# John Joseph Tworog

> United States Bankruptcy Court, D. Rhode Island · January 20, 2023

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10462037

## Case

- **Court:** United States Bankruptcy Court, D. Rhode Island
- **Decided:** January 20, 2023
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10462037

## Opinion text

DISTRICT OF RHODE ISLAND

In re: John J. Tworog, BK No. 18-11752
Debtor Chapter 7
______________________________________________________________________________

John J. Tworog,
Plaintiff,

v. A.P. No. 20-01008

William Burke,
Defendant.

DECISION AND ORDER ON MOTION TO REOPEN CASE TO
AMEND SCHEDULES AND TO RECONSIDER ORDER

Before the Court is plaintiff/debtor John J. Tworog’s Motion to Reopen Bankruptcy
Petition and Amend Schedules (“Motion to Reopen”) (BK No. 18-11752, Doc. #209) and
Motion to Reconsider Order (“Motion to Reconsider”) (A.P. No. 20-01008, Doc. #225)1 filed on
October 17, 2022, invoking Bankruptcy Rule 5010 for the Motion to Reopen and Bankruptcy
Rule 9024 for the Motion to Reconsider (collectively the “Motions”).2
This adversary proceeding arises out of the vexatious divorce proceedings between Mr.
Tworog and his former, now deceased, wife Dolores Tworog (“Dolores”). The defendant
William Burke is an attorney who represented Dolores at some point during the divorce
proceedings before the Rhode Island Family Court (“Family Court”). Mr. Tworog, a former

1 Although these are two separate motions, they were filed as one document. Further, several documents, identical in
substance and form, have been docketed in both the present adversary proceeding and the underlying bankruptcy
case which was closed some time ago. Unless otherwise necessary, citations will be to the relevant docket entries in
the adversary proceeding.

2 Unless otherwise indicated, the terms “Bankruptcy Code,” “section” and “§” refer to Title 11 of the United States
Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101, et seq. Reference to “Bankruptcy Rule” shall mean the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy
Procedure. Reference to “Rule” shall mean the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
lawyer, is appearing pro se in this adversary proceeding. This is his second attempt to get the
Court to reconsider its May 14, 2021 decision and order denying the bulk of Mr. Tworog’s first
motion to amend the complaint commencing this proceeding (“May 2021 Decision,” Doc. #73).
It is also his second try at reopening his bankruptcy case in an effort to end-run that decision.

(See BK No. 18-11752, Doc. #199). Once again the Motions fail.
Mr. Burke filed an initial objection to the Motions (Doc. #227), and later, as directed by
the Court, supplemented his objection with a more detailed memorandum (Doc. #251).
After reviewing the Motions and the various related filings, the Court concludes that the
Motion to Reconsider must be denied for reasons that will be explained in detail. As a corollary,
the Motion to Reopen to amend schedules to assert an alleged stay violation claim against Mr.
Burke dating back to 2013 also must be denied as futile.
I. Procedural History3

The relevant procedural history of this bankruptcy case and the adversary proceeding
bears heavily in the Court’s consideration of the Motions. Accordingly, a rather lengthy
discussion of the same is provided. During the last 10 years, Mr. Tworog has filed five separate
bankruptcy cases before this Court.4 Relevant to the present proceeding is Mr. Tworog’s 2013
bankruptcy case, during which this Court determined that the automatic stay under § 362(a) was
in effect and halted, at least temporarily, the Family Court’s adjudication of a contested matter
during the divorce proceedings. (See BK No. 13-12130, Doc. #13). That case was short-lived and
dismissed for failure to file required documents.

3 LeBlanc v. Salem (In re Mailman Steam Carpet Cleaning Corp.), 196 F.3d 1, 8 (1st Cir. 1999) (“The bankruptcy
court appropriately took judicial notice of its own docket[.]”).

