# State of Tennessee v. Nickolus L. Johnson

> Court of Criminal Appeals of Tennessee · March 5, 2012

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/1047207

## Case

- **Court:** Court of Criminal Appeals of Tennessee
- **Decided:** March 5, 2012
- **Precedential status:** Published
- **Opinion:** Opinion
- **Judges:** Judge D. Kelly Thomas, Jr.
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/1047207

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- holding that if the intent to kill is formed with premeditation, it is irrelevant whether the defendant may have been in a “heat of passion” when the premeditated intent to kill was carried into effect
- rejecting state constitutional challenge to removal for cause of prospective jurors who oppose the imposition of the death penalty because of “sincerely held” religious, moral or philosophical beliefs
- rejecting claim that “death qualification” of jury violated the Sixth Amendment by depriving the defendant of a fair and impartial jury

## Opinion text

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE
June 28, 2011 Session

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. NICKOLUS L. JOHNSON

Appeal from the Criminal Court for Sullivan County
No. S50,059 R. Jerry Beck, Judge

No. E2010-00172-CCA-R3-DD - Filed March 5, 2012

A Sullivan County jury convicted the Defendant, Nickolus L. Johnson, of premeditated first
degree murder, see Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-202(a)(1) (2006), for the shooting death of
Officer Mark Vance of the Bristol Police Department. Following penalty phase proceedings,
the jury found the presence of the following two aggravating circumstances: (1) that the
defendant previously had been convicted of one or more felonies whose statutory elements
involved the use of violence to the person; and (2) that the defendant knew or should have
known when he committed the murder that the victim was a law enforcement officer engaged
in the performance of his official duties. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-204(i)(2), (9) (2006).
After finding that these aggravating circumstances outweighed any mitigating factors
presented by the defense, the jury sentenced the Defendant to death. See Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 39-13-204(g)(1) (2006). In this appeal, the Defendant challenges both his conviction and
accompanying death sentence. He raises the following issues for our review: (1) whether the
evidence presented during the guilt phase was sufficient to support his conviction; (2)
whether Tennessee’s death penalty statute violates article I, section 19 of the Tennessee
Constitution; (3) whether the exclusion of jurors from the jury based on their views on the
death penalty violates article I, sections 6 and 19 of the Tennessee Constitution; (4) whether
the trial court erred in admitting into evidence the videotape of the Defendant taken in
Officer Graham’s patrol car immediately following the Defendant’s arrest; (5) whether the
trial court erred in failing to require defense counsel to present mental health mitigation
evidence despite the Defendant’s objection to the presentation of such evidence; (6) whether
individual and cumulative instances of prosecutorial misconduct during closing argument at
the penalty phase denied the Defendant his right to a fair trial and should have resulted in the
trial court declaring a mistrial; (7) whether the trial court erred in denying defense counsel’s
requests for special jury instructions during the penalty phase in response to the prosecutor’s
assertion during closing that the Defendant had failed to express remorse; (8) whether the
trial court erred in denying the Defendant’s oral motion for a change of venue based on the
effect pretrial publicity in the case had on potential jurors; (9) whether the trial court erred
in denying defense counsel’s request for authorization of funds with which to hire an expert
to support the claim that pretrial publicity in the case required a change of venue in order to
protect the Defendant’s right to a fair trial; and (10) whether the trial court erred in denying
defense counsel’s request for additional peremptory challenges during jury selection.
Following our review of the record, and our mandatory review of the sentence, see Tenn.
Code Ann. § 39-13-206(c)(1) (2006), we affirm the judgments including the sentence of
death.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed

D. K ELLY T HOMAS, J R., J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which J ERRY L. S MITH and
J OHN E VERETT W ILLIAMS, JJ., joined.

James T. Bowman, Johnson City, Tennessee, and Stacy L. Street, Elizabethton, Tennessee,
for the appellant, Nickolus L. Johnson.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter, and Deshea Dulany Faughn, Assistant
Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

OPINION

FACTUAL BACKGROUND

On the evening of November 27, 2004, Officer Mark Vance was shot and killed by
the Defendant at the Sullivan County home of the seventeen-year-old girl the Defendant had
gotten pregnant only a few months prior. Officer Vance responded to the residence that
evening, along with other officers, after the girl’s father, W.M.,1 placed a call to 911 about
a disturbance at his home. W.M., a long-haul truck driver, placed the emergency call after
receiving a call on his cell phone from his daughter, B.M., who told him that a man was at
their home threatening her with a gun. Unbeknownst to W.M. prior to having received this
call, B.M. engaged in consensual sex with the Defendant in the late summer of 2004 and
became pregnant as a result of the encounter. After learning of the pregnancy from B.M., the
Defendant pressed B.M. to get an abortion. B.M. refused. On the night of the murder, B.M.
and the Defendant argued on the telephone about the pregnancy because the Defendant still
wanted B.M. to get an abortion. After their argument on the telephone ended, the Defendant
arrived at B.M.’s residence with two guns. The Defendant’s concern that evening was that

1
In order to conceal the identity of the seventeen-year-old child victim of the Defendant’s uncharged
sexual offense, the court will adhere to its policy of referring to her only by her initials, B.M. The court will
also refer to B.M.’s father by his initials, W.M., and will refer to B.M.’s twin sister by her initials, T.M.

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W.M. would have the Defendant arrested for statutory rape upon learning of B.M.’s
pregnancy. Almost immediately upon entering the residence that night in response to the 911
call placed by W.M., Officer Vance was shot in the face by the Defendant at close range.
The remaining officers on the scene, including Lieutenant Eric Senter and Officer Daniel
Graham of the Bristol Police Department, attempted to provide medical assistance to Officer
Vance, who died from his injuries en route to the hospital.

I. Evidence Presented at Trial

Michael James Callahan, the custodian of records for the 911 call center in Bristol,
Tennessee, testified as the State’s first witness at trial. Through him, the jury heard the 911
call that was placed by W.M. on the night of November 27, 2004, and the resulting dispatch
of officers to 427 Belmont Drive, Bristol, Tennessee. The relevant portions of the 911 call
played for the jury were as follows:

W.M.: [C]ould you get an officer over to 427 Belmont Drive?
My daughter says some guy is over there threatening her
with a gun.
DISPATCHER: Did she call you?
W.M.: Yeah, she called me and said some guy was there.
Apparently my daughter is pregnant by this guy. So I
just left the house. I drive for J. B. Hunt, right. I just left
the house to get ready to go to work. I’m stopped here in
a rest area to call my company.
DISPATCHER: Uh-huh.
W.M.: And my daughter called and said he was there
threatening her with a gun.
DISPATCHER: Okay. Why didn’t she call the police?
W.M.: I don’t know.
....
DISPATCHER: Okay. What’s your daughter’s name?
W.M.: [B.M.]
....
DISPATCHER: Okay. Who’s her ex-boyfriend? What’s his name?
W.M.: Ma’am, I don’t know nothing about this ordeal.
DISPATCHER: You don’t? Okay. So you don’t know his name?
W.M.: No, I don’t know his name. My other daughter told me
the guy is married.
DISPATCHER: Okay.
W.M.: But apparently he’s got my daughter pregnant again. I

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don’t know what the facts are. . . .
DISPATCHER: Did she say anything else about what kind of gun it was
or just a gun?
W.M.: No, no, she just told me he was over there threatening her
with a gun. Now I just got on the road to go back to
work.
DISPATCHER: Okay. So you don’t know if he’s in a car or anything and
you don’t--
W.M.: No, I don’t —
DISPATCHER: You can’t tell me what he looks like either?
W.M.: No, I can’t tell you what he looks like, ma’am, because
I ain’t home. I’m sitting here in a rest area in my J. B.
Hunt truck.
DISPATCHER: Okay. How old is your daughter?
W.M.: She’s seventeen (17).
DISPATCHER: Seventeen (17).
W.M.: Yeah.
DISPATCHER: Okay. All right. Officers are already on their way over
there to check on her. Okay?
W.M.: Okay.
DISPATCHER: All right.
W.M.: There’s some other girls at the house. Her girlfriend was
there and my other daughter, [T.M.], is there.

The relevant portions of the resulting dispatch of officers to the residence, their report of
shots fired and request for a rescue unit, as heard by the jury, were as follows:

DISPATCHER: Central 438.
OFFICER VANCE: 438.
DISPATCHER: Can you start toward 427 Belmont Drive, 427
Belmont. I have a third party caller advising
there’s a female there being threatened with a
firearm.
....
DISPATCHER: Central 430.
OFFICER GRAHAM: Okay.
DISPATCHER: All units are 10-6. Can you start that way to
back?
OFFICER GRAHAM: 10-4. 427 Belmont?
DISPATCHER: 10-4. It’s third party. I had a male caller advising

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his daughter contacted him advising the ex-
boyfriend is there with a firearm.
OFFICER GRAHAM: Central, I’ll go that way.
DISPATCHER: 10-4.
....
OFFICER VANCE: 10-97. Appears to be about six, seven vehicles at
the residence.
DISPATCHER: 10-4.
OFFICER VANCE: I’ll be out.

....
OFFICER VANCE: Who called this in, male or female?
DISPATCHER: Their father called it in, [W.M.].
OFFICER VANCE: 10-4. And from not at the residence.
DISPATCHER: 10-4. He advised he just had left.
OFFICER SENTER: I’ve heard gunshots, gunshots. Get us four units,
get us four units. 427, shots fired.
DISPATCHER: Central is directing, leaving station.
....
OFFICER SENTER: Central, need a rescue unit.
DISPATCHER: 10-4.
OFFICER SENTER: Get us a rescue unit. Get us a rescue unit. Get us
a detective. Man down. Officer down.
DISPATCHER: 10-4, copy.
OFFICER SENTER: Central, we need an ambulance here right now.

Callahan testified that the events taking place during the quoted dispatch recording
took ten minutes and five seconds to transpire. The dispatch tape began at 9:22 p.m. on
November 27, 2004. Officer Senter’s last quoted dispatch from the scene occurred at
approximately 9:30 p.m. on November 27, 2004.

W.M. testified that he was sixty years old and resided at 427 Belmont Drive in the city
of Bristol which is located in Sullivan County, Tennessee. His twin seventeen-year-old
daughters, B.M. and T.M., live with him at the residence, along with B.M.’s one-year-old
son. W.M. is employed as a long distance truck driver. He was home for Thanksgiving
week in November of 2004. On the evening of Saturday, November 27, 2004, he was
scheduled to leave to pick up a load of freight in Red Boiling Springs, Tennessee. He left
his home that night at approximately 8:15 p.m. after calling Mrs. Brown, the woman he hired
to stay with his daughters when he went out of town for work. W.M. testified that he thought
Mrs. Brown would get to the house before he left, but she did not and he had to leave to get

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on the road. When he left, his daughters and grandson were in the house along with two
other girls, Aisha Clark and Addie Vereen, who were friends with his daughters. W.M.
called Mrs. Brown as he was leaving the residence and she advised that she was leaving for
his house in just a few minutes.

W.M. testified he was in his truck that evening at a rest stop checking messages on
the onboard computer when he received a call on his cell phone from his daughter, B.M.
After speaking with his daughter, W.M. called 911 and told the operator that there was a man
at his home threatening his daughter with a gun. W.M. then called his employer, told them
he had a serious situation in his home that meant he could not continue with the trip they had
planned for him, and obtained permission to return to his house.

W.M. testified that, prior to his phone conversation with his daughter that night, he
thought that B.M. might be pregnant; however, he did not have any idea who the father might
be. W.M. explained that the father of B.M.’s one-year-old son was not the Defendant. On
the evening of November 27, 2004, W.M. did not know the Defendant and had never seen
him or heard his name before.

W.M. testified that he called home several times before he arrived back at the
residence. During his last call to the residence, while he was speaking to B.M., he heard a
gunshot, then screaming and hollering and then the phone went dead. At that point, W.M.
“just knew that [his] daughter was shot” and drove in a confused daze the rest of the way
home. He received a phone call on the way from his friend, Ted Cox, who told him that there
had been a shooting at the residence. W.M. told Cox that he knew there had been a shooting
and arranged for Cox to meet him at the Belmont Bowling Lanes where he was going to
leave his truck. W.M.’s immediate concern upon arriving home was whether his family was
safe. He testified that he was not allowed in the residence when he got there. After he had
been there about forty-five minutes, an officer told W.M. that his daughters were safe and
informed him about what had happened to one of the officers.

On cross-examination, W.M. admitted that one of his daughters told him during one
of the calls he made to the house on his way back home that night that the man threatening
them with the gun left the residence before the police arrived. W.M. further testified on
cross-examination that he said as much to police that evening when they took his statement.

