# Bridges v. United States

> District Court, W.D. Oklahoma · September 30, 2024

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10666120

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, W.D. Oklahoma
- **Decided:** September 30, 2024
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10666120

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- explaining that counsel’s performance “must have been completely unreasonable, not merely wrong,” to be deficient (internal quotation marks omitted)
- rejecting defendant’s ineffective-assistance arguments and explaining that the court is “not required to fashion [the defendant’s] arguments for him where his allegations are merely conclusory in nature and without supporting factual averments”

## Opinion text

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
WESTERN DISTRICT OF OKLAHOMA

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
)
Plaintiff, )
)
v. ) Case No. CR-18-288-G
) Case No. CIV-21-979-G
IAN DONTE BRIDGES, )
)
Defendant. )

ORDER
Now before the Court is a pro se Amended Motion to Vacate Sentence Pursuant to
28 U.S.C. § 2255 (Doc. No. 49), filed by Defendant Ian Donte Bridges.1 The Government
has submitted a Response (Doc. No. 66), and Defendant has replied (Doc. No. 67). After
careful consideration of the parties’ arguments, the relevant authorities, and the case record,
the Court determines that no evidentiary hearing is necessary and that the Amended Motion
should be denied on the existing record.2

1 Because Defendant’s Amended Motion supersedes Defendant’s original Motion to
Vacate Sentence Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255, Defendant’s original Motion (Doc. No. 47)
is DENIED AS MOOT.
2 No evidentiary hearing is required where “the motion and the files and records of the case
conclusively show that the prisoner is entitled to no relief.” 28 U.S.C. § 2255(b); see also
United States v. Lopez, 100 F.3d 113, 121 (10th Cir. 1996).
I. Background3
On November 13, 2018, a federal grand jury returned a one-count Indictment
against Defendant, charging him with unlawfully possessing a firearm after having

previously been convicted of a felony in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922 (g)(1). See Indictment
(Doc. No. 3). The charges stemmed from a September 2, 2018 incident in which Defendant
shot four home invaders. One assailant was killed, two were seriously wounded, and one
sustained non-life-threatening injuries.
On January 2, 2019, Defendant pled guilty to this crime without a plea agreement.

See Doc. Nos. 15, 16. The PSR found that Defendant was subject to the Armed Career
Criminal Act’s (“ACCA”) 15-year mandatory minimum because he had at least three prior
convictions for a violent felony or serious drug offense. See PSR ¶ 23; 18 U.S.C. §
924(e)(2)(A)(ii). Specifically, Defendant had prior Oklahoma state-court convictions for
(1) assault and battery with a deadly weapon, (2) burglary in the first degree, and (3) and

(4) two instances of distribution of a controlled dangerous substance.
After addressing Defendant’s objections at sentencing, the Court found that
Defendant was subject to the ACCA’s 15-year mandatory minimum, which resulted in an
offense level of 30, a criminal history category of VI,4 and an advisory guideline range of

3 Except where specifically noted, the factual account provided herein is drawn from the
Final Presentence Investigation Report (“PSR”) (Doc. No. 23), which was adopted in
relevant part by the Court at sentencing.
4 The sentencing transcript contains a typographical error reflecting that the Court
concluded that Defendant had a criminal history category of XI. Defendant’s criminal
history category was VI. See PSR ¶ 62.
180 to 210 months. See Sent’g Tr. (Doc. No. 42) at 4:17-5:7. The Court sentenced
Defendant to 180 months’ imprisonment to be followed by a three-year term of supervised
release. See id. at 12:16-13:7; see also J. (Doc. No. 30) at 2-3.

