1,500 or
more excess pounds, the threshold weight Southwest believed negatively impacted

safety. Id. ¶¶ 72–73. The OIG also found that the FAA’s hasty approval of airworthi-
ness certificates for Southwest’s eighty-eight previously-owned aircraft violated FAA
regulations. Id. ¶ 75. According to the OIG, by availing itself of the FAA’s approval,
Southwest operated twenty-four aircraft with “confirmed safety deficiencies” and forty-

nine—possibly overlapping—aircraft without verifying that they complied with other-
wise-applicable FAA regulations. Id. The OIG expressed concern about the “culture”
at Southwest, including the possibility that Southwest “may have devised a process
that allows them to potentially bypass” FAA review of Southwest’s SMS risk assess-

ments. Id. ¶¶ 77–78. As an “example,” the OIG found that the FAA should not have
approved the changes Southwest made to its pilot training program without requiring
Southwest to conduct a risk assessment of the changes. Id. ¶ 77. Plaintiffs do not
contend that Southwest’s stock price fell when the OIG released its report.
Between 2017 and 2018—the only period overlapping with the period of South-

west’s safety and compliance issues for which Plaintiffs provide data—Mr. Kelly sold
$13.6 million of his shares in Southwest, or 31.8% of his holdings; Ms. Romo sold $1.8
million of her shares, or 15.4% of her holdings; and Mr. Van de Ven sold $3.5 million

of his shares, or 20.1% of his holdings. Id. ¶ 137(e).
B. Defendants’ Alleged Misstatements
Plaintiffs contend that Defendants made dozens of statements between 2017
and 2020 that misleadingly downplayed or concealed Southwest’s issues with balance
weight on its flights, with maintenance of its previously-owned aircraft, with the train-

ing of its pilots, and with the proactive management of risks that led to the April 2018
engine failure on a Southwest aircraft. Plaintiffs group these statements in six catego-
ries. First, Defendants purportedly touted Southwest’s safety record, their commit-
ment to safety, and their commitment to encouraging employees to report safety issues.
Id. ¶¶ 85–97. Second, Defendants allegedly asserted that the FAA independently and

extensively regulated Southwest and that Southwest was dedicated to compliance with
laws and regulations. Id. Third, Defendants allegedly suggested that Southwest en-
gaged in regular and substantial maintenance of its aircraft and attributed unscheduled
maintenance costs to factors other than Southwest’s issues with balance weight and

previously-owned aircraft maintenance. Id. ¶¶ 99–122. Fourth, Mr. Van de Ven alleg-
edly stated that Southwest’s balance weight program worked well for Southwest’s Ha-
waiian operations. Id. ¶ 124. Fifth, Mr. Kelly allegedly boasted that Southwest’s pilots
were experienced and well trained. Id. ¶¶ 126–128. Finally, in SEC filings Mr. Kelly

and Ms. Romo allegedly made certifications required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
(“SOX”) stating that they had designed Southwest’s public disclosure controls and in-
ternal controls over financial reporting and that they disclosed significant deficiencies

and material weaknesses in Southwest’s financial reporting controls. Id. ¶¶ 130–31.
C. Procedural History
On February 19, 2020, Plaintiff Robert G. Linenweber filed this action against
Southwest, Mr. Kelly, and Ms. Romo, alleging that they misled investors about South-
west’s safety and maintenance practices and internal controls. Doc. No. 1. On

May 18, 2020, the Court appointed Canadian Elevator Industry Pension Trust Fund
and Elevator Constructors Union Local No. 1 Annuity & 401(k) Fund as Lead Plain-
tiffs. Doc. No. 17.
Plaintiffs filed the operative Complaint on July 2, 2020. The Complaint names

Southwest, Mr. Kelly, Ms. Romo, and Mr. Van de Ven as Defendants and contains
two counts. Compl. ¶¶ 185–200. In the first count, Plaintiffs assert a “misstatement”
claim, alleging that that Defendants violated Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange
Act and SEC Rule 10b-5(b) by making the misleading statements described in Section
I.B to investors. Id. ¶ 188. In the same count, Plaintiffs also assert a “scheme liability”

claim, alleging that Defendants violated SEC Rule 10b-5(a) and (c) by employing “de-
vices, schemes, and artifices to defraud” or engaging in “acts, practices, and a course of
business that operated as a fraud.” Id. Plaintiffs, relying on the same “detail[s]” un-
derlying their misstatement claim, contend that Defendants “engaged and participated

in a continuous course of conduct to conceal adverse material information about
Southwest’s maintenance and safety issues, as exacerbated by the Company’s undue
influence over the FAA.” Id. ¶ 190. In the second count, Plaintiffs allege that the

Officer Defendants controlled Southwest and are derivatively liable for Southwest’s
fraudulent misstatements and schemes under Section 20(a) of the Securities Exchange
Act. Id. ¶¶ 198–99.
On August 17, 2020, Defendants moved to dismiss the Complaint, contending
that Plaintiffs failed to plead, inter alia, that Defendants made actionable misstatements

or did so severely recklessly or with the intent to deceive investors. Doc. No. 27. In
response, Plaintiffs asserted that Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss challenged Plaintiffs’
pleading of their misstatement claim but not their scheme liability claim. Doc. No. 29
at 17. Defendants subsequently filed a “Motion to Dismiss Purported ‘Scheme and

Course of Business’ Claim Under SEC Rule 10b-5(a) and (c)” (the “Second Motion to
Dismiss”). In their Second Motion to Dismiss, Defendants contend that their initial
Motion to Dismiss sought dismissal of Plaintiffs’ claims in their entirety and that the
arguments in the initial Motion to Dismiss apply equally to Plaintiffs’ misstatement

and scheme liability claims because the scheme liability claim relies on Plaintiffs’ alle-
gations that Defendants made misstatements. Doc. No. 31.
D. Evidentiary Objections
Plaintiffs object to the consideration of exhibits filed by Defendants in support
of their Motion to Dismiss as materials outside Plaintiffs’ pleading. Doc. No. 29 at 16.

The exhibits are an online news article referenced in Plaintiffs’ Complaint, excerpts
from Southwest’s SEC filings, an excerpt from a National Transportation Safety Board
(“NTSB”) Accident Report about the April 2018 engine failure on a Southwest aircraft,

excerpts from the February 2020 OIG report on the FAA’s oversight of Southwest, a
chart tracking Southwest’s stock price, and a press release and a transcript of an earn-
ings call containing several of Defendants’ alleged misstatements. Doc. No. 28.
The Court SUSTAINS Plaintiffs’ objection in part and OVERRULES it in part.