Eric Senter testified that on the night of November 27, 2004, he was employed as a
patrol lieutenant on the night shift with the Bristol Police Department. He had been Officer
Vance’s supervisor for about a year and a half. Senter explained that a dispatch went out that
night around 9:20 p.m. directing Officers Vance and Graham to proceed to 427 Belmont
Drive in Bristol, Tennessee. In accordance with departmental policy on calls involving guns,

-6-
Senter, as the shift lieutenant, arrived as backup to the address about two or three minutes
after hearing the first dispatch. Officer Vance, who was also on duty that night, was the first
officer to arrive at the residence and was there when Senter arrived. Officer Graham was not
yet on the scene. Officer Vance’s patrol unit was parked on the street one house down from
the residence. As Senter pulled up, he saw Officer Vance enter the residence. Senter parked
his cruiser directly behind that of Officer Vance.

Senter testified that, as he approached the house, he could see through the front door
that the house had a split-level foyer with steps on the left that led downstairs and steps to
the right that led upstairs. As he was approaching the front door, Senter saw an arm extend
from left to right holding what appeared to be “an old Western revolver-type gun” fire a shot
from left to right. Senter was about twenty to twenty-five feet from the front door when he
saw and heard the shot and about thirty-five feet from the gun itself. After the shot, Senter
retreated about fifteen to twenty-five feet to a location behind a tree in the front yard, drew
his weapon, and radioed into dispatch that shots had been fired and to send more units.
Senter stated that it was dark outside, but there was lighting on inside the house. It had been
raining earlier and the ground was wet.

Senter testified that a black male wearing a pinkish-purple shirt came out of the
residence followed by another black male wearing dark clothes. Senter pointed his weapon
at both subjects and told them both to get on the ground, which they did. Senter identified
the second male in the dark clothes as the Defendant. A female came out of the residence
next holding a gun between her finger and her thumb saying, “Why’d you shoot him? Why’d
you shoot him?” Senter pointed his gun at the female and told her to drop the gun and get
on the ground, which she did. At that point, Officer Graham arrived on the scene. Senter
told Officer Graham to cover him as he handcuffed the two men and the woman.

As Senter placed handcuffs on the man in the dark clothes, who he identified at trial
as the Defendant, Senter asked the Defendant what was going on inside the house. The
Defendant responded: “I shot the fucker.” Senter asked the Defendant, “Who did you
shoot?” The Defendant responded: “I shot the fucking cop. I shot him in the head. He’s
dead. There ain’t no need in going in there. The fucker’s dead.” At which point, the
Defendant laughed. Senter asked the Defendant why he shot him. The Defendant stated that
he didn’t call the police and he didn’t want the police up there. Senter testified that the
Defendant laughed a couple more times and kept making comments like, “No need in going
in there because the fucker’s dead.” After the Defendant identified Vance as the shooting
victim, Senter called into dispatch for a rescue unit.

Senter testified that, at that point, it was “chaos inside” and that he could still hear
screaming coming from inside the house. Senter told Officer Mark Smalling, who was then

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on the scene, to cover the males handcuffed in the front yard while he and Officer Caudill,
another officer who had arrived after the shooting, secured the residence. Senter testified
that the female subject in the yard already had gotten up and ran leaving the gun she carried
out behind. However, Senter instructed an officer to go get her and bring her back.

When Senter reached the top of the stairs after entering the residence, he saw Officer
Vance lying in the hallway with a bleeding wound to his head. Senter also saw Officer’s
Vance flashlight near his body. Senter observed a small handgun resembling a Derringer
near the couch in the living room that was different than the weapon he observed fire the shot
earlier. The house was secured. Three additional black females were found inside the
residence. These three females were placed in a cruiser while the officers finished securing
the scene and tried to obtain medical treatment for Officer Vance.

Through Senter, the State introduced a series of photographs depicting how the
exterior of the house looked on the night of November 27, 2004, and a series of photographs
depicting how the inside of the house looked that evening immediately after the shooting.
Senter described for the jury from the photographs where he was in relation to the front door
when he saw the arm extend and fire the single shot that killed Officer Vance as well as the
relative distance from which he observed the shot. Senter also described for the jury from
the photographs the layout of the hallway at the top of the stairs with the living room to the
right and the bedrooms to the left, including the blood stains and pool of blood that were the
result of the injuries sustained by Officer Vance and where the Derringer handgun was found
in the living room.

Officer Daniel Edward Graham testified that he had been an officer with the Bristol
Police Department for the past five years. He was on duty on night of November 27, 2004.
Sometime after 9:00 p.m. that night, he heard a dispatch go out directing Officer Vance to
proceed as the primary responding officer to 427 Belmont Drive in Bristol, Tennessee.
Officer Graham was dispatched to the same location as a backup unit. Officer Graham was
at the police station when he received the dispatch and it took him approximately six minutes
to reach the given address. He did not proceed to the scene with his blue lights or sirens
activated. He was about a minute from the residence when he heard Officer Vance tell the
dispatcher that he was at the residence and getting out of his vehicle. Officer Graham was
wearing his police radio on his shoulder as part of his uniform that night, as were Officer
Vance and Lieutenant Senter.

Officer Graham was on Belmont Drive but not yet to the residence when he heard
Officer Vance ask dispatch who had made the 911 call. As he was pulling up in front of the
residence and putting his patrol unit in park, Officer Graham heard Lieutenant Senter’s radio
transmission regarding a shot or shots having been fired. Officer Graham observed that

-8-
Officer Vance’s cruiser and Lieutenant Senter’s cruiser were already on the scene. Officer
Graham also observed Lieutenant Senter walking up to the door prior to hearing the shots
fired transmission. As soon as he heard that shots had been fired, Officer Graham
immediately got out of his cruiser and assumed a position of cover behind the engine block
of a car that was parked directly in front of the residence. He then observed Lieutenant
Senter running toward his position to the left of the house.

Officer Graham described in his testimony what happened next:

A few moments went by. A male wearing a pink shirt came out of the
house. Lt. Senter was to my left and I heard him telling the gentleman to get
down on the ground. He complied.
A lady — a young female came out. She had something in her hand
and I heard him say, “Put the gun down.” She had it down to her side so she
— she never did point it at anyone. She immediately followed his instructions,
laid the weapon down, and got down on the ground as well.
There was a third gentleman that come out. Would have been Mr.
Johnson. He too was told to get down on the ground, and he — he laid down.

Officer Graham explained that the grass and sidewalk in and upon which all three individuals
laid down was wet because it had rained not long before. Officer Graham provided cover
for Lieutenant Senter as he handcuffed the Defendant. The female was yelling, “Why did
you shoot him?” At that point, Lieutenant Senter directed Officer Graham to go into the
house and check on Officer Vance. On cross-examination, Officer Graham testified that he
did not hear any words exchanged between Lieutenant Senter and the Defendant while the
Defendant was being handcuffed. However, on redirect, Officer Graham described the scene
that night as very chaotic and hectic.

Officer Graham entered the residence with Reserve Officer Kistner. Officer Graham
briefly looked downstairs, saw nothing, heard people yelling upstairs, and proceeded up to
the main floor of the house. He saw a female standing in the kitchen at the top of the steps
yelling and screaming. He instructed her to get down on the ground and she did. When
asked by Officer Graham who had been shot, the female pointed down the hallway toward
the living room. Officer Graham told the female not to move, continued the rest of the way
up the steps, turned down the hallway to his right and saw Officer Vance lying on the floor
at the corner of the hallway and the living room. Officer Vance had been shot on the right
side of his face. His service revolver was still in his holster and he was wearing a bulletproof
vest. Officer Vance’s flashlight was still in his right hand, which would have been his “gun
hand” because he was right-handed. Officer Graham instructed Reserve Officer Kistner to
keep an eye on the female while he (Officer Graham) went outside to retrieve his medical

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bag.

Upon exiting the residence, Officer Graham told Lieutenant Senter that Officer Vance
had been shot and that the male wearing the pink shirt, who had not been handcuffed yet,
should be placed in handcuffs. As Officer Graham proceeded toward his patrol unit, he saw
a revolver lying on the ground. Officer Graham secured the revolver in the trunk of his
vehicle after advising Lieutenant Senter that he was going to do so. When placing the
revolver in the trunk of his cruiser, Officer Graham opened the cylinder and laid it on the
trunk floor without emptying any of the cartridges. Officer Graham then identified the
revolver he placed into his trunk that night and it was introduced into evidence.

After re-entering the residence with his medical bag, Officer Graham got out a trauma
dressing and placed it over Officer Vance’s head wound. Officer Graham was joined by
Officers Greene and Tate, who are paramedics, and they began administering CPR to Officer
Vance. Officer Graham explained in his testimony that one of the photographs introduced
into evidence showing Officer Vance’s flashlight on the carpet was taken after the flashlight
had been removed from his hand and his gunbelt taken off so that CPR could be
administered.

Officer Graham testified that when he went out to his cruiser at one point to retrieve
oxygen for Officer Vance, he saw Officer Bradley Tate and Officer Tina Kesterson escorting
the Defendant toward Officer Graham’s cruiser. Then, after the ambulance arrived for
Officer Vance, Officer Graham went out to his vehicle again. When he initially arrived on
the scene, Officer Graham left the engine and radio of his vehicle running. His cruiser is
equipped with a video camera capable of recording with audio. However, the camera for this
device faces forward and records what is visible through the windshield of the cruiser. It
cannot make a video recording of anything occurring in the backseat of the cruiser. Officer
Graham explained that he can activate the video equipment inside the cruiser from a remote
on his gunbelt. He stated that the video equipment was off when he first arrived on the scene
and remained off until he came out of the residence the third time. At that point, he remote
activated the video equipment inside his cruiser when he saw the Defendant appearing to be
yelling something.

Officer Bradley Michael Tate testified that he had been an officer with the Bristol
Police Department for just over three years. He currently is a detective, but on the night of
November 27, 2004, he was a patrol officer. That night, he received a dispatch directing him
to respond to 427 Belmont Drive in Bristol, Tennessee. By the time he arrived at the
residence, there already were three patrol units there and Lieutenant Senter had two males
on the ground in front of the residence, one of whom was the Defendant. Officer Tate
immediately saw a female run out the front door of the residence screaming with a baby in

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her arms. He ran after her, took her into custody and placed her in the back of one of the
patrol units. At the direction of Lieutenant Senter, Officer Tate then escorted the Defendant,
who was by then in handcuffs, to Officer Graham’s patrol unit where he was placed in the
back seat with the doors locked. The Defendant was laughing as Officer Tate took him to
the vehicle. Officer Tate left Sergeant Smalling in charge of monitoring the Defendant while
he was in the back of the patrol unit. Sgt. Smalling and several other officers were on the
scene in the front yard at that point.

Officer Tate testified that he then went into the residence and proceeded to the top of
the steps where he observed other officers administering basic life support to Officer Vance.
Because he is a paramedic, Officer Tate assisted the other officers in trying to stabilize
Officer Vance. Before assisting the other officers, Officer Tate observed that there were two
females laying prone in the kitchen area at the top of the stairs. Officer Tate observed that
Officer Vance had a traumatic injury to the right upper head area. The other officers were
administering bag oxygen, but advised Officer Tate that Officer Vance had no pulse. Officer
Tate advised the others to remove Officer Vance’s vest and belt and start doing CPR
compressions. Officer Vance was in full cardiac arrest, not breathing and with no pulse.
When the ambulance arrived, Officer Tate assisted in taking Officer Vance down the steps
and continued to administer life support to Officer Vance during his transport in the
ambulance. Officer Tate managed to get Officer Vance’s pulse back for about three minutes
in the ambulance before Officer Vance died en route to the hospital.

B.M. testified that on November 27, 2004, she was seventeen years old and lived at
427 Belmont Drive in Bristol with her father and her twin sister, T.M., as well as her one-
year-old son. B.M. testified that she had been introduced to the Defendant by her friend,
Termaine McMorris, during the summer approximately four months prior to the shooting
giving rise to this case. There had been a gathering of friends at her home when her father
was not there and McMorris brought the Defendant with him. B.M. testified that McMorris
was twenty years old at the time and the Defendant was twenty-six years old.

B.M. testified that on the night she first met the Defendant, she told him that she was
seventeen years old and had a child. The Defendant also told B.M. that he had just had a
child with his current girlfriend and that he already had a child with one of his former
girlfriends. The Defendant got B.M.’s phone number and called her the next day. They
spoke on the telephone a few times and had sex at her house about three and half weeks after
they first met. After that, the Defendant and B.M. spoke to each other regularly and the
Defendant would come over to B.M.’s house about every other night when her father was
not home.

