# Xin v. Zhu

> United States Bankruptcy Court, S.D. New York · August 12, 2022

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10460670

## Case

- **Court:** United States Bankruptcy Court, S.D. New York
- **Decided:** August 12, 2022
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10460670

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- stating that the “claim-processing rules” such as Bankruptcy Rules 4004(a) “afford the debtor an affirmative defense to a complaint filed outside the [time] limits”

## Opinion text

UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT NOT FOR PUBLICATION
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
------------------------------------------------------------------------x
:
In re: : Chapter 7
Heng Li Zhu, :
:
Debtor. : Case No. 19-11870-JLG
------------------------------------------------------------------------x
Jin Zhong Xin and Ruixuan Cui, :
:
Plaintiffs, : Adv. Pro. No. 19-01358-JLG
:
-v- :
:
Heng Li Zhu, :
:
Defendant. :
------------------------------------------------------------------------x

MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFFS’
MOTION TO AMEND FIRST AMENDED COMPLAINT AND
GRANTING DEBTOR’S MOTION TO DISMISS

A P P E A R A N C E S :

TROY LAW, PLLP
Counsel for Plaintiffs
41-25 Kissena Boulevard, Suite 103
Flushing, NY 11355
By: John Troy, Esq.
Aaron B. Schweitzer, Esq.

SHI & ASSOCIATES
Counsel for the Debtor
401 Broadway, Suite 409
New York, New York 10013
By: Edward Miller, Esq.
HON. JAMES L. GARRITY, JR.
U.S. BANKRUPTCY JUDGE
Introduction1

Heng Li Zhu (the “Debtor” or “Defendant”) is a chapter 7 debtor herein. Jin Zhong Xin
and Ruixuan Cui (together, the “Plaintiffs”) are judgment creditors of the Debtor in the aggregate
amount of $127,612.91 (the “Judgment Debt”). The Plaintiffs were awarded the underlying
Judgment in the District Court Action discussed below. In this adversary proceeding, the
Plaintiffs purport to challenge the dischargeability of the Judgment Debt and to seek to deny the
Debtor his bankruptcy discharge. The Troy Law Firm (“Troy Law”) acted as Plaintiffs’ counsel
in the District Court Action and represents them in this adversary proceeding. In the Complaint
they filed to commence this action, the Plaintiffs sought a judgment against the Debtor and an
order of the Court determining that the Judgment Debt is excepted from discharge under section
523(a)(6) of the Bankruptcy Code (the “Section 523(a)(6) Claim”). In their First Amended
Complaint—which is the operative complaint—the Plaintiffs added a claim seeking to deny the
Debtor his discharge pursuant to section 727(a)(4)(A) of the Bankruptcy Code (the “Section
727(a)(4) Claim”).
The Plaintiffs moved pursuant to Rule 15 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (“Rule
15”)2 for leave to file their Proposed Second Amended Complaint (the “Motion to Amend”)3

1 Capitalized terms shall have the meanings ascribed to them herein.
2 Rule 15 is made applicable herein by Rule 7015 of the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure (the
“Bankruptcy Rules”).
3 See Notice of Motion for Leave to File Second Amended Complaint, ECF No. 57; Memorandum of Law in
Support of Motion for Leave to File Second Amended Complaint, ECF No. 58 (“Plaintiffs’ Memo of Law”).
References to “ECF No __” herein are to documents filed on the electronic docket in this adversary proceeding No.
19-01358, unless otherwise indicated. A copy of the Proposed Second Amended Complaint is attached to the
Plaintiffs’ Memo of Law as Exhibit A.
against the Debtor in which they purport to (i) allege a claim for relief against the Debtor
challenging the dischargeability of the Judgment Debt under section 523(a)(2) of the Bankruptcy
Code (the “Section 523(a)(2) Claim”); and (ii) allege additional facts in support of their Section
523(a)(6) Claim and Section 727(a)(4) Claim.4 The Debtor opposes the Motion to Amend and
has moved to dismiss the complaint (the “Opposition” or “Motion to Dismiss”, and together with

the Motion to Amend, the “Motions”))5 pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure (“Rule 12(b)(6)”)6 for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.
For the reasons stated herein, the Court denies Plaintiffs’ Motion to Amend and grants
the Debtor’s Motion to Dismiss.
Jurisdiction

The Court has jurisdiction over this adversary proceeding pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§
157(b)(1) and 1334(b), and the Amended Standing Order of Reference dated January 31, 2012
(Preska, C.J.). This is a core proceeding pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2).
Background

The Debtor and his wife jointly own 1A ROYAL THAI CUISINE & 1A ANAGO
SUSHI INC. d/b/a Anago Sushi Japanese Thai Cuisine (“Anago”) and SUSHI SUKI, INC. d/b/a
Sushi Suki (“Sushi Suki”). They operate Anago as a restaurant under the name Anago Sushi
Japanese Thai Cuisine located at 240 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY and Sushi Suki as a
restaurant under the name Sushi Suki located at 1577 York Avenue, New York, NY 10028. On

4 As filed, the Motion to Amend seeks leave to add Troy Law as a plaintiff in the Second Amended Complaint.
On the record of the July 14, 2022 adjourned hearing on the motion, the Plaintiffs withdrew that request.
5 See Defendant’s Memorandum in Opposition to Plaintiff’s Motion to Amend the Complaint and in Support of
Cross Motion to Dismiss for failure to State a Claim, ECF No. 61.
6 Rule 12(b)(6) is made applicable herein by Bankruptcy Rule 7012.
January 19, 2018, the Plaintiffs commenced an action (the “District Court Action”)7 against the
Debtor, Anago and Sushi Suki and others (collectively, the “District Court Defendants”) in the
United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (the “District Court”) seeking
damages from the District Court Defendants based on their alleged violations of the Fair Labor
Standards Act (“FLSA”) and the New York Labor Law (“NYLL”) in the operation of the

restaurants. In broad strokes, in their complaint in support of the District Court Action (the
“District Court Complaint”),8 the Plaintiffs complained that in violation of the FLSA and NYLL,
the District Court Defendants failed to properly compensate Plaintiffs in accordance with
relevant state and federal laws and failed to provide them with notices and other documents
relating to their jobs called for under applicable laws. As to the former, the Plaintiffs alleged that
at all relevant times, the District Court Defendants knowingly and willfully:
failed to pay Plaintiffs and similarly situated employees at least the New York
minimum wage for each hour worked;

failed to pay Plaintiffs and similarly situated employees their lawful overtime of
one and one-half times (1.5x) their regular rate of pay for all hours worked over
forty (40) in a given workweek;

failed to pay Plaintiffs and similarly situated employees their lawful spread of hours
for workdays that began and ended ten (10) hours apart; and

failed to keep full and accurate records of Plaintiffs’ hours worked and wages paid.

District Court Complaint ¶¶ 41-45. They maintained that the Debtor failed to keep full and
accurate records in order to mitigate liability for wage violations, and that he knew that the
nonpayment of wages for all hours worked and the nonpayment of wages at one and one-half

7 See Jin Zhong Xin and Ruixuan Cui v. 1A Royal Thai Cuisine & 1A Anago Sushi Inc., et al., No. 1:17-cv-
10240-GHW (S.D.N.Y.).
8 See Complaint, Jin Zhong Xin and Ruixuan Cui v. 1A Royal Thai Cuisine & 1A Anago Sushi Inc., et al., No.
1:17-cv-10240-GHW (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 9, 2018), ECF No. 2.
time (1.5x) employees’ regular rates violated state and federal laws and would financially injure
Plaintiffs and similarly situated employees. See id. ¶¶ 46, 49.
They also alleged that at all relevant times, the District Court Defendants failed to post
the required New York State Department of Labor posters regarding minimum wage pay rates,
overtime pay, and pay day. See id. ¶ 50. They asserted that the District Court Defendants:

failed to provide Plaintiffs and similarly situated employees with Time of Hire
Notices in their primary languages reflecting rates of pay and payday as well as
paystubs that listed the employee’s name, the employer’s name, the employer’s
address and telephone number, the employee’s rate or rates of pay, any deductions
made from employees’ wages, any allowances claimed as part of the minimum
wage, and the employee’s gross and net wages for each pay day; and

failed to provide Plaintiffs and similarly situated employees with statements every
payday that accurately listed all of the following: the dates of work covered by that
payment of wages; the employee’s name; the name of the employer; the address
and phone number of the employer; the employee’s rate or rates of pay and basis
thereof; the employee’s gross wages; the employee’s deductions; allowances, if
any, claimed as part of the minimum wage; net wages; the employee’s regular
hourly rate or rates of pay; the employee’s overtime rate or rates of pay; the
employee’s number of regular hours worked, and the employee’s number of
overtime hours worked.