The Court may take judicial notice of facts outside Plaintiffs’ Complaint that are gen-
erally known or can be accurately and readily determined from sources whose accuracy
cannot reasonably be questioned. Petrobras Am., Inc. v. Samsung Heavy Indus. Co., Ltd.,
9 F.4th 247, 255 (5th Cir. 2021). The Court may also consider documents outside
Plaintiffs’ Complaint that are referenced in the Complaint and central to Plaintiffs’

claims. Lampkin v. UBS Fin. Servs., 925 F.3d 727, 730 n.2 (5th Cir. 2019). The Court
will not consider the online news article because Defendants offer it to challenge Plain-
tiffs’ factual allegations, and the contents of the article are not indisputably true. See
Brooks v. United Dev. Funding III, L.P., 2020 WL 6132230, at *34 (N.D. Tex. Apr. 15,

2020) (O’Connor, J.) (taking judicial notice of website, but not “to test the reasonable-
ness of Plaintiffs’ allegations”). Defendants rely on the article as evidence that South-
west’s efforts to lobby for more time to inspect engines in the wake of the April 2018
engine failure were more modest than Plaintiffs suggest. Doc. No. 27 at 15 & n.33.
The Court takes judicial notice of the SEC filings “only for the purpose of determining

what statements the documents contain, not to prove the truth of the documents’
contents.” Petrobras, 9 F.4th at 255 (citation omitted) (affirming judicial notice of SEC
filings). The Court takes judicial notice of the NTSB report and the OIG report as

public records but does not accept the truth of disputed factual matters in either report.
Funk v. Stryker Corp., 631 F.3d 777, 783 (5th Cir. 2011) (affirming judicial notice of
FDA records). The Court takes judicial notice of Southwest’s stock price as a fact not
reasonably subject to dispute. Catogas v. Cyberonics, 292 F. App’x 311, 316 (5th Cir.
2008) (taking judicial notice of stock prices). The Court takes judicial notice of the

press release and transcript because they contain statements for which Plaintiffs claim
that Defendants are liable, but the Court considers the documents “not for the truth
of the matters asserted therein, but to reflect what was stated.” See Miao v. Fanhua,
Inc., 442 F. Supp. 3d 774, 786 n.9 (S.D.N.Y. 2020) (collecting cases and taking judicial

notice of investor call transcript); In re Sec. Litig. BMC Software, Inc., 183 F. Supp. 2d
860, 884 (S.D. Tex. 2001) (taking judicial notice of conference call transcripts con-
taining allegedly fraudulent statements); Compl. ¶¶ 85, 94.
Although, the Court generally “must consider” material outside Plaintiffs’ Com-

plaint properly presented for the Court’s consideration, Defendants’ exhibits are re-
plete with unnecessary information. Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S.
308, 322 (2007). Defendants have also selectively excerpted several of their exhibits
to omit alleged misstatements. The only exhibits the Court finds useful are the press
release and earnings call setting forth Defendants’ allegedly fraudulent misstatements.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
The Court will dismiss a claim pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Proce-
dure 12(b)(6) if Plaintiffs fail to plead facts sufficient to make the claim plausible. Ash-

croft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). In assessing the plausibility of a claim, the
Court assumes that Plaintiffs’ factual allegations are true but does not assume that
Plaintiffs’ legal conclusions are true. Id. at 678–79. The Court requires Plaintiffs to
plead fraud “with particularity.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b).
Plaintiffs must also meet the heightened pleading requirements of the Private

Securities Litigation Reform Act (“PSLRA”) because they invoke the private right of
action implied in SEC Rule 10b-5 and assert that Defendants “[1] made an untrue
statement of a material fact; or [2] omitted to state a material fact necessary in order
to make . . . statements made, in the light of the circumstances in which they were

made, not misleading.” 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(b). Plaintiffs must “specify each statement
alleged to have been misleading, the reason or reasons why the statement is mislead-
ing,” and “state with particularity facts giving rise to a strong inference” that Defend-
ants acted with “scienter,” meaning with the intent to mislead buyers and sellers of

Southwest securities or with severely reckless disregard of the danger that they were
misleading buyers and sellers of Southwest securities. 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(b)(1)–(2);
Owens v. Jastrow, 789 F.3d 529, 536 (5th Cir. 2015).
III. PLAINTIFFS’ MISSTATEMENT CLAIM
Two deficiencies require dismissal of Plaintiffs’ claim that Defendants made
fraudulent misstatements to investors in violation of Rule 10b-5(b). None of
Defendants’ alleged misstatements are actionably false or misleading, and Plaintiffs fail
to plead with particularity facts giving rise to a strong inference that Defendants made

any of the alleged misstatements with the intent to mislead investors or in severely
reckless disregard of the possibility that they were misleading investors.
A. Defendants’ Alleged Misstatements Are Not Actionable
Defendants’ alleged misstatements are not actionable because they would not
mislead a prospective investor. Police & Fire Ret. Sys. v. Plains All Am. Pipeline, L.P., 777

F. App’x 726, 730 (5th Cir. 2019). Some of Defendants’ purported misstatements are
generalized expressions of optimism that are short on factual content and difficult to
prove true or false. Investors do not rely on such “puffery,” so it does not violate
Rule 10b-5(b). Id. The remainder of Defendants’ purported misstatements are neither
false nor misleading judged by the facts Plaintiffs’ have alleged. Masel v. Villarreal,

924 F.3d 734, 748 (5th Cir. 2019).
1. Puffing Statements
Many of Defendants’ alleged misstatements about Southwest’s safety stand-
ards are aspirational puffery rather and not actionable fraud. Plaintiffs accuse Defend-

ants of misleading investors by stating that safety was Southwest’s “top priority,”
“number one priority,” “highest priority,” and “uncompromising priority.” Compl.
¶¶ 85, 88, 91–92. Plaintiffs similarly fault Mr. Kelly and Mr. Van de Ven for signing
a 2017 press release stating that “[w]e continually work to create and foster a Culture
of Safety and Security that proactively identifies and manages risks” and fault Mr.
Kelly for stating that Southwest’s history “demonstrated [its] commitment to Safety.”
Id. ¶¶ 85, 91. Other vague allegedly misleading statements include a nonparty South-

west employee’s assessment that Southwest’s maintenance systems were either “pretty
good” or “really pretty darn solid”; Mr. Van de Ven’s stated belief that Southwest fo-
cuses on providing a “safe,” “reliable,” “on-time,” “hospitable,” “efficient,” and “enjoy-
able” operation and that Southwest’s “weight balance program works well” for South-
west’s Hawaiian operations; a Southwest press release thanking partners “who collab-

orated with us to safely prepare our operation” in Hawaii; and Mr. Kelly’s statements
that Southwest is the “gold standard” in hiring and training pilots and has pilots that
are “well prepared,” “confident of their skills,” “deeply experienced and highly trained,”
and not in “need [of] new training.” Id. ¶¶ 90, 95–96, 104, 124, 126–28. None of

these statements are actionable because investors understand generalized commitments
to laudable goals are not promises of specific actions or results and that executives’
vague praise of their business is not a guarantee of quality. See In re Anadarko Petroleum
Corp. Class Action Litig., 957 F. Supp. 2d 806, 820–21 (S.D. Tex. 2013) (generalized

statements about prioritization of safety not actionable); Plains All Am., 777 F. App’x
at 731 (stated “commitment to proper systems and . . . intention to comply with regu-
lations” not actionable); In re BP P.L.C. Sec. Litig., 843 F. Supp. 2d 712, 765 (S.D. Tex.
2012) (generalized statements about strengthening “safety culture” not actionable).
A statement by Mr. Kelly characterizing Southwest’s safety record as “impecca-

ble” presents a closer question because of its strong terms and lack of aspirational
language, but it is also not actionable. Compl. ¶ 94. Mr. Kelly’s statement is vague
and difficult to falsify. See Johnson v. Pozen Inc., 2009 WL 426235, at *22 (M.D.N.C.