On August 26, 2019, Defendant’s trial counsel filed a notice of appeal. See Notice
of Appeal (Doc. No. 32). Shortly thereafter, counsel filed a brief in the appellate court
pursuant to Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967), stating that no nonfrivolous basis
existed to challenge Defendant’s conviction or sentence and asking to withdraw from the
case. See United States v. Bridges, 817 F. App’x 606, 610 (10th Cir. 2020). Defendant

did not respond to the Anders brief, and the Tenth Circuit proceeded to affirm Defendant’s
conviction and sentence. See id. at 610, 613. Specifically, after finding that Defendant
had waived any appellate challenge regarding the reasonableness of his sentence, the
appellate court addressed Defendant’s argument that the district court improperly applied
the ACCA’s 15-year mandatory minimum. See id. at 613-14. The Tenth Circuit

“conclude[ed] that the district court correctly ruled that [Defendant’s] past Oklahoma
convictions for distributing cocaine are ‘serious drug offenses’ and that [the ACCA’s]
fifteen-year mandatory minimum applies.” Id. at 614.
II. Defendant’s Amended Motion Under 28 U.S.C. § 2255
On October 8, 2021, Defendant filed his Amended Motion to Vacate under 28

U.S.C. § 2255. See Def’s Am. Mot. (Doc. No. 49). In his Motion, Defendant seeks relief
on four grounds, raising three claims regarding ineffective assistance of counsel and one
claim regarding violations of his constitutional rights. See id. at 5-8. The Court turns first
to Defendant’s claims of ineffective assistance of counsel.
A. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

In Claims One, Two, and Three, Defendant seeks relief on the basis that his
appointed attorney, former Assistant Federal Public Defender Tony Lacy, rendered
constitutionally ineffective assistance. See id. 4-8, 13-19. To show that his counsel’s
performance was constitutionally ineffective, Defendant must demonstrate that the
performance of counsel was deficient and that such deficiency prejudiced the outcome of

the case. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). To establish the first
prong of the Strickland test, Defendant must show that counsel’s performance was
unreasonable under “prevailing professional norms.” Id. at 688. The Supreme Court shuns
specific guidelines for measuring deficient performance, as “[n]o particular set of detailed
rules for counsel’s conduct can satisfactorily take account of the variety of circumstances

faced by defense counsel or the range of legitimate decisions regarding how best to
represent a criminal defendant.” Id. at 688-89. Defendant must overcome the presumption
that the “challenged action ‘might be considered sound trial strategy.’” Id. at 689 (quoting
Michel v. Louisiana, 350 U.S. 91, 101 (1955)). “For counsel’s performance to be
constitutionally ineffective, it must have been completely unreasonable, not merely

wrong.” Boyd v. Ward, 179 F.3d 904, 914 (10th Cir. 1999).
If Defendant shows deficient performance, he must also show prejudice by
establishing “a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the
result of the proceeding would have been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. “When
a defendant challenges a conviction, the question is whether there is a reasonable
probability that, absent the errors, the factfinder would have had a reasonable doubt
respecting guilt.” Id. at 695. In making that determination, the Court must “tak[e] the

unaffected findings as a given” and decide whether the outcome “would reasonably likely
have been different absent the errors.” Id. at 696.
The Court “may address the performance and prejudice components in any order”
and “need not address both if [Defendant] fails to make a sufficient showing of one.”
Cooks v. Ward, 165 F.3d 1283, 1292-93 (10th Cir. 1998).

Defendant’s Motion raises the following grounds to find his counsel’s performance
ineffective: (1) that counsel failed to object to and appeal Defendant’s prior state drug
convictions being used to enhance his sentence under the ACCA; (2) that counsel was
ineffective during the plea process; and (3) that counsel’s assistance was deficient due to
cumulative errors during pretrial, plea, sentencing, and direct appeal. See Def.’s Am. Mot.

at 4-8, 13-19. The Government argues that each of Defendant’s claims of ineffective
assistance of counsel is without merit because Defendant has failed to show that his
counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness or that Defendant
was prejudiced as a result of his counsel’s allegedly deficient performance. See Gov’t’s
Resp. (Doc. No. 66) at 11-28.
1. Claim One
In Claim One, Defendant argues that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance
by failing to object to and later appeal Defendant’s prior state drug convictions being used