4 These cases are BK No. 10-13411; BK No. 11-11808; BK No. 12-11215; BK No. 13-12130; and BK No. 18-
11752 (the present case). With the exception of the present case, these bankruptcy filings were skeletal cases that
were dismissed for failure to file the requisite documents.
On October 23, 2018, Mr. Tworog filed the present bankruptcy case. On Schedule A/B
(listing of assets), he disclosed the following claim: “Suit against Dolores Tworog, William
Burke, and State of RI for Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress.” (BK No. 18-11752, Doc.
#20, ⁋33). Ultimately, Mr. Tworog completed his obligations as a debtor and received his

discharge. Thereafter, he filed a motion under Bankruptcy Code § 522(f) to avoid a judicial lien
in the amount of $50,000, plus accruing interest, awarded to Mr. Burke by the Family Court for
attorney’s fees in connection with a contempt sanction. The lien was recorded against Mr.
Tworog’s personal residence. Solely as a precaution, Mr. Tworog also commenced this
adversary proceeding attacking the lien in the event he was not successful in avoiding it in his
underlying bankruptcy case. Mr. Tworog did indeed prevail and Mr. Burke’s judgment lien was
avoided under § 522(f) as impairing Mr. Tworog’s homestead exemption.
On October 19, 2020, the underlying bankruptcy case was closed as fully administered.
The adversary proceeding remained open for adjudication.
A. Initial Motion to Amend Adversary Complaint5

Seeking continuation of this adversary proceeding to recover funds from Mr. Burke, Mr.
Tworog filed a motion to amend his original complaint. (Doc #26). Through such amendment, he
sought to assert various claims against Mr. Burke, including a claim that Mr. Burke had violated
the automatic stay on an unspecified date while his 2013 bankruptcy case was pending (“2013
Stay Violation Claim”). The motion was devoid of legal citation and adequate factual allegations
to support it, and most significantly, was not accompanied by a proposed amended complaint.
Objecting to the motion, Mr. Burke raised the doctrine of judicial estoppel, arguing that the

5 Mr. Tworog has on multiple other occasions sought to further amend the complaint throughout these proceedings,
but these particular motions do not need to be discussed for purposes of resolving the present Motions before the
Court.
schedules filed in the present bankruptcy case did not disclose the 2013 Stay Violation Claim.
(Doc. #31, ⁋4). In his reply to the objection, Mr. Tworog did not disagree that he failed to list
this claim on his schedules; rather, he argued that he had “outlined” these claims to the chapter 7
trustee at the § 341 meeting of creditors. (Doc. #43, ⁋9).

After the motion to amend the complaint was denied without prejudice, Mr. Tworog filed
a proposed amended complaint describing several claims against Mr. Burke, among them, the
alleged 2013 Stay Violation Claim. (Doc. #64, ⁋11). Supplementing his original objection, Mr.
Burke again argued that Mr. Tworog “failed to disclose any potential claim against Mr. Burke on
his Bankruptcy schedules[.]” (Doc. #70, ⁋5). Although he filed a reply, Mr. Tworog once again
did not refute the charge that he failed to list the claim on his schedules. (Doc. #71, ⁋18).
B. May 2021 Decision
In its decision and order entered on May 14, 2021, the Court permitted Mr. Tworog to
amend the complaint only as to a claim against Mr. Burke for a stay violation that allegedly
occurred during the present case in October 2018 (“2018 Stay Violation Claim”). Relevant to the

current Motions before the Court, the amendment of the complaint to pursue the 2013 Stay
Violation Claim was denied as futile because it is a prepetition claim that was not disclosed on
the 2018 bankruptcy schedules. Consequently, the Court determined, among other reasons, that
Mr. Tworog is judicially estopped from pursuing that claim in this adversary proceeding.
(Doc. #73, p. 8).6
C. First Motion for Reconsideration
Obviously dissatisfied with the Court’s ruling, on May 28, 2021, Mr. Tworog filed his
first motion to reconsider the May 2021 Decision (Doc. #80), as well as another motion to amend

6 A trial on the 2018 Stay Violation Claim was held in June of 2022. For reasons not pertinent here, the Court’s
ruling on that claim has been held in abeyance due to other pending post-trial motions filed by Mr. Tworog.
and make additional findings (Doc. #81). The substance of both motions were identical and they
simply stated in their entirety:
1. The Plaintiff states that the Court made various errors of fact and
law in its decision.
2. Mr. Tworog notes the Court cited 46 cases in the decision that were
not mentioned by the attorney for the Defendant.
3. The debtor requests the Court give him a reasonable amount of time
to produce a memo to go along with this motion.