B.M. testified that between two to three months prior to November 27, 2004, she took

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a home pregnancy test and found out that she was pregnant by the Defendant. B.M.
immediately told the Defendant that she was pregnant and his reaction was, “Oh, no.” The
Defendant told her that he did not want another baby and could not handle it because he was
already taking care of his other children. The Defendant asked B.M. to have an abortion and
B.M. agreed to do so. The Defendant even had one of his friends drive B.M. to a clinic to
have the abortion, but B.M. changed her mind and led the Defendant’s friend to believe that
she had the procedure before he drove her home. B.M. stated that she kept the money for the
procedure, presumably given to her by the Defendant, and told the Defendant that she was
no longer pregnant.

B.M. testified that communication between her and the Defendant decreased after the
Defendant believed she had the abortion. However, the Defendant did tell her during one
conversation that he was moving to Charlotte, North Carolina. She did not want the
Defendant to leave because she knew she was still pregnant. B.M. testified that at some
point before November 27, 2004, a friend of hers told the Defendant that B.M. was still
pregnant. According to B.M., the Defendant was not mad when he first found out that she
did not have the abortion.

B.M. testified that on the night of November 27, 2004, she was at home with her
sister, her one-year-old son and her friends, Aisha Clark and Addie Vareen. Her father left
the house around 8:00 or 8:30 p.m. to go on a trucking run for work. About fifteen to twenty
minutes after her father left, B.M. called the Defendant on the telephone to discuss with him
her pregnancy and the fact that B.M. did not have an abortion. B.M. stated that she wanted
to “kind of get things straight with him.” B.M. stated that she and the Defendant were not
arguing on the phone at first. However, B.M. stated that she kept telling the Defendant that
she did not want to have an abortion. She testified that they got into a bad fight during the
conversation as a result of her refusal to have an abortion. B.M. described the Defendant as
having been as mad as she had ever heard him on the phone that night. She stated that he had
never lost his temper in front of her before that night. She further stated that before that
night, B.M. had never heard the Defendant raise his voice.

B.M. testified that while she was talking to the Defendant on the telephone, her sister,
T.M., came home, picked up the phone and began listening in on the conversation. B.M.
was aware that T.M. was listening in on the call. After she hung up the phone with
Defendant, B.M. next saw him when he came to the house about ten minutes later. B.M.
stated that she did not know the Defendant was going to come over and that he just walked
into the house when he arrived. B.M. stated that Vareen tried to stop the Defendant from
coming in the door by locking it, but she was unsuccessful. The Defendant immediately
started “yelling and cussing” at B.M. and pacing back and forth.

-12-
B.M. testified that the Defendant had two guns with him in his jacket pockets. She
did not see the guns until the Defendant walked up the steps and into the living room where
he sat them on the coffee table. B.M. described the guns as “a silver piece” and “a big black
gun” wrapped in a white cloth. The Defendant told B.M. that he was going to “shoot [her]
daddy” because he thought B.M.’s father would press charges against him for getting B.M.
pregnant. However, B.M. admitted that the Defendant was angry with her and that his fight
was with her alone. The Defendant never threatened anyone else in the house that evening.

B.M. testified that she called her father at that point and told her father that she was
pregnant and that the man who got her pregnant was there at the house threatening her with
a gun. B.M. did not give her father the name of the man with the gun. Her father told her
that he was calling the police and turning around to come back home. After she hung up the
phone, B.M. told the Defendant that the police were coming. The Defendant said he did not
care. The Defendant and B.M. continued to fight. The Defendant stated, “The police can’t
dodge these shells.” In other words, the Defendant announced that he would shoot the police
if they showed up. The Defendant told B.M. that if he went to jail that night, it would be for
murder not for statutory rape. B.M. was frightened because the Defendant said he was going
to kill her too. However, she admitted on cross-examination that the Defendant did not
threaten her over the phone. B.M. described the Defendant as being “[j]ust in a rage.”

B.M. testified that she and the Defendant then heard a car drive by at which point the
Defendant “pointed the gun out the window.” As he did so, he said, “There’s the police.”
However, it was not the police. Instead, it was Termaine McMorris. The Defendant had
been at the house only about ten to fifteen minutes at that point. McMorris, B.M. and T.M.
then attempted to calm the Defendant down and get him to leave without success. When
another car pulled up in front of the house, B.M. and the Defendant were in B.M.’s bedroom
that has a window that looks out to the front of the house. She testified that she had gone
into that room to check on her baby who was sleeping there. When they heard the car, the
Defendant looked out that window and said, “There’s the police.”

B.M. testified that she saw the officer come to the front door from her bedroom. B.M.
left the bedroom and was standing in the hallway to the left of the stairs when T.M. and
McMorris went to the door to meet the officer. B.M. heard the officer ask what was wrong.
She also heard T.M. and McMorris tell the officer that everything was okay. The officer said
he still needed to come in and just check things out. The officer then proceeded up the stairs
with T.M. and McMorris in front of him. As the officer reached the top of the stairs, the
telephone rang in the kitchen and B.M. answered it. She was standing in the kitchen talking
on the phone with her father when she heard a gunshot. She did not hear any words
exchanged between the officer and the Defendant, who was also standing in the hallway,
prior to the gunshot. B.M. dropped the phone when she heard the gunshot and ran into her

-13-
room. She did not see who shot Officer Vance. She grabbed her baby and jumped into the
closet. She came out about five to six minutes later at which point she ran out of the house
with her baby. She was apprehended by an officer and placed in the back of a police cruiser.
She testified that she saw Officer Vance laying on the floor to the right of the stairs just
inside the living room. B.M. testified that she never saw the Defendant pick the guns up off
the living room coffee table after he laid them down.

T.M. testified that on November 27, 2004, she was living at 427 Belmont Drive in
Bristol with her father and her twin sister, B.M., as well as B.M.’s one-year-old son. She
testified that two of her friends, Addie Vereen and Aisha Clark, were there at the house with
her on the night in question. T.M. testified that she, Vereen and Clark had been riding
around in T.M.’s car earlier that afternoon and they were all going to spend the night together
at T.M.’s house. T.M. stated that when she and the other girls arrived back at her house
around 8:15 or 8:30 p.m., T.M.’s father was outside getting his truck ready for work. When
Mitchell left for work, T.M. and the other girls were all in the kitchen of the house.

T.M. testified that, at some point that evening after her father left for work, B.M.
called the Defendant and T.M. overheard them talking on the phone. While B.M. was on the
phone with the Defendant, T.M. and the other girls left in T.M.’s car to go buy chips and
drinks at the Quick Stop near the house. When they got back to the house, T.M. could hear
B.M. still on the phone yelling at the Defendant. T.M. walked down to the basement, picked
up a phone down there to listen in on the conversation, and heard the Defendant and B.M.
obviously having a fight about B.M. being pregnant. T.M. heard the Defendant “saying over
and over and over” that he thought the girls’ father was going to “press charges” against him
for getting B.M. pregnant. B.M. kept assuring the Defendant during the conversation that
her father was not going to “press charges” against the Defendant for the pregnancy. T.M.
also heard B.M. and the Defendant discussing the subject of abortion.

After B.M. hung up the phone, T.M. called the Defendant back in an effort to calm
him down. T.M. told the Defendant that her father did not even know that B.M. was
pregnant so he wasn’t going to press charges against him. The Defendant stated that “he was
going to shoot [the girls’] daddy” if he pressed charges against the Defendant for the
pregnancy. The Defendant also told T.M. “he wasn’t playing games” and that he wanted to
talk to B.M. again. T.M. could hear the anger in the Defendant’s voice and described the
Defendant as having been mad at B.M. T.M. gave B.M. the phone and B.M. hung it up
without saying a word to the Defendant.

According to T.M., the Defendant showed up about ten or fifteen minutes later and
entered the house. T.M. stated that Vereen ran downstairs to try to lock the door to keep the
Defendant from entering the house, but did not get to the door in time. The Defendant did

-14-
not say anything when he walked in the door. He just laid two guns on the living room table
and stated that he was going to “kill” both B.M. and the girls’ father. One of the guns was
“[a] big long gun” that was black and the other gun was silver and smaller. The bigger gun
was wrapped in a white cloth. The Defendant later picked up the guns, put them in his
pocket and continued to fight with B.M. about the pregnancy and his concern about being
charged for it. T.M. stated that the Defendant did not threaten her, Vereen or Clark at that
point because his fight was with B.M. The Defendant paced up and down the hallway while
he and B.M. continued to yell at one another.

T.M. testified that, before the Defendant arrived at the residence, B.M. called their
father because the Defendant told B.M. to make the call and tell her father to come home.
According to T.M., the Defendant told B.M. to tell her father to come home because the
Defendant wanted to talk to him. After B.M.’s conversation with her father, there was
discussion about the police coming to the residence. T.M. testified that the Defendant made
the following statement with regard to the police coming to the house: “[W]hoever walks
through the door will be the first to die I guess.” T.M. further testified that the Defendant
made the statement that if he was going to go to the penitentiary, it was going to be for
murder and not for statutory rape.

After B.M. got off the phone with her father, a mutual friend of both T.M.’s and the
Defendant’s, Termaine McMorris, arrived at the residence and attempted to get the
Defendant to leave. The Defendant refused to leave the residence. T.M. asked McMorris
to try to calm the Defendant down. McMorris tried to do this, but the Defendant just wanted
everyone to leave him and B.M. alone and let them fight it out. While McMorris was there,
the Defendant looked outside and pointed one of his guns out the window.

T.M. testified that a short time later she saw Officer Vance pull up in his police cruiser
outside the residence. B.M. and the Defendant were in B.M.’s bedroom and everyone else
was in the living room. T.M. and McMorris went down the stairs to meet Officer Vance at
the front door. As they were walking down the stairs, McMorris told T.M. to tell Officer
Vance that everything was okay. T.M. and McMorris met Officer Vance outside the front
door on the porch. The front door was open, but the glass outer door was shut. Officer
Vance was in uniform and talking to someone on his dispatch radio. When they got to
Officer Vance, T.M. told him that everything was okay. McMorris said nothing. Officer
Vance stated that he had to go into the house to see if everything was okay.

T.M. and McMorris then entered the house ahead of Officer Vance and walked up the
steps toward the kitchen. McMorris was the first up the steps followed by T.M. and Officer
Vance. His weapon was not drawn. When she was halfway up the steps, T.M. told Officer
Vance that “he has a gun.” Officer Vance asked her, “Who?” T.M. responded, “him,” but

-15-
T.M. does not think Officer Vance could see the Defendant at that point. Officer Vance
talked on his dispatch radio as they ascended the stairs. T.M. testified that Officer Vance
may have been using his left hand to activate the radio on his right shoulder.

When they reached the top of the steps, T.M. and McMorris turned left down a
hallway toward the bedrooms. They walked down the hallway to a point behind where the
Defendant was standing at the top and to the left of the steps near the entrance to the kitchen.
Officer Vance reached the top of the steps and was standing a little past the kitchen entrance
to the right when he was shot in the forehead by the Defendant. T.M. and McMorris were
standing close enough to the Defendant that they could have reached out and touched him.
The big long, black gun used by the Defendant to shoot Officer Vance was about one to two
feet from the officer when it discharged. No words were exchanged between Officer Vance
and the Defendant before the Defendant fired the gun.

T.M. testified that Officer Vance fell to the ground and the Defendant stated: “I’m
out.” The Defendant then threw the smaller of the two guns “in towards the living room” and
placed the long, black gun he used to shoot Officer Vance at the bottom of the stairs as he
walked outside. McMorris went out the front door of the residence ahead of the Defendant.
T.M. followed the Defendant outside the residence and picked the gun up at the bottom of
the steps on her way out. She does not know why she picked up the gun. As she walked out
the door, she asked the Defendant why he did it. The Defendant did not answer.

T.M. testified that the police told her to drop the weapon and lay down on the ground
as soon as she got outside. She did so, but then got back up and ran back into the house to
the kitchen. When officers entered the residence, T.M. was once again ordered to lay down
and was taken into custody. T.M. estimated that it only took about three to four minutes from
the time Officer Vance arrived at the house until she walked out of the residence with the gun
in her hand.

On cross-examination, T.M. testified that both she and B.M. knew the Defendant for
about four or five months prior to the shooting. She stated that both she and B.M. met the
Defendant at a party at their house. McMorris brought the Defendant to the party. T.M.
stated that she had known McMorris at that point for two years. T.M. testified that prior to
the shooting, the Defendant came over to her house to see B.M. on about a weekly basis
since the two of them met.

Aisha Clark testified that she was at the residence located at 427 Belmont Drive in
Bristol on the night of November 27, 2004, and witnessed the Defendant kill Officer Vance.
Clark testified that earlier that afternoon, T.M. picked her up and the two of them with Addie
Vereen went riding around in T.M.’s car. She stated that they arrived at the Belmont Drive

-16-
residence before dark but after her friends’ father left to go to work. She estimated that it
was somewhere around 8:15 or 8:30 p.m. and that she and her friends were riding around for
about two or three hours before that. The only two people at the residence were B.M. and
her infant son. B.M. was on the phone with the Defendant when Clark arrived at the
residence.

