# NPE Enterprise, LLC v. Pataq

> District Court, N.D. Ohio · September 30, 2024

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10664687

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, N.D. Ohio
- **Decided:** September 30, 2024
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10664687

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- affirming district court’s exclusion of damages related evidence based on plaintiff’s failure to provide sufficient information in initial disclosures or during discovery

## Opinion text

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
EASTERN DIVISION

NPE ENTERPRISE LLC, ) CASE NO. 1:21-CV-00661
)
Plaintiff, ) JUDGE CHRISTOPHER A. BOYKO
)
vs. )
)
SAMEI PATAQ, et al, ) OPINION
)
Defendants. )

CHRISTOPHER A. BOYKO, J.:
Before the Court are cross-motions for partial summary judgment filed by the parties.
Plaintiff NPE Enterprises, LLC (“NPE”) seeks summary judgment on Defendants Samei
Pataq (“Pataq”) and SP Car Wash Inc. (collectively “SP Parties”) claims of Breach of Express
and Implied Warranties, Defamation, Tortious Interference with Business Relationships and
Violations of the Sherman Antitrust Act and Valentine Act counterclaims. (ECF # 29.) It
also seeks summary judgment on Defendant’s punitive damages claim. Id. Defendants filed
a Response in Opposition (ECF #32) and Plaintiff filed a Reply in Support. (ECF #34.)
Defendants seeks summary judgment on Plaintiff’s claims of Breach of Contract and
Unjust Enrichment. (ECF # 31.) Defendants also seek partial summary judgment on the issue
of liability on their Breach of Contract, Tortious Interference with Business Relationships and
violations of the Sherman Antitrust Act and Valentine Act counterclaims. (Id.) Defendants
expressly state their intention to reserve the issue of compensatory and punitive damages for
determination at trial. (Id.) Plaintiff filed a Response in Opposition (ECF #33) and
Defendants filed a Reply in Support. (ECF 35).
PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On February 12, 2021, Plaintiff NPE Enterprises, LLC filed a Complaint in Ashland
County, Ohio Court of Common Pleas asserting claims for Breach of Contract and Unjust

Enrichment against Defendants Samei Pataq and SP Car Wash, Inc. (ECF # 1-1.) Although
not expressly stated in the Complaint, the first and second causes of action are construed by
the Court as plead in the alternative because under Ohio law, “one cannot recover under a
theory of unjust enrichment when there is a contract governing the dispute.” Mktg. Assocs.,
Inc. v. Fellowes, Inc., No. 1:05-cv-1518, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 12192, 2006 WL 721619, at
*1 (N.D. Ohio Mar. 21, 2006) (citations omitted).
On March 24, 2021, Defendants removed the action to this Court on the basis of
diversity jurisdiction. (ECF # 1.) Shortly thereafter, on April 14, 2021, the SP Parties filed an
Answer to the Complaint and asserted counterclaims for Breach of Contract, Defamation,
Tortious Interference with a Business Relationship, Breach of Express Warranty and Breach

of Implied Warranties. (ECF # 6.)
On November 30, 2021, Plaintiff filed a First Amended Complaint, which reasserted
its claims for Breach of Contract and Unjust Enrichment. (ECF # 19.) On December 14,
2021, Defendants filed an Answer to Amended Complaint and Amended Counterclaim, which
reasserted its counterclaims and added two antitrust Counts: Agreements Restraining Trade in
Violation of Sherman Antitrust Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1, and Agreements Against Trade in
Violation of the Valentine Act, Ohio Revised Code, § 1331.04. (ECF # 21.)
BACKGROUND FACTS
Defendant/Counterclaimant Pataq founded SP Car Wash Inc. (“SP Car Wash”) for the
purpose of constructing and operating a new car wash in the Detroit, Michigan area. (ECF #
29-1, 12/7/2021 Dep. of Samei Pataq p. 8:5–10.) Pataq was referred to Plaintiff NPE and its
owner and CEO, Trent Walter, for a variety of car wash services. (Id., p. 13:3–6.). Pataq
contacted NPE to assist with site selection. (Id., 14:3–9.) Satisfied with the site, Pataq

purchased the property to serve as the location of his planned car wash. (Id., p. 14:7–20.)
Pataq subsequently received multiple proposals, including a proposal from NPE for
installation of a tunnel wash system at SP Car Wash. (Id., pp. 15:6–16:6.) Pataq accepted and
signed NPE’s 4-page proposal, which forms the contract between the parties at the heart of
this dispute. (ECF # 29-3, the “Contract”).
The Contract lists several major components, including (1) a 115’ Sonny’s Tunnel
Equipment Package, (2) Motor City Equipment with subcomponents listing a “Dry-N-Shine”
Top Wheel and Controls, and (3) a payment terminals/system from DRB Systems. (Id.) The
contract also required plumbing, floor heat and boiler work (Id.), which NPE subcontracted to

Carwash Boilers, Inc. The Contract contains no written provisions for changes or alterations
to the proposal (Id.), but there is undisputed evidence that the parties agreed to changes. (ECF
#29-2, 11/10/21 Trent Walter Dep., pp. 22:20—24:3.)
On December 3, 2020, NPE completed construction of the car wash and sent a final
invoice to Pataq. (Id. p. 52:13–17.) On December 16, Mr. Walter went to SP Car Wash with
several other NPE employees to perform a variety of repairs and adjustments requested by
Pataq. (Id., pp. 38:18–39:5, 88:17–89:18; ECF # 29-1, Pataq Dep., 104:6–9.) After the
additional work was completed, Pataq indicated to an NPE representative that he would make
the final payment of $80,000. (ECF # 29-2, p. 89:15–23.) However, Pataq subsequently told
his banker not to make the payment. (ECF # 29-1, pp. 104:17–105:3.) Because of the
nonpayment, NPE suspended all services to Defendants. (ECF # 29-2, pp. 89:24–90:16.)
Pataq claims the SP Parties are entitled to a credit due to their dissatisfaction with
NPE’s performance under the Contract. (ECF # 29-1, pp. 39:13–40:21.) Specifically, Pataq
complains NPE installed three dryer arches instead of four (ECF # 29-4, 4/19/22 Pataq Depo.

p. 56:18-22), NPE did not provide the name brand “Hydra Flex” panels, but instead a generic
system built by NPE (ECF # 29-1, pp. 42:3–24), NPE did not provide the Motor Control
Center usually included in the Sonny’s package, despite listing it as part of a “Sonny’s” brand
package on the Contract (ECF # 29-4, p. 94:7-9.), and NPE installed 8 LED light bars instead
of the 9 LED lights the Contract required (ECF # 29-1, p. 36:16-18). Pataq further contends
four more specific contract breaches because NPE installed a generic high pressure rinse arch
instead of the “Sonny’s” high pressure arch (Id., p. 20:6-13); NPE did not use the proper
hydraulic fluid (Id., p. 33:19-25); NPE did not provide the required air dryers (Id., p. 37:21-
22); and (4) provided only 500 fast passes when the Contract required 1000. (Id., p. 44:56).

