# Edwards v. CSX Transportation, Inc.

> District Court, E.D. North Carolina · July 31, 2023

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10653274

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, E.D. North Carolina
- **Decided:** July 31, 2023
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10653274

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- noting that “A lack of evidence of ‘active and direct dealings’ might ultimately sink [plaintiffs’] third-party-beneficiary claim
- noting economic coupled with logistical burden is sufficient evidence of unreasonable interference to find implied preemption of a contract

## Opinion text

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF NORTH CAROLINA
SOUTHERN DIVISION
CONSOLIDATED ACTION
JIMMY EDWARDS, ROBERT HUNT, )
DOLORES HUNT, CLIFFORD MCKELLAR, )
JR., and EMMA MCKELLAR, on behalf of )
themselves and all others similarly situated, )
)
Plaintiffs, )
)
v. ) No. 7:18-CV-169-BO
)
CSX TRANSPORTATION, INC., )
)
Defendant. )

WEST LUMBERTON BAPTIST CHURCH, )
CURRIE CHAIN SAW, INC., C.J.M. VENTURES, )
INC., WILLIAM LOCKLEAR d/b/a )
STRICKLAND’S BARBERSHOP, TBL )
ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY, INC., )
SAMMY’S AUTO SALES, INC., and ERIC )
CHAVIS, individually and on behalf of all others)
similarly situated, )
)
Plaintiffs, )
)
V. ) No. 7:18-CV-178-BO
)
CSX TRANSPORTATION, INC., )
)
Defendant. )

ORDER
This consolidated action is before the Court on defendant CSX Transportation’s motion for
summary judgment pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 56. Plaintiffs have responded, defendant has replied,
and the motion is ripe for ruling. For the reasons that follow, defendant’s motion for summary
judgment is granted.

BACKGROUND
The parties are well-familiar with the factual and procedural background of this
consolidated action, and the Court provides only a summary here. In January 2019, the Court
consolidated three putative class actions which alleged claims against CSX Transportation
(“CSX”) arising from flooding in and around the City of Lumberton, North Carolina as a result of
Hurricanes Matthew and Florence. This Court dismissed plaintiffs’ amended complaint on CSX’s
motion. Plaintiffs appealed, and the court of appeals affirmed this Court’s dismissal of plaintiffs’
tort claims but reversed its dismissal of plaintiffs’ single breach of contract claim. [DE 58].
Following remand, CSX answered the amended complaint and the parties engaged in a
period of discovery. | CSX then filed the instant motion for summary judgment on plaintiffs’
remaining breach of contract claim and plaintiffs moved to certify the Rule 23 class. The Court
subsequently granted CSX’s motion to stay or postpone class certification proceedings pending its
resolution of CSX’s motion for summary judgment.
DISCUSSION
A motion for summary judgment may not be granted unless there are no genuine issues of
material fact for trial and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P.
56(a). The moving party bears the initial burden of demonstrating the absence of a genuine issue
of material fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). If that burden has been met,
the non-moving party must then come forward and establish the specific material facts in dispute

'On September 8, 2022, plaintiffs Antoinette Moore and Linda Sampson stipulated to the dismissal
of their claims against defendant, and the stipulation was filed only in the lead case. The Court has
corrected the caption to reflect the dismissal by plaintiffs Moore and Sampson of their claims. The
Clerk is DIRECTED to file the stipulation as of the date of its filing in the lead case in No. 7:18-
CV-177-BO and 7:18-CV-178-BO. The Clerk is further DIRECTED to close No. 7:18-CV-177-
BO pursuant to the stipulation of dismissal.

to survive summary judgment. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574,
588 (1986). In determining whether a genuine issue of material fact exists for trial, a trial court
views the evidence and the inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Scott v.
Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 378 (2007). However, “[t]he mere existence of a scintilla of evidence” in
support of the nonmoving party’s position is not sufficient to defeat a motion for summary
judgment. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 252 (1986). “A dispute is genuine if a
reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party. . . . and [a] fact is material if it
might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law.” Libertarian Party of Virginia v.
Judd, 718 F.3d 308, 313 (4th Cir. 2013) (internal quotations and citations omitted). Speculative or
conclusory allegations will not suffice. Thompson v. Potomac Elec. Power Co., 312 F.3d 645, 649
(4th Cir. 2002).
The following facts are undisputed, unless otherwise noted. [DE 138, 142]. The Lumber
River flows through the City of Lumberton, North Carolina (“the City” or “Lumberton”), from
northwest to southeast. Neighborhoods on the north and east side of Lumberton are on somewhat
elevated terrain, while neighborhoods on the south and west sides are in low-lying areas. A levee
system was constructed from approximately 1975 to 1977 to address flooding caused by the
Lumber River in the southern part of Lumberton.
A rail line operated by CSX and its predecessors runs parallel to the Lumber River, with
Interstate 95 crossing over both the rail line and the river at a particular point. In June 1978, CSX’s
predecessor, the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad Company (“Seaboard”), the City, and the Robeson
County Drainage District No. 1 (“Drainage District”) entered into an agreement which has been
referred to as the Tri-Party Agreement (“TPA”). The TPA states that, for consideration of one
dollar, Seaboard granted the City and the Drainage District a license to construct and maintain an