Id. ¶¶ 48-49.
On June 4, 2019, following a jury trial in the District Court Action, the jury (the “Jury”)
returned a verdict in favor of the Plaintiffs against the Debtor and Anago. The verdict did not
establish any liability of Sushi Suki.9 The Jury’s Verdict Forms contain findings of fact relating
to: (i) the period of Plaintiffs’ employment by Anago and the average weekly number of hours

9 Copies of the Verdict Form As To Ruixuan Cui and Verdict Form As To Jin Zhong Xin (together, the “Verdict
Forms”) are annexed as Exhibit 2 and Exhibit 3, respectively, to the First Amended Complaint.
Plaintiffs worked at Anago;10 (ii) the wages paid by the Debtor to the Plaintiffs;11 and (iii) the
Debtor’s failure to provide pay stubs and adequate wage notices to the Plaintiffs.12 The Jury also
found that the Debtor and Anago did not act in good faith when they (a) failed to pay Plaintiffs
the applicable minimum wage, adequate overtime wages and spread of hours pay and (b) failed
to provide adequate pay stubs and wage notices. The District Court calculated the damages

against the Debtor and Anago in light of the Jury’s verdict and entered a judgment against the

10 As relevant, the Jury found:

Plaintiff Ruixuan Cui was employed at Anago between March 1, 2017 and May 10, 2017;

Plaintiff Jin Zhong Xin was employed at Anago between January 30, 2017 and August 13, 2017;

Plaintiffs each worked on average 10.5 hours per day;

Plaintiffs each worked on average six days per week;

Plaintiffs each worked on average 63 hours per week; and

Plaintiffs each worked on average 23 hours overtime per week.
11 As relevant, the Jury found:
Plaintiffs were each paid a flat rate of $1,100 per month, resulting in a regular rate of pay of $6.35
per hour each;

Plaintiffs were each not paid at least the minimum wage by Anago;

Plaintiffs were each not properly compensated for their overtime hours by Anago; and

Plaintiffs were each not properly compensated for his “spread of hours” by Anago.
12 As relevant the Jury found:
Plaintiff Ruixuan Cui was not provided with a full and accurate pay stub each payday for
eight of the ten weeks he was employed by Anago;

Plaintiff Jin Zhong Xin was not provided with a full and accurate pay stub each payday for all
twenty-eight weeks he was employed by Anago.
Debtor and Anago jointly and severally in the aggregate amount of $127,612.91 (the
“Judgment”),13 as follows:
The Judgment awarded Jin Zhong Xin damages in the sum of $54,242.26,
consisting of:

(A) compensatory damages for unpaid wages in the amount of
$17,682; (B) liquidated damages for unpaid wages under the New
York Labor Law in the amount of $17,682; (C) statutory damages
for violation of New York Labor Law § 195 in the amount of
$10,000; and (D) pre-judgment interest calculated at the rate of 9%
per annum and totaling $8,878.26.

See Judgment at 2. The Judgment awarded Ruixuan Cui damages in the sum of
$24,143.61, consisting of

(A) compensatory damages for unpaid wages in the amount of
$6,315; (B) liquidated damages for unpaid wages under the New
York Labor Law in the amount of $6,315; (C) statutory damages for
violation of New York Labor Law § 195 in the amount of $7,400;
and (D) pre-judgment interest calculated at the rate of 9% per annum
and totaling $4,113.61.

See id. The Jury awarded to the Plaintiffs their attorney fees in the amount of
$45,656.45 and costs in the amount of $3,570.59. See id.

On June 6, 2019 (the “Petition Date”), the Debtor filed a voluntary petition for relief
under chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code (the “Bankruptcy Case”) in this Court.14
On June 9, 2020, the Clerk of the Bankruptcy Court (the “Clerk”) sent notices to twenty-
three interested parties, including Troy Law, as Plaintiffs’ counsel in the District Court Action,
setting July 10, 2019, as the first date for the 341(a) Meeting of Creditors. The notice also
advised that the last day to object to the Debtor’s discharge under section 727 of the Bankruptcy

13 See Judgment, Jin Zhong Xin and Ruixuan Cui v. 1A Royal Thai Cuisine & 1A Anago Sushi Inc., et al., No.
1:17-cv-10240-GHW, ECF No. 113. A copy of the Judgment is attached as Exhibit 1 to the First Amended
Complaint.
14 See Official Form 101 Voluntary Petition for Individuals Filing for Bankruptcy, No. 19-11870 (Bankr.
S.D.N.Y. June 6, 2019), ECF No. 1.
Code, or to the dischargeability of particular claims under section 523 of the Bankruptcy Code
was September 9, 2019 (the “Discharge Objection Deadline”).15
On June 10, 2019, Deborah Piazza (the “Chapter 7 Trustee”) was appointed as chapter 7
trustee.
On June 18, 2019, the Plaintiffs filed three proofs of claim in the Bankruptcy Case, as

follows:
Claim 1-1 was filed on behalf of Plaintiff Jin Zhong Xin in the
amount of $54,242.26.

Claim 2-1 was filed on behalf of Plaintiff Ruixuan Cui in the amount
of $24,143.61.

Claim 3-1 was filed on behalf of Troy Law in the amount of
$49,227.04.16

On August 30, 2019, the Debtor, the Chapter 7 Trustee, and the U.S. Trustee entered into
a stipulation (the “Limited Section 727 Stipulation”) extending the Discharge Objection
Deadline for the Chapter 7 Trustee and the U.S. Trustee, to file objections to the Debtor’s
discharge under section 727 to December 10, 2019 (the “Extended Section 727 Objection
Deadline”).17 The Plaintiffs are not parties to the Limited Section 727 Stipulation, or any other

15 See Official Form 309A (For Individuals or Joint Debtors) Notice of Chapter 7 Bankruptcy Case, No. 19-11870
(Bankr. S.D.N.Y. June 10, 2019), ECF No. 4.
16 This case was filed as a no-asset case. On August 15, 2019, the Chapter 7 Trustee filed a letter notifying parties
in interest of a “proposed asset” in this case for distribution to creditors and requesting the Clerk establish a deadline
for filing proofs of claim. See Trustee’s Request for Clerk’s Entry of Notice of Possible Dividends and Request for a
Bar Date, No. 19-11870 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. Aug. 10, 2019), ECF No. 13. That same day, the Clerk established a
deadline of November 18, 2019 to file proofs of claim in this case. See Notice of Possible Payment of Dividends and
of Last Date to File Claims, No. 19-11780 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. Aug. 15, 2019), ECF No. 14. Troy Law has since
withdrawn Claim 3-1. No other creditor filed a proof of claim.
17 See Stipulation and Order Extending Trustee’s and the United States Trustee’s Time to Object to the Debtor’s
Discharge and File a Motion Pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 707, No. 19-11870 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. Aug. 30, 2019), ECF No.
22.
stipulation or agreement extending their deadline to object to the Debtor’s discharge, or to the
dischargeability of their claims, beyond September 9, 2019.
On September 9, 2019, the Discharge Objection Deadline lapsed for all interested parties
other than the Chapter 7 Trustee and the U.S. Trustee.
On September 15, 2019, Troy Law, as counsel to the Plaintiffs, commenced this

adversary proceeding by filing a one-count complaint (the “Complaint”)18 on behalf of the
Plaintiffs against the Debtor. The sole form of relief that the Plaintiffs seek in the bare-bones
Complaint is to except the Judgment Debt from discharge under section 523(a)(6) of the
Bankruptcy Code. See Complaint ¶¶ 8-12.
On September 30, 2019, the Debtor filed an answer to the Complaint, denying all
allegations in the Complaint and asserting various affirmative defenses.19
On December 5, 2019, the Debtor, the Chapter 7 Trustee, and the U.S. Trustee agreed to
further extend the Extended Section 727 Objection Deadline for the Chapter 7 Trustee and the
U.S. Trustee to March 10, 2020.20