After NPE suspended services to the SP Parties, Mr. Walter had discussions with
various vendors who had provided equipment or services for SP Car Wash’s tunnel system
and told them that NPE would not be providing technical support to the SP Parties. (ECF
#29-2, Walter Dep., p. 105:16– 22). These companies were (1) Sonny’s, (2) Diamond Shine,
(3) DRB, (4) Motor City Wash Works, and (5) Carwash Boilers. (ECF #29-4, 4/19/2022 Dep.
of Samei Pataq, pp. 8:18–9:3.) Mr. Walter told these companies that NPE was owed money
by the SP Parties and asked them not to provide services for SP Car Wash. Mr. Walter hoped
that this would help encourage the SP Parties to pay NPE’s outstanding invoices. (ECF #29-
2, Walter Dep., pp. 105:16—108:17)
Pataq testified that he and his manager had to spend “endless” hours mending the
relationship with these vendors. (ECF #29-1, Pataq Dep., pp. 48:15—49:19.) When pressed,
Pataq did not provide a calculation of the damages relating to the time mending the
relationships, deferring to an expert to make that calculation. (Id. at p. 50:13-20.)
LITIGATION CONDUCT

Relevant to this matter is not just the business conduct of the parties in the
construction of the car wash and acts after the suspension of services, but also the SP Parties’
conduct during the litigation. In written discovery related to Counterclaims 2-7, the SP
Parties provided the following categories of damages: lost profits/lost revenue (breach of
express warranty, breach of implied warranty, defamation, tortious interference with business
relationship, antitrust violations) (ECF # 29-7 at pp. 3-6), mental and emotional distress
(defamation, tortious interference with business relationship) (Id. at pp. 4-5), as well as
punitive and treble damages. (Id.) The written discovery does not provide a discrete
computation of the damages sought, stating only that Defendants paid a manager “thousands
of dollars for his time spent attempting to mend relationships” in response to interrogatories

related to damages for defamation, tortious interference with business relationship and
antitrust violations. (Id.)
Pataq was deposed twice in this action, December 7, 2021 (See ECF # 29-1) and April
19, 2022. (See ECF # 29-4.) During the first deposition, Pataq was asked if he were in the
process of preparing additional document production to evidence his damages, to which he
responded, “potentially, yes.” (ECF # 29-1 at 77:21-23.) Pataq’s counsel indicated at the
conclusion of the first deposition that they were still considering whether they would be
engaging an expert witness in the case and based on those decisions supplemental documents
might be provided. (Id. at 108:19-24.)
On or about May 16, 2022, the SP Parties’ provided a damages expert report to
Plaintiff. (ECF #29-8 at ¶ 3.) After production of the expert report, Pataq was deposed again.
At the second deposition he was asked about damages computations. Pataq stated he had not
performed a damages calculation and if the case went to trial they would use an expert. (ECF
#29-4 at p. 10:13-19.) He testified regarding damages related to suspension of services from

Sonny’s and Diamond Shine that “we can figure [the damages] out exactly.” (Id. at p. 11:4-
23.) He never provided a damages calculation, however. (Id. at p. 12:10-15.) Pataq stated he
had not performed a damages calculation and would rely on expert testimony for damages
related to Plaintiffs business interference with Motor City Wash Works. (Id. at p. 26:8-17.)
The testimony was the same for damages related to interference with Carwash Boilers. (Id. at
p. 34:14-21.)
Pataq testified that he was responsible for the responses to written discovery along
with counsel. (Id., p. 44:21-24.) He was specifically asked to elaborate on the “thousands of
dollars spent to mend relationships” and he identified relationships with DRB, Diamond

Shine, Sonny’s, Motor City and Ohio Boilers. (Id.. at 45:14—50:20.) He testified “endless”
hours were spent by his manager mending these relationships. (Id..) When asked for a
specific quantity he said he did not know and reiterated “endless.” (Id.) Pataq did not provide
a calculation or a methodology for calculation and indicated an expert would provide the
figure. (Id.. at 50:13-20.) Pataq described his emotional, psychological, financial and
reputational damages as “endless” and that an expert would calculate those damages. (Id.. at
52:22—54:1.)
Plaintiff’s counsel attempted to schedule an expert deposition six times, but received
no response from SP Parties’ counsel. (ECF # 29-8 at ¶¶ 3-9.) On July 28, 2022, Plaintiff’s
counsel contacted the Court via email with a copy to Defendants’ counsel requesting
assistance to resolve the scheduling issue. (Id. at ¶ 9.) That same day, Defendants’ counsel
emailed the Court and counsel and indicated they were withdrawing their expert and that the
SP Parties “intend to rely on other forms of evidence in support of their claims for damages.”
(Id.. at ¶ 10, ECF #29-9.).