to enhance his sentence under the ACCA. See Def.’s Am. Mot. at 5-6, 13-15.5
i. Standards for Determining Whether a State Offense
Qualifies as a Serious Drug Offense Under the ACCA
“The ACCA imposes a sentence enhancement for being a felon in possession of a
firearm for any person who has ‘three previous convictions . . . for a violent felony or a
serious drug offense.’” United States v. Brandon Williams, 61 F.4th 799, 804 (10th Cir.
2023) (omission in original) (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1)).
Relevant here, the statutory definition of “serious drug offense” includes “an
offense under State law, involving manufacturing, distributing, or possessing
with intent to manufacture or distribute, a controlled substance (as defined in
section 102 of the [Controlled Substances Act] (21 U.S.C. 802)), for which
a maximum term of imprisonment of ten years or more is prescribed by law.”
Id. (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(A)(ii)).
“To determine whether a state conviction was for a serious drug offense, [the Court]
generally begin[s] with the categorical approach.” United States v. Cantu, 964 F.3d 924,
926 (10th Cir. 2020). The “categorical approach applies to statutes that aren’t divisible,
i.e., those that contain ‘a single, indivisible set of elements.’” United States v. Degeare,

5 Defendant also argues that Mr. Lacy’s assistance was ineffective because he failed to
object at sentencing to the application the of the United States Sentencing Guideline’s
Career Offender guideline, U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1. See Def.’s Am. Mot. at 13-14. The Court,
however, did not apply the Career Offender guideline at sentencing as all parties agreed
that Defendant was subject to the Armed Career Criminal guideline, U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4. See
Sent’g Tr. 4:17-6:9; see also PSR ¶¶ 23, 43 (making no mention of any application of the
Career Offender guideline).
884 F.3d 1241, 1246 (10th Cir. 2018) (quoting Descamps v. United States, 570 U.S. 254,
258 (2013)). The categorical approach is two pronged:
First, the court looks only to the elements of the state offense. The particular
facts of the defendant’s prior offense are irrelevant. All that counts is what
the defendant had to do to be guilty of the offense. Second, it is not enough
that there is an overlap between the elements of the state offense and the
definition of serious drug offense. It is necessary that essentially any conduct
that satisfies the elements of the state offense also satisfy the definition of
serious drug offense. If one can commit the state offense by conduct that is
not a serious drug offense, then conviction of the state offense cannot be a
predicate offense for the ACCA.
Cantu, 964 F.3d at 926-27 (citation omitted). “Under the categorical approach, a state drug
offense that includes non-federally controlled substances is overbroad and thus not
categorically a ‘serious drug offense.’” United States v. Gregory Williams, 48 F.4th 1125,
1137 (10th Cir. 2022).
At sentencing, Defendant’s two 2003 state convictions for distribution of a
controlled dangerous substance, in violation of title 63, section 2-401(A)(1) of the
Oklahoma Statutes, were classified as serious drug offenses under the ACCA. See PSR ¶¶
23, 34, 35; see also Sent’g Tr. 5:3-19. Section 2-401(A)(1) makes it unlawful “[t]o
distribute, dispense, transport with intent to distribute or dispense, possess with intent to
manufacture, distribute, or dispense, a controlled dangerous substance.”
Defendant now argues that section 2-401(A) is categorically overbroad because it
includes “imitation drugs,” while the federal drug laws do not, and that his appointed
counsel was ineffective for failing to raise this argument at sentencing and on direct appeal.
See Def.’s Am. Mot. at 13-14. In support of his argument, Defendant specifically cites
United States v. Cantu, 964 F.3d 924 (10th Cir. 2020), in which the Tenth Circuit held—
just days after it affirmed Defendant’s conviction and sentence—that another defendant’s
convictions under section 2-401(A)(1) did not qualify as serious drug offenses under the
ACCA because the Oklahoma statute was categorically overbroad. See id. at 928-34;

Bridges, 817 F. App’x at 613.6
ii. Counsel’s Performance Was Not Deficient for Failing
to Anticipate a Change in Caselaw
As an initial matter, the Court agrees with the Government that defense counsel’s
performance cannot be deficient for failing to foresee intervening changes in relevant
caselaw. See, e.g., United States v. Harms, 371 F.3d 1208, 1212 (10th Cir. 2004) (“The
Sixth Amendment does not require counsel for a criminal defendant to be clairvoyant.”);
United States v. Ford, 627 F. App’x 735, 737 (10th Cir. 2015) (“Counsel is not required to

predict changes in the law.”). While Mr. Lacy represents in his affidavit that raising
ACCA-related arguments at sentencing and/or on appeal might have resulted in a different
sentence for Defendant, see Lacy Aff. (Doc. No. 66-2) ¶ 4, that does not mean that his
failure to do so “rises to the level of constitutionally ineffective assistance.” Harms, 371
F.3d at 1211-12 (holding that counsel’s performance was not constitutionally deficient in
failing to advise the defendant of a potential distinction between actual and virtual child

pornography prior to the defendant entering a guilty plea when the Supreme Court would
decide, shortly thereafter, that criminalization of virtual child pornography violated the
First Amendment). Accordingly, Defendant has not shown that his counsel’s performance