On January 13, 2020, the Plaintiffs filed an amended complaint (the “First Amended
Complaint”)21 that adds the Section 727(a)(4) Claim to the Section 523(a)(6) Claim alleged in
the Complaint. See First Amended Complaint ¶¶ 13-20. In part, in support of the First Amended
Complaint, the Plaintiffs allege that:

18 See Complaint Objecting to Dischargeability of Debt Pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6), ECF No. 1.
19 See Verified Answer, ECF No. 3 (the “Answer”).
20 See Stipulation and Order Further Extending Trustee’s and the United States Trustee’s Time to Object to the
Debtor’s Discharge, No. 19-11870 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. Dec. 5, 2019), ECF No. 29.
21 See First Amended Complaint Objecting to Dischargeability of Debt Pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6), §
727(A)(4)(A), ECF No. 12.
(i) Defendant misrepresented his ownership value in Anago when he
disclosed in his schedules that the value of his 50% interest in Anago is
$0.00, which the Plaintiffs contend is “not possible for a corporation that
is still active, and the restaurant is still operating.” See First Amended
Complaint ¶ 15-16.

(ii) Defendant failed to disclose his ownership of Sushi Suki. See id. ¶¶ 17-18;
see also id. Ex. 4.

(iii) Defendant had a practice of paying Anago’s employees, including
Plaintiffs, under the table in cash. See id. ¶ 19.

On January 22, 2020, the Debtor filed an answer to the First Amended Complaint in
substantially the same form as his Answer to the Complaint.22
On March 3, 2020, the Debtor, the Chapter 7 Trustee, and the U.S. Trustee agreed to
further extend the Extended Section 727 Objection Deadline for the Chapter 7 Trustee and the
U.S. Trustee to June 10, 2020.23
On June 10, 2020, the Extended Section 727 Objection Deadline lapsed. Neither the
Chapter 7 Trustee, nor the U.S. Trustee objected to the Debtor’s discharge under section 727 of
the Bankruptcy Code.
On October 28, 2020, at the request of the Clerk, the Court issued the Order of Discharge
under section 727 of the Bankruptcy Code (the “Discharge Order”).24 On that day the Clerk
mailed Notice of the Discharge Order to each Plaintiff, “c/o Troy Law.”25

22 See Verified Answer to Amended Complaint, ECF No. 14 (the “Amended Answer”).
23 See Stipulation and Order Further Extending Trustee’s and the United States Trustee’s Time to Object to the
Debtor’s Discharge, No. 19-11870 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. Mar. 3, 2020), ECF No. 36.
24 See Order of Discharge, ECF No. 50.
25 See Certificate of Notice, ECF No. 51.
The Motions

In the Motion to Amend, Plaintiffs seek leave pursuant to Rule 15(a) to file the Proposed
Second Amended Complaint to add the new Section 523(a)(2) Claim; to add “comprehensive
allegations” against the Debtor in support of the Section 523(a)(6) Claim; and to add
“comprehensive allegations” against the Debtor in support of the Section 727(a)(4) Claim. See
Motion to Amend at 1, 3. Plaintiffs attach a copy of the Judgment (Exhibit 1) and copies of the
Verdict Forms with respect to Ruixuan Cui (Exhibit 2) and Jin Zhong Xin (Exhibit 3), as exhibits
to the Proposed Second Amended Complaint, which collectively are attached as Exhibit C to the
Plaintiffs’ Memo of Law in support of the Motion to Amend.
The Debtor opposes the Motion to Amend and moves to dismiss the First Amended
Complaint pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6). See Opposition at 3. The Debtor argues that the Court
should deny the Motion to Amend, as futile, because the Proposed Second Amended Complaint
fails to allege facts demonstrating that the Plaintiffs are entitled to relief under section
523(a)(2)(A), 523(a)(6) or 727(a)(4) of the Bankruptcy Code. See id. at 7-8, 10. He contends

that the Court should dismiss the First Amended Complaint because neither the Section
523(a)(6) Claim nor the Section 727(a)(4) Claim states a claim for relief against him. See id.
The Court considers those matters below.
Legal Standards

Federal Rule 15
Rule 15 allows a party to amend its pleading once as a matter of right before a responsive
pleading is served or, if no responsive pleading is permitted and the case has not yet been placed
on the trial calendar, within twenty days after the pleading is served. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a).
Thereafter, absent written consent from the opposing party, leave to amend must be obtained
from the court. See id; see also Rachman Bag Co. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 46 F.3d 230, 234–35
(2d Cir. 1995) (“Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a party may amend its pleading
once as a matter of right before a responsive pleading is served or, if no responsive pleading is
permitted and the case has not yet been placed on the trial calendar, within twenty days after the
pleading is served. After that point, absent written consent from the opposing party, leave to

amend must be obtained from the district court.”). Rule 15(a) specifies that “leave shall be freely
given when justice so requires.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a); see also Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178,
182 (1962) (“[O]utright refusal to grant the leave without any justifying reason appearing for the
denial is not an exercise of discretion; it is merely abuse of that discretion and inconsistent with
the spirit of the Federal Rules.”). Accordingly, “[i]n the absence of any apparent or declared
reason—such as undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on the part of the movant, repeated
failure to cure deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue prejudice to the opposing
party ..., etc.—the leave sought should, as the rules require, be ‘freely given.’” Rachman Bag Co.
v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 46 F.3d at 234–35 (citing Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. at 182); see also

State Tchrs. Ret. Bd. v. Fluor Corp., 654 F.2d 843, 856 (2d Cir. 1981) (“Mere delay, however,
absent a showing of bad faith or undue prejudice, does not provide a basis for a district court to
deny the right to amend.”).
A motion to amend may be denied if the proposed amendment would be futile. See Asset
Value Fund Ltd. P’ship v. The Care Grp., Inc., 179 F.R.D. 117, 118 (S.D.N.Y. 1998); see also
Tocker v. Philip Morris Cos., Inc., 470 F.3d 481, 491 (2d Cir. 2006) (“[A] motion for leave to
amend a complaint may be denied when amendment would be futile.”) (citing Ellis v. Chao, 336
F.3d 114, 127 (2d Cir. 2003)). It is well settled that an amendment to a complaint is futile if, as
amended, the complaint will not state a claim for relief. See Dougherty v. Town of N. Hempstead
Bd. of Zoning Appeals, 282 F.3d 83, 88 (2d Cir. 2002) (citing Ricciuti v. N.Y.C. Transit
Auth., 941 F.2d 119, 123 (2d Cir. 1991)) (“An amendment to a pleading will be futile if a
proposed claim could not withstand a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6).”); Martin v.
Dickson, 100 Fed. Appx. 14, 16 (2d Cir. 2004) (“A proposed amendment to a pleading would be
futile if it could not withstand a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6).”) (citation omitted).

Pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), a party may move to dismiss a pleading for failure to state a
claim upon which relief can be granted. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). The Debtor purports to file
its Motion to Dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6). However, Rule 12(b) states that the defense of
failure to state a claim “shall be made before pleading if a further pleading is permitted.” Fed. R.
Civ. P. 12(b). Because the Debtor filed his Amended Answer to the First Amended Complaint,
his Motion to Dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) is untimely. See In re Ne. Indus. Dev. Corp., 513 B.R.
825, 839 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2014); see also Tyco Int’l Ltd. v. Walsh, No. 02 Civ. 4633 (DLC),
2003 WL 553580, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 27, 2003) (“A motion based on [Rule 12(b)] is therefore
untimely when it is served after the answer.”). Rule 12(h) preserves the defense of failure to state

a claim by providing a defendant the ability to raise the defense “by a motion under Rule 12(c).”
Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(h)(2). See Patel v. Contemp. Classics of Beverly Hills, 259 F.3d 123, 126 (2d
Cir. 2001) (“Rule 12(h)(2) states that [a] defense of failure to state a claim upon which relief can
be granted . . . may be made in any pleading permitted . . . or by motion for judgment on the
pleadings, or at the trial on the merits.”) (internal quotation marks omitted). The “standard for
addressing a Rule 12(c) motion for judgment on the pleadings is the same as that for a Rule
12(b)(6) motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim.” Cleveland v. Caplaw Enters., 448 F.3d
518, 521 (2d Cir. 2006); see also Karedes v. Ackerley Grp., Inc., 423 F.3d 107, 113 (2d Cir.
2005) (“The test for evaluating a [motion for judgment on the pleadings] is the same as that
applicable to a motion to dismiss under Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 12(b)(6).”) (quoting Irish Lesbian &
Gay Org. v. Giuliani, 143 F.3d 638, 644 (2d Cir. 1998)). Accordingly, courts faced with a
motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim styled as arising under Rule 12(b) but which is filed
after the close of pleadings construe such a motion as one for judgment on the pleadings under
Rule 12(c), applying the same standard. See Ezra v. Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 784 Fed. Appx.

