# Bowers Sullivan v. Commissioner Social Security Administration

> District Court, D. Oregon · July 25, 2024

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10666410

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, D. Oregon
- **Decided:** July 25, 2024
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

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- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10666410

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- stating that an ALJ may not vaguely conclude that “a claimant’s testimony is ‘not consistent with the objective medical evidence,’ without any ‘specific findings in support’ of that conclusion” (quoting Vasquez, 572 F.3d at 592

## Opinion text

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF OREGON

DONNA B.S.1, Case No. 6:22-cv-1571-SI

Plaintiff, OPINION AND ORDER

v.

MARTIN O’MALLEY, Commissioner
of Social Security,

Defendant.

Katherine L. Eitenmiller and Brent Wells, WELLS, MANNING, EITENMILLER & TAYLOR, P.C.,
474 Willamette Street, Eugene, OR, 97401. Of Attorneys for Plaintiff.

Natalie K. Wight, United States Attorney, and Kevin Danielson, Civil Division Chief, UNITED
STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, 1000 SW Third Avenue, Suite 600, Portland, OR 97204;
Franco L. Becia and J. Ricardo Hernandez, Special Assistant United States Attorneys, OFFICE
OF THE GENERAL COUNSEL, Social Security Administration, 6401 Security Boulevard, Baltimore,
MD 21235. Of Attorneys for Defendant.

Michael H. Simon, District Judge.

Plaintiff Donna B.S. seeks judicial review of the final decision of the Commissioner of
the Social Security Administration (Commissioner) denying her application for Disability

1 In the interest of privacy, this Opinion and Order uses only the first name and the
initials of the last name of the non-governmental party in this case. When applicable, this
Opinion and Order uses the same designation for a non-governmental party’s immediate family
member.
Insurance Benefits (DIB) under the Social Security Act (Act). For the reasons below, the Court
reverses the decision of the administrative law judge (ALJ) and remands for further proceedings.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
The decision of the ALJ is the final decision of the Commissioner in this case. The
district court must affirm the ALJ’s decision if it is based on the proper legal standards and the

findings are supported by substantial evidence. 42 U.S.C. § 405(g); see also Hammock v.
Bowen, 879 F.2d 498, 501 (9th Cir. 1989). “Substantial evidence” means “more than a mere
scintilla” and requires only “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as
adequate to support a conclusion.” Biestek v. Berryhill, 139 S. Ct. 1148, 1154 (2019) (quoting
Consolidated Edison Co. v. NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 229 (1938)); see also Bray v. Comm’r of Soc.
Sec. Admin., 554 F.3d 1219, 1222 (9th Cir. 2009).
When the evidence is susceptible to more than one rational interpretation, the Court must
uphold the ALJ’s conclusion. Burch v. Barnhart, 400 F.3d 676, 679 (9th Cir. 2005). Variable
interpretations of the evidence are insignificant if the ALJ’s interpretation is a rational reading of
the record, and this Court may not substitute its judgment for that of the ALJ. See Batson v.

Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 359 F.3d 1190, 1193, 1196 (9th Cir. 2004). “[A] reviewing court
must consider the entire record as a whole and may not affirm simply by isolating a ‘specific
quantum of supporting evidence.’” Orn v. Astrue, 495 F.3d 625, 630 (9th Cir. 2007) (quoting
Robbins v. Soc. Sec. Admin., 466 F.3d 880, 882 (9th Cir. 2006)). A reviewing court, however,
may not affirm the ALJ on a ground upon which the ALJ did not rely. Id.; see also Bray, 554
F.3d at 1226.
BACKGROUND
A. Plaintiff’s Application
Plaintiff applied for DIB on November 3, 2020, alleging a disability onset date of
March 23, 2020. AR 192. Plaintiff was born on June 9, 1970. Id. She was 49 years old on her
alleged disability onset date. Id. Before the alleged onset date, Plaintiff worked as a shipping
clerk, retail sales assistant, marketing salesclerk, inventory data specialist, administrative