STANDARD OF REVIEW
Summary judgment shall be granted only if “the movant shows that there is no
genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.” See Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a). The burden is on the moving party to conclusively show no
genuine issue of material fact exists. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S. Ct.
2548, 91 L. Ed. 2d 265 (1986); Lansing Dairy. Inc. v. Espy, 39 F.3d 1339, 1347 (6th Cir.
1994). The moving party must either point to “particular parts of materials in the record,
including depositions, documents, electronically stored information, affidavits or declarations,
stipulations, admissions, interrogatory answers, or other materials” or show “that the materials
cited do not establish the absence or presence of a genuine dispute, or that an adverse party

cannot produce admissible evidence to support the fact.” See Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c)(1)(A), (B).
A court considering a motion for summary judgment must view the facts and all inferences in
the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio
Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587, 106 S. Ct. 1348, 89 L. Ed. 2d 538 (1986). Once the movant
presents evidence to meet its burden, the nonmoving party may not rest on its pleadings, but
must come forward with some significant probative evidence to support its claim. Celotex,
477 U.S. at 324; Lansing Dairy, 39 F.3d at 1347.
This Court does not have the responsibility to search the record sua sponte for genuine
issues of material fact. Betkerur v. Aultman Hospital Ass ‘n., 78 F.3d 1079, 1087 (6th Cir.
1996); Guarino v. Brookfield Township Trustees, 980 F.2d 399, 404-06 (6th Cir. 1992). The
burden falls upon the nonmoving party to “designate specific facts or evidence in dispute,”
Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249-50, 106 S. Ct. 2505, 91 L. Ed. 2d 202
(1986); and if the nonmoving party fails to make the necessary showing on an element upon
which it has the burden of proof, the moving party is entitled to summary judgment. Celotex,

477 U.S. at 323. Whether summary judgment is appropriate depends upon “whether the
evidence presents a sufficient disagreement to require submission to a jury or whether it is so
one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter of law.” Amway Distributors Benefits Ass ‘n
v. Northfield Ins. Co., 323 F.3d 386, 390 (6th Cir. 2003) (quoting Anderson, 477 U.S. at 251-
52).
LAW AND ANALYSIS
NPE’S MOTION
Plaintiff NPE seeks summary judgment on the SP Parties’ Counterclaims for Breach
of Express and Implied Warranties, Defamation, Tortious Interference with Business
Relationship and Violations of the Sherman Antitrust Act and Valentine Act on the basis that
Defendants’ conduct during discovery requires a finding that Defendants may not supply

producable admissible evidence to support a finding of damages on those claims.
Plaintiff is also seeking judgment on substantive grounds. Specifically, they contend
that Defendants’ defamation claim must fail because the fact of Defendants nonpayment, the
alleged defaming statement, is true. Plaintiff contends that Pataq’s belief that he is owed a
credit does not alter the truth of his nonpayment. Plaintiff also asserts that the alleged
anticompetitive behavior impacted a single entity, SP Car Wash, Inc., and therefore, is not the
kind of injury contemplated by antitrust laws. Plaintiff also contends the record is devoid of
the “hatred, ill will, or spirit of revenge” necessary to support an award of punitive damages.
I. Operation of Fed. R. Civ. P. 37 precludes the SP Parties from supplying
evidence on a motion, at a hearing, or at a trial on the issue of damages
related to their counterclaims for Breach of Express and Implied
Warranties, Defamation, Tortious Interference with Business
Relationship, and Violations of the Sherman Antitrust Act and Valentine
Act.

Each of Defendants counterclaims require proof of injury or harm. See, e.g., Rayco
Mfg., Inc. v. Deutz Corp., 771 F. Supp. 2d 819, 823 (N.D. Ohio 2010), aff’d, 497 F. App’x
515 (6th Cir. 2012) (breach of express and implied warranties); NOCO Co. v. OJ Com., LLC,
35 F.4th 475, 482 n.2 (6th Cir. 2022) (defamation and tortious interference); NicSand, Inc. v.
3M Co., 507 F.3d 442, 450 (6th Cir. 2007) (state and federal antitrust).
Defendants identified lost profits and reduced revenue as damages related to its claims
for breach of express and implied warranties, defamation, tortious interference with business
relationship and violations of the Sherman Antitrust Act and Valentine Act. (ECF #29-7,
Answer to Interrogatories 4-9.) They also identified mental and emotional distress related to
their defamation claim (Id., Answer to Interrogatory No. 6) and thousands of dollars in
manager time lost related to their claims for defamation, tortious interference with business
relationship and violations of the Sherman Antitrust Act and Valentine Act. (Id., Answer to
Interrogatories 6-9.)
Plaintiff seeks Rule 37 exclusion of damages evidence due to Defendants’ litigation
conduct in discovery. Defendants counter that they “disclosed more than enough evidence by
the end of discovery on April 29, 2022 to sustain their claims.” (ECF #32 at 3.) Further,
Defendants contend their failure to provide a discrete, calculable damages figure is
substantially justified or harmless. Id. at 4-6.
In discovery, a party must disclose “a computation of each category of damages
claimed,” as well as make available “the documents or other evidentiary material . . . on
which each computation is based, including materials bearing on the nature and extent of
injuries suffered[.]” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(1)(A)(iii). Further, a “party who has made a
disclosure under Rule 26(a) . . . must supplement or correct its disclosure . . . in a timely
manner if the party learns that in some material respect the disclosure . . . is incomplete or
incorrect, and if the additional or corrective information has not otherwise been made known

to the other parties during the discovery process[.]” Id. 26(e)(1)(A). “If a party fails to
provide information . . . as required by Rule 26(a) or (e), [then] the party is not allowed to use
that information . . . to supply evidence on a motion, at a hearing, or at a trial, unless the
failure was substantially justified or is harmless.” Id. 37(c)(1).
The test for Rule 37(c) exclusion “is very simple: the sanction is mandatory unless
there is a reasonable explanation of why Rule 26 was not complied with or the mistake was
harmless.” Bessemer & Lake Erie R.R. Co. v. Seaway Marine Transp., 596 F.3d 357, 370 (6th
Cir. 2010); see also Acuity Brands Lighting, Inc. v. Bickley, No. 5:13-CV-366-DLB-REW,
2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 177183, 2015 WL 10551946 (E.D. Ky. Nov. 30, 2015), adopted by