48, 49 (2d Cir. 2019); Kalin v. Xanboo, Inc., No. 04 Civ. 5931 (RJS), 2009 WL 928279, at *8
(S.D.N.Y. Mar. 30, 2009); Altman v. Incorporated Village of Lynbrook, No. CV 18-4984 (SJF)
(AKT), 2020 WL 4587751, at *9 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 31, 2020). Cf. Moore v. Shahine, No. 18 Civ.
463 (AT) (KNF), 2019 WL 948349, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 27, 2019) (dismissing Rule 12(b)(6) as
untimely but considering arguments under Rule 12(c)). The Court, therefore, construes the
Debtor’s Motion to Dismiss as a motion for judgment on the pleadings under Rule 12(c).
Under Rule 12(c), “a party is entitled to judgment on the pleadings only if it has
established that no material issue of fact remains to be resolved and that [it] is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law.” Bailey v. Pataki, No. 08-CV-8563, 2010 WL 234995, at *1

(S.D.N.Y. Jan 19, 2010) (quotation marks and citations omitted). To overcome a Rule 12(b)(6)
motion, the plaintiff must demonstrate that the complaint “contain[s] sufficient factual matter,
accepted as true, to ‘state a claim for relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556
U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). A claim is
facially plausible “when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the
reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. at 678 (citing
Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). However, “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action,
supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Id.; see also Papasan v. Allain, 478
U.S. 265, 286 (1986) (noting that on a motion to dismiss, courts “are not bound to accept as true
a legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation.”).
In adjudicating a Rule 12(c) motion, a court “considers the complaint, the answer, any
written documents attached to them, and any matter of which the court can take judicial notice
for the background of the case.” L-7 Designs, Inc. v. Old Navy, LLC, 647 F.3d 419, 422 (2d Cir.

2011). For documents to be incorporated by reference, “the [c]omplaint must make a clear,
definite and substantial reference to the documents.” Thomas v. Westchester Cty. Health Care
Corp., 232 F. Supp. 2d 273, 275 (S.D.N.Y. 2002).
Sections 727 and 523 of the Bankruptcy Code
The goal of the Bankruptcy Code is to provide the “honest debtor” with “a new
opportunity in life and a clear field for future effort, unhampered by the pressure and
discouragement of preëxisting debt.” In re Renshaw, 222 F.3d 82, 86 (2d Cir. 2000) (quoting
Local Loan Co. v. Hunt, 292 U.S. 234, 244 (1934)). To that end, section 727(a) of the
Bankruptcy Code provides that the court shall grant a discharge to an individual chapter 7 debtor
unless one or more of the grounds for denial of discharge listed in subsections (a)(1) through (12)
are established. See 11 U.S.C. § 727(a). Those provisions are enforced through section 727(c)(1),

which vests the right in “[t]he trustee, a creditor, or the United States trustee [to] object to the
granting of a discharge under subsection (a) of this section.” 11 U.S.C. § 727(c)(1); see also In re
Cestaro, 598 B.R. 520, 529 (Bankr. D. Conn. 2019) (“Courts uniformly hold that a plaintiff that
is not a creditor lacks standing to object to discharge under § 727(a).”) (quotation marks and
citation omitted) (collecting cases); In re Graziano, 35 B.R. 589, 593 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 1983)
(“[S]o long as an entity has a claim against the debtor, as distinguished from a claim against the
debtor’s estate, that entity may commence a proceeding to determine the dischargeability of a
debt.”). Section 727 “imposes an extreme penalty for wrongdoing[,]” such that, “it must be
construed strictly against those who object to the debtor’s discharge and ‘liberally in favor of the
bankrupt.’” State Bank of India v. Chalasani (In re Chalasani), 92 F.3d 1300, 1310 (2d Cir.
1996) (quoting In re Adlman, 541 F.2d 999, 1003 (2d Cir. 1976)). A discharge under section
727(a) discharges the debtor from all pre-petition debts “except as provided in section 523” of
the Bankruptcy Code. See 11 U.S.C. § 727(b). “In other words, section 727(a) discharges a

debtor from all pre-petition debts, while section 523(a) limits the effect of a discharge that has
been entered.” In re Sharma, No. 12–14472 (SCC), 2014 WL 5714494, at *6 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y.
Nov. 4, 2014) (citation omitted).
Section 523(a) of the Bankruptcy Code sets forth a variety of grounds upon which the
court may deny the discharge of a particular claim of a particular creditor against the debtor. See
In re Hass, 273 B.R. 45, 49 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2002) (“Objection to dischargeability under
Section 523(a) must always be brought by the particular creditor whose debt is claimed to be
non-dischargeable.”); see also Fed. R. Bankr. P. 4007(a) (“A debtor or any creditor may file a
complaint to obtain a determination of dischargeability of any debt.”). A judgment of non-

dischargeability under section 523(a) benefits only the debt owed to the particular creditor who
objected to dischargeability and has no impact on claims of other creditors. See In re Hass, 273
B.R. at 49. Section 523(c) provides for the discharge of any debt of a kind specified in section
523(a)(2), (4) or (6) unless the court, on request of a creditor and after notice and a hearing,
determines the debt to be nondischargeable under paragraph (2), (4) or (6), as the case may be, of
section 523(a). 11 U.S.C. § 523(c). In keeping with the Bankruptcy Code's fresh start policy,
courts construe the exceptions enumerated in section 523 narrowly against the creditor in favor
of the debtor. Lubit v. Chase (In re Chase), 372 B.R. 125, 128 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2007) (citing
Nat'l Union Fire Ins. Co. v. Bonnanzio (In re Bonnanzio), 91 F.3d 296, 300 (2d Cir. 1996)). In
furtherance of that objective, “[a] creditor seeking to establish nondischargeability under §
523(a) must do so by the preponderance of the evidence.” Ball v. A.O. Smith Corp., 451 F.3d 66,
69 (2d Cir. 2006) (citing Grogan v. Garner, 498 U.S. 279, 291 (1991)).
A complaint objecting to a debtor’s bankruptcy discharge or determining the
dischargeability of a claim must be filed within 60 days of the first date for the meeting of

creditors under section 341(a) of the Bankruptcy Code. See Fed. R. Bankr. P. 4004(a) (“In a
chapter 7 case, a complaint . . . objecting to the debtor’s discharge shall be filed no later than 60
days after the first date set for the meeting of creditors under § 341(a).”); Fed. R. Bankr. P.
4007(c) (“[A] complaint to determine the dischargeability of a debt under § 523(c) shall be filed
no later than 60 days after the first date set for the meeting of creditors under § 341(a).”). By
motion filed within the 60-day period, and for cause shown, the Court may extend the 60-day
periods in Rules 4004(a) and 4007(c). See Fed. R. Bankr. 4004(b)(1); Fed. R. Bankr. P. 4007(c).
Further, the deadlines cannot be extended under the general rule allowing a court to enlarge the
time for taking any action under the Bankruptcy Rules. See Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9006(b)(3) (“The