assistant, and customer service representative. AR 55-56, 229. Plaintiff claims she now cannot
work due to bipolar disorder, chronic severe migraines, and type II diabetes. AR 228. The
agency denied Plaintiff’s claims both initially and on reconsideration, and Plaintiff requested a
hearing before an ALJ. AR 93, 107, 115. Plaintiff and her attorney appeared telephonically
before ALJ Katherine Weatherly on October 14, 2021. AR 31, 33. The ALJ denied Plaintiff’s
claim for benefits on November 5, 2021. AR 26. Plaintiff requested review of the ALJ’s
decision, AR 186, which the Appeals Council denied, AR 5, making the ALJ’s decision the final
decision of the Commissioner. Plaintiff timely appealed pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g).
B. The Sequential Analysis
A claimant is disabled if he or she is unable to “engage in any substantial gainful activity

by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which . . . has lasted or
can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months.” 42 U.S.C.
§ 423(d)(1)(A). “Social Security Regulations set out a five-step sequential process for
determining whether an applicant is disabled within the meaning of the Social Security Act.”
Keyser v. Comm’r Soc. Sec. Admin., 648 F.3d 721, 724 (9th Cir. 2011). Those five steps are:
(1) Is the claimant presently working in a substantially gainful
activity? (2) Is the claimant’s impairment severe? (3) Does the
impairment meet or equal one of a list of specific impairments
described in the regulations? (4) Is the claimant able to perform
any work that he or she has done in the past? and (5) Are there
significant numbers of jobs in the national economy that the
claimant can perform?
Id. at 724-25. Each step is potentially dispositive. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(a)(4), 416.920(a)(4). If
the analysis continues beyond step three, the ALJ must evaluate medical and other relevant
evidence to assess and determine the claimant’s “residual functional capacity” (RFC).
The claimant bears the burden of proof at steps one through four. Bustamante v.
Massanari, 262 F.3d 949, 953 (9th Cir. 2001); see also Tackett v. Apfel, 180 F.3d 1094, 1098
(9th Cir. 1999). The Commissioner bears the burden of proof at step five. Tackett, 180 F.3d
at 1100. At step five, the Commissioner must show that the claimant can perform other work that
exists in significant numbers in the national economy, “taking into consideration the claimant’s
residual functional capacity, age, education, and work experience.” Id.; see also 20 C.F.R.

§§ 404.1566, 416.966 (describing “work which exists in the national economy”). If the
Commissioner fails to meet this burden, the claimant is disabled. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(a)(4)(v),
416.920(a)(4)(v). If, however, the Commissioner proves that the claimant is able to perform
other work existing in significant numbers in the national economy, the claimant is not disabled.
Tackett, 180 F.3d at 1099; see Bustamante, 262 F.3d at 954.
C. The ALJ’s Decision
As an initial step for Plaintiff’s DIB claim, the ALJ found that Plaintiff met the insured
status through September 30, 2024. AR 20. The ALJ then proceeded to the sequential analysis.
At step one of the sequential analysis, the ALJ found that Plaintiff had not engaged in substantial
gainful activity (SGA) since the alleged onset date. AR 20. At step two, the ALJ found that

Plaintiff had the following severe impairments: migraine headaches and diabetes mellitus,
type II. Id. At step three, the ALJ found that neither impairment, either individually or together,
met or medically equaled one of the listed impairments in 20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpart P,
Appendix 1. AR 22.
The ALJ next determined Plaintiff’s RFC. AR 23. The ALJ found that Plaintiff could
perform “a full range of work at all exertional levels” with only the following non-exertional
limitations: (1) Plaintiff “can occasionally climb ramps and stairs but can never climb ladders,

ropes, or scaffolds”; (2) Plaintiff “needs to avoid all exposure to workplace hazards such as
heights and heavy machinery”; and (3) Plaintiff “is limited to working in an office environment
with a moderate noise level.” Id.
At step four, the ALJ found that Plaintiff could perform past relevant work as an
administrative assistant, sales or marketing clerk, and inventory data specialist without exceeding
Plaintiff’s RFC. AR 26. The ALJ therefore held that Plaintiff was not disabled under the Act. Id.
The ALJ did not proceed to step five.
DISCUSSION
Plaintiff argues that the ALJ made two errors. First, Plaintiff argues the ALJ erred by
failing to provide specific, clear and convincing reasons to discount Plaintiff’s subjective