The Court denied both motions, primarily for failure to “establish a manifest error of law
or fact or to present newly discovered evidence that warrants” alteration of the May 2021
Decision. See In re Witkowski, 523 B.R. 300, 308 (B.A.P. 1st Cir. 2014) (denying a Rule 59(e)
motion because it was “a bare bones motion, devoid of factual or legal support”). (Doc. #89,
p. 4).
D. First Motion to Reopen Bankruptcy Petition to Amend Schedules
On June 21, 2022, over one year after the Court’s May 2021 Decision and the day before
the scheduled trial on the 2018 Stay Violation Claim, Mr. Tworog filed an expedited motion to
reopen his bankruptcy case in order to amend his schedules to clearly list the 2013 Stay Violation
Claim. (BK No. 18-11752, Doc. #199). In the motion, Mr. Tworog presented, for the first time to
this court, his argument that his listing of a claim of “intentional infliction of emotional distress”
against Mr. Burke on Schedule A/B is one and the same with the 2013 Stay Violation Claim and
the Court erred in applying the doctrine of judicial estoppel to prevent him from amending the
complaint to assert that claim.
During the day and a half trial, Mr. Tworog attempted to raise the 2013 Stay Violation
Claim addressed in his first motion to reopen. However, he was barred from doing so because the
14-day objection period on that motion had not expired. Mr. Burke timely objected to this first
motion to reopen (BK No. 18-11752, Doc. #200), Mr. Tworog filed a response (BK No. 18-
11752, Doc. #201), and the Court held a hearing on the motion on August 10, 2022. In a bench
decision on the record, the Court denied the first motion to reopen on several grounds, including
that the motion was futile in light of the May 2021 Decision determining that Mr. Tworog was
estopped from pursuing the claim before this Court. (BK No. 18-11752, Doc. #204).

During the hearing Mr. Tworog maintained that he had previously raised the argument
that his scheduling of the “intentional infliction of emotional distress” claim was intended as and
sufficiently described the 2013 Stay Violation Claim. Although the Court had carefully reviewed
the record and advised Mr. Tworog that it could not find this argument asserted in any of his
prior filings, Mr. Tworog was given an opportunity to prove the Court wrong. He was given a
brief period to file a statement informing the Court of the filings or hearings where he had
previously raised this argument. (BK No. 18-11752, Doc. #205). He subsequently filed a
response which failed to provide a citation to either the record or a prior filing in which he had
previously made this argument—that the listing of a claim against Mr. Burke for “intentional
infliction of emotional distress” is the equivalent of listing the 2013 Stay Violation Claim. (BK
No. 18-11752, Doc. #207).7

This finally brings us to the present Motions.
E. The Motion to Reconsider and the Motion to Reopen
On October 17, 2022, Mr. Tworog filed the Motions now before the Court. In the
Motions, he states that he is filing under Bankruptcy Rule 5010 to reopen his bankruptcy case to
amend his schedules to more clearly assert the 2013 Stay Violation Claim. He also refers to

7 In his response he stated: “Mr. Tworog did previously state on many occasions that what he listed on Schedule A/B
of his petition is the same as what Judge Finkle calls his 2013 stay violation claim.” (Doc. #207, ¶11). He did not
support the assertion with any citations to the record. He also referenced the “Statement of Issues on Appeal” he
filed in connection with his appeal of the May 2021 Decision to the United States District Court for the District of
Rhode Island. However, while that statement was filed with the clerk of this Court, as required by Bankruptcy Rule
8009, such statements are transmitted to the clerk of the court where the appeal is pending in accordance with
Bankruptcy Rule 8010 and are not reviewed by this Court.
Bankruptcy Rule 9024 as the legal authority for reconsideration of the May 2021 Decision in
order to assert the 2013 Stay Violation Claim.
In his objections, Mr. Burke argues that Mr. Tworog has failed to show cause to reopen
his underlying bankruptcy case and that Mr. Tworog’s motion seeking reconsideration is

untimely. (Doc. #227; BK No. 18-11752, Doc. #210). Mr. Tworog replied to the objections,
taking issue with what he referred to as “irrelevant” arguments and merely rehashing his prior
arguments. (BK No. 18-11752, Doc. #211). After a hearing on the Motions, the Court ordered
Mr. Burke to submit a memorandum of law in support of his objections. (Doc. #242).
Mr. Burke timely filed his memorandum, contending that the Motion to Reopen must be
denied due to futility and failure to show cause under Bankruptcy Code § 350(b) and that the
Motion to Reconsider was untimely, relying upon Rule 59(e). (Doc. #251).
With the procedural recitations behind us, the Court can now address the merits of the
Motions.
II. Motion to Reconsider