court may enlarge the time for taking action under Rules . . . 4004(a) [and] 4007(c) . . . only to
the extent and under the conditions stated in those rules.”).
Discussion
There are two matters to consider before addressing the merits of the Motions. The
Discharge Objection Deadline is September 9, 2019, and the Plaintiffs did not commence this
adversary proceeding until September 15, 2019, when Troy Law, as counsel to the Plaintiffs,
filed the one-count Complaint challenging the dischargeability of the Judgment Debt in the
Section 523(a)(6) Claim. The Plaintiffs did not challenge the Debtor’s discharge until January
13, 2020, when Troy Law filed the First Amended Complaint that adds the Section 727(a)(4)
Claim to the Section 523(a)(6) Claim alleged in the Complaint. Neither party raised the
timeliness of this action in the papers submitted in support of and in opposition to the Motions.
Nor did they address the impact of the Court’s October 28, 2020 Discharge Order on the
Plaintiffs claims for relief in the adversary proceeding. The Court sua sponte raised both issues
with the parties and gave them leave to submit supplemental briefs addressing those issues. Both

parties submitted additional pleadings.26
In his supplemental brief, the Debtor argues that the time limits set forth in Rule 4007(c)
are “mandatory and jurisdictional” and that the Court must dismiss the First Amended Complaint
because of Plaintiffs’ failure to file it by the Discharge Objection Deadline. See Def.’s Suppl.
Mem. at 1 (citing In re Dollar, 257 B.R. 364 (Bankr. S.D. Ga. 2001) and Matter of Sablone, 157
B.R.739 (Bankr. D. Conn. 1993)).27 The Second Circuit, however, examining the split in
authority has found that the “time period imposed by Rule 4007(c) is not jurisdictional and thus

26 See Supplemental Memorandum in Support of Motion for Leave to File Second Amended Complaint, ECF No.
86 (the “Pl.’s Suppl. Mem.”); Supplemental Memorandum in Support of Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss and
Opposition to Plaintiff’s Motion to Amend Complaint, ECF No. 88 (the “Def.’s Suppl. Mem.”).
27 In In re Dollar, the bankruptcy court denied approval of a settlement between a creditor and the debtor to permit
the creditor to amend his complaint objecting to the debtor’s discharge under section 727(a)(2) to remove the section
727 claim and add a claim seeking the nondischargeability of its debt pursuant to section 523(a)(6). Approval of the
settlement was sought after the deadline to file a complaint under section 523(c) had passed. Reasoning that
allowing a creditor to extract from the debtor a post-bar date section 523 exception to dischargeability in exchange
for avoiding a complete denial of discharge would be an abuse of the bankruptcy process, because the creditor
would benefit at the expense of all other creditors and the debtor would avoid denial of his discharge, the court
found that “[d]etermining the bar date is jurisdictional reduces the potential for this abuse of the bankruptcy
process.” In re Dollar, 257 B.R. at 366-67 (quoting In re Ginn, 179 B.R. 349 (Bankr. S.D. Ga. 1995)).
In Matter of Sablone, the court only found that it lacked discretion to grant a motion to reopen the case for the
purpose of allowing a creditor to file a motion extending its time to file a complaint objecting to the debtors’
discharge because the “court’s authority to extend the involved bar dates ended with the passage of the bar dates.”
See Matter of Sablone, 157 B.R. 739, 741 (Bankr. D. Conn. 1993).
Moreover, the question in those cases—whether the court may grant a creditor’s motion extending their time to
file a complaint under section 727 or section 523(c) or otherwise permit it to file an untimely complaint—is not at
issue here. Here, Plaintiffs have already filed an untimely complaint and the Court must determine whether it must
dismiss the complaint or whether the Debtor has waived its objections to the timeliness of the Complaint based on
his failure to raise the issue until prompted by the Court.
is subject to waiver, estoppel, and equitable tolling.” European Am. Bank v. Benedict (In re
Benedict), 90 F.3d 50, 54 (2d Cir. 1996) (“The Supreme Court has stated that ‘[s]tatutory filing
deadlines are generally subject to the defenses of waiver, estoppel, and equitable tolling.’ There
is nothing in the Bankruptcy Code that persuades us to hold that Rule 4007(c) is any different
from a statutory provision that imposes a filing deadline.”) (internal citations omitted) (citing

United States v. Locke, 471 U.S. 84, 94 n. 10 (1985)). As the court explained in In re Dombroff,
[t]he Bankruptcy Rules, unlike the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure, are not
promulgated under the Rules Enabling Act. The Supreme Court derives its
authority to promulgate rules for the bankruptcy courts under 28 U.S.C. § 2075
which, unlike the Rules Enabling Act, contains no language providing that
bankruptcy rules supersede conflicting prior statutes. This suggests that the
Bankruptcy Rules are rules only, having no statutory effect, and that the time for
filing a complaint objecting to discharge is not jurisdictional.

In re Dombroff, 192 B.R. 615, 621 (S.D.N.Y. 1996); see also In re Ramsoomair, No. 21-11215
(DSJ), 2022 WL 828307, at *5 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. Mar. 18, 2022) (“Rule 4007(c) is not
jurisdictional. Rather, as statutory filing deadline, it is subject to the defenses of waiver, estoppel,
and equitable tolling.”) (internal citations omitted) (citing In re Benedict, 90 F.3d at 54)); In re
Steiner, 209 B.R. 281, 285 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 1996) (agreeing with the analysis set forth in In re
Dombroff). The Supreme Court, examining the issue at it relates to Rule 4004(a)—setting forth
the time period within which a complaint objecting to a debtor’s discharge must be filed—came
to the same conclusion. See Kontrick v. Ryan, 540 U.S. 443, 447 (2004) (“We agree that Rule
4004 is not ‘jurisdictional.’ Affirming the judgment of the Court of Appeals for the Seventh
Circuit, we hold that a debtor forfeits the right to rely on Rule 4004 if the debtor does not raise
the Rule’s time limitation before the bankruptcy court reaches the merits of the creditor’s
objection to discharge.”).28 Accordingly, contrary to the Debtor’s contention, the deadlines set

28 In finding that the debtor forfeited its objections to the timeliness of the plaintiff’s complaint, the Supreme
Court noted that, while the terms “waiver” and “forfeiture” are often used interchangeably, the issue in that case was
forth in Rules 4004(a) and 4007(c), while inflexible, are not “mandatory and jurisdictional” and
are subject to equitable defenses such as waiver. See In re Dombroff, 192 B.R. at 621 (“[That]
the Rule 4004(a) deadline is not jurisdictional does not alter the principle that the Rule’s
deadlines are to be interpreted strictly and in a manner consistent with the Code’s policies in
favor of providing a fresh start for the debtor and prompt administration of the case.”) (citing

Taylor v. Freeland & Kranz, 938 F.2d 420 (3d Cir. 1991), aff’d, 503 U.S. 638 (1992)); see also
In re Dizon, No. 09-15351 (ALG), 2010 WL 958070, at *1 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. Mar. 12, 2010)
(“[C]ases in this Circuit since Benedict have drawn a hard line in enforcing Bankruptcy Rule
4007(c), even describing it as ‘being set in stone.’”) (citing Gattalaro v. Pulver (In re Pulver),
327 B.R. 125, 136 (Bankr. W.D.N.Y. 2005)).
“Waiver is generally defined as an intentional relinquishment of a known right.” In re
Benedict, 90 F.3d at 55. “Waiver may be express of implied from the conduct of a party.” In re
Gonzalez, 241 B.R. 67, 75 (S.D.N.Y. 1999). Forfeiture is the “failure to make the timely
assertion of a right.” United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 731 (citing Yakus v. United States,

321 U.S. 414, 444 (1944)); see also Patterson v. Balsamico, 440 F.3d 104, 112 (2d Cir. 2006);
Don King Prods., Inc. v. World Boxing Assoc., 21 Civ. 4885 (AKH), 2022 WL 2133751, at *1
(S.D.N.Y. June 14, 2022).
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(c)29 requires parties to raise affirmative defenses in the
pleadings. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(c). On September 30, 2019 and January 22, 2020, the Debtor

“more accurately described as one of forfeiture rather than waiver.” Kontrick v. Ryan, 540 U.S. at 458 n.13 (citing
United v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 733 (1993)); see also Hamilton v. Atlas Turner, Inc., 197 F.3d 58, 61 (2d Cir. 1999)
(“Initially, we note that the issue [of whether the defendant has waived the defense of lack of personal jurisdiction]
is more properly considered one of forfeiture than of waiver. The term ‘waiver’ is best reserved for a litigant’s
intentional relinquishment of a known right. Where a litigant’s action or inaction is deemed to incur the consequence
of loss of a right, or, as here, a defense, the term ‘forfeiture’ is more appropriate.”).
29 Rule 8(c) is made applicable herein by Bankruptcy Rule 7008(a).
filed answers to the Complaint and the First Amended Complaint, respectively, without asserting
the affirmative defense of timeliness based on Rules 4004(a) and 4007(c), or a statute of
limitations defense. See Kontrick v. Ryan, 540 U.S. at 456 (stating that the “claim-processing
rules” such as Bankruptcy Rules 4004(a) “afford the debtor an affirmative defense to a complaint
filed outside the [time] limits”); see also In re Santos, 112 B.R. 1001, 1008 (B.A.P. 9th Cir.