testimony and reports regarding the frequency and severity of Plaintiff’s symptoms. Second,
Plaintiff argues that the ALJ erred by rejecting lay testimony without comment. Plaintiff requests
that the Court credit as true the improperly rejected evidence and case remand this case for
benefits.
A. Plaintiff’s Subjective Symptom Testimony
1. Legal Standard
A claimant “may make statements about the intensity, persistence, and limiting effects of
his or her symptoms.” SSR 16-3p, 2017 WL 5180304, at *6 (Oct. 25, 2017).2 There is a two-step
process for evaluating a claimant’s testimony about the severity and limiting effect of the
claimant’s symptoms. Vasquez v. Astrue, 572 F.3d 586, 591 (9th Cir. 2009). “First, the ALJ must

determine whether the claimant has presented objective medical evidence of an underlying
impairment ‘which could reasonably be expected to produce the pain or other symptoms
alleged.’” Lingenfelter v. Astrue, 504 F.3d 1028, 1036 (9th Cir. 2007) (quoting Bunnell v.
Sullivan, 947 F.2d 341, 344 (9th Cir. 1991) (en banc)). When doing so, “the claimant need not
show that her impairment could reasonably be expected to cause the severity of the symptom she
has alleged; she need only show that it could reasonably have caused some degree of the
symptom.” Smolen v. Chater, 80 F.3d 1273, 1282 (9th Cir. 1996).
“Second, if the claimant meets this first test, and there is no evidence of malingering, ‘the
ALJ can reject the claimant’s testimony about the severity of her symptoms only by offering
specific, clear and convincing reasons for doing so.’” Lingenfelter, 504 F.3d at 1036 (quoting

Smolen, 80 F.3d at 1281). It is “not sufficient for the ALJ to make only general findings; he must
state which pain testimony is not credible and what evidence suggests the complaints are not
credible.” Dodrill v. Shalala, 12 F.3d 915, 918 (9th Cir. 1993). Those reasons must be
“sufficiently specific to permit the reviewing court to conclude that the ALJ did not arbitrarily

2 Effective March 28, 2016, Social Security Ruling (SSR) 96-7p was superseded by
SSR 16-3p, which eliminates the term “credibility” from the agency’s sub-regulatory policy.
SSR 16-3p; Titles II and XVI: Evaluation of Symptoms in Disability Claims, 81 Fed. Reg. 14166
(Mar. 16, 2016). Because, however, case law references the term “credibility,” it may be used in
this Opinion and Order.
discredit the claimant’s testimony.” Orteza v. Shalala, 50 F.3d 748, 750 (9th Cir. 1995) (citing
Bunnell, 947 F.2d at 345-46).
Consideration of subjective symptom testimony “is not an examination of an individual’s
character,” and requires the ALJ to consider all of the evidence in an individual’s record when
evaluating the intensity and persistence of symptoms. SSR 16-3p, 2017 WL 5180304, at *2. The

Commissioner recommends that the ALJ examine “the entire case record, including the objective
medical evidence; an individual’s statements about the intensity, persistence, and limiting effects
of symptoms; statements and other information provided by medical sources and other persons;
and any other relevant evidence in the individual’s case record.” Id. at *4. The Commissioner
further recommends assessing: (1) the claimant’s statements made to the Commissioner, medical
providers, and others regarding the claimant’s location, frequency and duration of symptoms, the
impact of the symptoms on daily living activities, factors that precipitate and aggravate
symptoms, medications and treatments used, and other methods used to alleviate symptoms;
(2) medical source opinions, statements, and medical reports regarding the claimant’s history,

treatment, responses to treatment, prior work record, efforts to work, daily activities, and other
information concerning the intensity, persistence, and limiting effects of an individual’s
symptoms; and (3) non-medical source statements, considering how consistent those statements
are with the claimant’s statements about his or her symptoms and other evidence in the file. See
id. at *7-8.
The ALJ’s decision relating to a claimant’s subjective testimony may be upheld overall
even if not all the ALJ’s reasons for discounting the claimant’s testimony are upheld. See
Batson, 359 F.3d at 1197. The ALJ may not, however, discount testimony “solely because” the
claimant’s symptom testimony “is not substantiated affirmatively by objective medical
evidence.” Robbins, 466 F.3d at 883.
2. The ALJ’s findings
The ALJ found that Plaintiff passed the first test but failed the second. At the first step,
the ALJ found that Plaintiff’s medically determinable impairments could reasonably be expected
to produce the alleged pain and other symptoms. AR 24. At the second step, however, the ALJ
found that Plaintiff’s alleged frequency and intensity of these symptoms were “not entirely