Clark testified that her plan that night had been to spend the night at the residence with
the twins, B.M. and T.M. Clark stated that the Defendant, who she had known “for years,”
showed up at the residence around 10:00 p.m. However, she conceded that she was not
wearing a watch and did not specifically look at a clock when he arrived. She stated that she
was sitting on the couch and the Defendant just walked through the front door. Clark
testified that she recalls Vereen going to the door to lock it or shut it; however, it is unclear
from the testimony whether that was before or after the Defendant entered the residence. On
cross-examination, Clark admitted that she told the police in the statement she gave the
morning after the shooting that Vereen tried to shut the door while the Defendant forced his
way in.

Clark testified that the Defendant was mad and began loudly arguing with B.M., but
she did not recall what the argument was about. She stated that the Defendant came into the
living room and “slammed” two guns down on the table, with the bigger of the two guns
being wrapped in a cloth. Clark stated that the Defendant never threatened her and that his
anger was directed only at B.M. Clark stated that the Defendant was walking up and down
the hallway while arguing with B.M, who just kept calmly asking the Defendant to leave.

At some point, someone told the Defendant the police were on their way, to which the
Defendant responded that he was not going to leave and that nobody could make him leave.
When asked what the Defendant said would happen when the police got there, Clark testified
that the Defendant said “[e]ither [B.M.’s] dad or the police officer, whoever got there first,
he was going to shoot in the face.” Clark also testified that she heard the Defendant say that
if he was going to the penitentiary, it would be for murder and not statutory rape.

Clark testified that at some point that night McMorris, who she had also known “for
years,” showed up at the residence. Clark testified that McMorris calmly tried to get the
Defendant to leave the residence, but that the Defendant told McMorris to “back up” because
“he ha[d] his finger on the trigger.” Clark testified that the Defendant was mad when he said
this, but “said it calmly.” Clark stated that McMorris and the Defendant were also friends.

Clark stated that the police arrived about three or four minutes after McMorris. T.M.
and McMorris walked to the front door, at which point Clark walked into B.M.’s bedroom.
Clark testified that she did this to check on B.M.’s infant son and Vereen who were both in

-17-
that bedroom at the time. Clark never saw Officer Vance walk up the stairs after he entered
the residence. She did hear Officer Vance talking as he came up the stairs, but she does not
recall what he was saying. She stepped out into the hallway and saw Officer Vance walking
into the living room. Officer Vance “was standing about four or five feet away from [Clark],
and [the Defendant was] standing about a foot away from him.” Both of their backs were
turned toward Clark. She saw Officer Vance talking into his walkie-talkie. She saw that he
had one hand on the walkie-talkie and nothing in the other hand. Clark saw the Defendant’s
arm go up in an upward motion and heard gunshots, at which point she saw Officer Vance
fall. T.M. and McMorris were standing in front of Clark and between Clark and the
Defendant when Clark heard the gun fire. Clark did not know where B.M. was in the house
at the moment. Clark testified that no words were exchanged between the Defendant and
Officer Vance prior to the gunshot and Officer Vance had made no threats toward the
Defendant.

Clark testified that after shooting Officer Vance, the Defendant “just sat the guns
down and walked outside.” Clark recalls McMorris walking outside after the Defendant, but
did not see anything that went on outside after that. Clark testified that she was scared for
her own safety at the time. She stated that everything happened very quickly and that people
were screaming after the Defendant shot Officer Vance. Clark testified that she ran into the
kitchen where the police found her about five minutes later. The police told everybody to
get down on the ground before taking them into custody for questioning.

Special Agent Brian Pritchard of the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation (“TBI”)
testified that he took charge of the investigation surrounding the shooting death of Officer
Vance at approximately 11:15 p.m. on the evening of November 27, 2004. He described it
as having “been raining substantially” with “drizzly rain off and on” when he arrived. He
also described the grass in the front yard of the residence as very wet. Agent Pritchard
testified that the Defendant was already in custody when he arrived. He was arrested and
handcuffed at approximately 9:30 p.m.

As part of his investigation, Agent Pritchard testified that he took custody of the .357
single-action, magnum revolver that Officer Graham locked in the trunk of his car. Agent
Pritchard checked the weapon and determined that it was loaded. The gun holds six rounds
and there were still five live rounds in the weapon. The hammer to the weapon was
positioned directly over a spent round. Agent Pritchard identified both the spent round and
the live rounds retrieved from the weapon, all of which were introduced into evidence.
Agent Pritchard testified that he also received into evidence that night a .22 caliber single-
action, five-shot revolver resembling a Derringer pistol. This gun was found in a holster and
contained five live rounds that Agent Pritchard removed from the weapon. The live rounds
retrieved from this weapon were introduced into evidence along with the pistol from which

-18-
they came and the holster.

Agent Pritchard further testified that he received into evidence that night and during
the course of his investigation various other items of evidence including: the flashlight
Officer Vance was carrying that night; the black, longsleeve windbreaker jacket worn by the
Defendant; some bullet fragments retrieved from the head of Officer Vance during the
autopsy; a blood sample from Officer Vance taken by Dr. McCormick during the autopsy;
gunshot residue test kits from testing performed at the scene on the Defendant, McMorris,
B.M., T.M., Clark and Vereen; fingerprint samples taken from the Defendant; and a swab
from a blood stain on a picture that was hanging on the wall of the living room of the
residence. Agent Pritchard stated that he performed the gunshot residue test on the
Defendant and other officers performed the tests on the other people at the scene. He stated
that he did not perform the gunshot residue test on the Defendant until sometime between
1:10 and 1:15 a.m. on November 28, 2004, after the Defendant already was in custody at the
Sullivan County Sheriff’s Department. He also did not take the Defendant’s jacket into
evidence until sometime between 1:45 and 2:00 a.m. on November 28, 2004, after the
Defendant was in custody at the jail.

Agent Pritchard testified that he sent all of the evidence he collected during the
investigation to the TBI crime lab in Nashville for processing. He stated that he asked the
crime lab to determine whether there was gunshot residue in any of the test kits or on the
jacket retrieved from the Defendant. He also asked the crime lab to determine whether there
were any fingerprints on the .357 revolver or the rounds retrieved from that weapon that
belonged to the Defendant. Agent Pritchard further directed the crime lab to determine
whether the swab of blood retrieved from the scene matched Officer Vance’s blood sample
and whether the bullet fragments retrieved from Officer Vance’s body were fired from the
.357 revolver. On cross-examination, Agent Pritchard conceded that if there were no gunshot
residue analysis results for T.M. it would mean that either her test kit was inadvertently not
delivered to the TBI crime lab for analysis or his directive for another officer to obtain a
gunshot residue test sample from her was not communicated properly.

Agent Pritchard was also shown the same series of photographs introduced into
evidence during Senter’s testimony and confirmed that the photographs depicted how both
the exterior and interior of the residence looked on night of November 27, 2004. During this
part of his testimony, Agent Pritchard confirmed from the photographs that the top of the
steps inside the house could be seen by someone standing on the front porch. Agent
Pritchard also testified with the aid of the photographs as to the distances he measured in the
front yard from the curb to the walkway leading up to the house and from where the driveway
meets the road to the front door. He stated that the first distance was between thirty-six and
forty feet and the second distance was a little over 51 feet. Agent Pritchard also described

-19-
from the photographs, as well as a diagram of the interior of the house, the layout of the
hallway at the top of the stairs with the living room to the right and the bedrooms to the left,
including where the blood stains from Officer Vance’s injuries were found, where the swab
of blood from the picture was taken, and where the .22 caliber pistol and flashlight were
found. Agent Pritchard further described from the photographs that the bedroom identified
as belonging to B.M. had a window from which the front yard and street could be seen.

Agent Pritchard also testified that he received into evidence that night and during the
course of the investigation the original VHS videotape recording from Officer Graham’s
police cruiser as well as two DVD digital recordings of what appeared on the tape. These
items were introduced into evidence during Agent Pritchard’s testimony. Agent Pritchard
stated that the tape lasted approximately two hours with extended periods of silence or just
the radio playing in the background.2 He explained that the Defendant could be heard
making statements on the tape at various points. Agent Pritchard then identified a transcript
as representing the first thirteen minutes and thirty-eight seconds of the tape. The transcript
was introduced into evidence as well. The portion of the tape covered by the transcript was
played for the jury and the Defendant can be heard on the tape verbally posturing about his
lack of remorse for having shot Officer Vance and total apathy about the consequences of
his actions. Specifically, the Defendant can be heard laughing while saying,

Listen, I’m all right. Am I alive or dead, cop? It ain’t nothing but a — it ain’t
nothing but clean sheets or maybe the electric chair. I’ll be all right. . . . That
don’t scare me. You can — you can do it right now. It don’t scare me, cop.
You’re a bitch if you don’t do it. . . . Yeah, I’m all right alive or dead, free or
alive. . . . It’s all a game to me, man. This ain’t nothing to me, man. . . . Lay
down sweet, lay down easy, go do my time and I’ll go to the chair if I got to.
She don’t mean nothing to me, man. . . . Take me for life. Take me to the chair
if you want to. Life ain’t sweet.

The Defendant also can be heard laughing while saying,

They don’t teach you that in training, do they? . . . Yeah, you weren’t ready
for that. You weren’t ready for that in training. . . . Don’t take me for no joke,
man. . . . It don’t feel good, do it? That’s how it feels when you took him
away for life, don’t it? I said that’s how it feels when you take my fucking jail
— take their life away from somebody. That’s how it feels.

2
The parties stipulated that any music playing during the tape came from the radio in the police
cruiser that was left on by Officer Graham. The jury was instructed not to have any bias or prejudice against
the Defendant as a result of the lyrics that can be heard on the videotape coming from the radio in the vehicle.

-20-
Agent Pritchard confirmed during his testimony that officers and EMS personnel can
be seen walking around outside the police cruiser during the tape. He stated that he arrived
on the scene near the end of the videotape recording and that after conducting some
preliminary interviews he directed that the Defendant be transported from the scene to the
Sullivan County Sheriff’s Department. On cross-examination, the remainder of the tape not
covered by the transcript, which mostly contains long periods of silence, was played for the
benefit of the jury at defense counsel’s request.

TBI Special Agent Laura Hodge, who has worked at the Nashville crime lab for the
past fourteen years, testified as to her credentials and was accepted without objection as an
expert in the field of gunshot residue analysis. Agent Hodge explained that in analyzing
gunshot residue test kits she looks for the presence of antimony, barium and lead which are
the three elements that make up the primer composition of a bullet cartridge. She stated that
Agent Pritchard submitted gunshot residue test kits for analysis from various subjects
including the Defendant, McMorris, B.M., Clark and Vereen. Agent Hodge testified that her
analysis of the test kit from the Defendant was inconclusive in that the results could not
eliminate nor confirm the possibility that the Defendant fired, handled or was near a gun
when it fired. Agent Hodge explained that her analysis of the Defendant’s test kit found the
presence of the three elements indicative of primer from a cartridge, but the amounts were
insufficient to make a definitive conclusion with regard to the presence of gunshot residue.
In contrast, her analysis of the test kits from B.M., Clark and Vereen were negative for the
presence of any of the three elements indicative of primer from a cartridge. However, she
conceded that it is possible for an individual to fire a weapon and have no gunshot residue
present on their person. She explained that gunshot residue “is very fragile evidence” that
can be impacted by many environmental factors including if the individual from whom the
evidence was taken had lain in wet grass before the sample was taken, if there were only one
shot fired, or if the subject had rubbed his or her hands onto something prior to the sample
having been taken. Agent Hodge could not perform an analysis of the test kit submitted for
McMorris because it was missing a key component necessary to conduct the analysis. She
also never received a gunshot residue test kit for analysis from the subject known as T.M.

TBI Special Agent James Russell Davis, II, who has worked at the Nashville crime
lab for twenty-five years, testified as to his credentials and was accepted without objection
as an expert in the field of gunshot residue analysis. He explained that while Agent Hodge
chemically analyzed gunshot residue test kits to determine the presence of the elements
within the primer of a bullet, he used an electron microscope to examine items of clothing
and other things looking for the presence of the metallic particles of those elements in
combination found in the primer discharge when a gun is fired. Agent Davis testified that
he received for gunshot residue analysis from Agent Pritchard a jacket obtained from the
Defendant. Agent Davis explained that his analysis of the Defendant’s jacket did not reveal

-21-
the presence of particles of gunshot primer residue. However, Agent Davis made clear that
the results of his analysis neither eliminated nor confirmed that the Defendant fired a gun
while wearing the jacket. Agent Davis testified that many things could happen to a garment
between the firing of a weapon in its proximity and his analysis of the garment for gunshot
residue that would impact his ability to achieve conclusive results regarding the presence of
gunshot residue. Specifically, Agent Davis stated that his ability to achieve meaningful
results in his analysis could have been impacted by the Defendant laying down in what
appeared to be the wet grass shown in the photographs of the front of the residence taken on
the night of the shooting.