6 Defendant was sentenced on August 26, 2019, and the Tenth Circuit affirmed his sentence
and conviction on June 11, 2020. See J.; Bridges, 817 F. App’x at 613-14. Then, on July
6, 2020, the Tenth Circuit issued its decision in Cantu.
was deficient for failing to argue at sentencing and on appeal that Defendant’s convictions
under section 2-401(A)(1) did not qualify as serious drug offenses under the ACCA months
prior to issuance of the Tenth Circuit’s decision in Cantu finding section 2-401(A)(1)

overbroad for purposes of the ACCA. See Hooks v. Workman, 606 F.3d 715, 723 (10th
Cir. 2010) (explaining that counsel’s performance “must have been completely
unreasonable, not merely wrong,” to be deficient (internal quotation marks omitted)).
iii. Defendant Cannot Demonstrate Prejudice Due to
Counsel’s Failure to Raise the ACCA Argument at
Sentencing and on Appeal
Even if defense counsel’s performance was deficient in failing to object to and later
appeal the use of Defendant’s prior state drug convictions to enhance his sentence under
the ACCA, Defendant cannot show that he was prejudiced by this failure for the reasons
explained below.
Citing Cantu, Defendant argues that his prior state drug convictions do not qualify

as serious drug offenses under the ACCA because the statute of conviction, section 2-
401(A)(1), is categorically overbroad in that it prohibits distribution of “imitation drugs”
while federal drug laws do not. Def.’s Am. Mot. at 5, 14-15.
As an initial matter, Defendant misreads Cantu, which in no way dealt with
imitation controlled substances. The Tenth Circuit’s analysis in Cantu turned on the fact
that following a 2008 amendment, Oklahoma’s drug schedules included drugs that the

federal drug schedules did not. See Cantu, 964 F.3d at 928-34. Given this categorical
mismatch, the appellate court ultimately concluded that because section 2-401(A)(1) is not
divisible by type of drug, a conviction for a violation of that statute does not qualify as a
serious drug offense under the ACCA. See id. at 934. Shortly after Cantu, the Tenth
Circuit specified that section 2-401(A)(1) was not overbroad on this basis prior to the 2008
amendment to Oklahoma’s drug schedules. See United States v. Traywicks, 827 F. App’x

889, 891-92 (10th Cir. 2020) (finding that the defendant’s 1990, 1991, and 2002
convictions for violations of section 2-401(A)(1) were “ACCA predicates, as they are no
broader than a serious drug offense”). Here, Defendant’s section 2-401(A)(1) convictions
both occurred in 2003. See PSR ¶¶ 34, 35. Accordingly, Defendant cannot argue, based
on Cantu alone, that his prior state drug convictions were not for serious drug offenses

under the ACCA. See Traywicks, 827 F. App’x at 891-92.
The only specific mismatch between the federal and state drug schedules identified
by Defendant is presented in his contention that section 2-401(A)(1) prohibited distribution
of “imitation drugs” while federal drug laws do not. This argument misreads the statute of
conviction. Section 2-401(A)(1) prohibits the distribution of “a controlled dangerous

substance” and does not now, and did not in 2003, directly address imitation controlled
substances. See Okla. Stat. tit. 63, § 2-401(A)(1). Rather, section 2-401(A)(3)—a clearly
divisible section of the Oklahoma statute, cf. Cantu, 964 F.3d at 928-34 (considering
whether section 2-401(A)(1) is divisible without ever suggesting that subsection (A)(3)
should be grouped with (A)(1) for purposes of the categorical approach)—prohibits the

distribution of imitation controlled substances. See Okla. Stat. tit. 63, § 2-401(A)(3).
Further, Defendant does not identify any imitation controlled substance in Oklahoma’s
2003 drug schedules, see Okla. Stat. tit. 63, §§ 2-203 et seq. Accordingly, the statute of
conviction, section 2-401(A)(1), did not in 2003 encompass or otherwise implicate
imitation controlled substances as Defendant contends. See Def.’s Am. Mot. at 14-15.
Defendant has not shown that Section 2-401(A)(1) is categorically overbroad due to the
inclusion of imitation controlled substances or “imitation drugs.”