earthen dike, according to specifications, at or near Lumberton, specifically 760 feet
southeastwardly from Milepost SE-295, and adjacent to Seaboard’s railroad tracks. [DE 127-1].
The TPA gave the City the “right and privilege” to close “said dike across said track” only in the
event of imminent danger of flooding. TPA 8(a). Seaboard was required to be given a minimum
of twelve hours’ notice prior to the City closing the dike. Id. The City agreed that it would open
the dike once the flooding had receded and that all expenses incident to the closing of the dike
would be borne by the City. Jd. | 8(b). None of the plaintiffs is a party to the TPA nor were they
involved in the formation, negotiation, or execution of the TPA. Plaintiffs were not consulted
regarding the terms or existence of the TPA. No plaintiff in a residential home owned their property
at the time of the execution of the TPA.
CSX’s rail line through Lumberton is part of the U.S. Military’s Strategic Rail Corridor
Network, which allows the Department of Defense to access rail infrastructure in the event of
military and national defense emergencies. The U.S. Military thus monitors CSX’s rail line
through Lumberton and has influence over CSX’s decisions to close the line.
Hurricanes Matthew and Florence struck in 2016 and 2018, respectively, and caused the
Lumber River, which divides the City, to overflow its banks and flood portions of Lumberton. At
the times of these hurricanes, the City had not constructed the dike contemplated by the TPA.
1. Implied preemption bars plaintiffs’ contract claim.
CSX argues first that plaintiffs’ breach of contract claim is impliedly preempted by the
Interstate Commerce Commission Termination Act, 49 U.S.C. § 10101, et seg. (“ICCTA”). The
court of appeals has determined that plaintiffs’ breach of contract claim is not expressly preempted
by ICCTA, but that it “might still be impliedly preempted,” leaving the issue open for CSX to raise
on remand. Edwards v. CSX Transportation, Inc., 983 F.3d 112, 121 n. 11 (4th Cir. 2020).

“{T]he generally accepted test for ICCTA implied or conflict preemption [asks]: does the
enforcement action unreasonably interfere with rail transportation?” PCS Phosphate Co. v. Norfolk
S. Corp., 559 F.3d 212, 220-21 (4th Cir. 2009) (cleaned up, citation omitted). In examining
whether plaintiffs’ tort claims were expressly preempted by ICCTA, the Fourth Circuit held that
it was “hard to view [plaintiffs’] claims as anything other than direct attempts to ‘regulate’
railroading.” Edwards, 983 F.3d at 122. This holding applies equally to plaintiffs’ TPA contract
claim and is further supported by the undisputed record evidence.
First, the plain language of the TPA expressly confers on the City “the right and privilege
of closing” the dike which the City was permitted to build adjacent to CSX’s rail track with proper
notice to the railroad, resulting in the closure of the rail line and any rail activities. The City is
further provided with the unfettered discretion to determine when the rail tracks can be reopened
and CSX can thus resume its business. The TPA permits the City to interfere with rail
transportation, and the question is thus whether this interference is unreasonable. Whether
interference is unreasonable “requires a factual assessment of the effect of providing the claimed
remedy.” PCS Phosphate, 559 F.3d at 221.
In some instances, a voluntary agreement entered into by a rail carrier may reflect “the
carrier’s own determination and admission that the agreement[] would not unreasonably interfere
with interstate commerce.” The Twp. of Woodbridge, NJ, et al., 5 S.T.B. 336 (2000). However, in
this case, the language of the TPA implicates “conduct which is clearly encompassed by the plain
language of [ICCTA].” Edwards, 983 F.3d at 123. The TPA permits the City to at certain times
control the operation of the subject rail line and CSX’s routes and services in and through
Lumberton; each of those activities has been designated as falling within the exclusive jurisdiction
of the Surface Transportation Board provided by ICCTA. 49 U.S.C. § 10501(b).