On cross-examination, Agent Davis admitted that he did not analyze the back of the
jacket even though gunshot residue can transfer from a sleeve to the back of a jacket if the
subject wearing the jacket is being handcuffed. He also testified that no other articles of
clothing from the Defendant or any other subject were submitted for him to analyze.

TBI Special Agent Hoyt Eugene Phillips, who has worked at the Nashville crime lab
for thirty-two years, testified as to his credentials and was accepted without objection as an
expert in the field of latent fingerprint analysis. Agent Phillips testified that he received for
latent fingerprint analysis from Agent Pritchard the .357 magnum revolver and cartridges
taken into evidence by Officer Graham at the scene of the shooting. Agent Phillips explained
the methods he uses to obtain latent fingerprints for analysis and testified that he was unable
to find any useable prints on any of the items submitted to him for analysis. Agent Hoyt
stated that many factors could have contributed to the lack of any latent fingerprints being
found on the weapon or cartridges and that the lack of such prints did not rule out the
possibility that a particular individual handled the weapon or cartridges.

TBI Special Agent Charles S. Hardy, who has worked at the Nashville crime lab for
seven years, testified as to his credentials and was accepted without objection as an expert
in the field of DNA analysis. Agent Hardy testified that he received for DNA analysis from
Agent Pritchard several swabs taken at the crime scene of evidence believed to be blood
stains. He explained the methods he uses to determine whether a specific sample contains
a DNA profile and then how he analyzes that profile once obtained. He was able to extract
a DNA profile from a swab identified as being taken from a blood stain on a picture in the
living room of the residence and matched that DNA profile to a known DNA sample from
Officer Vance.

TBI Special Agent Steve Scott, who has worked at the Nashville crime lab for almost
twenty-one years, testified as to his credentials and was accepted without objection as an
expert in the field of firearms identification. Agent Scott testified that he received for
comparison analysis from Agent Pritchard the .357 magnum revolver, a fired cartridge casing

-22-
taken from the crime scene, and fired bullet fragments obtained during the autopsy of Officer
Vance. Agent Scott determined the weapon was in normal operating condition with properly
functioning safety features. His analysis of the weapon showed that once loaded, the hammer
of the weapon had to be pulled back “to a full-cock position” before it would fire for each
shot. Agent Scott explained that the trigger pull for this weapon was approximately two and
a half pounds, or, in other words, that it takes two and a half pounds of pressure on the
trigger to discharge the weapon. His analysis of the fired cartridge casing and the fired bullet
fragments revealed that they were all fired from the .357 magnum revolver submitted with
them for analysis. Agent Scott also testified that he created with the .357 magnum revolver
various test fire patterns at differing distances to be sent to the medical examiner, Dr.
William McCormick, for comparison with the wounds found on the body of Officer Vance.

Lieutenant Joseph Herman Strickler of the Sullivan County Sheriff’s Office testified
that he is familiar with the telephone system available to inmates at the jail facility, that all
calls made by inmates at the facility are recorded, that he is the custodian of record for the
recordings of telephone calls made by inmates, and that he had listened to recordings of
certain telephone calls made by the Defendant and others while incarcerated at the jail
facility. During his testimony, Strickler provided a diagram of the “Kilo Cell Block” in
which the Defendant was housed during his incarceration at the jail. Strickler explained that
inmates in that cellblock are kept in individual cells. They are allowed out of their cells for
only one hour each day to use the telephone, shower or exercise. Utilizing the diagram,
which was admitted into evidence, Strickler explained that the individual cell in which the
Defendant was housed was approximately thirteen feet from the telephone available to
inmates in that cellblock. Strickler also explained that an inmate named Dustin Ferguson was
housed in the same cell block during the Defendant’s incarceration.

Strickler explained that jail logs for the Defendant’s cellblock, which were introduced
into evidence, showed that on December 6, 2004, the Defendant was released from his cell
at 9:11 a.m. and returned to his cell at 10:11 a.m. The jail logs also showed that inmate
Ferguson was released from his cell on the same date at 10:15 a.m. and returned to his cell
at 11:16 a.m. The recordings of inmate telephone calls made on that date include a call made
by the Defendant at 10:07 a.m. and another call made by inmate Ferguson at 10:14 a.m., both
of which were to the same telephone number identified as belonging to Niki Booker, the
Defendant’s sister. The recordings of inmate telephone calls made on December 7, 2004,
include two telephone calls made by the Defendant to Booker in which McMorris can also
be heard speaking. Strickler explained that it appeared that Booker called McMorris during
the initial call from the Defendant and initiated a three-way call. The recordings of all four
telephone calls and transcripts of the calls were introduced into evidence and the tapes were
played for the jury.

-23-
During the first call between the Defendant and Booker on December 6, 2004, the
following exchange can be heard on the tape:

DEFENDANT: Yeah. Yeah, but Termaine need to tell ‘em what’s up.
BOOKER: Huh?
DEFENDANT: Termaine, how’d they get ahold of him? What, did
Termaine, lie to them people like a couple of times?
BOOKER: He what?
DEFENDANT: When they, when they questioned him, what did he lie to
‘em? Mama said he lied to ‘em?
BOOKER: Oh, he said, that’s what he was sayin’, I didn’t really hear
the whole thing because I was so upset I left the room.
DEFENDANT: All right.
BOOKER: But he was sayin’ —
DEFENDANT: Hurry up so it won’t —
BOOKER: Okay, he said that he was tryin’ to say that you didn’t do
it and then you had already told ‘em that you did and they
was gonna try to charge him with accessory.
DEFENDANT: All right, they, they, they’re comin’ to get me right now.
BOOKER: Okay.

During the second call, which was made by inmate Ferguson on December 6, 2004, a male
voice can be heard identifying himself to the telephone operator as “Nick Johnson” and the
following exchange can be heard on the tape:

MALE: Okay, Nick’s lawyer is supposed to call Termaine.
BOOKER: Okay.
MALE: He said his lawyer is the only person that knows what’s
goin’ on.
BOOKER: Okay.
MALE: Is that okay? He said talk to Termaine.
BOOKER: Okay.
MALE: But he —
BOOKER: Okay.
MALE: Okay, he said don’t let these people fool you into
thinkin’ nothin’.
BOOKER: Okay.
MALE: Fool Termaine into thinkin’ nothin’.
BOOKER: Okay.

-24-
MALE: He said that, he say he explained to his lawyer.[ 3 ]
BOOKER: What happened?
MALE: He say yeah.
BOOKER: Okay.
MALE: He, he said when, when he pulls for his —
BOOKER: Huh?
MALE: His exact words were when he pulled for his —
BOOKER: Uh-huh.
MALE: That’s what he said.
BOOKER: Okay.
MALE: All right. He said do you understand what he’s sayin’?
BOOKER: Yeah.
MALE: She said yeah. Okay, she said — he said make sure.
BOOKER: Okay. He said — yeah.
MALE: He said call Termaine on Tomeka’s phone.
BOOKER: Okay.
MALE: What else, [inaudible]? Okay, he, he — okay, he said to
call Termaine and make sure that, uh, he’s sayin’ the
same thing that he — he don’t, he don’t have to be scared
to talk to his lawyer. Is that okay?
BOOKER: Okay.
MALE: He said if anything, don’t let these — don’t believe
anything these people say.
BOOKER: I’m not.
MALE: He said, he say he could trust his lawyer.
BOOKER: Okay.
MALE: He said call on Tomeka phone.
BOOKER: I will.
MALE: And make sure that he knows everything is all right.
BOOKER: I will.
MALE: And he says, that, uh, make sure he doesn’t lie to his
lawyer.
BOOKER: Okay.
MALE: She said okay. He said make sure that when he talk to
people or ever he pulled for his that’s what happened.
BOOKER: Okay.
MALE: She said okay. He say he ain’t got to lie, just tell ‘em the

3
When this conversation took place, the Defendant had not yet had his preliminary hearing and was
still represented by the Office of the Public Defender.

-25-
truth.
BOOKER: Okay.
MALE: She said okay. He said don’t leave out no parts.
BOOKER: Okay.
MALE: And tell Termaine not to leave out no parts.
BOOKER: Okay.
MALE: To his lawyer and be honest with him.
BOOKER: Okay.
MALE: Okay, and he said explain to the lawyer how the whole
thing went down and how they was tryin’ to push him out
the house and everything.
BOOKER: Okay.
MALE: She said okay. All right, he say he loves you and thank
you.
BOOKER: Okay. Thank you for letting me use your call.
MALE: Okay. Okay.
BOOKER: All right.
MALE: Do you have everything understood, to understand me?
BOOKER: Yeah, he said to call Termaine and tell him that he needs
to talk to his lawyer and tell him to tell the truth, the
whole story and explain to ‘em how he was, they was
tryin’ to push him out of the house and when he pulled
for his that’s when it happened and, uh, —
MALE: She said she’s got it now. All right, he said he loves you.
BOOKER: I love you — tell him I love him too.
MALE: He said do you have Tomeka’s number?
BOOKER: Yeah.
MALE: She said yes. He said make sure you get this done
because this is real important.
BOOKER: I am, I’ll call now.
MALE: He said go ahead and call his lawyer because he’s tryin’
to get ahold of you too.
BOOKER: Okay.
MALE: And Termaine to get ahold of — he said talk to Termaine
first before you call the lawyer.
BOOKER: Okay.
MALE: He said just tell Termaine don’t be nervous, now just, the
best, the best thing is to tell the truth right now so his
lawyer will know what’s goin’ on.
BOOKER: Okay.

-26-
MALE: He said just the lawyer, don’t talk to nobody else.
BOOKER: Okay.
MALE: And he said make sure that he, that he, um, implicates
that — make sure that he know, that his lawyer knows
that —
BOOKER: Okay.
MALE: That the dude pulled first.
BOOKER: Okay.
MALE: Okay, he said that’s it.

During the entirety of this conversation, a muffled voice can be heard in the background
speaking to the male caller before the male caller makes his statements to Booker.

During the first call made by the Defendant on December 7, 2004, the following
conversation can be heard on the tape:

BOOKER: . . . I talked to Termaine.
DEFENDANT: What’d he say?
BOOKER: He was sayin’ that — I told him that you, what you had
said and he was like he’s not mad at me? I was like why
would he be mad —
DEFENDANT: Why would I be mad?
BOOKER: That’s what I said, why would you be mad, he said “I’m
scared and stuff.” I was like, well, Termaine —
DEFENDANT: He must have read a statement or somethin’.
BOOKER: Probably.
DEFENDANT: Yeah.
BOOKER: But I told him to talk to your lawyer and then you lawyer
called me.
DEFENDANT: Huh?
BOOKER: Your lawyer called me.
DEFENDANT: He did call you?
BOOKER: Yeah, and —
DEFENDANT: He probably got — did he, do you know if he got ahold
of Termaine?
BOOKER: He hadn’t at that point but he had called right after —
DEFENDANT: Try to call Termaine real quick.
....
DEFENDANT: Yeah. He think I’m mad. He must have a real messed
up statement or somethin’.

-27-
BOOKER: I don’t know, he said “Like he’s not mad at me.” I was
like, no, he’s not mad.
DEFENDANT: Answer the phone. Answer the phone. Answer the
phone.
MCMORRIS: Hello.
DEFENDANT: Hello, who’s this?
BOOKER: Termaine.
DEFENDANT: Termaine?
MCMORRIS: Who’s this?
DEFENDANT: This is Nick. Who’s this?
MCMORRIS: This is Termaine.
....
DEFENDANT: . . . My lawyer ever get ahold of you?
MCMORRIS: Oh, he called. I called him back but he wasn’t in his
office.
DEFENDANT: You still ain’t talked to him then?
MCMORRIS: No.
DEFENDANT: Try to get ahold of him, all right?
MCMORRIS: I will.
DEFENDANT: Niki talked to you already?
MCMORRIS: Huh?
DEFENDANT: Niki talk to you already?
MCMORRIS: Yeah.
DEFENDANT: I can’t say too much over this phone, all right?
MCMORRIS: Yeah.
DEFENDANT: Uh, they, they get you to write a statement down there?
MCMORRIS: Huh? Uh, they got, they took everybody’s statement
about what happened.
DEFENDANT: Yeah. Does everything look bad?
MCMORRIS: Huh?
DEFENDANT: Everything look bad?
MCMORRIS: If I was you I’d have blamed it on Tiff cause she’s the
one that came out the house with the gun.
DEFENDANT: Huh?
MCMORRIS: She the one that came out the house with the gun.
DEFENDANT: Don’t, don’t talk too much on the phone. Don’t, you
know, don’t, don’t talk too much over the phone.
MCMORRIS: All right.
DEFENDANT: You know what I’m sayin’, all these phone calls gonna
be recorded.