consistent” with medical and other evidence. Id. The ALJ provided two reasons for finding
inconsistency: (1) In an oral hearing with the ALJ, Plaintiff alleged a migraine pain intensity of 9
out of 10, but Plaintiff’s medical records show lesser pain and impairment; (2) Plaintiff reported
near daily migraines to healthcare providers, but required only regular follow-ups, infrequent
emergency care, and had a gap in migraine treatment in the winter of 2020. Id. The ALJ also
provided what appears to be a generic statement: “As for the claimant’s statements about the
intensity, persistence, and limiting effects of his or her symptoms, they are inconsistent because
they are not supported by the claimant’s treatment records or activities of daily living, including
recent past work activity.” Id. The ALJ did not provide any further discussion or specific reasons
relating to Plaintiff’s “activities of daily living, including recent work activity,” and thus the

Court does not find those reasons to be adequately articulated by the ALJ.
3. Plaintiff’s Testimony
At the hearing, Plaintiff testified that she cannot drive while she has a migraine. AR 38.
Plaintiff explained that she takes daily, monthly, and as-needed prescription drugs as well as the
Cefaly external trigeminal nerve stimulation (eTNS) device to treat migraines. AR 44, 47; see
also, e.g., AR 916 (medical record from August 16, 2021, reciting Plaintiff’s medication regime).
Plaintiff testified that at the time of the hearing she had recently begun receiving Botox
injections every three months to treat migraines, having undergone two rounds. AR 44-45. She
would not know until the third round whether the treatment would be successful. AR 46. Plaintiff
noted that so far these injections temporarily made her migraines less debilitating, but she still
could not drive during a migraine, and would require accommodations to work. AR 45. Plaintiff
identified that barometric pressure, stress, fragrances, exercise, and temperature changes can
trigger migraines, and that migraines can wake her up in the night. AR 50. Plaintiff testified and
stated in her function report that she had lost jobs because of absences she takes to cope with

migraines. AR 48, 268. A former coworker corroborated this, stating that Plaintiff has had
debilitating migraines, causing excessive work absences. AR 284.
Plaintiff testified she experiences daily headaches with a pain level of two to three.
AR 51. She also testified: “When I have a migraine, they run between, like, right now, I’m
probably a pain level 9. But I feel sometimes like I feel like I’m a 29 in pain.” Id. She explained
that she has two-to-three migraines per week, which last four-to-six hours. AR 52. She testified
to lingering symptoms after a migraine which would cause errors in her work and prevent her
from functioning at a normal level. AR 52-53. Plaintiff testified that her treatments and coping
techniques do not always work. AR 53-54.

4. Specificity
Plaintiff argues that the ALJ failed to provide sufficiently specific reasons for rejecting
Plaintiff’s allegations of symptom frequency and intensity. An ALJ must specifically identify
what evidence contradicted what testimony. See Treichler v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 775
F.3d 1090, 1103 (9th Cir. 2014) (stating that an ALJ may not vaguely conclude that “a
claimant’s testimony is ‘not consistent with the objective medical evidence,’ without any
‘specific findings in support’ of that conclusion” (quoting Vasquez, 572 F.3d at 592). A court
“cannot review whether the ALJ provided specific, clear, and convincing reasons for rejecting [a
claimant’s] pain testimony where . . . the ALJ never identified which testimony she found not
credible, and never explained which evidence contradicted that testimony.” Lambert v. Saul, 980
F.3d 1266, 1277 (9th Cir. 2020) (emphases in original) (quoting Brown-Hunter v. Colvin, 806
F.3d 487, 494 (9th Cir. 2015)).
“[A]n ALJ does not provide specific, clear, and convincing reasons for rejecting a
claimant’s testimony by simply reciting the medical evidence in support of his or her residual
functional capacity determination” but must “specify which testimony she finds not credible.”