For these reasons, Defendant has not shown that, in light of Cantu, his prior state
drug convictions were improperly classified as serious drug offenses under the ACCA at
sentencing. See also Traywicks, 827 F. App’x at 891-92; Bridges, 817 F. App’x at 612-14.
Consequently, Defendant has not demonstrated that he suffered prejudice based on his
counsel’s failure to argue that these convictions did not qualify as ACCA-predicate

offenses at sentencing and on appeal.7 Defendant is therefore not entitled to relief pursuant
to § 2255 with regard to Claim One.

7 Defendant has also submitted a Supplement (Doc. No. 50), in which he asks the Court to
consider United States v. Gregory Williams, 48 F.4th 1125, in further support of his
argument that Oklahoma’s drug laws are broader than the federal drug laws because
Oklahoma law prohibits the distribution of “imitation substances.” Def.’s Suppl. at 1.
First, the Court has, for the reasons previously explained, rejected Defendant’s argument
that section 2-401(A)(1) is overbroad due to the inclusion of imitation controlled
substances. And further, as the Government points out, Gregory Williams did not involve
imitation substances but instead analyzed a categorical overbreadth challenge to section 2-
401(A)(1) based on the inclusion of hemp in Oklahoma’s drug schedules at the time of that
defendant’s prior state convictions. See Gov’t’s Resp. at 20-22; Gregory Williams, 48
F.4th at 1137. There, the appellate court ultimately concluded that because the federal
schedules in effect at the time of the federal offense did not include hemp, the defendant’s
prior offenses were categorically overbroad. See Gregory Williams, 48 F.4th at 1142. But
Defendant does not raise the hemp argument in his Supplement, and, although Defendant’s
arguments are entitled to a liberal construction, the Court and Government counsel are not
required to fashion Defendant’s arguments for him out of conclusory allegations. See
United States v. Fisher, 38 F.3d 1144, 1147 (10th Cir. 1994). In any event, defense
counsel’s failure to anticipate the Tenth Circuit’s decision in Gregory Williams, which
came down years after Defendant’s sentencing and appeal, does not rise to the level of
ineffective assistance of counsel. See supra; Harms, 371 F.3d at 1211-12.
2. Claim Two
Claim Two, liberally construed, alleges ineffective assistance of counsel during the
plea process. See Def.’s Am. Mot. at 15-17. Specifically, Defendant argues that his

counsel failed to conduct an independent investigation of the facts and to properly advise
Defendant on the law, including the availability of a justification defense. See id.
As an initial matter, Defendant never identifies what additional investigation his
counsel should have undertaken. Conclusory allegations alone, without supporting factual
averments, are insufficient to state a valid claim under § 2255. See Fisher, 38 F.3d at 1147

(rejecting defendant’s ineffective-assistance arguments and explaining that the court is “not
required to fashion [the defendant’s] arguments for him where his allegations are merely
conclusory in nature and without supporting factual averments”). Defendant “does not
specify what counsel would have learned” from further investigation, and “[t]he mere
speculation that [further investigating the case] would have produced exculpatory evidence

is not sufficient to demonstrate prejudice.” United States v. Clark, 596 F. App’x 696, 701
(10th Cir. 2014).
Defendant also argues that but for his counsel’s ineffective assistance, he would
have proceeded to trial and raised a justification defense. See Def.’s Am. Mot. at 17. A
justification defense to a felon in possession charge requires the defendant to show:

(1) that defendant was under an unlawful and present, imminent, and
impending threat of such a nature as to induce a well-grounded apprehension
of death or serious bodily injury;
(2) that defendant had not recklessly or negligently placed himself in a
situation in which it was probable that he would be forced to choose the
criminal conduct;
(3) that defendant had no reasonable, legal alternative to violating the law, a
chance both to refuse to do the criminal act and also to avoid the threatened
harm; and
(4) that a direct causal relationship may be reasonably anticipated between
the criminal action taken and the avoidance of the threatened harm.
United States v. Butler, 485 F.3d 569, 572 (10th Cir. 2007) (alterations and internal
quotation marks omitted); see also Lacy Aff. ¶ 6.
As the Government points out, Defendant’s counsel evaluated a potential
justification defense and determined that such a defense was not viable. See Gov’t’s Resp.
at 24 (citing Lacy Aff. ¶ 6). Additionally, in the context of a felon-in-possession charge,
“the imminent danger must persist throughout the possession” of the firearm. Butler, 485
F.3d at 573. In his affidavit, defense counsel explains that any potential justification
defense fails on this point because Defendant was “armed and ready well prior to being

attacked.” Lacy Aff. ¶ 6. The Court agrees and concludes that Defendant has made no
showing that his counsel’s assistance was objectively unreasonable in electing not to
pursue a justification defense in this case. Nor has Defendant shown that he was prejudiced
by his counsel’s actions in this regard.
Further, Defendant argues that his plea was not knowing or voluntary due to lack of

or incorrect advice from his trial counsel. See Def.’s Am. Mot. at 16-17 (alleging that
counsel’s advice “was so incorrect and so insufficient that it undermined [Defendant’s]
ability to make a voluntary and intelligent choice”). “In the guilty-plea context,
Strickland’s prejudice prong ordinarily requires a defendant to demonstrate ‘there is a
reasonable probability that, but for his counsel’s errors, he would not have pleaded guilty
and would have insisted on going to trial.’” United States v. Dominguez, 998 F.3d 1094,
1111 (10th Cir. 2021) (alteration and emphasis omitted) (quoting Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S.
52, 59 (1985)). “A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine

confidence in the outcome, which necessitates a substantial, not just conceivable,
likelihood of a different result.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
“Courts should not upset a plea solely because of post hoc assertions from a
defendant about how he would have pleaded but for his attorney’s deficiencies,” however.
Id. at 1112. “[A] defendant’s mere allegation that he would have insisted on trial but for

his counsel’s errors, although necessary, is ultimately insufficient to entitle him to relief.”
Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
Defendant fails to offer an explanation as to why he would have proceeded to trial
but for his counsel’s alleged deficiencies. As previously discussed, any potential
justification defense was not viable. Further, Defendant confessed in a Mirandized

interview to possessing the firearm and led investigators to the firearm. See Lacy Aff. ¶ 9;
PSR ¶ 10. Accordingly, Defendant has not established a reasonable probability that, but
for his counsel’s errors, he would not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going
to trial. See Dominguez, 998 F.3d at 1111.
For these reasons, the Court concludes that Defendant has not shown that his

counsel’s representation was deficient during the plea process or that he suffered prejudice
due to his counsel’s unprofessional errors.8 Accordingly, Defendant is not entitled to relief
pursuant to § 2255 on this basis.
3. Claim Three

In Claim Three, Defendant argues that his counsel was also deficient in several other
ways, repeating some arguments raised in Claim Two regarding counsel’s representation
during the plea process. The Court does not find it necessary to revisit counsel’s actions
during the plea process, as it has already found that Mr. Lacy’s performance was not
deficient in this regard, and will instead focus on the distinct allegations.

To begin, Defendant claims that his counsel had a conflict of interest but does not
identify the specific conflict. See Def.’s Am. Mot. at 19. Defendant also claims his counsel
failed to present the strongest issues for appeal but does not identify those issues. See id.
And further, Defendant alleges that his counsel did not present available evidence and legal
authority at Defendant’s sentencing, but Defendant does not identify what the evidence and

authority was or explain why this material would have made a difference at sentencing.