1990) (“[T]he timeliness of a dischargeability complaint presents an affirmative defense that
must be raised in an answer or responsive pleading.”) (citation omitted). The Debtor’s failure to
assert the defense in his answers, however, is not dispositive. See American Federal Grp., Ltd. v.
Rothenberg, 136 F.3d 897, 910 (2d Cir. 1998) (“[W]aiver [of an unpleaded defense] may not be
proper where the defense is raised at the first pragmatically possible time and applying it at that
time would not unfairly prejudice the opposing party.”); see also Rose v. Amsouth Bank of Fla.,
391 F.3d 63, 65 (2d Cir. 2004) (same); Wiwa v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co., No. 01 Civ. 1909
(KMW) (HBP), 2009 WL 464946, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 25, 2009) (same). In considering
whether a failure to timely raise a defense based on Rules 4004(a) and 4007(c) should constitute

a waiver, the Bankruptcy Appellate Panel of the Ninth Circuit set forth five factors courts should
consider, including:
1) the obviousness of the defense’s availability, 2) the stage of the proceeding at
which the defense is raised, 3) the time which has elapsed between the filing of the
answer and the raising of the defense, 4) the amount of time and effort expended
by the plaintiff in the case at the time the defense is raised, and 5) the prejudice
resulting to the plaintiff which would result from allowing the defense to be
asserted.
In re Santos, 112 B.R. at 1008.
Here, the first pragmatically possible time the Debtor could have brought up the defense
of timeliness, if not in his answers, were in response to the filing of Plaintiffs’ First Amended
Complaint on January 13, 2020. However, the Debtor never objected to that filing. Moreover, the
Debtor could have raised the argument in his Opposition to the Motion to Amend, but similarly
failed to do so. The Debtor also failed to raise the argument in the very Motion to Dismiss at
issue now. It was not until the Court raised the issue sua sponte, nearly three years after the filing
of the Complaint that the Debtor purported to assert the defense in its supplemental brief the
Court requested to address the timeliness issue. The parties have expended a considerable

amount of time and resources litigating this matter, even having participated in discovery. The
Debtor had multiple opportunities to raise the defense and failed to raise it. Clearly, Plaintiffs
would be prejudiced by allowing the Debtor, at this stage of the proceedings, to assert the
defense. Therefore, the Court finds that the Debtor has forfeited the timeliness defense. See In re
Benedict, 90 F.3d at 55 (finding that the debtor waived her right to object to the expiration of the
deadline date when it entered into stipulation extending time for creditor to object); see also In re
Steiner, 209 B.R. at 284 (same); Hamilton v. Atlas Turner, Inc., 197 F.3d at 62 (finding defense
of lack of personal jurisdiction forfeited by defendant where three years passed, with
considerable pretrial activity, and defendant had “several clear opportunities to do so”).

Plaintiffs run into a second issue. On October 28, 2020, the Court entered the Discharge
Order, granting him a discharge in bankruptcy, implicating their Section 727(a)(4) Claim. As
relevant, Bankruptcy Rule 4004 states that after the 60-day deadline stated therein expires, the
court “shall forthwith grant the discharge, except that the court shall not grant the discharge if: . .
. a complaint . . . objecting to the discharge has been filed and not decided in the debtor’s favor.”
Fed. R. Bankr. P. 4004(c)(1)(B). This adversary proceeding was pending on October 28, 2020,
when the Court entered the Discharge Order. There was a clerical error in doing so, and the
Court erroneously entered that order in violation of Rule 4004. Bankruptcy Rule 9024 makes
Rule 60 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure applicable in bankruptcy cases. See Fed. R.
Bankr. P. 9024.30 Rule 60 authorizes bankruptcy courts to “correct a clerical mistake or a mistake
arising from oversight or omission whenever one is found in a judgment, order, or other part of
the record.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(a); see also Lee v. Joseph E. Seagram & Sons, Inc., 592 F.2d 39
(2d Cir. 1979) (“[Rule 60] on its face applies only to Clerical mistakes and errors in judgments
arising from oversight or omission.”); Employers Mut. Cas. Co. v. Key Pharm., Inc., 886 F.

Supp. 360 (S.D.N.Y. 1995) (“The purpose of Rule 60(a) is to afformed courts a means of
modifying their judgments in order to ensure that the record reflects the actual intentions of the
court and the parties.”); Filice v. United States (In re Filice), 580 B.R. 259, 271 (Bankr. E.D.
Cal. 2018) (“Rule 60(a) mistakes are blunders in execution that do not constitute a court
changing its mind about what it originally intended to do.”) (internal quotation marks and
citations omitted). The clerical error in entering the Discharge Order provides grounds under
Rule 60(a) to vacate that order. See In re Toledano, 322 B.R. 78, 84 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2005)
(vacating Order of Final Decree denying debtor his discharge where no objections to discharge
were pending); Tucker Leasing Capital Corp. v. Farber, 882 F. Supp. 1290 (E.D.N.Y. 1995)

(vacating judgment which inadvertently excluded post-decision interest to which plaintiff was
entitled); In re Filice, 580 B.R. at 272 (sua sponte vacating discharge order mistakenly entered in
violation of section 727(a)(8)). Accordingly, the Court vacates the Discharge Order. In so doing,

30 Bankruptcy Rule 9024 states, as follows:
Rule 60 F.R.Civ.P. applies in cases under the Code except that (1) a motion to reopen a case under
the Code or for the reconsideration of an order allowing or disallowing a claim against the estate
entered without a contest is not subject to the one-year limitation prescribed in Rule 60(c), (2) a
complaint to revoke a discharge in a chapter 7 liquidation case may be filed only within the time
allowed by § 727(e) of the Code, and (3) a complaint to revoke an order confirming a plan may be
filed only within the time allowed by § 1144, § 1230, or § 1330. In some circumstances, Rule
8008 governs post-judgment motion practice after an appeal has been docketed and is pending.
Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9024.
the Court does not run afoul of the limitations on revoking a discharge under section 727. See In
re Filice, 580 B.R. at 271 (“‘Vacating’ a discharge under Rule 60(a), as incorporated by Rule
9024, does not conflict with ‘revoking’ a discharge under § 727(d). The § 727(e) time limit on
revoking a discharge for the blameworthy reasons specified in § 727(d) is not infringed when a
court vacates a mistaken order of discharge.”) (citations omitted).

The Court will address the merits of the Motions. It will first review the Motion to
Amend. In doing so, the Court will review that motion as it relates to the Section 727(a)(4)
Claim, and then as it relates to the Section 523(a)(2) Claim and the Section 523(a)(6) Claim.
Thereafter the Court will consider the Motion to Dismiss.
Motion to Amend
Section 727(a)(4) Claim

The Plaintiffs maintain that the Debtor knowingly and fraudulently made false oaths in
connection with the Bankruptcy Case, and in the District Court Action and that pursuant to
section 727(a)(4)(A) of the Bankruptcy Code, the Court should deny the Debtor a discharge. See
First Amended Complaint ¶ 20. In the First Amended Complaint, Plaintiffs plead their objection
to the Debtor’s discharge under section 727 in the Second Cause of Action. See First Amended
Complaint ¶¶ 13-20. In short, the Plaintiffs maintain that the Court should deny the Debtor a
bankruptcy discharge under section 727(a)(4)(A) because he knowingly and fraudulently made
false oaths in connection with this bankruptcy case, and the District Court Action. See First
Amended Complaint ¶ 20. In support of that claim, the Plaintiffs assert that
(i) Defendant signed his voluntary petition for bankruptcy and Statement of
Financial Affairs on May 22, 2019, under penalty of perjury, and that in the
Statement of Financial Affairs, he (a) misrepresented that his ownership value in
Anago is $0.00, and (b) failed to disclose his ownership interest in Sushi Suki; and
(ii) Defendant had a practice of paying employees of Anago, including Plaintiffs,
under the table in cash.