CSX’s evidence supports the conclusion that the TPA unreasonably interferes with rail
transportation. CSX’s Wilmington Subdivision consists of approximately 120 miles of track which
runs through Lumberton. [DE 127-10] Dilday Decl. 4 5. There are approximately twelve to thirteen
trains moving commodities and shipments across the Wilmington Subdivision per day, and the
Wilmington Subdivision is further critical to the movement of emergency supplies and hazardous
materials from the Port of Wilmington, North Carolina. Jd. J] 8-9; see also [DE 127-9] Johnson
Depo. at 81; [DE 127-11] Dillard Depo. At 156-57. Closure of the Wilmington Subdivision track
at Lumberton would result in “considerable disruption,” including delays and train traffic diversion
resulting in congestion and additional delays. Dilday Decl. J 11. Finally, the United States military
has influence over any closure decisions that would impact the Wilmington Subdivision due to its
inclusion in STRACNET. Jd. ¥ 13.
Plaintiffs have not proffered evidence which would create a genuine issue of material fact
as to whether the TPA unreasonably interferes with rail transportation. Although plaintiffs argue
about past conduct, CSX’s failure to terminate the TPA, and the fact that Seaboard drafted the
TPA, none of those arguments create a material issue as to whether any interference with the
railroad as a result of the TPA would be reasonable.
Plaintiffs contend that this is a voluntary agreement between sophisticated parties, and that
there is no implied preemption by ICCTA. See PCS Phosphate, 559 F.3d at 221 (“market actors
have incentives to enter into efficient arrangements.”). The Court notes important distinctions
between this case and other cases which have determined that a voluntary agreement is not
impliedly preempted by ICCTA. First, the TPA was entered into prior to the enactment of ICCTA.
See CSX Transportation, Inc. v. City of Sebree, Kentucky, 924 F.3d 276, 286 (6th Cir. 2019).
Second, this is not a contract between private actors; rather, the City of Lumberton and the

Drainage District entered into the TPA for the benefit of their citizens and residents. See Union
Pac. R.R. Co. v. City of Palestine, 517 F. Supp. 3d 609, 631 (E.D. Tex. 2021). Third, it is the law
of this case is that “closing an otherwise open rail line” is something “only a railroad can do” and
is “conduct ... clearly encompassed by the plain language of [ICCTA].” Edwards, 983 F.3d at 123.
Recognizing that the test for express preemption does not ask specifically whether there is
unreasonable interference with the railroad, as is required for implied preemption, the Fourth
Circuit’s holding in this case is nonetheless instructive. CSX has presented evidence of both
economic and logistical burdens, which plaintiffs have not meaningfully rebutted. See Union Pac.
R.R. Co. v. City of Palestine, Texas, 41 F.4th 696, 706 (Sth Cir. 2022) (noting economic coupled
with logistical burden is sufficient evidence of unreasonable interference to find implied
preemption of a contract). The Court holds that summary judgment in CSX’s favor is appropriate
on the basis of implied preemption.
2. Plaintiffs are not third-party beneficiaries to the TPA.
The summary judgment record further does not support a genuine issue of material fact as
to whether plaintiffs are third-party beneficiaries of the TPA. “In North Carolina, a third party can
sue for breach of a contract if he can show that: (1) the contract exists; (2) the contract is valid and
enforceable; and (3) the contracting parties ‘intended primarily and directly to benefit him or the
class of persons to which he belongs.’” Edwards, 983 F.3d at 117 (quoting DeMent v. Nationwide
Mut. Ins. Co., 142 N.C.App. 598, 544 S.E.2d 797, 801 (2001)). Only the third element is at issue
in this case.
To be a direct beneficiary, the contracting parties must have specifically “intended to
confer a legally enforceable benefit on that person,” as it is not enough to simply receive a
foreseeable benefit. Holshouser v. Shaner Hotel Grp. Props., One Ltd. P’ship, 134.N.C. App. 391,