2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 38470, 2016 WL 1171541 (E.D. Ky. Mar. 24, 2016). “Rule 37(c)(1)
authorizes the trial court to exclude evidence that was withheld in violation of Rule 26(a) or
(e). The party requesting exclusion under Rule 37(c)(1) need not show prejudice, rather the
non-moving party must show that the exclusion was ‘harmless’ or ‘substantially justified.’“
Saint Gobain Autover USA, Inc. v. Xinyi Glass N. Am., Inc., 666 F. Supp. 2d 820, 826 (N.D.
Ohio 2009). “The exclusion of non-disclosed evidence is automatic and mandatory under
Rule 37(c)(1) unless non-disclosure was justified or harmless.” Dickenson v. Cardiac &
Thoracic Surgery of E. Tenn., 388 F.3d 976, 983 (6th Cir. 2004). Indeed, as the Sixth Circuit
recently emphasized, “exclusion of late or undisclosed evidence is the usual remedy for
noncompliance with Rule 26(a) or (e),” although the Court of course retains alternative
options. Howe v. City of Akron, 801 F.3d 718, 747 (6th Cir. 2015).
The Sixth Circuit has adopted a five part test to assess whether a failure to disclose
evidence is justified or harmless and thus not subject to automatic exclusion: (1) the surprise
to the party against whom the evidence would be offered; (2) the ability of that party to cure

the surprise; (3) the extent to which allowing the evidence would disrupt the trial; (4) the
importance of the evidence; and (5) the nondisclosing party’s explanation for its failure to
disclose the evidence. Howe, 801 F.3d at 748. The Court will analyze these factors in order.
A. Allowing presentation of damages evidence for the first time at trial is
plain surprise.
Defendants contend that Plaintiff had “all the information relevant to the computation
of damages in its possession” with regard to the value of the name brand car wash
components that were listed in the Contract, but substituted during construction. Accordingly,
Defendants contend there is no surprise regarding the amount of damages attributable to its
warranty claims (Counts 2 & 3). Further, Defendants maintain that damages for lost profits
can be determined by “commonsensically applying the sales data to this two-hour period [lost
due to downtime related to the parts.]”
The Court disagrees. If calculation of the damages were commonsensically available,
it defies explanation why Pataq would testify that an expert was required or why, despite
repeated questioning, he was unable to provide a simple answer. The Civil Rules, simply put,

“do not require parties to read minds.” Bentley v. Highlands Hosp. Corp., No. 15-97-ART-
EBA, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 139414, at *31 (E.D. Ky. Oct. 6, 2016). The Court is persuaded
that Antioch provides proper guidance on this issue: “If calculating damages were as easy as
simple arithmetic, and is based on the facts in the record, then Plaintiff’s 30(b)(6) witness
should have answered questions about damages.” Antioch Co. Litig. Tr. v. Morgan, No. 3:10-
cv-156, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 47740, at *26 (S.D. Ohio Apr. 7, 2014) (citing Bessemer, 596
F.3d 357, 366-370 (6th Cir. 2010) (affirming district court’s exclusion of damages related
evidence based on plaintiff’s failure to provide sufficient information in initial disclosures or
during discovery)).

The Court finds permitting a precise damages calculation for the first time at trial
would constitute plain surprise.
B. Cross-examination is the wrong method to cure the surprise.
Defendants contend that because there is no surprise, there is no need to cure. The
Court disagrees. Simply avoiding the issue is not sufficient. The proposed cure for the failure
of the Defendants to provide precise calculations of damages at this stage of the proceedings
is cross-examination at trial – a conclusion further buttressed by Defendants’ decision to seek
summary judgment on liability only and to leave damages to trial. The Court does not
consider cross-examination at trial an appropriate remedy for a failure to disclose precise
damages in discovery. See Moonbeam Capital Invs., LLC v. Integrated Constr. Sols., Inc.,

No. 2:18-cv-12606, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 54583, at *38 (E.D. Mich. Mar. 30, 2020).
Accordingly, this factor weighs in Plaintiff’s favor for the imposition of Rule 37 sanctions.
C. Allowing presentation of damages evidence for the first time at trial would
be disruptive.
Defendants contend there would be no disruption at trial. Again, the Court disagrees.
As noted above, cross-examination at trial is not an appropriate time for the discovery of the
amount of liability Plaintiff may be facing. Ambush at trial invites disruption. See EQT
Prod. Co. v. Magnum Hunter Prod., Inc., No. 5:16-CV-150-JMH-REW, 2017 U.S. Dist.
LEXIS 80288, at *16 (E.D. Ky. May 25, 2017) (revelation of actual damages during cross-
examination improperly forces a party to wait until trial to get answers to and explanations of
critical questions to which it was entitled during discovery.) Furthermore, this failure denies
Plaintiff the opportunity to fully and fairly prepare for trial.
D. The damages calculation is a critical fact.
Defendants concede that evidence of reduced value and lost profits is “essential to

making the SP Parties whole.” (ECF #32.) Defendants’ observation only serves to buttress
Plaintiff’s argument. “The more important the proof, the greater the effect of preclusion, but
also the greater the harm in tardy disclosure.” EQT Prod. Co., 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 80288,
at *17 (E.D. Ky. May 25, 2017). The more important the evidence, the more non-disclosure
militates for a finding that failure to disclose was not substantially justified or harmless. See
In re Cox Motor Express of Greensboro, Inc., No. 14-10468, 2016 Bankr. LEXIS 3897, 2016
WL 6661318, at *5 (M.D.N.C. Nov. 4, 2016) (“[T]he [vital] importance of the evidence
weighs in favor of finding that Defendant’s failure to disclose was not substantially justified
or harmless.”); Etheridge v. E.I. DuPont De Nemours & Co., Inc., No. 14-CV-2443-SHL-cgc,
2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 188910, 2015 WL 12516227, at *3 (W.D. Tenn. Oct. 14, 2015)

(“[B]ecause this evidence is so important to Plaintiff, her explanation for her failure to abide
by . . . the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure becomes even less satisfactory.”)
E. Defendants have failed to provide any cohesive explanation for its
inconsistent discovery conduct and failure to disclose damages
calculations.
Defendants defend their non-disclosure of damages evidence with but one argument:
“trying to ascertain the true value of the car wash is exceedingly difficult given the number of
modifications made. It is not entirely clear either party can recount the full list of on-the-fly
alterations made.” (ECF #32.) Accordingly, Defendants contend this is a case of lack of
information rather than underhandedness. Id.
Defendants’ explanation fails to account for its actions with regard to its decision to
withdraw its expert, or Pataq’s continued sworn testimony that damages calculations will be
left to the experts. It fails to explain lack of testimony of “commonsense” lost profits
damages. The difficulty in determining the damages amount only highlights the fact that the
subject might require an expert as conceded by Pataq at deposition, but ultimately abandoned.