Id. ¶¶ 14-19.

In the Proposed Second Amended Complaint, the Plaintiffs purport to buttress the factual
allegations underlying the Section 727(a)(4) Claim by alleging that the Debtor made a “false
oath,” by (i) making cash payments “under the table” pre-petition to the Plaintiffs, and (ii)
falsifying entries in his voluntary petition for bankruptcy by: (a) listing “0” as the value of his
interest in Anago and (b) failing to disclose his interest in Sushi Suki; and (iii) testifying in the
District Court Action that he was the sole owner of Anago, when in fact his is only a 50% owner.
See Proposed Second Amended Complaint ¶¶ 25-26, 28-29, 50-51.
As support for those claims, the Plaintiffs assert that in 2012, Debtor and his wife, Ms.
Chen, formed Anago as a New York corporation and that at all times relevant to the complaint,
the Debtor and Ms. Chen were officers and directors of Anago. See id. ¶¶ 34, 35. They maintain
that as of the Filing Date, Anago was an operating and profitable company, and continued to
operate profitably until the onset of the Covid 19 pandemic. See id. ¶ 36.31 Plaintiffs assert that
Debtor had a practice of paying employees of Anago including the Plaintiffs under the table in
cash. See id. ¶ 29. Anago ceased operating in August 2020. See id. ¶ 38. As of the Filing Date,
Debtor held a 50% interest in Anago (the “Anago Shares”) and a 5% interest in Maggie Property
88, LLC (“Maggie LLC”). Ms. Chen held the balance of the interests in Anago and in Maggie
LLC. See id. ¶¶ 31-33.

31 Plaintiffs assert that for tax year 2018, Anago reported gross sales of $1,545,340 and business income of
$10,583, and for tax year 2019, Anago reported gross sales of $1,630,385 and business income of $3,015. See
Proposed Second Amended Complaint ¶ 37.
On May 22, 2019, Debtor signed his voluntary petition for bankruptcy and Statement of
Financial Affairs under penalty of perjury. See id. ¶ 24. In Schedule B to the Statement of
Financial Affairs, Debtor disclosed his 50% interest in Anago, and 5% interest in Maggie LLC.
Plaintiffs assert that the Debtor failed to disclose his ownership interest in Sushi Suki, see id. ¶
27, and misrepresented the value of his Anago Shares as $0.00. See id. ¶ 26. Plaintiffs raise two

points respecting Debtor’s interest in Anago. They maintain that it is not possible for the stock of
a corporation like Anago that was active and operating as of Filing Date to have no value. See id.
¶ 26. They also assert that during his deposition in the Bankruptcy Case, the Debtor admitted that
he willfully perjured himself in the District Court Action when he falsely testified that he owned
100% of Anago, which they contend he did to protect his wife from being sued and to protect his
assets from creditors. See id. ¶¶ 50, 51.
The Plaintiffs also complain that the Debtor caused his assets to be systematically
transferred to Ms. Chen in an effort to put them out of the reach of his creditors. As support, they
contend:

Between January 2018 and the Filing Date, Ms. Chen withdrew at least $374,445.88
from the Anago account and that no less than 50% of those funds ($187,222.94) was
income of the Debtor. See id. ¶¶ 46, 49.32

On May 21, 2018, during the pendency of the District Court litigation, Debtor
transferred $50,000 (the “2018 Transfer”) from his Chase Bank savings account to
Ms. Chen’s Chase Bank savings account. See id. ¶ 44 (citing Exhibit 5 ¶ 30).

32 Specifically, the Plaintiffs assert:
In 2018 (after the Creditors filed their District Court Action), Ms. Chen withdrew $224,445.88 from
Anago’s account.
In 2019 through the Filing Date, Ms. Chen withdrew at least $142,000 from Anago’s account and
received an $8,000 wire transfer from Anago’s account.
Id. ¶¶ 47, 48.
After the Filing Date, Debtor caused funds to be withdrawn and wire transferred from
Anago to Ms. Chen (the “Anago-Ms. Chen Postpetition Transfers”), including but
not limited to transfers aggregating $147,000, as follows:

$109,000 of withdrawals from Anago’s account from January 6,
2020 through April 1, 2020, $91,000 of which was withdrawn by
Ms. Chen, and $18,000 of which was ATM withdrawals.

$38,000 of online transfers made from Anago’s account to Ms.
Chen’s account ending in x8905 from May 26, 2020 through June
3, 2020.

Id. ¶¶ 52-54 (citing Exhibit 6, ¶ 37).

The Plaintiffs maintain that the Anago-Ms. Chen Postpetition Transfers were distributed
to Ms. Chen and were not used to pay Anago’s payroll, or for any other business purpose of
Anago, and that Debtor had a 50% interest Anago-Ms. Chen Postpetition Transfers, i.e., no less
than $73,500. See id. ¶ 55, 56, 57. They contend that the Debtor’s 50% share of Anago’s profits
is property of the estate under section 541(a)(6) of the Bankruptcy Code, and that instead of
turning his share of Anago profits over to the Chapter 7 Trustee, as the Debtor should have done
pursuant to Bankruptcy Code, the Debtor caused his share of Anago’s profits, including but not
limited to $73,500, to be transferred to Ms. Chen through the Anago-Ms. Chen Postpetition
Transfers. See id. ¶ 58, 60. They also contend that the Anago-Ms. Chen Postpetition Transfers
diminished the value of the Debtor’s Anago Shares, which are property of the estate. See id. ¶ 61.
The Debtor argues that the Plaintiffs’ allegation that he made a misrepresentation
regarding Anago’s value is “flat out ridiculous” and asserts that “it would be good news for
many restaurant owners in New York City” if it were true that it is not possible for a corporation
that was active and operating to have a value of $0. See Opposition at 9. He also argues that the
alleged false statements fail to satisfy two of the elements for a section 727(a)(4) claim—namely,
that they be made “in or in connection with the case, i.e., the bankruptcy case” and that they be
“material to the bankruptcy.” Id. at 9. The Debtor maintains that he testified falsely regarding his
percentage ownership in Anago during the District Court Action and therefore that he did not
make the false statement “in or in connection with . . . the bankruptcy case.” Id. at 9. He also
argues that his alleged false statements are “not material given that Anago’s value is $0.” Id.33
The Plaintiffs contend that tax returns provided by the Debtor during discovery support

their allegation that the value of Anago cannot be zero. Anago’s 2018 tax returns show that it had
$92,030 worth in assets, $1,545,340 in gross sales and $10,583 in business income. See Reply at
12-13. Anago’s 2019 tax returns show that Anago had $1,630,385 in gross sales and $3,015 in
business income. See id. at 14. They also say that the post-petition transfers from Anago to Ms.
Chen were distributions subject to the Debtor’s 50% interest in Anago. The Plaintiffs contend
that instead of receiving 50% of those distributions and turning them over to the estate, that the
Debtor caused his shares of Anago profits to be distributed to his wife, thereby diminishing the
value of his shares in Anago. See Reply at 15-16.
The Plaintiffs make two arguments in respect of the Debtor’s false testimony concerning

his wife’s 50% ownership interest in Anago.
First, they contend that the false statement in the District Court Action prejudiced
the Plaintiffs, as creditors in the Bankruptcy Case, by rendering them unable to
prosecute the correct defendants, i.e., the Debtor’s wife. See Reply at 14-15.