-28-
MCMORRIS: All right.
DEFENDANT: But, uh, like I say, everything is all right, man. Like I
say, talk to my lawyer man, don’t, don’t talk to noth —
don’t let them fool you into sayin’ anything else as far as
a statement, all right.
MCMORRIS: All right.
....
DEFENDANT: They can’t, they can’t, they can’t make you say nothin’.
MCMORRIS: Uh-huh.
DEFENDANT: You see what I’m sayin’. Like I say, talk to my lawyer.
You can trust my lawyer. Don’t, don’t trust the State
man, they gonna try to trick you up, man.

During the second call made by the Defendant on December 7, 2004, almost
immediately after the conclusion of the first, the following conversation can be heard on the
tape:

DEFENDANT: . . . Yeah, you know that one. Yeah, they can’t, they
can’t make you testify, man.
MCMORRIS: I’m not, I’m pleading the Fifth.
DEFENDANT: Yeah.
MCMORRIS: They can’t do nothin’ but be mad.
....
MCMORRIS: You play your, you play your cards right you can beat
that.
DEFENDANT: What you say?
MCMORRIS: You play your cards right you can beat that.
DEFENDANT: Like I said, you just tell my lawyer, tell my lawyer what
happened. Like I said, you know what I’m sayin’? I
don’t want to say too much over this phone, you know
what I’m sayin’, because I know it’s probably gonna be
recorded.
....
MCMORRIS: I’m, uh, talk, I’m gonna keep tryin’ to get in touch with
your lawyer.
DEFENDANT: Right.
MCMORRIS: If them cards is played right you can beat that. You can
beat that, no bull shit.
DEFENDANT: Like I say —
MCMORRIS: Now what — what I — if I get — they put me up there

-29-
and I get up I just say I plead the Fifth they ain’t nothin’
they can do to me, can they?
DEFENDANT: No, you ain’t, you ain’t got to do nothin’. But like I say,
what you say can help too, you know what I’m sayin’?
MCMORRIS: Yeah.

Dustin Ferguson testified that he was incarcerated in the Sullivan County Jail on
December 6, 2004, in what is known as the “Kilo Cell Block.” Ferguson stated that he met
the Defendant while incarcerated in that cell block. Ferguson testified that on December 6,
2004, when he was released from his individual cell for his one hour of personal time, the
Defendant asked him to call a particular number for him. Ferguson agreed and the Defendant
gave Ferguson the number to call. When the person on the other end of the line answered
the telephone, the Defendant told Ferguson what to say during the conversation. Ferguson
repeated during the conversation what the Defendant told him to say. The tape of the second
telephone conversation made on December 6, 2004, and already played for the jury, was then
played for Ferguson who identified himself as the caller. Ferguson stated that he had no idea
who he was talking to during the conversation. Ferguson was released from the jail eleven
days after making the call for the Defendant. Ferguson testified that has been in trouble
before and that he has been convicted of felony identity theft as well as theft of services. He
also admitted that he had charges pending against him for aggravated assault, possession of
a Schedule III drug, and possession of a Schedule IV drug for resale. However, Ferguson
testified that he had not been promised any leniency on his pending charges in exchange for
his testimony.

Dr. William Frederick McCormick, M.D., the Deputy Chief Medical Examiner for the
State of Tennessee, testified as the State’s last witness. He performed the autopsy on Officer
Mark Vance to determine the cause and manner of his death. Defense counsel did not object
to Dr. McCormick being accepted by the trial court as an expert in the field of forensic
pathology. Dr. McCormick testified that Officer Vance died “as a result of a single
intermediate range gunshot wound to the face, with the entrance slightly above the right eye
about the level of the mid-eyebrow with destruction of the skull, [and] damage to the brain.”
Dr. McCormick further testified that the cause of Officer Vance’s death was “[m]assive
damage to the head including soft tissues, [the] skull, and brain,” with “aspiration of blood”
and “inhaling [of] blood.” Dr. McCormick explained, using diagrams prepared during the
autopsy, that the spread of stippling burns on Officer Vance’s face resulting from the impact
on the skin of unburned powder from the muzzle of the weapon was only eleven centimeters
or between four and five inches. Dr. McCormick testified that this meant the gun was fired
between one and two feet away from Officer Vance’s face. Dr. McCormick stated that the
test fire patterns given to him for comparison by the TBI, even though damaged somewhat
upon receipt, were consistent with this distance estimate based upon the stippling pattern.

-30-
Dr. McCormick also testified that his distance estimate based on the stippling was consistent
with the weapon having been a .357 caliber firearm.

Dr. McCormick testified that the bullet that killed Officer Vance entered his head at
a sharp angle traveling downward, very slightly from his right to his left, and exited the skull
near the lower jawbone with bullet fragments lodging in the upper neck. This meant Officer
Vance was facing the gun that was positioned slightly above him at a distance of between
one to two feet. Dr. McCormick testified that the contents of Exhibit 57, previously
introduced into evidence for identification only, were the bullet fragments he removed from
the brain tissue of Officer Vance during the autopsy. Dr. McCormick testified that the bullet
that killed Officer Vance caused “massive fracturing” of and “virtually destroyed” the base
of the skull. Dr. McCormick opined that Officer Vance survived only a matter of minutes
after the bullet traveled through his skull, but that he was alive long enough to inhale blood
from his wounds. Dr. McCormick opined that Officer Vance would have been rendered
unconscious almost immediately upon receiving the fatal gunshot wound.

After the State rested its case, the Defendant presented no defense witnesses. The jury
found the Defendant guilty of first degree premeditated murder as charged in the indictment.

II. Evidence Presented at Sentencing

The State began its proof at the sentencing phase by introducing certified copies of
an indictment and conviction order establishing that the Defendant was convicted on June
19, 1997, pursuant to a written guilty plea, in the City of Bristol in the Commonwealth of
Virginia of the offense of malicious wounding. The indictment to which the Defendant pled
in the Virginia case alleged that, on or about November 19, 1996, the Defendant “did
maliciously cause bodily injury to Johnny C. Chafin, Jr., with intent to maim, disfigure,
disable or kill, in violation of Virginia Code Section 18.2-51.” The State also introduced
testimony from TBI Agent Pritchard establishing that the Defendant is the same person
referenced in the paperwork establishing this conviction.

The State concluded its sentencing phase proof with testimony from Captain Timothy
Eads of the Criminal Investigations Division of the Bristol Police Department establishing
that on November 27, 2004, Officer Mark Vance was a sworn police officer in uniform
performing his official duties when he responded to the dispatch at the residence where he
was killed. Captain Eads also testified that Officer Vance was thirty years old at the time of
his death and was survived his mother, his brother, his wife and his nine-year-old daughter.

The Defendant presented his twin sister, Niki Booker, as his first witness at
sentencing. Booker and the Defendant were born in Chicago, Illinois, and lived there with

-31-
their mother until they were two or three years old, at which point they moved to Bristol,
Virginia. They never knew their birth father. Booker and the Defendant have two older
sisters and an older brother. She stated that they all grew up together in Bristol.

Booker testified that she is married with four children. The Defendant has lived with
her on numerous occasions and was present at the births of three of her children. She
explained that the Defendant was always “a role model” to her children, “always in a positive
aspect,” and “continues to keep joy in [her] home.” Booker stated that the Defendant was
the uncle that her children needed him to be and that she loves the Defendant very much.
She explained that her children always expressed love for the Defendant and that she brought
them to see him while he had been in jail in this case as much as she could. Booker
described the Defendant as always having “a positive demeanor.” She stated that he tried to
pass that quality on to her children. Booker then described and showed to the jury various
colored pencil drawings from her family album that the Defendant sent to her children as
gifts while he was incarcerated for the malicious wounding conviction previously introduced
into evidence by the State. Booker finally described the special bond she has with the
Defendant as his twin and how devastating it would be for her if he were executed.

On cross-examination, the State established that Booker was the same person heard
on the taped phone calls from the Defendant heard earlier by the jury during the guilt phase.
On redirect, defense counsel clarified with Booker that the Defendant called her from the jail
and that she was not present at the scene the night Officer Vance was killed. Booker
admitted though that she called the number the Defendant asked her to during the taped
phone conversation.

The next witness presented by the defense was Dr. Latisha Sensabaugh Walker,4 the
Defendant’s cousin. Dr. Walker grew up with the Defendant in the same neighborhood when
they were kids and she considered him to be like an older brother. She explained that the
Defendant often acted as her protector growing up, making sure she stayed out of trouble and
stayed away from the wrong type of crowd. She described the Defendant as one of her
biggest supporters in terms of staying in school, keeping her grades up and making sure she
got a good education. She described the Defendant as being “very artistic” and shared with
the jury a card he drew for her when she was seventeen years old and away at school in New
Orleans. After she completed school and was working as an intern at a local pharmacy, the
Defendant would often come in and check on her to make sure she had lunch and gasoline
for her car. When her home was broken into when she was in pharmacy school, the
Defendant was the first person she called for help. The Defendant also was the first person

4
Dr. Walker received her Doctor of Pharmacy degree from the University of Tennessee before
moving to West Tennessee where she works as a pharmacist.

-32-
to make arrangements to get her home and make sure she had money to get home after the
break in. Dr. Walker stated that the Defendant’s primary focus during his incarceration on
this charge was not himself and his situation, but whether she was doing well and whether
her husband was treating her well. She concluded by stating that she felt that the Defendant
receiving a death sentence would not allow her to give back to the Defendant all that he had
given to her up to that point.

The Defendant’s next witness, Patty Aiello, testified that she had lived in Bristol,
Virginia for thirteen years and had known the Defendant since high school. She described
the Defendant as “a good guy,” “somebody that is fun to have around,” a person whose
“always been the life of everything,” a person who “smiles everywhere he goes,” and
“somebody that is always there for you.” She stated that she believed the Defendant was “a
good guy in general” and that he “treat[ed] everybody with respect and very nicely.”
However, she admitted that she knew the Defendant was found guilty as a juvenile in 1996
of concealing merchandise and that he was convicted as an adult in 1997 of possession of
cocaine with the intent to distribute, burglary and the offense of malicious wounding that the
State was using to support one of the aggravating circumstances in this case.5 On cross-
examination, she explained that she knew the victim involved in the malicious wounding
case and that the incident giving rise to that conviction “was a childish fight.” Aiello also
testified during her direct examination that she is good friends with Amanda Fields, that the
Defendant and Fields were also friends, and that she had witnessed herself how kind and
generous the Defendant always had been toward both Fields and Fields’ daughter from a
failed relationship with another man. Aiello told the jury that she had been able to continue
her relationship with the Defendant since he had been incarcerated and wished to continue
to do so.

The Defendant’s next witness, Amanda Fields, testified that she had lived in Bristol,
Virginia her entire life and had known the Defendant since 1991 when she was eleven years
old. Both she and her nine-year-old daughter considered the Defendant and his family as if
they were a part of her own family. She described the Defendant as being “like a brother.”
Fields’ daughter’s father had been “in and out of her life” since their daughter was born and
her daughter considers the Defendant like a stepfather. Fields explained that the Defendant
took it upon himself to be “a positive father figure” to her daughter. The Defendant always
remembered her daughter’s birthday and regularly talked to the child on the phone before his
incarceration. Fields stated that she felt it was important that her daughter had the Defendant

5
The jury was instructed to consider the specific instances of criminal conduct utilized by the State
during its cross-examination of Aiello only in terms of evaluating the credibility of Aiello, not as substantive
evidence of the Defendant’s character.

-33-
in her life as a father figure. Fields believed that the Defendant had made a valuable
contribution to her daughter’s well-being.

On cross-examination, the State established that there were periods of time in Fields’
daughter’s life when the Defendant was absent and unable to see her. However, Fields
testified that during those prior absences the Defendant talked to her daughter on the phone
and kept up with her life through pictures. Fields also stated that while the Defendant was
incarcerated for this offense he spoke with her daughter on the phone a few times. She
admitted that her daughter had not visited the Defendant at the jail. Fields also stated that
the Defendant continued to be the kind of father figure she wanted for her daughter despite
the events that gave rise to this case.

Mitzi Rebecca Young testified that she lived in Bristol, Virginia and had known the
Defendant since she was eleven years old. She testified that the Defendant had “loaned” her
$1,000.00 to be used toward the down payment on her house, but refused to allow her to pay
him back when she had the money to do so. She also explained how the Defendant helped
her mother pay her bills when her mother got laid off and also helped her mother with yard
work and things around her house. Young described the Defendant as “very generous” and
“a good friend” to her and her family.