Defendants may not have their cake and eat it too.
The Court finds the balance of the factors weighs against the Defendants. The SP
Parties have failed to meet their burden to demonstrate that their failure to disclose discrete
calculations of damages and related evidence was substantially justified or harmless.
Accordingly, Fed. R. Civ. P. 37 requires exclusion of damages evidence at motion, hearing or
at trial.
Because Defendants identified only lost profits as its measure of damages for its
claims for breach of express and implied warranties and is precluded by Rule from presenting
evidence of those damages at trial, Plaintiff is entitled to summary judgment on those claims.

Plaintiff is also entitled to summary judgment on claims with damages related to mental and
emotional distress as “endless” damages are neither discrete nor calculable.
II. Defendants reliance on the UCC to save its breach of express and implied
warranties claims is misplaced.

Defendants argue that their Answer to Interrogatories No. 4 and 5 identify more than
just lost profits damages. (ECF #32.) Defendants direct the Court to their statement that
“[t]he wash that Plaintiff constructed failed to operate as warranted” to support that they are
entitled to damages which amount to the difference in value between the contracted-for
components of the car wash and the components that were actually installed. Id. The Court is
not persuaded.
Defendants’ interrogatory response refers to the “operation” of the car wash as a
whole, i.e., it’s efficiency. This conclusion is further supported by Defendants’ specific
identification of parts that failed resulting in closures of the car wash. Defendant goes on to
state, “These defects contributed to Defendants losing profits ….” Accordingly, in context,
the Answer to Interrogatories No. 4 and 5 specifically identify lost profits and does not put

Plaintiff on notice that the breach of express and implied warranties claims seek damages
related to the difference in value between the contracted-for components of the car wash and
the components that were actually installed.
Plaintiff is entitled to summary judgment on those claims.
III. Defendants cannot demonstrate an antitrust injury.

Plaintiff argues it is entitled to summary judgment on Defendants’ claims of violations
of the Sherman Antitrust Act and Valentine Act – federal and state antitrust claims – because
Defendants cannot demonstrate the type of injury that antitrust laws were intended to prevent
and cannot demonstrate any anticompetitive effect to a relevant market. Defendant counters
that it has provided evidence of disputed facts such that summary judgment would be
improper.
Defendants argue this is a straightforward “refusal to deal” claim. (ECF #32.) They
cite evidence that at least one distributor has refused to sell a Dry-N-Shine machine to the SP
Parties due to Mr. Walter’s interference. They further state that the crux of the claim “lies in
the increased expense they had to incur due to reduced competition for carwash parts.” Id.
Section 1 of the Sherman Act provides that “[e]very contract, combination in the form
of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several
States, or with foreign nations, is declared to be illegal.” 15 U.S.C. § 1. Although the
Sherman Act, by its terms, prohibits every agreement “in restraint of trade,” the United States
Supreme Court recognizes that Congress intended to outlaw only “unreasonable restraints.”
State Oil Co. v. Khan, 522 U.S. 3, 10, 118 S. Ct. 275, 139 L. Ed. 2d 199 (1997).
[T]o establish a claim under Section 1, the plaintiff must establish that the
defendants contracted, combined or conspired among each other, that the
combination or conspiracy produced adverse, anticompetitive effects within
relevant product and geographic markets, that the objects of any conduct
pursuant to that contract or conspiracy were illegal and that the plaintiff was
injured as a proximate result of that conspiracy.
Crane & Shovel Sales Corp. v. Bucyrus-Erie Co., 854 F.2d 802, 805 (6th Cir. 1988).
Antitrust injury is an essential element of every antitrust claim and the counterclaim
plaintiff bears the burden of proof on that threshold requirement. Atl. Richfield Co. v. USA
Petroleum Co., 495 U.S. 328, 335, 110 S. Ct. 1884, 109 L. Ed. 2d 333 (1990).
It is not enough to simply allege that an individual competitor suffered adverse
effects from the contract or conspiracy. Rather, “[a]ntitrust injury is (1) injury
of the type the antitrust laws were intended to prevent and (2) injury that flows
from that which makes the defendants acts unlawful.”... “It ensures that the
injury should reflect the anticompetitive effect” of the defendant’s actions. This
“ensures that plaintiff can recover only if the loss stems from a competition-
reducing aspect or effect of the defendant’s behavior.”
Food Lion, LLC v. Dean Foods Co. (In re Se. Milk Antitrust Litig.), 739 F.3d 262, 284 (6th
Cir. 2014) (citations omitted).
Quite simply, Defendants’ cannot meet this burden. They have not presented any
evidence of competition-reducing aspects or effects of Plaintiff’s sharp business practices
intended to force Defendants to make the final payment. By their own statement, the crux of
Defendants’ claim is the vertical restraint on trade resulting in increased expense to
Defendants. Injury to a single competitor in the marketplace does not establish a cognizable
antitrust injury. Wee Care Child Ctr., Inc. v. Lumpkin, 680 F.3d 841, 848 (6th Cir. 2012)
(“adverse effects suffered by an individual competitor cannot establish an antitrust injury”);
see also Indeck Energy Servs., Inc. v. Consumers Energy Co., 250 F.3d 972, 977 (6th Cir.
2000) (affirming dismissal when “the only harm allegedly suffered by [the plaintiff] was in
the company’s capacity as a competitor in the marketplace, not as a defender of marketplace
competition”).
Because Defendants cannot demonstrate a violation of the Sherman Act, it follows that

they cannot demonstrate a violation of the Valentine Act. See Nilavar v. Mercy Health Sys.
W. Ohio, 494 F. Supp. 2d 604, 621 (S.D. Ohio 2005) (granting summary judgment to the
defendants on a Valentine Act claim based on a grant of summary judgment to the defendants
on a Sherman Act claim); Richter Concrete Corp. v. Hilltop Basic Res., Inc., 547 F. Supp.
893, 920 (S.D. Ohio 1981) (finding that a failure to prove claims under the Sherman Act
constitutes a failure to prove the claim under the Valentine Act).
Plaintiff is entitled to summary judgment on Defendants’ antitrust claims.
IV. Defendants cannot demonstrate a false statement was made.
Defendants have asserted a defamation claim against Plaintiff, arguing that Mr.