Feb. 19, 2009) (CEO’s statement that drug had “unblemished” record despite genotox-
icity concerns during its approval process too vague to be actionable), rep. & rec. adopted,
2009 WL 10680297 (M.D.N.C. Sept. 29, 2009). The statement does not clearly refer
to the balance weight, previously-owned aircraft maintenance, or pilot training defi-
ciencies about which Defendants purportedly misled investors. In re Nevsun Res. Ltd.,

2013 WL 6017402, at *10 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 27, 2013) (statement that property had an
“impeccable track record” not actionable because it did not address the specific prob-
lems at the property). Nor would an investor understand Mr. Kelly to deny that South-
west faced safety issues. Mr. Kelly delivered his statement in response to a question

about the grounding of Boeing aircraft used by Southwest, and he added that “there
are things that [Boeing] need[s] to address.” Doc. No. 28 at 181. As Plaintiffs note,
Southwest also had a public history of safety incidents prior to Mr. Kelly’s statement.
Compl. ¶¶ 28–60; see Curry v. Yelp Inc., 2015 WL 7454137, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 24,

2015) (statement that content was “authentic” not misleading because of other indi-
cations that inauthentic content existed), aff’d, 875 F.3d 1219 (9th Cir. 2017). Plain-
tiffs’ allegations fall short of the allegations in cases they cite for the proposition that
“safety record” statements are actionable. Doc. No. 29 at 23. In the cited cases, in-
vestors were more likely to rely on the defendants’ representations about their safety

records because the defendants, unlike Mr. Kelly, touted the safety of specific
conditions that proved unsafe or compared their companies’ safety records to compet-
itors’ records. See In re Vale S.A. Sec. Litig., 2020 WL 2610979, at *10 (E.D.N.Y. May

20, 2020) (statement about specific dam that failed); In re ValuJet, Inc., 984 F. Supp.
1472, 1478 (N.D. Ga. 1997) (comparison of record with competitors’); In re Massey
Energy Co. Sec. Litig., 883 F. Supp. 2d 597, 617–18 (S.D.W. Va. 2012) (same).
The Court also rejects Plaintiffs’ attempt to distinguish adverse puffery prece-
dent by characterizing Defendants’ alleged misstatements as statements about “wide-

spread” issues rather than “isolated” events. Doc. No. 29 at 22. Counsel made a sim-
ilar argument in Emps.’ Ret. Sys. v. Whole Foods Mkt., Inc. (Whole Foods II), and the Fifth
Circuit rejected it. 905 F.3d 892, 902 (5th Cir. 2018); Doc. No. 00514244139 (Plain-
tiff-Appellant’s Opening Brief) at 50, Whole Foods II, 905. F.3d 892 (arguing “wide-

spread overpricing” showed that statements about “transparency” and “value efforts”
were false). Investors may expect different disclosures about widespread issues than
they expect about isolated ones, but Plaintiffs have neither alleged that Defendants
made their vague statements in contexts that gave the statements added specificity nor

alleged that the statements were so inconsistent with the true condition of Southwest’s
business that savvy investors would struggle to reconcile the statements with reality.
Whole Foods II, 905 F.3d at 902. Compare, e.g., Rosenzweig v. Azurix Corp., 332 F.3d 854,
870 (5th Cir. 2003) (assurance of “steady progress” not actionable where business was
merely struggling), with Okla. Firefighters Pension & Ret. Sys. v. Six Flags Ent. Corp., 58
F.4th 195, 217 (5th Cir. 2023) (assurance construction was “progressing” actionable
where construction had nearly stopped).

2. Statements That Are Neither False nor Misleading
Plaintiffs fail to plead that Defendants’ remaining alleged misstatements are
false or misleading. The Court analyzes these alleged misstatements in seven groups.
i. Statements About Maintenance Costs
Defendants’ alleged misstatements about Southwest’s maintenance costs are not
misleading because they are accurate and do not imply that Southwest’s maintenance,

safety, and compliance issues did not exist. Defendants purportedly told investors that
Southwest’s use of a single aircraft type permits “simplified” maintenance, that South-
west “continues to invest significantly” in “aircraft maintenance record keeping,” that
most of Southwest’s aircraft maintenance costs stemmed from payments to aircraft
maintenance firms, and that fluctuations in Southwest’s maintenance materials and

repairs expenses primarily resulted from changes in fleet composition, airframe ex-
penses, flight hours, engine leasing practices, and the timing of maintenance checks.
Compl. ¶¶ 100–03, 105–18, 120–22. The alleged misstatements also include state-
ments describing the costs of “unscheduled maintenance disruptions” and attributing

unscheduled maintenance disruptions to factors including weather, negotiations with
a mechanics union, and the grounding of flights. Id. ¶¶ 117–18, 120–22. Plaintiffs do
not dispute that Southwest correctly described its costs or the factors driving them.
Nor do Plaintiffs plead facts suggesting that Defendants’ failure to discuss Southwest’s
balance weight and previously-owned aircraft maintenance issues misled investors. Be-
cause investors typically receive distilled information from businesses, an accurate sum-

mary of a business’s costs and cost drivers is not misleading unless it omits costs or
drivers significant enough that investors expect them to be summarized if they exist.
See In re KBR, Inc. Sec. Litig., 2018 WL 4208681, at *5 (S.D. Tex. Aug. 31, 2018) (net
income and revenue figures not actionable for failure to disclose bribery because de-
fendants did not misleadingly identify factors in performance); Marcu v. Cheetah Mobile

Inc., 2020 WL 4016645, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. July 16, 2020) (revenue drivers not actionable
because disclosures “did not, explicitly or implicitly, rule out other factors playing a
role in generating revenue”). Plaintiffs do not allege that Southwest’s balance weight
and previously-owned aircraft maintenance issues were so significant.

ii. Statements About Safety and Compliance Policies
Plaintiffs fail to plead that Southwest’s alleged misstatements in its safety and
compliance policies misleadingly downplayed or concealed Southwest’s safety and com-
pliance issues. In a 2017 press release, Southwest allegedly stated that its employees
are “responsible” for maintaining the “highest levels of Safety and Security in our op-
eration and our workplaces,” proactively “identifying and reporting hazards,” contrib-

uting to a “positive Safety and Security culture and performance,” and complying with
Southwest safety policies and procedures “along with all government regulations and
guidelines.” Compl. ¶ 85. Southwest’s 2016, 2017 and 2018 Forms 10-K allegedly
state that Southwest “has policies and procedures in place that are designed to promote
compliance with the laws of the jurisdictions in which it operates.” Id. ¶¶ 86–87, 89.
Southwest’s 2017 Form 10-K also allegedly states that Southwest’s participation in a

“Required Navigation Performance” (“RNP”) program produces “safer and more effi-
cient flight patterns.” Id. ¶ 87. None of these statements are misleading because Plain-
tiffs fail to plead that Southwest’s employees lacked responsibility for safety, compli-
ance, and proactive risk management, that Southwest lacked compliance policies and
procedures, or that Southwest’s participation in the RNP program lacked safety bene-

fits for Southwest’s flights. Investors know that the deployment of employees and
development of policies and programs to mitigate safety and compliance issues is not
a guarantee that problems will not arise. See Edgar v. Anadarko Petroleum Corp., 2018
WL 3032573, at *15 (S.D. Tex. June 19, 2018) (Rosenthal, C.J.) (statement that