A. Rule 60(b)
Mr. Burke does not explain why he relies upon Rule 59(e), applicable to bankruptcy
proceedings by Bankruptcy Rule 9023, in opposition to the Motion to Reconsider, when the
motion itself references Bankruptcy Rule 9024, which incorporates Rule 60.8 It is clear then that
Mr. Tworog seeks relief from the May 2021 Decision under Rule 60, although he fails to identify
the particular section of Rule 60 he is invoking.

8 Rule 59(e) governs motions to alter or amend a judgment, but requires any such motion to be filed no later than 28
days after the entry of the judgment. In bankruptcy proceedings, that time frame has been reduced to 14 days by
Bankruptcy Rule 9023.
Rule 60(b) provides for relief from a “final judgment, order or proceeding” for six
mutually exclusive reasons. See Klapprott v. United States, 335 U.S. 601, 613-15 (1949). Mr.
Tworog challenges the May 2021 Decision on the basis of legal error by this Court in its
determination that he failed to list his 2013 Stay Violation Claim on his Schedules and is thereby

estopped from asserting the claim in this adversary proceeding. Were Rule 60 the proper
procedural vehicle here, Rule 60(b)(1) would be the controlling subsection—“mistake,
inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect.” See Kemp v. United States, 142 S. Ct. 1856, 1861-
62 (2022) (resolving circuit court split and holding that a judicial error of law lies within the
rubric of “mistake” referenced in Rule 60(b)(1)); Triantos v. Guaetta & Benson, LLC, 52 F.4th
440, 445 (1st Cir. 2022). Under this subsection, the Motion to Reconsider would have to be
summarily denied as untimely. Rule 60(c)(1) establishes a one-year time limit, mandating that
such motions must be brought within one year of the entry of a final judgment or order. The
Motion to Reconsider was filed months after the expiration of the one-year period from the entry
of the May 2021 Decision.

But Rule 60 is not the correct avenue for Mr. Tworog to seek redress, because the May
2021 Decision is not a final order. An order is considered final if it “ends the litigation on the
merits and leaves nothing for the court to do but execute the judgment.” Midland Asphalt Corp.
v. U.S., 489 U.S. 794, 798 (1989) (citation omitted). “The addition of the qualifying word ‘final’
emphasizes the character of the judgments, orders or proceedings from which Rule 60(b) affords
relief; and hence interlocutory judgments are not brought within the restrictions of the rule, but
rather they are left subject to the complete power of the court rendering them to afford such relief
from them as justice requires.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 60, advisory committee’s note to 1946
Amendment, Subdivision (b).
The May 2021 Decision did not end the litigation in the adversary proceeding; far from it.
While Mr. Tworog was not permitted to amend the complaint to add all of his alleged claims
against Mr. Burke, the order did permit him to amend the complaint to assert the 2018 Stay
Violation Claim, which was later tried on its merits. Indeed, Mr. Tworog’s appeal of the May

2021 Decision was dismissed because it was not a final order ripe for appeal. (See Text Order
Dismissing Case, Tworog v. Burke, CV No. 21-00236-JJM-LDA (D.R.I Sept. 28, 2021)).
What then is the appropriate standard by which the Court must assess the Motion to
Reconsider?
B. Reconsideration of an Interlocutory Order
If a motion for reconsideration is untimely under Rule 59(e), and the challenged order is
interlocutory, the applicable standard by which to review the motion is the “interests-of-justice
test.” See IRS v. Murphy, 564 B.R. 96, 111 (D. Me. 2016); Greene v. Union Mut. Life Ins. Co. of
Am., 764 F.2d 19, 22 (1st Cir. 1985) (holding Rule 60(b) inapplicable where the district court
should have dismissed only part of the case and not entered a final judgment, making the