Brown-Hunter, 806 F.3d at 489. The ALJ must “identify the testimony she found not credible”
and “link that testimony to the particular parts of the record supporting her non-credibility
determination.” Id. at 494. Failure to do so is legal error. Id.
Here, the ALJ identified the subjective symptom testimony the ALJ found inconsistent
with the record: Plaintiff’s allegation of a pain level of 9 out of 10, and Plaintiff’s alleged near-
daily frequency of migraines. AR 24. The ALJ further identified what evidence the ALJ believed
contradicted these allegations: Plaintiff’s reported pain levels to medical providers, a lack of
frequent emergency department (ED) visits, a gap in migraine treatment during the winter of
2020, and the fact that Plaintiff’s treatment schedule required only regularly scheduled follow-

ups. Id. The ALJ thus explained the reasoning linking the discredited testimony to particular
parts of the record with sufficient clarity to permit review—to which the Court now turns.
5. Inconsistency with the Treatment Records
a. Symptom Intensity
To reject Plaintiff’s testimony of the severity of Plaintiff’ migraines, the ALJ considered
evidence in the record where Plaintiff indicated lower pain levels (out of 10) than Plaintiff
indicated at the time of the hearing. The ALJ relied on the following records for this claimed
inconsistency (arranged here in chronological order):
• 8 in a neurology follow-up for migraines in February 2020, AR 663;
• no pain level recorded in an unrelated family medicine appointment in March
2020, AR 741-44;
• 4 in a neurology telehealth follow-up for migraines in April 2020, AR 669;
• 0 in an unrelated family medicine appointment in May 2020, AR 738;3

• 6 in a neurology follow-up in May 2020, AR 676;
• 5 in a neurology follow-up in June 2020, AR 685;
• 6 in a neurology follow-up in August 2020, AR 692;
• 0 in an unrelated family medicine appointment in August 2020, in which Plaintiff
stated that her pain medications were working, AR 733;
• 7 in a neurology follow-up in March 2021, AR 848;
• 5 in a neurology follow-up in May 2021, AR 923; and

• no pain in a neurology visit for Botox administration in July 2021, AR 917.
See AR 24. The ALJ added that medical providers described Plaintiff as “alert, cooperative, and
in good spirits,” “in no acute distress,” and as having “clear speech and . . . able to provide a
relevant history.” Id.
This reason is not clear and convincing. There is not a clear and convincing inconsistency
between the medical record and Plaintiff’s testimony, for several reasons. First, the ALJ did not
explain why Plaintiff’s current pain levels reported to medical providers in the non-emergency4

3 At this visit, Plaintiff reported suffering from a migraine for five days and a Toradol
injection was administered to treat migraine pain, AR 737, 739, which is inconsistent with a pain
level of zero.
4 After reciting the purportedly inconsistent pain levels, the ALJ emphasized that “there
are instances of [Plaintiff]’s treating provider directing [Plaintiff] to the emergency department
due to an intractable migraine,” without citing the record. AR 24. This comment by the ALJ is
unsupported for two reasons. First, the record does not reveal any ED referrals after the alleged
onset date. (There was an ED referral, and visit, in 2017, before the onset date. AR 476, 641.)
visits listed above reflect pain levels experienced during a severe migraine. In none of the cited
appointments did Plaintiff indicate she was experiencing her typical severe migraine pain level.
Indeed, the provider comments noted by the ALJ that Plaintiff was in good spirits and in no acute
distress supports that she did not attend these visits while suffering from an acute severe
migraine. Further, someone experiencing a severe and debilitating migraine would likely

postpone routine medical appointments. A hearing with an ALJ, however, is harder to miss,
which is consistent with Plaintiff’s testimony of attending the hearing despite having a severe
migraine and reporting a severe pain level during her hearing.
Second, other records in the medical record are consistent with Plaintiff’s testimony of
high pain levels during severe migraines. Plaintiff’s report of a pain level of 8 out of 10 during a
neurology office visit in February 2020, is consistent with a peak migraine pain level of 9 out
of 10. AR 663. Plaintiff’s pain reports before the alleged onset date are revealing as well. In a
neurology appointment in 2019, Plaintiff reported that her pain level during a typical migraine is
8 out of 10, and sometimes 10 out of 10. AR 646. In an urgent care visit in 2017, Plaintiff

reported a three-day migraine varying in pain level between 5 and 9 out of 10. AR 473.
b. Symptom Frequency
The ALJ rejected Plaintiff’s allegation of frequent debilitating migraines because Plaintiff
“required only regularly scheduled follow-up appointments, in intervals of 30-90 days”; because
of “a gap in migraine treatment during the winter of 2020”; and because Plaintiff “sought urgent
or emergency care for her migraines only infrequently.” AR 24. Routine, conservative treatment