“‘teams strive for ZERO incidents’” not misleading because the occurrence of an inci-
dent “does not mean that [the] teams did not strive for zero spills”); KBR, 2018 WL
4208681, at *6 (statement that defendant had compliance policies and trained em-
ployees to follow them not misleading though some employees engaged in bribery); In

re Plains All Am. Pipeline, L.P. Sec. Litig., 307 F. Supp. 3d 583, 635 (S.D. Tex. 2018)
(Rosenthal, J.) (statement of substantial regulatory compliance not misleading though
defendants violated some regulations).
iii. Statements About Regular Maintenance Checks
Plaintiffs do not plausibly allege that Southwest misled investors when it referred
to its “regular maintenance checks.” Compl. ¶¶ 102, 110–11. Plaintiffs contend that
the checks were not “regular” because Southwest operated twenty-four aircraft with
safety deficiencies, flew forty-nine aircraft without verifying that they met U.S. aviation

standards, and failed to address maintenance issues, but these failures are consistent
with regular checks. Id. ¶ 123(a). Regular checks are consistent or structured checks,
not immediate or exhaustive ones. Regular, Oxford English Dictionary (2009 rev. ed.)
(“Characterized by evenness, order, or harmony . . . or constituting a constant or defi-
nite pattern.”); see also Reese v. McGraw-Hill Cos., 293 F.R.D. 617, 624 (S.D.N.Y. 2013)

(statement that ratings agency “regularly” reviewed ratings not misleading despite de-
lays because it did “not provide any time frame” for review). Plaintiffs fail to allege
that Southwest’s maintenance checks, even if imperfect, were irregular. Plains All Am.,
307 F. Supp. 3d at 624 (statement that company “regularly assess[ed] pipeline integ-

rity” with tools not misleading despite maintenance issues because the statement was
“not about how well the tools worked or that they were 100 percent effective”);
Reidinger v. Zendesk, Inc., 2021 WL 796261, at *7 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 2, 2021) (statement
that defendant regularly reviewed security not misleading despite security breach be-

cause statement did not guarantee security), aff’’d sub nom. Loc. 353, I.B.E.W. Pension
Fund v. Zendesk, Inc., 2022 WL 614235 (9th Cir. Mar. 2, 2022).
iv. Statements About FAA Regulation
Plaintiffs fail to plausibly allege that Southwest overstated the extent and quality
of the FAA’s regulation of the airline because Plaintiffs fail to plead facts inconsistent
with Southwest’s statements. In 2019, Southwest allegedly stated that the “FAA
continues to exercise extensive regulatory oversight of the Company’s operations.”
Compl. ¶ 97. In a video about the grounding of Boeing aircraft, Mr. Kelly stated—in

Plaintiffs’ words—that “every operative detail is operated according to”—in Mr. Kelly’s
words—the “independent oversight” of the FAA. Id. ¶ 92. Plaintiffs do not explain
whether the “operative details” to which they refer relate to an individual aircraft, a
class of aircraft, or some other unit of operations.
Assuming investors paid a premium for Southwest shares because they believed

the FAA regulated Southwest more heavily rather than less heavily, Plaintiffs’ doubly-
qualified contention that Southwest “may have devised a process that allows them to
potentially bypass” one aspect of FAA oversight—FAA review of Southwest’s internal
SMS risk assessments—does not show that Southwest’s statements about the FAA’s

oversight misled investors. Id. ¶ 98(f). That Southwest “may” have “potentially”
avoided FAA review of SMS risk assessments is consistent with “extensive” FAA over-
sight of Southwest. An SMS “does not take the place of regular FAA oversight, inspec-
tion, and audits to ensure compliance with regulations.” Id. ¶ 27. Plaintiffs also allege

that the FAA repeatedly investigated Southwest before and during the proposed class
period and levied fines and extracted settlements from Southwest. Id. ¶¶ 33–41.
Plaintiffs’ paraphrase of Mr. Kelly’s statement about the FAA’s “independent”
oversight is too vague to permit the Court to infer that the statement is misleading
from Plaintiffs’ limited supporting allegations. Plaintiffs allege that the FAA removed

managers in the office that oversaw Southwest because their supervision was lax. Id.
¶ 61. Plaintiffs also allege that Southwest obtained airworthiness certificates for its
previously-owned aircraft unusually quickly. Id. ¶ 74. These allegations are consistent

with mere carelessness on the FAA’s part, and Plaintiffs fail to allege with specificity
that any FAA oversight Southwest unduly influenced affected the “operative details”
Mr. Kelly stated were subject to “independent” supervision. 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(b)(1);
see Loftus v. Primero Mining Corp., 230 F. Supp. 3d 1209, 1229 (C.D. Cal. 2017) (dis-
missing for failure to plead more than possibility that defendant improperly influenced

tax ruling). Mr. Kelly made his statement in response to the grounding of aircraft, and
Plaintiffs do not allege that Southwest improperly influenced the FAA with respect to
any matters related to the grounding. Compl. ¶ 92; cf. Vale, 2020 WL 2610979, at *14
(statement that auditors certified the stability of dams potentially misleading because

plaintiffs alleged that defendants unduly influenced the certifications at issue).
v. Statements About Documentation and Reporting
Plaintiffs fail to show that Southwest’s January 2017 commitment to “ensuring
that no disciplinary action will be taken against any Employee for reporting a Safety or
Security occurrence or hazards” was misleading when made. Compl. ¶ 85. Plaintiffs
allege that Southwest “‘pressured’ mechanics to not document ‘aircraft discrepancies,’”

id. ¶ 98(g), and an investor could infer from Southwest’s commitment that Southwest
would not sabotage reporting of safety incidents by preventing documentation of them.
See BP, 843 F. Supp. at 765–66 (defendant misled investors by “knowingly retaliating
against workers who reported safety concerns, even while issuing statements explicitly
denying any retaliation”). Plaintiffs’ pleading falls short of suggesting that Southwest
sabotaged reporting because Plaintiffs do not allege that Southwest exerted pressure on

mechanics around the time of Southwest’s January 2017 commitment. See Del. Cnty.
Emps. Ret. Sys. v. Cabot Oil & Gas Corp. (Cabot I), 579 F. Supp. 3d 933, 951 (S.D. Tex.
2022) (Rosenthal, C.J.) (pleading insufficient where plaintiffs alleged that facts contra-
dicting alleged misstatement could have arisen either before or after statement); City of
Miami Fire Fighters’ & Police Officers’ Ret. Tr. v. CVS Health Corp., 46 F.4th 22, 31 (1st