interests-of-justice test the proper standard to assess the motion for reconsideration).
A court applying the interests-of-justice test may, but is not required to, look to a specific
rule of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Compare, e.g., Greene, 764 F.2d at 22
(“[P]laintiff’s motion to reinstate counts . . . should have been viewed as a routine request for
reconsideration of an interlocutory district court decision dismissing portions of a complaint.
Such requests do not necessarily fall within any specific Federal Rule. They rely on ‘the inherent
power of the rendering district court to afford such relief from interlocutory judgments . . . as
justice requires.’”) (citation omitted), with, e.g., Murphy, 564 B.R. at 98 (“[T]he bankruptcy
court . . . acted contrary to law and abused its discretion in failing to consider the IRS’s two
motions for reconsideration under the interests-of-justice test that Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 54(b)9 requires.”).
In deciding a motion for reconsideration under the interests-of-justice test, the Court of
Appeals in United States v. Roberts, 978 F.2d 17, 21-22 (1st Cir. 1992), discusses seven factors a

court may consider: (1) the nature of the case; (2) the degree of untimeliness; (3) the reasons for
the untimeliness; (4) the character of the omission; (5) prejudice to the non-moving party;
(6) judicial economy; and (7) the movant’s likelihood of success, should the court revisit the
interlocutory ruling.
While the Roberts factors may inform an interests-of-justice analysis, no single set of
factors are determinative and the actual factors to weigh are dictated by the unique circumstances
of each individualized case. See Roberts, 978 F.2d at 21 (“Justice is an ideal that defies precise
definition[,]” so that it is “impossible to list a series of integers that will necessarily dominate the
interests-of-justice equation in every case.”); United States v. Siciliano, 578 F.3d 61, 72 (1st Cir.
2009) (“[T]he Roberts factors . . . are neither necessary to determining the interests of justice in

every evaluation of a motion for reconsideration, nor are they particularly appropriate in this
case.”); Ruiz–Rivera v. IRS, 93 Fed. Appx. 244, 246 (1st Cir. 2004) (applying the interests-of-
justice test without the Roberts factors).
C. Analysis Under the Interests-of-Justice Standard
Applying the interests-of-justice test under the present circumstances, the Court finds
these three factors—waiver, delay, and prejudice to the opposing party—weigh heavily against
the relief Mr. Tworog requests.

9 Bankruptcy Rule 7054(a) incorporates Rule 54(a) through (c).
1. Waiver
Although not expressly identified in Roberts, waiver is a factor courts have relied upon in
deciding motions for reconsideration. See Ramirez-Lluveras v. Pagan-Cruz, 833 F. Supp. 2d 182,
190-191 (D.P.R. 2012) (citing DiMarco–Zappa v. Cabanillas, 238 F.3d 25, 33 (1st Cir. 2001))

(stating that failure to raise relevant claims in a timely manner results in waiver of such claims).
When bringing a motion for reconsideration, plaintiffs are not permitted to “introduce new
evidence or advance arguments that could and should have been presented to the district court.”
See Ramirez-Lluveras, 833 F. Supp. 2d at 190 (quoting Aybar v. Crispin–Reyes, 118 F.3d 10, 16
(1st Cir. 1997)). As the Court of Appeals aptly stated in Cochran v. Quest Software, Inc., 328
F.3d 1, 11 (1st Cir. 2003):
Litigation is not a game of hopscotch. It is generally accepted that a
party may not, on a motion for reconsideration, advance a new
argument that could (and should) have been presented prior to the
district court’s original ruling . . . Litigants normally must frame the
issues in a case before the trial court rules. After that point, a litigant
should not be allowed to switch from theory to theory like a bee in
search of honey. Against this backdrop, the district court scarcely
can be said to have abused its discretion in refusing to reconsider its
decision based on the plaintiff’s newly raised argument.