Second, the only ED visit after the alleged onset date, and the only reference to an “intractable”
migraine, is from May 19, 2020. Plaintiff went to the ED after missing work for 28 days due to
an intractable migraine. AR 609. During the 2020 visit, Plaintiff presented with a pain level of 3
out of 10. Id. The ALJ, however, rejected this instance of an “intractable” migraine as atypical,
attributing it to an allergic reaction rather than disability. AR 24. The incident therefore does not
bear on Plaintiff’s pain level during a typical severe migraine by the ALJ’s reasoning.
can be sufficient to discount a claimant’s subjective testimony regarding the limitations caused
by an impairment. Parra v. Astrue, 481 F.3d 742, 750-51 (9th Cir. 2007). Not seeking an
“aggressive treatment program” permits the inference that symptoms were not “as all-disabling”
as the claimant reported. Tommasetti v. Astrue, 533 F.3d 1035, 1039 (9th Cir. 2008). The amount
of treatment is “an important indicator of the intensity and persistence of [a claimant’s]

symptoms.” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1529(c)(3).
The ALJ’s observations do not add up to a clear and convincing reason. The ALJ did not
explain how Plaintiff’s treatment regime bears upon the frequency of Plaintiff’s severe
migraines. As the ALJ recognized, Plaintiff reported near-daily migraines to multiple medical
providers, but no provider recommended more frequent medical appointments. Appointments
generally in intervals of 30-90 days are rather frequent, and the ALJ did not cite any support for
the notion that more frequent appointments is the standard of care, was expected or
recommended by Plaintiff’s medical providers, or would have improved Plaintiff’s expected
outcome. Nor did the ALJ explain the relevance of the gap in treatment in Winter 2020, from

August 2020 through March 2021. Even assuming this gap reflected an absence of symptoms,
because disability under the Act is defined in terms of sustained work, “[o]ccasional symptom-
free periods . . . are not inconsistent with disability.” Lester v. Chater, 81 F.3d 821, 833 (9th
Cir. 1995).
B. Lay Testimony
Plaintiff argues that the ALJ improperly rejected the function reports (lay testimony) of
Plaintiff’s spouse James S. and Plaintiff’s friend without providing a reason. “In determining
whether a claimant is disabled, an ALJ must consider lay witness testimony concerning a
claimant’s ability to work.” Stout v. Comm’r, 454 F.3d 1050, 1053 (9th Cir. 2006). Lay witness
testimony regarding a claimant’s symptoms or how an impairment affects her ability to work is
competent evidence. Id. Thus, an ALJ may not reject such testimony without comment and
“must give reasons that are germane to each witness.” Id. (quoting Dodrill, 12 F.3d at 919). In
rejecting lay testimony, however, the ALJ need not “discuss every witness’s testimony on an
individualized, witness-by-witness basis. Rather, if the ALJ gives germane reasons for rejecting
testimony by one witness, the ALJ need only point to those reasons when rejecting similar

testimony by a different witness.” Molina v. Astrue, 674 F.3d 1104, 1114 (9th Cir. 2012).
An ALJ errs by failing to “explain her reasons for disregarding . . . lay witness testimony,
either individually or in the aggregate.” Molina, 674 F.3d at 1115 (quoting Nguyen v.
Chater, 100 F.3d 1462, 1467 (9th Cir. 1996)). Such an error may be harmless, and a court must
determine whether the error is “‘inconsequential to the ultimate nondisability determination’ in
the context of the record as a whole.” Id. at 1122 (quoting Carmickle v. Comm’r, Soc. Sec.
Admin., 533 F.3d 1155, 1162-63 (9th Cir. 2008)). The error is harmless, for example, “[w]here
lay witness testimony does not describe any limitations not already described by the claimant,
and the ALJ’s well-supported reasons for rejecting the claimant’s testimony apply equally well