Cir. 2022) (affirming dismissal where complaint provided “no meaningful way to com-
pare defendants’ disclosures and statements . . . with the contemporaneous state of the
business”). Plaintiffs’ allegations rely on the results of the OIG’s investigation, which
began in the summer of 2018, but do not describe the relevant period the OIG inves-

tigated. Compl. ¶¶ 58, 78.
vi. Statements Taken Out of Context
Plaintiffs charge Defendants with two misstatements that are neither false nor
misleading when considered in the context from which Plaintiffs removed them.
First, Plaintiffs contend Southwest falsely stated in SEC filings that it performed
“substantially all line maintenance on its aircraft.” Id. ¶ 123(a). Plaintiffs do not allege

that Southwest’s maintenance problems were issues of “line maintenance” or plead
facts showing that Southwest failed to perform “substantially all” line maintenance on
its aircraft. Assuming Plaintiffs corrected those pleading deficiencies, Southwest’s
statement still would not be actionably misleading because, in context, Southwest
represented that it performed substantially all line maintenance that occurred on its
aircraft, not substantially all line maintenance the aircraft required. Southwest stated

that it “performs substantially all line maintenance on its aircraft and provides ground
support services at most of the airports it serves.” Id. ¶ 99.
Second, Plaintiffs contend that Mr. Van de Ven falsely told investors that South-
west had a “strong” operational “foundation” and that unexpected maintenance events
were “behind Southwest.” Id. ¶ 119. Mr. Van de Ven’s full statement does not mis-

leadingly imply that Southwest was free from the maintenance issues. In context, Mr.
Van de Ven stated:
Our on-time performance for the quarter was 78.7, and that was just a
tad lower than last year’s 79.3. And if we adjusted for the maintenance
and the MAX [aircraft] impacts, our on-time performance would have
modeled in the 83% range, and that would have put us second in the
industry from a marketing carriers[’] perspective. That’s a good indica-
tion that the network design and our operational approach are in sync
and we have a strong operational foundation as we move forward.
Doc. No. 28 at 164.
vii. SOX Certifications
Plaintiffs fail to plausibly allege that Mr. Kelly and Ms. Romo’s certifications of
Southwest’s SEC filings, made pursuant to SOX, misleadingly concealed Southwest’s
“internal control deficiencies” because Plaintiffs fail to identify any internal control
deficiencies at Southwest. Doc. No. 29 at 27; Compl. ¶¶ 130–132. In their SOX cer-
tifications, Mr. Kelly and Ms. Romo stated that they designed, established, and main-
tained disclosure controls and internal controls over financial reporting for Southwest,
and that they disclosed “all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the
design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably
likely to adversely affect [Southwest’s] ability to record, process, summarize and report

financial information.” Compl. ¶¶ 130–31.
Plaintiffs fail to plead that Kelly and Romo’s certification that they designed,
established, and maintained disclosure controls was false or misleading. Disclosure
controls are processes “designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed”
by a business in SEC filings “is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within

the time periods specified in the [SEC’s] rules and forms.” 17 C.F.R. §§ 240.13-15(e);
240.15d-15(e). As set forth in this Section III.A, Plaintiffs have not adequately alleged
that Defendants improperly failed to disclose any information, much less that Defend-
ants’ failures were so widespread as to create doubt that Defendants maintained dis-

closure controls. See Crutchfield v. Match Grp., Inc., 529 F. Supp. 3d 570, 592 (N.D.
Tex. 2021) (Scholer, J.) (SOX certifications not actionable where plaintiffs failed to
identify anything defendants should have disclosed); In re Banco Bradesco S.A. Sec. Litig.,
277 F. Supp. 3d 600, 648–49 (S.D.N.Y. 2017) (“[A]llegations that . . . controls must

have been deficient because they may have failed to detect some weaknesses . . . in
some instances, are not sufficient.”).
Plaintiffs also fail to plead facts showing that Southwest’s internal controls over
financial reporting had misleadingly undisclosed significant deficiencies, material weak-
nesses, or other shortcomings. Plaintiffs’ allegations largely focus on Defendants’ dis-

closures about Southwest’s operations rather than Southwest’s financial reporting, but
an “internal control over financial reporting” is a term of art describing processes di-
rectly related to financial reporting and “does not encompass . . . effectiveness and

efficiency of a company’s operations and a company’s compliance with applicable laws
and regulations, with the exception of compliance with the applicable laws and regula-
tions directly related to the preparation of financial statements.” Management’s Re-
port on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting and Certification of Disclosure in
Exchange Act Periodic Reports, Release Nos. 33-8238, 34-47986, 68 Fed. Reg. 36636,

36640 (June 18, 2003) (codified at 17 C.F.R. §§ 240.13a-15(f), 240.15d-15(f)). The
Court cannot infer that Mr. Kelly and Ms. Romo’s statements about Southwest’s in-
ternal controls over financial reporting were false from Plaintiffs’ conclusory allegations
that the controls “were materially deficient,” “not operating effectively,” and lacking a

“reasonable basis.” Compl. ¶ 132; Jacobowitz v. Range Res. Corp., 596 F. Supp. 3d 659,
685 (N.D. Tex. 2022) (Pittman, J.) (rejecting conclusory allegations that SOX certifi-
cations were false).
B. Plaintiffs Fail to Adequately Plead Scienter
Because the Court dismisses Plaintiffs’ claims without prejudice, the Court notes

that Plaintiffs allegations do not give rise to the requisite strong inference that Defend-
ants made their purported misstatements with scienter. 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(b)(2)(A).
For each of Defendants’ purported misstatements, Plaintiffs must allege that a partic-
ular corporate officer made the statement severely recklessly or with the intent to mis-

lead investors. Alaska Elec. Pension Fund v. Flotek Indus., Inc., 915 F.3d 975, 981–82 (5th
Cir. 2019). The Court analyzes Plaintiffs’ allegations holistically and finds the infer-
ence that the Officer Defendants made their alleged misstatements with the required

state of mind less compelling than the inference that Defendants acted at most negli-
gently. Owens, 789 F.3d at 536–37.
1. Generic Allegations About the Officer Defendants’ Positions at Southwest
Most of Plaintiffs’ allegations establish only that the Officer Defendants were
executives with responsibilities that touched on safety and compliance, which is not a

sufficient basis from which to infer scienter. Plaintiffs allege that Mr. Van de Ven was
the “Accountable Executive in all matters of Safety and Security.” Compl. ¶ 136(c).
Plaintiffs also allege that the Officer Defendants received reports about safety at South-
west and that Mr. Kelly could have met with a Safety and Compliance Oversight Com-
mittee that periodically assessed Southwest’s safety and compliance practices. Id.

¶¶ 136(d)–(e), (i)–(j). Each Officer Defendant allegedly made statements about safety
or compliance or made SOX certifications about Southwest’s disclosure and financial
controls. Id. ¶¶ 136(f)–(h).
Plaintiffs’ allegations about the Officer Defendants’ roles at Southwest do not

show that any of the executives were aware of the specific safety and compliance issues
Southwest experienced before speaking about safety and compliance generally. See
Neiman v. Bulmahn, 854 F.3d 741, 749 (5th Cir. 2017) (defendant’s role in a business
and the existence of problems at the business provide at most limited evidence of sci-

enter). Plaintiffs do not allege that any Officer Defendant reviewed and understood
reports describing deficiencies in Southwest’s balance weight measurements, its mainte-
nance of previously-owned aircraft, or its training of pilots. See Mun. Employees’ Ret.