Reverend Willis A. Johnson, the pastor of the Bay Street Baptist Church in Bristol,
Tennessee, testified that the Defendant attended the church regularly with his family since
he was about three or four years old. Rev. Johnson further testified that one of the
Defendant’s sons attended the daycare center at the church. Rev. Johnson described the
Defendant’s son as “the greatest little guy you ever want to see” and expressed concern about
the child’s ability “somewhere in his lifetime to have some kind of relationship, if he wanted
to, with his daddy.” Rev. Johnson stated that it did not matter whether the Defendant was
incarcerated for that relationship to be beneficial because a “[f]ather is a father.”

Natasha Michelle Pender testified that she and the Defendant have a two-year-old son
together. Pender described and shared with the jury various enlarged photographs of the
Defendant with their son.6 Pender admitted that her son’s contact with the Defendant was
limited because her son was born in September of 2004, only three months before the
shooting giving rise to this case. However, she stated that when the Defendant was able to
spend time with their son he “was real attentive” and actively assisted in taking care of the
boy when he was an infant. Pender testified that the Defendant continued to write letters to
their son from jail and send him drawings that Pender had framed in the boy’s room. Pender
explained that a death sentence for the Defendant would be devastating to both her and her

6
The photographs shown to the jury were not included in the record.

-34-
son because she needs the Defendant to help her teach their son how to be a man. She
clarified on cross-examination that she feels the Defendant, given his experiences in life up
to that point including the shooting of Officer Vance, could help teach their son what to
avoid in life.

The Defendant’s next witness, Linda Sensabaugh, is the mother of Dr. Walker. She
is the Defendant’s second cousin and has known him all of his life. The Defendant grew up
in the same neighborhood in which her family lived. The Defendant and his siblings would
often spend the night at her house and her children would similarly spend the night at the
Defendant’s mother’s house. From those experiences with the Defendant, Sensabaugh
explained that the Defendant often took the blame for the misdeeds of the other children and
would cry along with them if they got punished for something. She described the Defendant
as a “very helpful young man” toward her daughter when she was in school, calling her when
she was away at college and encouraging her to keep up with her studies. Sensabaugh also
stated that the Defendant would often ask her what he could do to help make sure her
daughter achieved her goal of becoming a pharmacist. She also recalled in her testimony the
day her nephew got upset at his birthday party when he did not get a scooter as a gift. She
explained that the Defendant went out that day “and spent his last penny to buy that child a
Razor Scooter.” Sensabaugh stated that the boy has looked up to the Defendant ever since.

The last witness for the defense at sentencing, Kimberly Delaney, testified that she
and the Defendant have a three-year-old son together. Delaney described and shared with
the jury various enlarged photographs of the Defendant with their son.7 She also shared with
the jury a photograph taken of the Defendant at the co-ed baby shower they had before their
son was born, a photograph of the Defendant in a hospital room with Delaney just prior to
the birth of their son, and a photograph of the Defendant and their son at his first Easter.
Delaney also shared with the jury a Valentine’s Day card the Defendant sent her during his
pretrial incarceration telling her how much he meant to her as well as a birthday card the
Defendant sent to their son for his second birthday. Delaney testified that the Defendant was
“always . . . a very genuine father to [their son]” and was “always . . . very active in his life
whether it was coming to pick him up, him staying with [the Defendant], you know, buying
formula, diapers, money for day care.” Delaney and her son visited the Defendant in jail
almost every Saturday since his arrest because she felt such visits were “crucial” for her
child. She testified that she believed it was important for her son to know and have a
relationship with his father, even if the Defendant was incarcerated for most of his life. She
stated that the effect on her son of the Defendant being executed obviously would be “very
dramatic.”

7
The photographs shown to the jury were not included in the record.

-35-
Following the presentation of Delaney’s testimony, the defense rested its case. The
jury later returned its verdict finding the presence of the two noticed statutory aggravating
circumstances, finding that these aggravating circumstances outweighed the presence of any
mitigating circumstances, and finding that death was the appropriate punishment.

ANALYSIS

I. Sufficiency of the Evidence

The Defendant argues that the evidence presented by the State during the guilt phase
was insufficient to support his conviction for first degree premeditated murder.8 Specifically,
the Defendant asserts that the evidence did not establish beyond a reasonable doubt that the
killing of Officer Vance was premeditated. The Defendant argues that the evidence
established that he was “in a state of irrational rage” when he shot Officer Vance, not that
the shooting was the result of “the cool, deliberate judgment required by the element of
premeditation.”

The standard of review applicable to the Defendant’s challenge to the sufficiency of
the evidence presented during the guilt phase of this trial is “whether, after viewing the
evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have
found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia,
443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979) (emphasis in original); State v. Majors, 318 S.W.3d 850, 857
(Tenn. 2010). “In making this determination, we afford the prosecution the strongest
legitimate view of the evidence as well as all reasonable and legitimate inferences which may
be drawn therefrom.” Majors, 318 S.W.3d at 857; see also State v. Cole, 155 S.W.3d 885,
897 (Tenn. 2005); State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn. 1997). The presumption on
appeal is that the jury resolved in favor of the prosecution all issues concerning witness
credibility, conflicts in the testimony, and the weight and value to be given to the evidence
and drew all reasonable inferences from the evidence in favor of the State. See Majors, 318
S.W.3d at 857; Cole, 155 S.W.3d at 897; Bland, 958 S.W.2d at 659; State v. Sheffield, 676
S.W.2d 542, 547 (Tenn. 1984); State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978).
Because the jury’s verdict of guilt removes the presumption of innocence and replaces it with
a presumption of guilt, the Defendant bears the burden on appeal of demonstrating why the
evidence is insufficient to support the verdict. See Majors, 318 S.W.3d at 857; Cole, 155
S.W.3d at 897; Bland, 958 S.W.2d at 659; State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn.
1982).

8
The Defendant presented no evidence at the guilt phase of the trial other than through cross-
examination of the State’s witnesses.

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The Defendant was convicted of first degree premeditated murder. In order to
establish that the Defendant was guilty of this offense, the State had to prove beyond a
reasonable doubt that the Defendant committed a “premeditated and intentional killing of
another.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-202(a)(1) (2006). A premeditated killing is one
committed “after the exercise of reflection and judgment.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-202(d)
(2006). As the statute explains,

“Premeditation” means that the intent to kill must have been formed prior to
the act itself. It is not necessary that the purpose to kill pre-exist in the mind
of the accused for any definite period of time. The mental state of the accused
at the time the accused allegedly decided to kill must be carefully considered
in order to determine whether the accused was sufficiently free from
excitement and passion as to be capable of premeditation.

Id. Thus, premeditation simply is the process “of thinking about a proposed killing before
engaging in the homicidal conduct.” State v. Brown, 836 S.W.2d 530, 541 (Tenn. 1992).
“No specific period of time need elapse between the defendant’s formulation of the design
to kill and the execution of that plan.” Id. at 543.

The presence of premeditation is a question of fact for the jury to determine based
upon a consideration of all the evidence. See State v. Suttles, 30 S.W.3d 252, 261 (Tenn.
2000). Several factors may be considered by the jury in determining the presence of
premeditation, including: “use of a deadly weapon on an unarmed individual; the particular
cruelty of the killing; the defendant’s threats or declarations of intent to kill; the defendant’s
procurement of a weapon; making preparations to conceal the crime before the crime is
committed; destruction or secretion of evidence of the killing; and a defendant’s calmness
immediately after the killing.” State v. Thacker, 164 S.W.3d 208, 222 (Tenn. 2005); see also
State v. Leach, 148 S.W.3d 42, 54 (Tenn. 2004); State v. Davidson, 121 S.W.3d 600, 615
(Tenn. 2003); Bland, 958 S.W.2d at 660. In addition, the jury may also infer premeditation
from the evidence establishing a motive for the killing. See Thacker, 164 S.W.3d at 222;
Leach, 148 S.W.3d at 54; State v. Sims, 45 S.W.3d 1, 8 (Tenn. 2001); State v. Nesbit, 978
S.W.2d 872, 898 (Tenn. 1998).

The State argues that when the evidence properly is viewed in the light most favorable
to the prosecution, it supports the jury’s finding that the Defendant formed the intent to kill
another before fatally shooting Officer Vance. As the State asserts in its brief, the evidence
presented at trial established that the Defendant went to the Mitchell residence on the evening
of November 27, 2004, armed with two weapons, because he was angry at B.M. for refusing
to have an abortion and feared that B.M.’s father would have the Defendant arrested on
statutory rape charges upon learning that the Defendant had impregnated seventeen-year-old

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B.M. Upon learning that police had been called and were on their way to the residence, the
Defendant was heard by three separate witnesses—B.M., T.M. and Clark—to have said that
he would “shoot in the face” the first person who walked through the door of the residence,
whether it was B.M.’s father or a police officer. Those same three witnesses also heard the
Defendant state before the police arrived on the scene that if he was going to prison, it was
going to be for murder and not for statutory rape. The evidence presented at trial
demonstrates that the Defendant then executed his plan by shooting Officer Vance in the face
as he entered the residence and before the officer could draw a weapon. After shooting
Officer Vance, the Defendant stated, “I’m out,” placed the weapon on the stairs leading to
the front door, and walked out of the residence. Once outside the residence, the Defendant
admitted to having shot Officer Vance and advised the other responding officers, while
laughing, that Officer Vance was dead. The Defendant also attempted through phone calls
from the jail to his sister to conceal the severity of his offense by instructing her to have
McMorris, and then directly instructing McMorris, to tell the Defendant’s attorney that
Officer Vance drew his weapon first.

From all of this proof, a rational jury could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that
the Defendant killed Officer Vance intentionally and with premeditation. While the evidence
shows that the Defendant was agitated when he arrived at the Mitchell residence and may
have even made his statements of intent about shooting an officer while in an agitated state,
it was for the jury to decide whether the Defendant’s level of agitation prevented him from
forming the requisite intent to commit first degree premeditated murder. The jury made that
determination based upon the facts presented and the evidence supports the jury’s conclusion.
See State v. Bullington, 532 S.W.2d 556, 559 (Tenn. 1976) (holding that if the intent to kill
is formed with premeditation, it is irrelevant whether the defendant may have been in a “heat
of passion” when the premeditated intent to kill was carried into effect). Accordingly, we
conclude that the evidence was sufficient to sustain the Defendant’s conviction for first
degree premeditated murder.

II. Constitutionality of Tennessee’s Death Penalty Statute

The Defendant argues that the trial court erred in denying his pretrial motion to
dismiss the indictment on grounds that Tennessee’s death penalty statute violates article I,
section 19 and other related provisions of the Tennessee Constitution.9 Specifically, the

9
The State asserts in its brief that the Defendant also has challenged in this appeal the
constitutionality of Tennessee’s death penalty statute on grounds that the imposition of the death penalty is
per se cruel and unusual punishment under both the Eighth Amendment of the United States Constitution and
article I, section 16 of the Tennessee Constitution. However, the Defendant’s brief contains no such
(continued...)

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Defendant argues that the statute violates the Tennessee Constitution by mandating that a
jury must impose death upon finding that the aggravating circumstances proven by the State
outweigh all mitigating circumstances. The Defendant argues that the mandatory language
of the statute “constitutes a legislative usurpation of the jury’s duty to decide the appropriate
punishment to be imposed in individual cases.” The Defendant further argues that the
mandatory nature of the statute also misleads the jury as to its responsibilities and duties in
a capital sentencing hearing. The State contends that the trial court properly denied the
pretrial motion to dismiss because the argument presented in the motion has been considered
and rejected by our supreme court. We agree.

As the supreme court explained in State v. Black, 815 S.W.2d 166 (Tenn. 1991),
article I, section 19 of the Tennessee Constitution “guarantees freedom of speech and of the
press.” Id. at 185. The last clause of the final sentence of this constitutional provision
requires that “in all indictments for libel, the jury shall have a right to determine the law and
the facts, under the direction of the court, as in other criminal cases.” Tenn. Const. Art. I,
§ 19. After analyzing the origin of this provision and its historical significance, see Black,
815 S.W.2d at 185-86, the supreme court in Black held that the last clause of the final
sentence of this constitutional provision “was not meant to and does not effect the sentencing
and punishment of criminal defendants.” Id. at 187; see also State v. Reid, 164 S.W.3d 286,
335 (Tenn. 2005) (appendix); State v. Van Tran, 864 S.W.2d 465, 481 (Tenn. 1993).
Accordingly, this issue is without merit.