to the lay witness testimony.” Id. at 1117.
The Commissioner argues that under new regulations governing the evaluation of
medical evidence, an ALJ need not provide any reason for rejecting lay witness statements.
Subsection (d) of the new regulations provides: “We are not required to articulate how we
considered evidence from nonmedical sources using the requirements in paragraphs (a)-(c) in
this section.” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c(d). Subsections (a) through (c) lay out the new standards for
evaluating medical opinion evidence. Id. § 404.1520c(a)-(c). Thus, under the new regulations,
the ALJ is not required to use the standards for evaluating medical opinion evidence when
evaluating lay witness testimony.
The Ninth Circuit has not yet decided whether the new regulations affect the requirement
in the Ninth Circuit that an ALJ must give germane reasons for rejecting lay witness testimony.
Some courts have concluded that the new regulations may dispense with an ALJ’s obligation
specifically to address lay witness testimony, including any obligation to articulate germane
reasons for disregarding lay testimony. See, e.g., Evans v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 2023

WL 3570083, at *9 (E.D. Cal. May 19, 2023) (“Under the new regulations regarding nonmedical
statements, the Commissioner is no longer required to articulate ‘germane’ reasons for
discounting a lay witness’s testimony.”).5 The majority of district courts in this circuit, however,
conclude that the new regulations have not eliminated an ALJ’s obligation to consider and
address lay witness testimony. See, e.g., Christopher M. v. Comm’r, Soc. Sec. Admin., 2023
WL 8827678, at *10 (D. Or. Dec. 21, 2023); Jerald H. v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 2023
WL 6533477, at *4 (W.D. Wash. Oct. 6, 2023); Gardner v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 2023
WL 6173220, at *6 (D. Ariz. Sept. 21, 2023); Joseph L.S. v. Kijakazi, 2023 WL 5611408, at *5
(C.D. Cal. Aug. 30, 2023); Sharon W. v. Kijakazi, 2023 WL 246391, at *8 (D. Idaho Jan. 18,

2023).
On the Court’s reading, the new regulations do not eliminate an ALJ’s obligation to
consider and address lay witness testimony. The revised regulations describe how to evaluate
medical opinion testimony. The fact that the regulations state that nonmedical opinion testimony
is not held to the same standard as medical opinion testimony says nothing about the standard to
which nonmedical opinion testimony is held. Thus, the new regulations are not “clearly

5 The Commissioner relies on a footnote in Fryer v. Kijakazi, 2022 WL 17958630, at *3
n.1 (9th Cir. Dec. 27, 2022) (unpublished) (“Fryer also argued that the ALJ erred by refusing to
consider lay witness statements from her husband. It is an open question whether ALJs are still
required to consider lay witness evidence under the revised regulations, although it is clear they
are no longer required to articulate it in their decisions.”). This Court does not rely on
unpublished dispositions of the Ninth Circuit.
irreconcilable” with existing caselaw and are insufficient to overrule binding Ninth Circuit
precedent that an ALJ must comment on lay witness testimony and provide germane reasons to
discount it. See Woods v. Kijakazi, 32 F.4th 785, 790 (9th Cir. 2022) (“[Ninth Circuit] precedent
controls unless its reasoning or theory is clearly irreconcilable with the reasoning or theory of
intervening higher authority, which in this case is the agency’s updated regulations.” (cleaned

up)). Further, “[t]he requirement that an ALJ consider lay witness testimony comes from other
regulations, regulations that remain intact after the 2017 amendment.” Joseph L.S., 2023
WL 5611408, at *5 (citing 20 C.F.R. §§ 416.913(a), 416.929(a)).6 The Ninth Circuit’s
requirement from the line of cases described above that an ALJ must provide germane reasons to
discount lay witness testimony finds support in this regulatory requirement, which still remains.
See, e.g., Dodrill, 12 F.3d at 918-19 (“Disregard of [lay witness testimony] violates the
Secretary’s regulation that he will consider observations by non-medical sources as to how an
impairment affects a claimant’s ability to work. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1513(e)(2).”7 (quoting Sprague
v. Bowen, 812 F.2d 1226, 1232 (9th Cir. 1987)). Thus, the contention “[t]hat an ALJ can

disregard or reject relevant lay evidence for no reason is inconsistent with the Commissioner’s
obligation to consider such evidence[] and the rule [that] the ALJ must provide some rationale in
order for the Court to meaningfully determine whether the ALJ’s conclusions are free of legal
error and supported by substantial evidence.” Gary J.D. v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 2023
WL 5346621, at *14 (W.D. Wash. Aug. 21, 2023).