Sys. v. Pier 1 Imps., Inc., 935 F.3d 424, 434 (5th Cir. 2019) (mere receipt of “numerous”
reports on inventory not strong evidence that officers misstated the specific risk of
inventory markdowns with scienter); Edgar v. Anadarko Petroleum Corp., 2019 WL
1167786, at *16 (S.D. Tex. Mar. 13, 2019) (Rosenthal, C.J.) (allegations that em-
ployee could have reviewed procedures and realized they were deficient did not give

rise to inference of scienter), aff’d sub nom. Iron Workers Benefit & Pension Fund v. Ana-
darko Petroleum Corp., 788 F. App’x 268 (5th Cir. 2019). Nor do the Officer Defend-
ants’ statements about safety or compliance indicate that the Officer Defendants were
aware of these specific deficiencies. Plaintiffs do not allege that Defendants claimed

knowledge about the issues or—with one exception—spoke about them. See Pipefitters
Local No. 636 Defined Benefit Plan v. Zale Corp., 499 F. App’x 345, 351 (5th Cir. 2012)
(per curiam) (defendants’ generalized statements did not show they “were paying close
attention” to the subject matter of the statements); In re Plains All Am. Pipeline, L.P.,

245 F. Supp. 3d 870, 925 (S.D. Tex. 2017) (Rosenthal, C.J.) (officer’s “high-level, gen-
eralized statements about the company’s commitment to safety and its progress on
safety issues” did not support inference of scienter). In 2019, Mr. Van de Ven stated
that Southwest’s balance weight program for its Hawaiian operations “works well,” but
the statement does not suggest that Mr. Van de Ven had knowledge of Southwest’s

broader balance weight issues, and Plaintiffs do not allege that Southwest had material
balance weight issues in its Hawaiian operations. Compl. ¶ 124; see Pier 1, 935 F.3d at
433 (defendants’ knowledge of “Baltimore-specific” issues carried little weight because

allegedly undisclosed issues spanned “thousands of stores”).
2. Southwest’s Core Operations
While safety and compliance generally may have been important to Southwest,
the Court cannot infer that Southwest’s issues with balance weight, previously-owned
aircraft, or pilot training occurred so close to the “core” of its operations that the Officer

Defendants must have known of them. The Fifth Circuit has rarely approved a “core
operations” theory of scienter where the corporate defendant is as large as Southwest.
See Flotek, 915 F.3d at 985 (collecting cases rejecting the theory where the corporate
defendant had approximately sixty or fewer employees).
The magnitude of Southwest’s maintenance and compliance issues in relation to

the scale of its operations is unclear at best. Balance weight issues occurred approxi-
mately 4,000 times between March 2018 and July 2019, but Southwest’s risk assess-
ments indicated that only seven to twenty-four per month may have “negatively im-
pact[ed] safety.” Compl. ¶¶ 72–73. Only twenty-four previously-owned aircraft in

Southwest’s fleet of nearly 750 aircraft had maintenance “discrepancies.” Id. ¶¶ 29,
75. Southwest flew a total of forty-nine previously-owned aircraft without confirming
that they met “U.S. aviation standards,” but the FAA authorized delayed confirmation.
Id. ¶ 75. When the Wall Street Journal disclosed many of the OIG’s concerns about

Southwest’s safety and compliance issues, Southwest’s stock price fell less than 2%. Id.
¶ 168. Taking the facts alleged by Plaintiffs as true, Defendants might have been
negligent if they ignored the issues, but the issues were not so important to Southwest’s

health that the Court can infer that Defendants must have been aware of them. See
Izadjoo v. Helix Energy Sols. Grp., Inc., 237 F. Supp. 3d 492, 515 (S.D. Tex. 2017)
(Rosenthal, C.J.) (maintenance issues of “one ship in a fleet of five” within one division
of a company not plausibly issues of which officer must have known).
Nor were the issues with balance weight and previously-owned aircraft otherwise

so obvious that the Officer Defendants must have discovered them. Plaintiffs allege
that past safety and compliance incidents put the Officer Defendants on notice of the
issues, but Southwest’s historical safety and compliance incidents were diverse, ranging
from use of unapproved parts to pilot error. Compl. ¶¶ 34, 40, 136(k), (m); see Saraf

v. Ebix, Inc., 632 F. Supp. 3d 389, 401 (S.D.N.Y. 2022) (past misconduct and govern-
ment investigations not probative of scienter unless tied to subject matter of allegedly
misleading statements).
Plaintiffs’ allegation that FAA investigations put the Officer Defendants on no-

tice of Southwest’s balance weight and previously-owned aircraft issue lacks necessary
detail. Comp. ¶ 136(l). Plaintiffs allege that, in 2017, the FAA investigated South-
west’s maintenance of previously-owned aircraft, and, in 2018, the FAA investigated
Southwest’s balance weight measurements. Id. If the Officer Defendants were involved
in the 2017 and 2018 investigations, they might have learned about the issues with

balance weight and previously-owned aircraft, but Plaintiffs fail to allege whether,
when, and to what extent the Officer Defendants became involved in the investigations.
See Markman v. Whole Foods Mkt., Inc., 269 F. Supp. 3d 779, 786 (W.D. Tex. 2017)

(failure to allege that defendants were aware of government investigation undermined
inference of scienter), aff’d sub nom. Whole Foods II, 905 F.3d 892. Plaintiffs also fail to
allege that the Officer Defendants learned of any deficiencies in Southwest’s remedia-
tion efforts that occurred after Southwest agreed to resolve the investigations by enter-
ing action plans with the FAA. Compl. ¶¶ 98(b)–(c). The existence of the investiga-

tions alone is weak evidence that the Officer Defendants made statements in severely
reckless or intentional disregard of inconsistent facts uncovered by the investigations.
Compare Cabot I, 579 F. Supp. 3d at 954–55 (notices of environmental violations alone
did not give rise to strong inference that corporate officers made statements incon-

sistent with the notices), with Del. Cnty. Emps. Ret. Sys. v. Cabot Oil & Gas Corp. (Cabot
II), 620 F. Supp. 3d 603, 631–32 (S.D. Tex. 2022) (Rosenthal, C.J.) (same pleading
amended to allege that officers frequently received information about notices of viola-
tions and learned of business’s failure to remediate violations gave rise to strong infer-

ence of scienter).
Plaintiffs’ allegation that Mr. Kelly was on notice that his statements were mis-
leading because he requested a meeting with the OIG similarly fails to describe what
Mr. Kelly learned in requesting the meeting. Compl. ¶ 136(c). Plaintiffs’ correspond-
ingly fail to identify any alleged misstatement Mr. Kelly made that was inconsistent of

knowledge he gained while making the request. See In re Citigroup Sec. Litig., 2023 WL
2632258, at *22 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 24, 2023) (regulators’ communication of concerns to
defendants did not support inference of scienter absent allegation that regulators com-

municated specific information inconsistent with defendants’ statements). Only two
sets of alleged misstatements attributed to Mr. Kelly postdate his request for a meeting
with the OIG, which occurred in September 2019 while the OIG was investigating the
FAA’s oversight of Southwest’s balance weight measurements, maintenance of previ-
ously-owned aircraft, and other practices. Compl. ¶¶ 63–65.