Mr. Burke opposed the first motion to amend the complaint on the grounds that the 2013
Stay Violation Claim was a pre-petition claim not disclosed on the bankruptcy schedules, thus
precluding Mr. Tworog from asserting it by amending his complaint in the adversary proceeding.
In the face if this explicit challenge, Mr. Tworog did not rebut this charge and did not present the
argument that his “intentional infliction of emotional distress” claim was intended to reflect the
2013 Stay Violation Claim.
Simply stated, Mr. Tworog’s Motion to Reconsider “does not provide a vehicle for [him]
to undo [his] own procedural failures . . . or advance arguments that could and should have been
presented” at the time the first motion to amend and objection were before the Court for
determination. Emmanuel v. Intl. Broth. of Teamsters, Loc. Union No. 25, 426 F.3d 416, 422 (1st
Cir. 2005) (citing Aybar, 118 F.3d at 16). Mr. Tworog has thus waived this belated argument.
Under the applicable test, this factor weighs against granting the Motion to Reconsider.
There is another element of waiver here that also undermines the Motion to Reconsider.

Neither in his first motion to reconsider nor the present Motions, or any other filings, has Mr.
Tworog developed this belated argument or provided any legal support for his contention that the
listing of a claim of “intentional infliction of emotional distress” is one and the same with the
2013 Stay Violation Claim. He simply declares it to be so. “It should go without saying that we
deem waived claims not made or claims adverted to in a cursory fashion, unaccompanied by
developed argument. . . . Judges are not mind-readers, so parties must spell out their issues
clearly, highlighting the relevant facts and analyzing on-point authority.” Rodriguez v.
Municipality of San Juan, 659 F.3d 168, 175 (1st Cir. 2011); see also Tejada–Batista v.
Morales, 424 F.3d 97, 103 (1st Cir. 2005) (stating that “[a]n argument not seriously developed”
is waived).

2. Undue Delay
Closely intertwined with the waiver factor is the undue delay in raising the argument Mr.
Tworog now relies upon in the Motion to Reconsider. Mr. Tworog’s delay here does not promote
the interests of justice that would warrant granting the motion. “The length of a supplicant’s
delay is often a key factor in deciding whether to permit a pleading to be filed out of time. The
longer a litigant dawdles, the less incentive exists for a court to reconsider.” Roberts, 978 F.2d at
22.
Throughout the course of this adversary proceeding, Mr. Tworog has had ample
opportunities to raise the argument that the “intentional infliction of emotional distress” claim
listed on Schedule A/B was intended to serve as his 2013 Stay Violation Claim. He failed to raise
this argument: (1) through his initial motion to amend the adversary complaint; (2) in response to
Mr. Burke’s repeated objection that the 2013 Stay Violation Claim was not disclosed on Mr.
Tworog’s bankruptcy schedules; and (3) through his first motion for reconsideration. Instead, he

waited over a year after the entry of the May 2021 Decision to assert this contention obliquely in
his first motion to reopen the bankruptcy case, and only one day before the trial on the merits of
the amended complaint. Further, he waited over 17 months after the issuance of the decision to
assert the argument in the Motions. He provides no excuse or cause for such lengthy delay, and
the Court finds the delay inexcusable.
In short, Mr. Tworog’s lengthy, unexcused delay, and his continual failure to articulate
his arguments with sufficient legal authority, serve as grounds to deny the Motion to Reconsider.
See Wells v. State Manufactured Homes, Inc., No. CIV. 04-169-P-DMC, 2006 WL 120087, at *2
(D. Me. Jan. 12, 2006) (stating that a motion to reconsider providing new arguments and
authority, which could have been brought previously, “cuts against reconsideration”).

3. Prejudice
Prejudice to Mr. Burke by such late assertion of Mr. Tworog’s new argument also weighs
heavily against the Motion to Reconsider. Prejudice may be inferred if any delay may have
threatened to stall a trial, interfered with the non-movant’s defense, or could unfairly injure the
non-movant in the event the motion for reconsideration is granted. See Roberts, 978 F.2d at 23. It
cannot be overemphasized that Mr. Tworog seeks reconsideration relying on an argument that
was raised within 24 hours of the June 22, 2022 trial, at which point the parties had already
litigated several issues, filed a litany of motions, completed the discovery process, and filed
detailed pre-trial statements.10 The Court finds clear prejudice to Mr. Burke beyond the costs he
has incurred to defend against the 2018 Stay Violation Claim, and the significant costs and delay
that he would incur if the Motion to Reconsider were granted and discovery and a separate trial
had to be conducted on the 2013 Stay Violation Claim. That additional prejudice arises because