6 The court in Joseph L.S. cited the regulatory provisions applicable to Title XVI
claims—the same regulatory provisions applicable to Title II claims are in 20 C.F.R.
§§ 404.1513, 404.1529.
7 The requirement that the Commissioner consider nonmedical evidence in adjudicating
Title II claims is now in 20 C.F.R. § 404.1513(a)(4).
Plaintiff’s husband testified in his function report that Plaintiff has “tried everything
possible to regulate her migraines,” contrary to the ALJ’s reason for rejecting Plaintiff’s
testimony of frequent migraines. AR 283. Plaintiff’s husband and friend both testified that
Plaintiff’s migraines are debilitating. AR 276, 283, 284. The friend testified that Plaintiff’s
migraines have “become progressively worse over the past 15 years.” AR 290. The ALJ’s

discussion of lay testimony was confined to the second step in a comment on Plaintiff’s
irritability during migraines. AR 21. While the ALJ credited this testimony in finding a mild
limitation due to irritability, the ALJ did not otherwise comment on the testimony. AR 21-26.
The ALJ therefore erred by failing to provide any germane reason for rejecting the testimony.
The Commissioner contends that this lay testimony is cumulative of Plaintiff’s own, so
that any such error is harmless. The Court need not decide whether the lay testimony is
cumulative. If it is not cumulative, the error is harmful because the improperly rejected evidence
is consequential to the ALJ’s finding of no disability. If it is cumulative, the error is harmful
because Plaintiff’s own testimony was improperly rejected as discussed above.

C. Remand
Within the Court’s discretion under 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) is the “decision whether to
remand for further proceedings or for an award of benefits.” Holohan v. Massanari, 246
F.3d 1195, 1210 (9th Cir. 2001) (citation omitted). Although a court should generally remand to
the agency for additional investigation or explanation, a court has discretion to remand for
immediate payment of benefits. Treichler, 775 F.3d at 1099-100. The issue turns on the utility of
further proceedings. A court may not award benefits punitively and must conduct a “credit-as-
true” analysis on evidence that has been improperly rejected by the ALJ to determine whether a
claimant is disabled under the Social Security Act. Strauss v. Comm’r of the Soc. Sec.
Admin., 635 F.3d 1135, 1138 (9th Cir. 2011).
In the Ninth Circuit, the “credit-as-true” doctrine is “settled” and binding on this
Court. Garrison v. Colvin, 759 F.3d 995, 999 (9th Cir. 2014). The court first determines whether
the ALJ made a legal error and then reviews the record as a whole to determine whether the
record is fully developed, the record is free from conflicts and ambiguities, and there is any
useful purpose in further proceedings. Dominguez v. Colvin, 808 F.3d 403, 407 (9th Cir. 2015).

Only if the record has been fully developed and there are no outstanding issues left to be
resolved does the district court consider whether the ALJ would be required to find the claimant
disabled on remand if the improperly discredited evidence were credited as true. Id. If so, the
district court can exercise its discretion to remand for an award of benefits. Id. The district court
retains flexibility, however, and is not required to credit statements as true merely because the
ALJ made a legal error. Id. at 408.
The ALJ erred in rejecting Plaintiff’s subjective symptom testimony without a clear and
convincing reason and in rejecting lay testimony without comment. The record, however, is not
free from ambiguities and conflicts. The record needs further development to establish the

effectiveness or ineffectiveness of Plaintiff’s Botox treatment. Moreover, ambiguity remains in
the record as to Plaintiff’s pain levels during a severe migraine after the alleged onset date.
CONCLUSION
The Court REVERSES the Commissioner’s decision that Plaintiff was not disabled and
REMANDS for further proceedings consistent with this Opinion and Order.
IT IS SO ORDERED.

DATED this 25th day of July, 2024.

/s/ Michael H. Simon
Michael H. Simon
United States District Judge

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10666410. Public record. Not legal advice.