First, Southwest stated in a November 2019 Form 10-Q certified by Mr. Kelly
that the “FAA continues to exercise extensive regulatory oversight of [Southwest’s] op-
erations.” Id. ¶ 97. Mr. Kelly’s request to meet with the OIG about the FAA’s oversight
is consistent with that statement. In the same 10-Q, Southwest stated that changes in

certain of its maintenance costs were primarily due to the timing of “regular” airframe
maintenance checks. Id. ¶ 122. Plaintiffs contend that Mr. Kelly recklessly or inten-
tionally misled investors by describing the checks as “regular,” but that description was
not suspicious. Southwest made similar representations in prior SEC filings and was

remediating maintenance issues with eighty-eight previously-owned aircraft for over a
year before Mr. Kelly requested a meeting with the OIG. Id. ¶¶ 75, 102, 110–12, 120–
22. Although the OIG subsequently concluded that Southwest operated forty-nine
aircraft without conducting inspections that would otherwise be required, the FAA per-
mitted Southwest to defer inspection of the aircraft. Id. ¶ 75. Assuming Mr. Kelly

learned that the OIG believed up to forty-nine of Southwest’s nearly 750 aircraft still
needed inspections at the time he requested a meeting with the OIG, it is doubtful that
Mr. Kelly anticipated Southwest’s repeated—and accurate—statement that “regular”

airframe maintenance checks drove changes in maintenance costs might mislead inves-
tors.
Second, Mr. Kelly made statements on December 2019 and January 2020 prais-
ing the quality of Southwest’s pilots’ training. Id. ¶¶ 127–28. While the OIG later
criticized Southwest for making changes to its training program without conducting a

risk assessment, the FAA approved the changes, and neither Plaintiffs nor the OIG
contend that the changes resulted in inadequate training or decreased passenger safety.
Id. ¶ 77. Mr. Kelly likely would not have expected his praise of Southwest’s pilots to
be misleading to investors even if he knew about the OIG’s procedural objections to

Southwest’s adjustment of its pilot training practices.
The Court rejects Plaintiffs’ contention that the Officer Defendants made “in-
ternally inconsistent” statements revealing that they must have known of Southwest’s
maintenance and compliance issues because Plaintiffs do not identify any internally

inconsistent statements. Doc. No. 29 at 31. Plaintiffs’ allegations of inconsistency
admittedly concern differences between the Officer Defendants’ statements and the
FAA’s statements rather than internal inconsistencies in the Officer Defendants’ state-
ments. Doc. No. 29 at 31; Neiman, 854 F.3d at 750 (finding no internal inconsistencies
where defendants’ statements were not inconsistent).
3. SOX Certifications
Plaintiffs’ failure to identify events putting the Officer Defendants on notice of
Southwest’s issues with balance weight, maintenance of previously-owned aircraft, and

pilot training undermines Plaintiffs’ contention that Mr. Kelly and Ms. Romo’s misled
investors with scienter when they made representations pursuant to SOX about South-
west’s internal controls. Plaintiffs have not shown that Mr. Kelly and Ms. Romo were
aware or must have been aware of facts inconsistent with their certifications that they

maintained Southwest’s disclosure and financial reporting controls and disclosed defi-
ciencies in financial reporting controls. See Izadjoo, 237 F. Supp. 3d at 516–17 (SOX
certifications did not support inference of scienter where plaintiffs insufficiently alleged
that defendants learned of maintenance issue purportedly affecting disclosures); Heck
v. Orion Grp. Holdings, Inc., 468 F. Supp. 3d 828, 857 (S.D. Tex. 2020) (SOX certifica-

tions did not support inference of scienter where plaintiffs failed to specify what sub-
ordinate told CFO about falsification of financials). Because the rules implementing
SOX require executives for virtually all public companies to provide certifications like
Mr. Kelly and Ms. Romo’s, inferring scienter from the certifications absent “glaring

accounting irregularities or other ‘red flags’” in the filings would “eviscerat[e] the plead-
ing requirements for scienter.” Ind. Elec. Workers’ Pension Tr. Fund IBEW v. Shaw Grp.,
Inc., 537 F.3d 527, 545 (5th Cir. 2008) (quoting Garfield v. NDC Health Corp., 466
F.3d 1255, 1266 (11th Cir. 2006)).
4. The Officer Defendants’ Motivations
Plaintiffs’ allegations that the Officer Defendants were motivated to mislead in-
vestors fail to distinguish the Officer Defendants’ incentives from the incentives of

most corporate executives and contribute little to the inference that the Officer De-
fendants made misstatements with scienter. Many of Plaintiffs allegations suggest only
that overstating the quality of Southwest’s safety and compliance practices would yield
some benefit for Southwest by pleasing customers and regulators. Compl. ¶¶ 137(a)–

(d). Such allegations do not weigh heavily in the Court’s scienter analysis because they
describe the ordinary benefits of falsely embellishing a business’s operations, which are
available to nearly all executives rather than a class of executives likely to commit fraud.
Heck, 468 F. Supp. 3d at 857.
Plaintiffs’ allegation that Defendants sold Southwest stock provides little addi-

tional reason to infer that the Officer Defendants were motivated to conceal South-
west’s safety and compliance issues because the allegation similarly fails to distinguish
between conduct common to executives and conduct probative of scienter. Ms. Romo
sold a relatively small amount of Southwest stock—about $1.8 million in value, or

15.4% of her holdings, between 2017 and 2018. Compl. ¶ 137(e). In the same period,
Mr. Van de Ven sold slightly more Southwest stock—about $3.5 million in value, or
20.1% of his holdings—and Mr. Kelly sold still more—about $13.6 million in value, or
31.8% of his holdings. Id. Executives frequently receive significant equity compensa-

tion and frequently sell the equity they earn. Local 731 I.B. of T.Excavators & Pavers
Pension Tr. Fund v. Diodes, Inc., 810 F.3d 951, 960 (5th Cir. 2016). Plaintiffs do not
state whether Defendants’ sales were unusually large, suspiciously timed, made spon-

taneously rather than pursuant to a plan, or otherwise particularly probative of scienter.
See, e.g., Southland Sec. Corp. v. INSpire Ins. Sols. Inc., 365 F.3d 353, 369 (5th Cir. 2004)
(distinguishing between unusually large sales shortly before a stock price peak and large
sales during periods of price stability or explained by innocent circumstances).

5. Conclusion
Considered holistically, Plaintiffs’ allegations do not give rise to a strong infer-
ence that the Officer Defendants made their alleged misstatements severely recklessly
or with the intent to mislead investors. Plaintiffs’ allegations are largely unspecific and
rely on the implausible assumption that the Officer Defendants must have known in-
formation inconsistent with their public statements because of their positions at South-

west and because they could have discovered such information. Plaintiffs fail to plead
with specificity that any Officer Defendant had knowledge or motive strongly suggest-
ing that he or she made any particular misstatement with scienter.
IV. PLAINTIFFS’ SCHEME LIABILITY CLAIM
The Court dismisses Plaintiffs’ “scheme liability” claim because it mirrors the

“misstatement” claim the Court has already found insufficiently pled. Scheme liability
refers to the liability imposed under Rule 10b-5(a) and (c) on defendants who “employ
any device, scheme, or artifice to defraud” or “engage in any act, practice, or course of
business which operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit upon any person,” in
either case “in connection with the purchase or sale of any security.” 17 C.F.R.
§§ 240.10b-5(a), (c). A scheme liability theory may overlap, as it does here, with a

“misstatement” liability theory. Misstatement liability refers to the liability imposed
under Rule 10b-5(b) on defendants who “make any untrue statement of a material fact
or . . . omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in
the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading”—again,
“in connection with the purchase or sale of any security.” Id. § 240.10b-5(b).