of Mr. Burke’s compromised physical and mental condition which, at this late stage of the
proceedings, greatly hampers Mr. Burke’s ability to mount an effective defense to this late claim.
Mr. Burke is elderly, and based upon evidence submitted prior to the June 2022 trial, he
suffers from dementia in addition to several other physical ailments. As a result, he was unable to
travel from his retirement home in Arizona to Rhode Island to appear in person for the trial; he
appeared virtually. During the trial the impact of his dementia was clear to the Court; he spoke
fairly slowly, seemed dazed, and at times was confused by the questioning. Given his age and
mental and physical impairments, his medical conditions are likely to worsen and adversely
impact his capacity to withstand further protracted litigation in this adversary proceeding and
competently defend himself at a new trial on the 2013 Stay Violation Claim. Such significant

prejudice to the opposing side is just another factor closing the door on the Motion to
Reconsider.
III. Motion to Reopen
A. Applicable Legal Standards
Bankruptcy Code § 350(b) provides for the reopening of a closed bankruptcy case, stating
that “[a] case may be reopened in the court in which such case was closed to administer assets, to
accord relief to the debtor, or for other cause.” Mr. Tworog, the movant, bears the burden of

10 In addition to the prejudice factor, it is obvious that the interests of judicial economy are not served by the
assertion of this belated ground for reconsideration, which could have been entirely avoided had Mr. Tworog timely
presented his argument when he first sought to amend the complaint, and certainly in response to the challenge that
the 2013 Stay Violation Claim is a pre-petition unscheduled claim.
demonstrating that sufficient cause exists. See Colonial Sur. Co. v. Weizman, 564 F.3d 526, 532
(1st Cir. 2009).
“The decision whether to reopen a bankruptcy case to allow amendment of schedules is
within the sound discretion of the bankruptcy court.” In re Gray, 57 B.R. 927, 929 (Bankr. D.R.I.

1986); see also In re Ludvigsen, BAP No. MB 14-039, 2015 WL 3733193, at *4 (B.A.P. 1st Cir.
2015). Certain factors courts have considered include, “the length of time that the case was
closed; [ . . . ] whether any parties would be prejudiced were the case reopened or not reopened;
[and] the extent of the benefit which the debtor seeks to achieve by reopening.” In re Dalezios,
507 B.R. 54, 59 (Bankr. D. Mass. 2014) (quoting Mass. Dep’t of Rev. v. Crocker (In re Crocker),
362 B.R. 49, 53 (B.A.P. 1st Cir. 2007)). A case should not be reopened “if doing so would be
futile.” Binette v. Bangor Sav. Bank (In re Binette), BAP No. EP 18-015, 2019 WL 1402731, at
*5 (B.A.P. 1st Cir. March 26, 2019). And before reopening a case, a court should determine if
the underlying claim is “likely to be sustained when considered on its merits.” In re Hardy, 209
B.R. 371, 373 (Bankr. E.D.Va. 1997); see also In re Smith, 426 B.R. 435, 440 (E.D.N.Y. 2010).

B. Analysis
Denial of Mr. Tworog’s Motion to Reconsider the May 2021 Decision, including the
determination that Mr. Tworog is estopped from pursuing the 2013 Stay Violation Claim, dooms
the Motion to Reopen. That ruling remains in full force and effect, and Mr. Tworog cannot
circumvent it by reopening his 2018 bankruptcy case to now explicitly list the 2013 Stay
Violation Claim in order to pursue the claim against Mr. Burke in this Court. It would be futile to
reopen the underlying 2018 bankruptcy case. Further, once again Mr. Burke would be
significantly prejudiced by this belated tactic. Mr. Tworog has failed to establish sufficient cause
to reopen his closed 2018 bankruptcy case under 11 U.S.C. § 350(b).
IV. Conclusion
Based upon the foregoing, the Motions are DENIED.

Date: January 20, 2023 By the Court,

________________________
Diane Finkle
U.S. Bankruptcy Judge

---

Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10462037. Public record. Not legal advice.