Walter’s statements to Defendants’ suppliers about Defendants’ nonpayment to Plaintiff were
false due to omission of the explanation for the non-payment. Plaintiff contends the
statements made to Defendants’ equipment manufacturers and suppliers was “substantially
true” such that is provides an absolute defense to the defamation claim. Defendant argues that
whether the statement was “substantially true” is a jury issue and thus, their claim must
survive summary judgment.
A plaintiff must prove falsity as an essential element of a defamation claim and
because falsity is an essential element, a true statement cannot provide the basis for such an
action. Natl. Medic Servs. Corp. v. E. W. Scripps Co., 61 Ohio App.3d 752, 755, 573 N.E.2d
1148 (1st Dist.1989). Therefore, “[i]n Ohio, truth is a complete defense to a claim for
defamation.” Montgomery v. Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Auth., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga
No. 109559, 2021-Ohio-1198, ¶ 30, citing Ed Schory & Sons v. Francis, 75 Ohio St.3d 433,
445, 1996-Ohio-194, 662 N.E.2d 1074. “‘It is sufficient [in defending against a defamation
action] to show that the imputation is substantially true, or as it is often put, to justify the

“gist,” the “sting,” or the substantial truth of the defamation.’” Krems v. University Hosps. of
Cleveland, 133 Ohio App. 3d 6, 9, 726 N.E.2d 1016 (8th Dist.1999), quoting Prosser, The
Law of Torts, 798-799 (4th Ed. 1971). “Whether a defamatory statement is substantially true
is a question of fact and summary judgment may only be granted if no genuine issue of
material fact exists after the submission of evidence pursuant to Civ.R. 56.” Hartman v.
Kerch, 2023-Ohio-1972, ¶ 37, 217 N.E.3d 881, 896-97 (Ct. App.) (citations omitted).
The Court finds that there is no genuine issue of material fact that precludes summary
judgment for Plaintiff on Defendants’ defamation claim. Pataq admits that he had not paid
the final invoices (ECF #29-1, Pataq Dep. at 39:13-40:21).

Ohio courts “ha[ve] defined a false statement as a statement that sets forth matters
which are not true or statements without grounds in truth or fact. A statement is not a ‘false
statement’ if, even though it is misleading and fails to disclose all relevant facts, the statement
has some truth in it.” Serv. Emp. Int’l Union Dist. 1199 v. Ohio Elections Comm’n, 158 Ohio
App. 3d 769, 2004 Ohio 5662, 822 N.E.2d 424, 430 (Ohio App. 2004) (internal citations
omitted).
There is no dispute of material fact that Pataq did not pay the final invoice. Nor is
there any dispute of material fact that Walter communicated the fact of nonpayment to several
manufactures and vendors to influence them to become part of a pressure campaign to induce
Defendants to make the final payments. The fact that Walter did not disclose all the relevant
facts, specifically Pataq’s reason for not paying the final invoices, does not transform the truth
of nonpayment into a false statement sufficient to support a claim of defamation.
Plaintiff is entitled to summary judgment on Defendants’ defamation claim.
V. Defendants are not entitled to punitive damages.

Defendants’ only remaining claim is the disputed Breach of Contract claim. The
Supreme Court of Ohio has made clear that punitive damages are not available for breach of
contract absent a harm distinct from the breach of contract attributable solely to the alleged
tortious conduct. Lucarell v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 2018-Ohio-15, ¶¶ 35-37, 152 Ohio St.
3d 453, 462, 97 N.E.3d 458, 467-68 (internal citations omitted.)
Because Plaintiff is entitled to summary judgment on Defendants’ claims for conduct
outside the Contract, Defendants cannot maintain a claim for punitive damages.
SP PARTIES’ MOTION
Defendants are seeking summary judgment on NPE’s claims of breach of contract and
unjust enrichment. Defendants argue that NPE’s failure to deliver name brand parts and

specifically enumerated components constitutes a contractual breach that precludes its
contract claim and that a claim for unjust enrichment cannot lie when there is an express
contract. Specifically, Defendants direct the Court to NPE’s installation of three drying
arches instead of four and failing to provide a $40,000 motor control center. (ECF #31.)
NPE counters that it substantially performed the requirements of the contract because
field adjustments were needed which were discussed with Pataq related to the dryer arches
and other components. (ECF #33.) NPE contends it delivered what was required under the
Contract – a fully functioning car wash and that the changes were done with the knowledge of
Pataq. Id. At worst, NPE contends the deviations are a question for the jury. Id.
The SP parties reply that there is an open question as to whether this transaction falls
under the Ohio Uniform Commercial Code rather than the common law of contract to the
extent that selection of a particular brand of goods may be as significant as the decision to
deliver or install those goods. (ECF #35.) Defendants further argue that application of the
Uniform Commercial Code precludes application of the doctrine of substantial performance,

such that it retains the right to reject the whole delivery, citing O.R.C. § 1302.60. Id.
Regardless of whether it is governed by the UCC or common law, the SP Parties maintain the
Contract’s emphasis on high-quality components reflects that substitution of “lesser” products
represents a material breach of the Contract. Id. They further argue that NPE misconstrues
the law and that substantial performance is a de facto concession of breach. Id.
Defendants are also seeking summary judgment on liability only regarding their
claims for Breach of Contract, Tortious Interference with Business Relationships and
Violations of state and federal antitrust law. (ECF #31.) As noted above, they contend the
failure to provide enumerated and specific components represent a material breach of the

contract. They also contend that Walter’s freeze-out efforts with other vendors and service
providers to compel the final payments demonstrate the necessary requirements to establish
liability on Tortious Interference with Business Relationships and violations of state and
federal antitrust law. Id. They argue that should the Court find NPE liable on these claims
the matter should proceed to trial for a determination of compensatory and punitive damages.
Id.
NPE counters that the SP Parties failure to provide any damages computations and
withdrawal of their damages experts precludes presentation of damages evidence at motion or
at trial, precluding judgment regardless of any potential liability. (ECF #33.) This line of
argument is the main thrust of their own Motion for Summary Judgment, discussed above.
They also contend that the freeze-out efforts did not result in any damage, or, at best, a freeze
out of no more than a few days. Id. They add that NPE’s motive – resolving the payment
dispute – does not rise to the level of tortious interference with business relationship. Id.
Last, NPE contends that any injury is personal to the car wash and not to the car wash