8 To the extent that Defendant argues that he would have proceeded to trial had he known
he would have been subject to the ACCA’s 15-year mandatory minimum, this argument is
unavailing. Defendant does not allege that his counsel advised him that he would not be
subject to the ACCA, and Defendant’s signed plea petition evidences a clear understanding
that he could face a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of fifteen years if the
ACCA applied. See Plea Pet. (Doc. No. 16) ¶ 19. In addition, at the change of plea hearing,
the Court advised Defendant of the potential applicability ACCA’s enhanced penalties.
See Gov’t’s Resp. Ex. 3, Tr. 6:16-8:2 (Doc. No. 66-3).
See id. at 18. These general assertions are insufficient to support Defendant’s claim for
ineffective assistance of counsel. See Fisher, 38 F.3d 1147.9
Defendant also argues that his counsel was ineffective for not moving to dismiss the

indictment “on the grounds that it was not presented or returned by the grand jury in open
court.” Def.’s Am. Mot. at 18. But, as stated in counsel’s affidavit, the Indictment was
properly returned by the grand jury and signed by the foreperson. See Lacy Aff. ¶ 7;
Indictment at 2.
Defendant further contends that his counsel should have moved to dismiss based on

venue. See Def.’s Am. Mot. at 18. But there was no reasonable basis to do so. See Gov’t’s
Resp. at 28. Defendant was charged with a federal crime that took place in the Western
District of Oklahoma. See Lacy Aff. ¶ 10; Indictment at 1.
Finally, Defendant argues that his counsel was ineffective for failing to file a motion
to suppress. See Def.’s Am. Mot. at 18. Defendant does not identify what evidence counsel

should have moved to suppress or on what ground suppression was warranted, however.
Further, defense counsel explains that, in his view, there was no argument to make
regarding suppression. See Lacy Aff. ¶ 9. Defendant had confessed in a Mirandized
interview to possessing the firearm and led law enforcement to that firearm. See id. And
Defendant has not suggested that his confession was coerced or was otherwise involuntary.

9 In Mr. Lacy’s affidavit, he states that he and Defendant “thoroughly [discussed] all the
relevant facts and law, including whether or not [Defendant] had a defense” and that he
also informed Defendant that he could be subject to the ACCA sentencing. Lacy Aff. ¶ 8.
Accordingly, the Court finds that Defendant has not shown that his counsel’s
performance was deficient for any of the reasons discussed above or that he has been
prejudiced by any of these alleged errors. Defendant is therefore not entitled to relief

pursuant to § 2255 on any ground raised in Claim Three.
B. Claim Four: Alleged Constitutional Violations
In Claim Four, Defendant argues that his conviction and sentence violate his First,
Second, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendment rights under the United States
Constitution. See Def.’s Am. Mot. at 8. The Government asserts that these claims are

procedurally barred, see Gov’t’s Resp. at 28, and the Court agrees. Defendant did not raise
any claims on direct appeal as he never responded to his counsel’s Anders brief. See id.
“A § 2255 motion is not intended as a substitute for an appeal.” United States v.
Cervini, 379 F.3d 987, 990 (10th Cir. 2004). “Consequently failure to raise an issue either
at trial or on direct appeal imposes a procedural bar to habeas review.” Id. (internal

quotation marks omitted). There are two exceptions to the procedural bar of defaulted
claims, however. See id.
“First, if defendant can show both good cause for failing to raise the issue earlier,
and that the court’s failure to consider the claim would result in actual prejudice to his
defense, the procedural bar will not be applied.” Id. A defendant can show “cause” by

demonstrating that “his claim was ‘so novel that its legal basis was not reasonably available
to counsel.’” United States v. Wiseman, 297 F.3d 975, 979 (10th Cir. 2002) (alteration
omitted) (quoting Reed v. Ross, 468 U.S. 1, 16 (1984)). “Cause can also be established by
showing that counsel rendered constitutionally ineffective assistance.” Id.
Second, if a defendant can show that “failure to consider the federal claims will
result in a fundamental miscarriage of justice, the court may reach the merits of the claimed
constitutional deficiencies despite the procedural bar.” Cervini, 379 F.3d at 990-91