While Plaintiffs contend that Defendants forfeited their challenge to Plaintiffs’
scheme liability claim by addressing only Plaintiffs’ misstatement claim in their Motion
to Dismiss, Doc. No. 32 at 6, the Court agrees with Defendants that their Motion to
Dismiss challenges both Plaintiffs’ scheme liability and misstatement claims. Doc. No.

31. The first line of Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss contains no qualification: “De-
fendants . . . move to dismiss the Amended Complaint.” Doc. No. 27 at 8. Plaintiffs
fault Defendants for devoting much of their Motion to Dismiss to discussing misstate-
ments Defendants allegedly made, see Doc. No. 29 at 18, but Defendants’ focus is un-

derstandable because Plaintiffs fail to clearly allege that Defendants engaged in a fraud-
ulent scheme distinct from Defendants’ series of alleged misstatements. In the same
count that they allege their misrepresentation claim, Plaintiffs allege: “As detailed supra,
Defendants and the Company’s officers, management and agents, individually and in
concert, directly and indirectly, engaged and participated in a continuous course of

conduct to conceal adverse material information about Southwest’s maintenance and
safety issues, as exacerbated by the Company’s undue influence over the FAA.” Compl.
¶ 190. Plaintiffs’ cross-reference apparently incorporates the same factual allegations

made in support of Plaintiffs’ misstatement claim. If Plaintiffs’ scheme liability claim
is distinct from their misstatement claim notwithstanding the extensive overlap be-
tween the claims, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 10(b) required them to plead it sep-
arately. In re Tupperware Brands Corp. Sec. Litig., 2023 WL 5091802, at *8 (11th Cir.
Aug. 8, 2023) (Grant, J.) (affirming dismissal of scheme liability claim pled in the same

count as misstatement claim, which required the reader “to discern for herself which
allegations and facts in the complaint apply to the class shareholders’ misrepresentation
claim and which apply to the scheme liability claim”).
In addressing the merits of Plaintiffs’ scheme liability claim, the Court considers

Defendants’ Second Motion to Dismiss and the Parties’ briefing of the Second Motion
to Dismiss. Doc. Nos. 31–33. Contrary to Plaintiffs’ contention, the Court has dis-
cretion to address successive motions to dismiss for failure to state a claim. Doe v.
Columbia-Brazoria Indep. Sch. Dist., 855 F.3d 681, 686 (5th Cir. 2017). The Court need

not exercise that discretion because it construes Defendants’ Second Motion to Dismiss
and the Parties’ briefing of the Second Motion to Dismiss as supplemental briefing of
the issues raised in Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss. Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss
seeks dismissal of all of Plaintiffs’ claims, and Defendants’ Second Motion to Dismiss
clarifies Defendants’ position that Plaintiffs’ scheme liability claim fails for the same
reasons Plaintiffs’ misstatement claim fails. Doc. No. 31 at 7–8. Both Parties have
had an opportunity to test that position, and additional briefing is unnecessary.

Defendants’ scheme liability claim fails on the merits because Defendants’ al-
leged scheme consists of misstatements, and Plaintiffs have not pled that the alleged
misstatements are actionable or that Defendants made them with scienter. Supra Sec-
tion III. Plaintiffs do not identify any fraudulent or deceptive acts by Defendants other
than purportedly misleading statements. Defendants’ alleged safety issues and regula-

tory violations are not themselves fraudulent or deceptive. In their briefing, Plaintiffs
confirm that Defendants’ purported scheme was “portray[ing] . . . Southwest’s aircraft
as safe and compliant while concealing a wide-range of safety hazards and regulatory
non-compliance issues.” Doc. No. 32 at 15. Regardless of whether a properly pled

scheme of the type described by Plaintiffs is cognizable under the scheme liability pro-
visions of Rule 10b-5, Plaintiffs cannot escape the PSLRA’s pleading standards by re-
labeling alleged misstatements as “portrayals.” Under the PSLRA, the burden to plead
scienter with particularity applies in all private Rule 10b-5 securities fraud actions seek-

ing damages. 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(b)(2). The burden to describe misstatements with
specificity applies in “any private action” in which a plaintiff alleges that the defendant
“made an untrue statement of a material fact” or “omitted to state a material fact nec-
essary in order to make the statements made, in the light of the circumstances in which
they were made, not misleading.” Id. § 78u-4(b)(1).
Plaintiffs’ reliance on Lorenzo v. SEC, 139 S. Ct. 1094 (2019) as support for their
scheme liability claim is misplaced because Lorenzo did not purport to lower the plead-

ing standard for misstatement claims. Although Plaintiffs obliquely accuse Defendants’
counsel of violating their ethical duties by failing to cite Lorenzo as binding adverse
precedent, Lorenzo held only that an individual who disseminated statements knowing
that they were false and misleading was liable under Rule 10b-5’s scheme liability pro-
visions. 139 S. Ct. at 1101; Doc. No. 32 at 12–13. After Lorenzo, a scheme liability

claim based solely on misstatements must still meet the pleading standard for a mis-
statement claim. Otherwise, as the Second Circuit observed in affirming the stronger
rule that “misstatements and omissions alone do not suffice for scheme liability,” plain-
tiffs would circumvent Congress’s directive that they plead misstatements with partic-

ularity and detail the reasons the misstatements are false by calling misstatements
“schemes.” SEC v. Rio Tinto PLC, 41 F.4th 47, 48, 52 (2d Cir. 2022).
Since the only fraudulent or deceptive acts identified by Plaintiffs are Defend-
ants’ alleged misstatements and Plaintiffs fail to meet the pleading standard for a mis-

statement claim, the Court dismisses Plaintiffs’ misstatement-based scheme liability
claim. See Stephens v. Uranium Energy Corp., 2016 WL 3855860, at *23–24 (S.D. Tex.
July 15, 2016) (Rosenthal, J.) (dismissing scheme liability claim where alleged misstate-
ments were not actionable and other conduct did not involve actionable fraud or de-
ception).
V. PLAINTIFFS’ CONTROL PERSON CLAIM
Because Plaintiffs fail to plead fail to plead a primary violation of Rule 1Ob-5 on
either their misstatement or scheme liability theory, the Court dismisses their claim
that the Officer Defendants are derivatively liable for Southwest’s primary violations
of Rule 1Ob-5 as persons controlling Southwest. Lovelace v. Software Spectrum, 78 F.3d
1015, 1021 n.8 (Sth Cir. 1996).
VI. CONCLUSION
The Court GRANTS Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss and dismisses Plaintiffs’
claims in their entirety without prejudice. Plaintiffs MAY FILE a motion for leave to
file an amended pleading within 14 days of the entry of this Order. If Plaintiffs file a
motion for leave to file an amended pleading, Plaintiffs SHALL FILE as attachments
thereto (1) a proposed amended pleading and (2) a redline showing the differences be-
tween the proposed amended pleading and Plaintiffs’ Complaint.
SO ORDERED.
Signed September 19%, 2023.

ED KINKEADE
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

4]

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10671155. Public record. Not legal advice.