industry, i.e., the SP Parties cannot maintain their antitrust claims because there is no antitrust
injury to the relevant market. Id.
The SP Parties reply that NPE’s motive is immaterial to the fact that its intention was
to interfere in the SP Parties business to strong arm them into payment and, thus, motive does
not relieve them of liability. They add that the record is replete with evidence of
anticompetitive effects, specifically NPE’s attempt to put the car wash “out of business.”
I. In the absence of contrary authority, the Court assumes the doctrine of
substantial performance applies under the UCC as under common law.
The Northern District of Ohio recently addressed the issue of whether the doctrine of
substantial performance applies in Ohio to UCC contracts in Lorad, LLC v. Azteca Milling
L.P., No. 1:20-cv-00357, 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 70406, at *50-5, 2023 WL 3043607, at *20-
2 (N.D. Ohio Apr. 21, 2023). The Lorad court conducted a thorough analysis of Ohio law
and found that there was a “dearth of case law squarely addressing the issue.” Id. at *20. It
further found that state courts outside of Ohio were split on the issue of whether substantial
performance applied to UCC contracts. Id. at *21. The Lorad court assumed arguendo that

the doctrine applied. Id.
The parties have provided no authority on whether the doctrine of substantial
performance applies to UCC contracts in Ohio other than Defendants bald assertion that under
the UCC “substantial performance would not apply.” (ECF #35 at 3.) This Court rejects
Defendants’ assertion and assumes that the substantial performance doctrine applies to UCC
contracts in Ohio. Accord Kettering Adventist Healthcare v. Jade Designs, LLC, 677 F.
Supp. 3d 735, 746 (S.D. Ohio 2023).
II. There are questions of material fact whether the deviations from the
contract were approved and whether, if unapproved, the deviations
destroyed the value or purpose of the contract.
Defendants argue NPE may not maintain its breach of contract claim because it first
breached the Contract. (ECF #31.) Specifically, they argue that because NPE admits it did
not provide the specific equipment outlined in the Contract, it did not substantially perform its
obligations and is precluded by law from pursuing its breach of contract claim. Id. NPE
argues its delivery of a functioning car wash is substantial performance which preserves its
claim.
“The application of the substantial performance doctrine only applies ‘where the party
has made an honest good faith effort to perform the terms of the contract’ and ‘the part
unperformed must not destroy the value or purpose of the contract.’ Generally, ‘[w]hether a
party has substantially performed under the contract is a question of fact.’ When, however,

the facts are undisputed, ‘whether they constitute a performance or a breach of a written
contract, is a question of law for the court.’” 84 Lumber Co., LP v. Thompson Thrift Constr.,
Inc., No. 2:15-cv-1052, 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 45048, at *31 (S.D. Ohio Mar. 20, 2018)
(citations omitted).
There is no dispute of material fact that there were deviations from the Contract
specifications. In fact, the record contains testimony by NPE representatives that some, if not
all, of the change orders were discussed and approved by Pataq. Specifically, Walter testified
that Pataq was aware of the necessity to install three arches instead of four and only
complained after the fact. (ECF #29-2, Walter Dep. pp. 40:21—41:25.) Walter testified that
the changes in the Hydra-Flex panels were a function of negotiation over price. (Id. at p.31:7-
12.) There is also testimony that Pataq knew he was receiving a motor control center from
OEC, not Sonny’s. (Id. pp. 52:21—53:14.) Walter testified that there were multiple changes
throughout the project with some in writing, some made verbally over the phone and some
made verbally in person. (Id. p. 20:7—25.) However, he also testified that he could not

identify all the changes that were made to the Contract. (Id. at p. 21:10-14.)
The Contract dispute concerns whether the deviations “destroyed the value or purpose
of the contract.” The SP Parties contend that Pataq was seeking to construct the “Mercedes-
Benz” of carwashes. (ECF #29-1, Pataq Dep. p. 32:9-12.) But the record also reflects he
wanted his Mercedes-Benz at a discount (ECF #29-2, Walter Dep. pp. 21:17-22:8) and to get
that discount he was willing to deviate from the Contract via change orders. Accordingly, the
Court finds that there is a dispute of material fact whether the complained of deviations were
authorized and known, and whether the changes, if unauthorized, destroyed the value or
purpose of the contract such that the doctrine of substantial performance would not apply to

preserve NPE’s breach of contract claim.
III. Summary judgment is appropriate for the SP Parties on NPE’s claim for
unjust enrichment.
The SP Parties move for judgment on NPE’s Unjust Enrichment claim because a cause
of action for unjust enrichment cannot lie in the face of an express contract. Neither side
denies the existence of a contract and both sides have asserted breach of contract claims.
When the subject matter of a claim is governed by a contract, a claim for unjust enrichment
on the same subject matter cannot lie. See Borden v. Antonelli Coll., 304 F. Supp. 3d 669,
678 (S.D. Ohio 2018) citing Davis & Tatera, Inc. v. Gray-Syracuse, Inc., 796 F.Supp. 1078,
1086 (S.D. Ohio 1992) (“In Ohio, [unjust enrichment] claims cannot be brought where the
subject matter of the claim[ ] is governed by a contract between the parties”) (Kinneary, J.);
Retirement Ctrs. of Am. v. St. Leonard Ctr., Case No. C-3-90-343, 1992 U.S. Dist. LEXIS
22744, at **33-34, 1992 WL 1258517, at *9 (S.D. Ohio July 8, 1992) (“one may not recover
for unjust enrichment where an express contract between the parties covers the same subject
as the claim of unjust enrichment”).