399-400 (1999); see also Edwards, 983 F.3d at 119 (“Citizens cannot ordinarily sue for breach of
a city contract; but if it’s clear that the parties intended to benefit them specifically and directly,
they can.”). To determine whether the contracting parties intended to directly benefit a third party,
courts must consider the surrounding circumstances and language of the contract. Revels v. Miss
Am. Org., 182 N.C. App. 334, 336 (2007). Courts require evidence of “active and direct dealings”
between the plaintiff and the parties to the contract before conferring third-party beneficiary status.
Hospira Inc. v. Alphagary Corp., 194 N.C. App. 695, 703 (2009). When a third party seeks to
enforce a contract, “the contract must be construed strictly against the party seeking enforcement.”
Holshouser, 134.N.C. App. at 400 (quoting Chemical Realty Corp. v. Home Fed’! Savings & Loan,
84.N.C. App. 27, 34 (1987)).
It is undisputed that the TPA does not mention plaintiffs, their proposed class, or any
community members generally. Plaintiffs have further failed to create a genuine issue of material
fact as to whether there were active and direct dealings between the proposed third-party
beneficiaries and the parties to the TPA. See Edwards, 983 F.3d at 119 (noting that “A lack of
evidence of ‘active and direct dealings’ might ultimately sink [plaintiffs’] third-party-beneficiary
claim).
It is undisputed that none of the named plaintiffs had any dealings with any party to the
TPA about the agreement, including consultation, formation of the TPA, negotiation of the TPA’s
terms, or execution of the TPA. The circumstances surrounding the TPA also do not reveal any
active and direct dealings between plaintiffs or any community members and the parties to the
TPA. Moreover, to demonstrate third-party beneficiary status, a party must show that all of the
parties to the contract intended to directly and primarily benefit him. DeMent, 142 N.C. App. at
604. Thus, even if plaintiffs’ evidence raises a genuine issue of material fact as to the intent of the

City and the Drainage District, plaintiffs have failed to demonstrate that there is a genuine issue of
fact as to whether Seaboard intended plaintiffs or the class of people to which they belong to
directly and primarily benefit from the TPA.
Plaintiffs rely on a July 14, 1978, letter from Seaboard regarding the TPA. [DE 139-17].
The letter references the application by the City and the Drainage District to construct an earthen
dike “to protect the City of Lumberton from flooding of Lumber River during a 100-year frequency
only.” Jd. That Seaboard recognized that the City and Drainage District requested to construct a
dike “to protect the City of Lumberton” falls far short of evidence that Seaboard intended to benefit
the citizens and residents of southern Lumberton when it entered into the TPA sufficiently to
confer third-party beneficiary status. □

3. Plaintiffs’ contract claim fails.
Finally, plaintiffs’ contract claim fails on the merits. The TPA provides the City and the
Drainage District with the right to build an earthen dike on both sides of CSX’s track, which the
City would then have the right to close, with proper notice, in the event of imminent flooding. It
is undisputed that neither the City nor the Drainage District ever built the earthen dike, which CSX
correctly describes as the lynchpin of the TPA. Though they may be disfavored, under North
Carolina law parties are free to “agree to any condition precedent, the performance of which is
mandatory before they become bound by the contract.” Cox v. Funk, 42 N.C. App. 32, 34-35
(1979); see also Farmers Bank, Pilot Mountain v. Michael T. Brown Distributors, Inc., 307 N.C.
342, 350 (1983). A plain reading of the TPA reveals that the construction of the dike is part of the
purpose of the TPA — that is, the TPA granted a license to build a dike, which the City could then
close under certain conditions. The language of the TPA is clear and unequivocal and must
therefore be enforced as written. Fairview Devs., Inc. v. Miller, 187 N.C. App. 168, 171 (2007)

(quoting Woods v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 295 N.C. 500, 506 (1978)). In the absence of an
earthen dike, plaintiffs cannot show that CSX has breached the TPA.
Plaintiffs’ arguments regarding waiver are unpersuasive. That CSX may have allowed
sandbags to be placed across the tracks at some point in the past does not amount to “the intentional
relinquishment of a known right.” Disc. Auto Mart, Inc. v. Bank of N. Carolina, 45 N.C. App. 543,
544 (1980). There is no evidence that CSX expressly waived any right under the TPA, and implied
waiver of a right is not looked upon favorably. Fairview Devs., 187 N.C. App. at 173. Accordingly,
summary judgment is appropriate on this ground as well.
In sum, plaintiffs’ claim is impliedly preempted by ICCTA. Alternatively, plaintiffs have
failed to create a genuine issue of material fact as to whether they are third-party beneficiaries who
have standing to bring a claim for breach of contract. And finally, even if plaintiffs’ contract claim
is not preempted and they have standing to bring it, it fails because the City and the Drainage
District never fulfilled a condition precedent, and thus CSX has not breached the TPA.
CONCLUSION
Accordingly, for the foregoing reasons, defendant’s motion for summary judgment [DE
125] is GRANTED. Plaintiffs’ motion to certify class [DE 129] is therefore DENIED AS MOOT.
The clerk is DIRECTED to enter this order in both of the above-captioned cases, enter judgment
in favor of defendant, and close the cases.

SO ORDERED, this @ 7 day of July 2023.

LANAtnet
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

10

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10653274. Public record. Not legal advice.