(citation and internal quotation marks omitted). This exception “is a markedly narrow one,
implicated only in extraordinary cases where a constitutional violation has probably
resulted in the conviction of one who is actually innocent.” United States v. McGaughy,
670 F.3d 1149, 1159 (10th Cir. 2012) (alteration and internal quotation marks omitted).
Defendant does not explain how his sentence and conviction violate his

constitutional rights, or provide any argument or factual averments suggesting that his
claims of constitutional violations support the application of either of the exceptions to
procedural bar. Defendant states only that he did not raise these issues on direct appeal
due to “insufficient record and/or ineffective assistance of counsel.” Def.’s Am. Mot. at 8.
To sustain a claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel, Defendant must

show “(1) constitutionally deficient performance, by demonstrating that his appellate
counsel’s conduct was objectively unreasonable, and (2) resulting prejudice, by
demonstrating a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional error(s), the
result of the proceeding—in this case the appeal—would have been different.” Cargle v.
Mullin, 317 F.3d 1196, 1202 (10th Cir. 2003). Appellate counsel, however, “need not (and

should not) raise every nonfrivolous claim, but rather may select from among them in order
to maximize the likelihood of success on appeal.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
Therefore, “in analyzing an appellate ineffectiveness claim based upon the failure to raise
an issue on appeal, [the Court] look[s] to the merits of the omitted issue.” Id. (internal
quotation marks omitted).
Here, the Court cannot evaluate the merits of the omitted alleged constitutional

violations because Defendant does not describe how his sentence and conviction violates
his First, Second, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendment rights beyond merely
claiming that it is so. Accordingly, Defendant has not shown that his counsel’s failure to
raise claims of constitutional violation on appeal constituted deficient performance or that
he was prejudiced in this regard. The Court therefore finds that Defendant has not shown

that his claims of constitutional violations are subject to an exception to procedural bar,
concludes that these claims are procedurally barred, and finds that Defendant is not entitled
to relief pursuant to § 2255 on any ground raised in Claim Four.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons explained above, Defendant Ian Donte Bridges’ Amended Motion

to Vacate Under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 (Doc. No. 49) is DENIED.
Pursuant to Rule 11(a) of the Rules Governing Section 2255 Proceedings, the Court
must issue or deny a certificate of appealability (“COA”) when it enters a final order
adverse to a defendant. A COA may issue only upon “a substantial showing of the denial
of a constitutional right.” See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). “A petitioner satisfies this standard

by demonstrating that jurists of reason could disagree with the district court’s resolution of
his constitutional claims or that jurists could conclude the issues presented are adequate to
deserve encouragement to proceed further.” Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 327
(2003). Upon consideration, the Court concludes that the requisite standard is not met in
this case. Therefore, a COA is denied.
Defendant’s remaining pending motions (Doc. Nos. 70, 71) are DENIED AS
MOOT.'®
A separate judgment shall be entered.
IT IS SO ORDERED this 30th day of September, 2024.

CHARLES B. GOODWIN
United States District Judge

10 Tn Defendant’s most recent filing, he requests leave to further amend his § 2255 motion
in order to assert two new claims: (1) that trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance of
counsel at sentencing by failing to argue for a downward departure on the basis of the
victims’ conduct, and (2) that 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) is unconstitutional as applied to
Defendant. See Doc. No. 71, at 2-13.
[P]ursuant to Rule 15(c) [of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure], an untimely
amendment to a § 2255 motion which, by way of additional facts, clarifies or
amplifies a claim or theory in the original motion may, in the District Court’s
discretion, relate back to the date of the original motion if and only if the original
motion was timely filed and the proposed amendment does not seek to add a new
claim or to insert a new theory into the case.
United States v. Espinoza-Saenz, 235 F.3d 501, 505 (10th Cir. 2000) (alterations and
internal quotation marks omitted). Here, Defendant seeks to add two new claims, based
on new legal theories that do not relate back to the claims originally raised in the Amended
Motion, and the three-year statute of limitations period prescribed by 28 U.S.C. §
2255(f)(1) has expired. These new claims are consequently time barred and amendment
under Rule 15(c) is not warranted. See id.; United States v. Estes, Nos. CR-09-181-D, CIV-
11-377-D, 2011 WL 4904261, at *3 (W.D. Okla. Oct. 14, 2011).

20

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10666120. Public record. Not legal advice.