III. Constitutionality of Exclusion of Jurors Based on Views on the Death Penalty

The Defendant argues that the trial court erred in denying his pretrial motion in which
he sought to preclude the removal for cause during jury selection of any prospective jurors
who expressed religious, moral or philosophical opposition to the death penalty under any
circumstances. We agree with the State’s position on appeal that the trial court properly
rejected the Defendant’s blanket constitutional challenges to the exclusion of jurors for cause
whose views on the death penalty would have prevented them from discharging their duties
as jurors in this capital case.

In his brief, Defendant concedes that it is permissible under the United States
Constitution to exclude jurors for cause in a capital case if their views on capital punishment
would prevent them from imposing the death penalty in a particular case in accordance with

9
(...continued)
challenge. Even if the Defendant were raising this argument in this appeal, the State is correct that it has
been considered and rejected by our supreme court many times. See State v. Howell, 868 S.W.2d 238, 258
(Tenn. 1993) (collecting cases).

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the law and the facts presented. However, the Defendant argues that article I, sections 6 and
19 of the Tennessee Constitution prohibit an otherwise qualified juror from being excluded
from jury service based solely on his or her opposition to the death penalty. The Defendant
also argues that the supreme court in State v. Harrington, 627 S.W.2d 345 (Tenn. 1981), held
that jurors should not be excluded for cause simply because they have expressed reservations
about or opposition to the death penalty. The Defendant then argues, despite his initial
concession to the contrary, that the exclusion of jurors based upon their opposition to the
death penalty infringes upon the right to an impartial jury drawn from a fair cross-section of
the community as guaranteed by Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States
Constitution as well as comparable provisions in the Tennessee Constitution.

It should be noted that the Defendant’s only challenge here is to the process of “death
qualifying” a jury in a capital case according to the standards set forth in Witherspoon v.
Illinois, 391 U.S. 510 (1968), and Wainwright v. Witt, 469 U.S. 412 (1985). The Defendant
references in his brief the exclusion for cause in his case of three prospective jurors—Penny
Hawk, Barbara Semones and Robert Hill—based upon their views on the death penalty.
However, the Defendant does not argue that the trial court improperly applied the standards
set forth in Witherspoon and Witt in excusing these particular jurors for cause. In fact, the
argument presented by the defense in response to the prosecutor’s motion to exclude these
jurors for cause was not that these jurors could set aside their personal beliefs and be open
to the possibility of the death penalty in a particular case after considering both the facts and
the law as presented to them in court. Instead, defense counsel argued that “excusing jurors
who have conscientious objections to the death penalty excludes otherwise qualified
members of the jury pool” and “deprives the Defendant of due process and equal protection
under the law.” In other words, defense counsel’s argument is that the process of “death
qualifying” a jury is unconstitutional under both the federal and state constitutions and the
cause excusals cited by counsel in support of this issue reinforce the limited scope of this
issue on appeal.10

In Uttecht v. Brown, 551 U.S. 1 (2007), a case decided only a few months after the

10
A review of the answers given during voir dire by prospective jurors Hawk, Semones and Hill
indicates that all three properly were excused for cause because they stated unequivocally that their personal
beliefs prevented them from voting to impose the death penalty as punishment for a crime under any
circumstances. We note that the lack of record citations in the brief to any other cause excusals of
prospective jurors based upon their views on the death penalty waives any argument that prospective jurors,
other than jurors Hawk, Semones and Hill, may have been excused for cause in error. See Tenn. R. App. P.
27(a)(7)(A) (requiring argument to contain “citations to the authorities and appropriate references to the
record”) (emphasis added); Tenn. Ct. Crim. App. R. 10(b) (“Issues which are not supported by argument,
citation to authorities, or appropriate references to the record will be treated as waived in this court.”)
(emphasis added); see also State v. Schaller, 975 S.W.2d 313, 318 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997).

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Defendant’s trial, the United States Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the process
of “death qualifying” a jury in a capital case in accordance with the standards set forth in
Witherspoon and Witt. See id. at 5-9. As the Supreme Court explained in Uttecht,
Witherspoon and Witt establish “at least four principles of relevance here”:

First, a criminal defendant has the right to an impartial jury drawn from
a venire that has not been tilted in favor of capital punishment by selective
prosecutorial challenges for cause. Second, the State has a strong interest in
having jurors who are able to apply capital punishment within the framework
state law prescribes. Third, to balance these interests, a juror who is
substantially impaired in his or her ability to impose the death penalty under
the state-law framework can be excused for cause; but if the juror is not
substantially impaired, removal for cause is impermissible. Fourth, in
determining whether the removal of a potential juror would vindicate the
State’s interest without violating the defendant’s right, the trial court makes a
judgment based in part on the demeanor of the juror, a judgment owed
deference by reviewing courts.

Uttecht, 551 U.S. at 9 (internal citations to Witherspoon and Witt omitted). Our supreme
court also has repeatedly rejected state and federal constitutional challenges to the process
of “death qualification,” including those raised by the Defendant in this case. See, e.g., State
v. Reid, 91 S.W.3d 247, 289-90 (Tenn. 2002) (rejecting state constitutional challenge to
removal for cause of prospective jurors who oppose the imposition of the death penalty
because of “sincerely held” religious, moral or philosophical beliefs); State v. Hall, 958
S.W.2d 679, 717 (Tenn. 1997) (appendix) (rejecting claim that the manner of selecting
“death qualified” jurors unconstitutionally results in juries that are prone to conviction);
State v. Jones, 789 S.W.2d 545, 547 (Tenn. 1990) (rejecting claim that “death qualification”
of jury violated the Sixth Amendment by depriving the defendant of a fair and impartial
jury). Moreover, as the State points out in its brief, the Defendant’s reliance on Harrington
is misplaced as it is no longer good law for the proposition for which it was cited. See State
v. Alley, 776 S.W.2d 506, 518 (Tenn. 1989) (“Harrington was decided four years before
Wainwright and on the juror bias issue is no longer of precedential value.”). Accordingly,
this issue is without merit.

IV. Admissibility of Videotape of Defendant

The Defendant argues that the trial court erred in denying his pretrial motion in limine
in which he sought to prevent the State from introducing into evidence at trial the videotape
containing statements by the Defendant immediately after his arrest while he was seated in
the back of Officer Daniel Graham’s patrol unit. The Defendant argues that his statements

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on the videotape were not relevant to any of the issues being tried and that, alternatively, the
probative value of the statements was far outweighed by their prejudicial effect. See Tenn.
R. Evid. 403.11

The State contends that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the
videotape into evidence because the Defendant’s recorded statements were relevant as both
a confession and corroborative evidence of the Defendant’s motive for the murder, i.e., that
if he was going to be sent to prison, it would be for murder and not for statutory rape. The
State argues that the statements made by the Defendant on the videotape were extremely
probative of the Defendant’s state of mind when he shot Officer Vance and that this
probative value far outweighed any prejudicial impact the statements made have had on the
jury.

It is within the trial court’s discretion to determine the admissibility of photographic
or videotape evidence and this court will not disturb such a decision on appeal absent a clear
showing of an abuse of that discretion. See State v. Reid, 213 S.W.3d 792, 840 (Tenn. 2006)
(appendix); State v. Carruthers, 35 S.W.3d 516, 576 (Tenn. 2000) (appendix); State v. Banks,
564 S.W.2d 947, 949 (Tenn. 1978). Evidence is relevant if it has “any tendency to make the
existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable
or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” Tenn. R. Evid. 401. However,
relevant evidence “may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the
danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by
considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative
evidence.” Tenn. R. Evid. 403. “Of course, simply because evidence is prejudicial does not
mean the evidence must be excluded as a matter of law.” Carruthers, 35 S.W.3d at 577; see
also Reid, 213 S.W.3d at 840. Relevant evidence need only be excluded under Rule 403 if

11
We decline to consider because it has been waived the Defendant’s argument that the videotape
constituted improper evidence of the Defendant’s bad character and therefore was inadmissible pursuant to
Rule 404 of the Rules of Evidence. As the State asserts in its brief, this argument is raised for the first time
in this appeal. The Defendant did not assert this argument as a basis for the inadmissibility of the videotape
in either his motion in limine or his motion for new trial. It is well-settled that a defendant cannot change
on appeal his or her theory regarding the inadmissibility of evidence from what was asserted as the basis for
objection in the trial court. See State v. Dooley, 29 S.W.3d 542, 549 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2000). “Such action
constitutes waiver of the issue.” Id.
We also interpret the Defendant’s appellate challenge to the statements on the videotape as being
directed only at the first thirteen minutes and thirty-eight seconds of the tape introduced by the State.
Defense counsel made a tatical decision during his cross-examination of Agent Pritchard to have the
remainder of the videotape played for the judge pursuant to the “rule of completeness.” Tenn. R. Evid. 106.
As such, he may not now challenge on appeal the admission of that portion of the videotape heard by the jury
only at defense counsel’s request. See, e.g., State v. Jerry Breeding, No. M2001-00043-CCA-R3-CD, slip
op. at 9 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Nashville, Jan. 25, 2002), perm. app. denied, (Tenn. May 6, 2002).

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it has “[a]n undue tendency to suggest decision on an improper basis, commonly, though not
necessarily, an emotional one.” Banks, 564 S.W.2d at 951.

In this case, we agree with the State that the statements from the Defendant that can
be heard on the videotape made immediately after his arrest were clearly relevant and
perhaps the best evidence of his state of mind at the time he shot Officer Vance. The primary
issue in this case was not whether a homicide occurred or whether the Defendant committed
it. Instead, the primary issue in this case was whether the Defendant formed the intent to kill
Officer Vance prior to the homicide and therefore committed first degree premeditated
murder. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-202(a)(1) (2006). On that crucial element, the
statements by the Defendant on the videotape were very relevant.

During the videotape, the Defendant can be heard posturing about his total lack of
remorse for having shot Officer Vance and apathy about the consequences of his actions.
Specifically, while laughing, the Defendant makes clear that he is ambivalent about facing
a death sentence for the murder of Officer Vance (“It ain’t nothing but a — it ain’t nothing
but clean sheets or maybe the electric chair. I’ll be all right. . . . That don’t scare me. You
can — you can do it right now. It don’t scare me, cop.”) and that the shooting itself was
nothing but a “game” to him. The Defendant also can be heard laughing while bragging
about how Officer Vance’s training did not prepare him for what happened. Finally, the
Defendant describes his shooting of Officer Vance as having shown the officer “how it feels
when you take [someone’s] life away” by sending that person to jail.

These statements made by the Defendant on the videotape can be interpreted as
confirmation by him that his shooting of Officer Vance was a follow-through on the threat
made to B.M. that he would “shoot in the face” the first person who walked through the door
of the residence because, if he were going to be sent to prison, it would be for murder and
not for statutory rape. To the extent the statements made by the Defendant on the videotape
are prejudicial, it is because they are so inculpatory on the issue of intent. Most relevant
evidence introduced by the State during a murder trial will be prejudicial to the defendant.
Rule 403 is directed to evidence that inflames the jury or appeals improperly to the jury’s
emotions. The challenged videotape was prejudicial to the Defendant only because it was
so probative of the Defendant’s state of mind at the time he shot Officer Vance. There is
nothing about the statements made by the Defendant on the videotape that would have any
tendency to improperly inflame the jury or appeal to the jury’s emotions in reaching a verdict.
As such, the Defendant’s argument that the videotape should have been excluded pursuant
to Rule 403 is without merit. However, even if we were to conclude that the trial court erred
in admitting the videotape into evidence, any such error would have been harmless given the
strength of the testimony from other witnesses regarding the Defendant’s statements of intent
immediately prior to the shooting. See Tenn. R. App. P. 36(b) (“A final judgment from

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which relief is available and otherwise appropriate shall not be set aside unless, considering
the whole record, error involving a substantial right more probably than not affected the
judgment or would result in prejudice to the judicial process.”). Accordingly, this issue is
without merit.

V. Failure to Require Presentation of Mental Health Mitigation

The Defendant argues that the trial court erred in failing to direct defense counsel to
present mental health mitigation during the penalty phase, despite the Defendant’s objection
to and affirmative waiver of the presentation of such evidence. The Defendant alternatively
argues that, even if the trial court properly allowed defense counsel not to present mental
health mitigation, the trial court erred in not calling as its own witnesses those mental health
professionals who could have presented mental health mitigation evidence to the sentencing
jury. Citing to Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586 (1978), the Defendant asserts that
consideration by a capital sentencing jury of all available mitigation evidence is
constitutionally required and therefore the penalty phase of his trial should not have gone
forward without the presentation of mental health mitigation notwithstanding the Defendant’s
objection to and waiver of the presentation of such evidence.

The State responds to this issue on appeal by arguing that the propriety of allowing
a competent capital defendant to waive the presentation of mitigating evidence during the
sentencing phase of a capital trial

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/1047207. Public record. Not legal advice.