Because the Court finds on the evidence and arguments before it that the Contract
governs the subject matter of the parties’ construction dispute, NPE’s Unjust Enrichment
claim fails and the SP Parties are entitled to summary judgment on NPE’s unjust enrichment
claim.
IV. There are questions of material fact that preclude summary judgement on
Defendant’s claim of breach of contract.
A breach of contract occurs when (1) there is a binding contract, (2) one party
performs, (3) the other party breaches, and (4) the nonbreaching party suffers damages from
the breach. Integrated Design Eng’g & Analysis Servs. v. Giddy Holdings, Inc., No. 5:20-cv-
00563, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 41648, at *6 (N.D. Ohio Mar. 5, 2021) (citing Carbone v.
Nueva Constr. Grp., L.L.C., 2017- Ohio 382, 83 N.E.3d 375, 380 (Ohio Ct. App. 2017) and
Becker v. Direct Energy, LP, 2018- Ohio 4134, 112 N.E.3d 978, 988 (Ohio Ct. App. 2018)).
Defendant argues that it is entitled to summary judgment because NPE materially
breached the Contract. Defendant also argues that NPE’s arguments for application of the
doctrine of substantial performance is a de facto admission of liability. The Court does not

agree.
“[A] material breach of contract is a party’s failure to perform an element of the
contract that is so fundamental to the contract that the single failure to perform defeats the
essential purpose of the contract or makes it impossible for the other party to perform.”
Creative Concrete v. D & G Pools, 2008 Ohio 3338, 2008 WL 2609504, at *3 (Ohio Ct. App.
June 26, 2008). “The determination whether a material breach of an agreement has occurred
is generally a question of fact.” Klaus v. Hilb, Rogal & Hamilton Co. of Ohio, 437 F. Supp.
2d 706, 731 (S.D. Ohio 2006) (citing Kersh v. Montgomery Developmental Ctr., 35 Ohio
App. 3d 61, 519 N.E.2d 665, 668 (Ohio Ct. App. 1987)).

The Court has already found that there is a dispute of material fact regarding whether
the deviations from the Contract were known and authorized by Pataq. Accordingly, it is a
matter for the jury to determine if there has been a material breach of the Contract.
Defendants’ reliance on Kersh v. Montgomery Developmental Ctr., 519 N.E.2d 665,
668–69, 35 Ohio App. 3d 61 (Ohio Ct. App. 1987) and Perkins v. Petrilli, No. 21 MA 0089,
2022 Ohio App. LEXIS 1906, ¶¶ 31–32 (Ohio Ct. App. June 15, 2022) for the proposition
that arguing substantial performance is a de facto admission of liability is overstated. Ohio
law holds “[a]s a general rule, a party does not breach a contract when the party substantially
performs the terms of the contract.” Integrated Design Eng’g & Analysis Servs., at *6 (N.D.

Ohio Mar. 5, 2021) (citing Whitt Sturtevant, LLP v. NC Plaza LLC, 2015- Ohio 3976, 43
N.E.3d 19, 30 (Ohio Ct. App. 2015)).
“The long and uniformly settled rule as to contracts requires only a substantial
performance in order to recover upon such contract. Merely nominal, trifling, or technical
departures are not sufficient to breach the contract.” Stonehenge Land Co. v. Beazer Homes
Invests., L.L.C., (2008) 2008-Ohio-148, ¶ 24, 177 Ohio App. 3d 7, 18-19, 893 N.E.2d 855,
863 quoting Ohio Farmers’ Ins. Co. v. Cochran (1922), 104 Ohio St. 427, 135 N.E. 537,
paragraph two of the syllabus. “A court should confine the application of the doctrine of
substantial performance to cases where the party has made an honest or good faith effort to
perform the terms of the contract.” Burlington Resources Oil & Gas Co. v. Cox (1999), 133
Ohio App.3d 543, 548, 729 N.E.2d 398, citing Ashley v. Henahan (1897), 56 Ohio St. 559, 47
N.E. 573, paragraph one of the syllabus. “For the doctrine of substantial performance to
apply, the part unperformed must not destroy the value or purpose of the contract.” Hansel v.
Creative Concrete & Masonry Constr. Co., 148 Ohio App.3d 53, 2002-Ohio-198, 772 N.E.2d

138, at ¶ 12.
As the Court previously noted, there are questions of material fact whether the
deviations from the Contract were known and approved by Pataq. Further, whether those
deviations were nominal, trifling or technical departures from the Contract are left to the jury.
See, e.g., Ashley v. Henahan, 56 Ohio St. 559, 47 N.E. 573, 575-76 (Ohio 1897); Lawless v.
Board of Education of Lawrence Cnty. Educational Service Center, 2020- Ohio 117, 141
N.E.3d 267, 286 (Ohio Ct. App. 2020) (Determinations regarding substantial performance
present questions of fact generally left to a jury.)
CONCLUSION
By operation of Fed. R. Civ. P. 37, Defendants may not present damages evidence

related to lost profits or mental and emotional distress. Accordingly, Plaintiff is entitled to
summary judgment on Defendants’ counterclaims for Breach of Express and Implied
Warranties, Defamation, Tortious Interference with Business Relationships and Violations of
the Sherman Antitrust Act and Valentine Act. Plaintiff is also entitled to summary judgment
on Violations of the Sherman Antitrust Act and Valentine Act because Defendants cannot
demonstrate an antitrust injury. Plaintiff is further entitled to summary judgment on
Defendants Defamation claim because Defendants cannot demonstrate that a false statement
was made. Finally, Plaintiff is entitled to summary judgment against Defendants on
Defendants’ claim for punitive damages because punitive damages cannot lie solely for a
claim of breach of contract.
Defendants are not entitled to summary judgment on their claim of breach of contract
as there is a genuine dispute of material fact whether the deviations from the Contract were
known and authorized by Pataq and whether the deviations, if unknown, were material.

Defendant is entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiff’s claim for unjust enrichment because
the subject matter of the dispute is governed by contract.
Plaintiff NPE’s Motion for Summary Judgment on Counts 2-7 of the SP Parties’
Amended Counterclaim and on Claims for Punitive Damages is GRANTED.
Defendants are entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiff NPE’s claim for unjust
enrichment because the subject matter of the dispute is governed by contract. The remainder
of their motion is denied. Defendants Partial Motion for Summary Judgment is GRANTED IN
PART and DENIED IN PART.
IT IS SO ORDERED.

/s Christopher A. Boyko
CHRISTOPHER A. BOYKO
United States District Judge

Dated: September 30, 2024

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10664687. Public record. Not legal advice.