Second, they argue that the Debtor perjured himself in the Bankruptcy Case when
he acknowledged that he made his false statement in the District Court Action.
See id. at 15 (“Debtor perjured himself by stating during the [District Court
Action] he lied to protect his wife.”); see id. (“Debtor provided his false oath in
the bankruptcy case, not in the [District Court Action] like Debtor[]

33 The Debtor draws a comparison to sections 152(2) and (4) of title 18 of the United States Code (the “Criminal
Code”), which contain similar language to that contained in section 727 of the Bankruptcy Code and penalize the
“crime of bankruptcy fraud” to argue that the Plaintiffs are “far from” alleging the crime of bankruptcy fraud has
been committed by the Debtor’s false statement. See Opposition at 10.
suggest[s]”).34 Plaintiffs contend that the Debtor’s false oath during the District
Court Action was in direct connection with or regarding the Bankruptcy Case—in
substance making the argument that the proceeding in which the false oath was
made is irrelevant when it has some bearing on the Bankruptcy Case. See id.
(“Debtors fail to realize that Debtor Heng Li Zhu[‘s] false oath happened in direct
connection with the bankruptcy case”); see id. (“[Debtor] stating that he lied in
the [District Court Action] deposition at the [Adversary] Proceeding is Debtor
essentially perjuring himself regarding the bankruptcy case”) (emphasis added).

Finally, the Plaintiffs argue that, in the aggregate, the Debtors’ false statements are
material because they “bear a relationship to the debtor’s business transactions or estate, or
concern the discovery of assets, business dealings, or the existence and disposition of the
debtor’s property.” Reply at 17.
A central purpose of the Bankruptcy Code “is to allow the ‘honest but unfortunate debtor’
to begin a new life free from debt.” D.A.N. Joint Venture v. Cacioli (In re Cacioli), 463 F.3d 229,
234 (2d Cir. 2006). For the protection of creditors, however, section 727 of the Bankruptcy
Code requires a denial of a discharge in certain circumstances. See id. Pursuant to section
727(a)(4)(A), a court can deny a debtor a discharge in bankruptcy if the debtor “knowingly and
fraudulently, in connection with case . . . (A) made a false oath or account[.]” 11 U.S.C. §
727(a)(4)(A). To assert a claim for relief under section 727(a)(4), the objecting party must assert
facts demonstrating that “(1) the debtor made a statement under oath; (2) the statement was false;
(3) the debtor knew the statement was false; (4) the debtor made the statement with fraudulent
intent; and (5) the statement related materially to the bankruptcy case.” In re Boyer, 328 Fed.
Appx. 711, 715 (2d Cir. 2009) (citing Keeney v. Smith (In re Keeney), 227 F.3d 679, 685 (6th
Cir. 2000)); see also In re Gordon, 535 B.R. 531, 537 (S.D.N.Y 2015) (“[T]o establish a claim

34 In substance, Plaintiffs contend that the Debtor committed perjury in the Bankruptcy Case when he testified
truthfully and acknowledged that he testified falsely in the District Court Action.
under Section 727(a)(4)(A), a plaintiff must prove a material false oath, knowingly and
fraudulently made, in connection with a bankruptcy case.”).
For these purposes, “fraudulent intent . . . can be established by a showing of actual
fraud, through evidence of the traditional badges of fraud, or by the debtor's reckless disregard
for the truth of his statements. Jacob Agai, 291 Ave. P, LLC v. Antoniou (In re Antoniou), 515

B.R. 9, 24 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 2014). While ignorance or carelessness cannot support a finding of
fraudulent intent, “multiple smaller falsehoods can aggregate into a ‘critical mass’ that does
indicate fraudulent intent.” In re Gordon, 535 B.R. at 537 (citing In re Bressler, 387 B.R. 446,
462 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2008)). Multiple omissions may also support a finding of fraudulent intent
where “there is something about the omitted information the debtor might have wanted to
conceal.” See id. (citing Garcia v. Coombs (In re Coombs), 193 B.R. 557, 564–65 (Bankr. S.D.
Cal. 1996) (“[T]here must be something about the adduced facts and circumstances which
suggest that the debtor intended to defraud creditors or the estate [through his multiple
omissions].”)). Finally, a statement is material when it is pertinent to “the Debtor’s business

transactions, concerns the discovery of assets, business dealings, or the existence or disposition
of the debtor's property.” Pereira v. Gardner (In re Gardner), 384 B.R. 654, 667 (Bankr.
S.D.N.Y. 2008). “Omissions are material if they impact the trustee’s ability to discover other
assets, fully investigate pre-bankruptcy dealings, financial condition, and discovery of preference
or avoidance actions.” See id.
Applying these standards to the Proposed Second Amended Complaint, the Court finds
that the Plaintiffs have not stated grounds for relief in support of the Section 727(a)(4) Claim for
a number of reasons.
First, in paying his employees in cash under the table, the Debtor did not make a “false
oath or account” in the Bankruptcy Case. Those actions have no bearing on whether Plaintiffs are
entitled to relief under section 727(a). Moreover, the Plaintiffs’ allegations with respect to the
pre- and post-petition cash transfers by Anago to Ms. Chen may be relevant to the Chapter 7
Trustee’s efforts to recover estate property, but do not support the Plaintiffs Section 727(a)(4)

Claim.35
Second, the Debtor’s false testimony in the District Court Action regarding his ownership
interest in Sushi Suki cannot support the Section 727(a)(4) Claim since that testimony was not
made “in or in connection with” the bankruptcy case. See Bub v. Rockstone Capital, LLC, 516
B.R. 685, 694 (E.D.N.Y. 2014) (“The materially false statements recognized under this
subsection may have been made as part of or omitted from the bankruptcy petition, schedules,
statement of affairs or during examinations or the bankruptcy proceeding itself.”); see also
Perniciaro v. Natale (In re Natale), 136 B.R. 344, 349 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y.) (“[T]he debtor must
have presented or used, with intent to defraud, inflated or fictitious claims in a bankruptcy

case.”).
Third, Debtors’ alleged misstatement regarding the value of the Anago Shares fails to
support Plaintiffs’ claims for relief because Plaintiffs have not alleged facts demonstrating that
the Anago Shares had material value, let alone that the Debtor knew it, and made the statement
with the intent to defraud or mislead the creditors. The Plaintiffs mistakenly equate taxable
business income on a tax return with the value of stock in a restaurant corporation, without

35 On June 4, 2021, the Trustee sued the Debtor and Ms. Chen to avoid and recover the pre- and post-petition
transfers identified by the Plaintiffs in their Proposed Second Amended Complaint. See Complaint, Piazza v. Zhu,
No. 21-01145 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. June 4, 2021), ECF No. 1. The Trustee settled that litigation in consideration for a
payment of $100,000, payable in monthly installments of $10,000. See Chapter 7 Trustee’s Motion Pursuant to
Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 9019 for an Order Approving Stipulation Settling Adversary Proceeding,
Piazza v. Zhu, No. 21-01145 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. May 3, 2022), ECF No. 22; see also Stipulation of Settlement of
Adversary Proceeding, No. 21-01145 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. June 28, 2022), ECF No. 33.
regard to the corporation’s liabilities or what a buyer would be willing to pay for such stock,
considerations that would typically go into valuing a stock interest. See In re Vecchitto, 235 B.R.
231, 234-45 (Bankr. D. Conn. 1999), aff’d, 229 F.3d 1136 (2d Cir. 2000) (“[T]here are three
principal approaches to be employed to determine [a stock’s] fair market value: (1) component
asset-based valuation, (2) cash-flow-based valuation and (3) market formula-based valuation.”).

Finally, the Debtor disclosed his interest in the Anago Shares. In doing so, the Debtor
afforded the Chapter 7 Trustee the opportunity to determine, for herself, whether the stock had
any value to the estate. Cf. In re Sawyer, 130 B.R. 384, 394 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 1991) (denying
debtor’s discharge under section 727(a)(4) where the false oath regarding value of ownership in
stock was made together with other omissions that amounted to concealment and prevented the
Chapter 7 Trustee from discovering the debtor’s assets and business dealings). Anago is a closely
held restaurant corporation which the Debtor owns together with his wife. The Chapter 7 Trustee
has not made any effort to sell the Debtor’s interest in Anago for the benefit of the estate, likely
because it has no value outside of the Debtor’s and his wife’s hands.

Based on the foregoing, the Court finds that it would be futile to grant the Plaintiffs leave
to restate the Section 727(a)(4) Claim in the Second Amended Complaint because, as restated, it
fails to state a claim for relief against the Debtor.
The Section 523(a)(2) Claim and 523(a)(6) Claim
The gravamen of the allegations in the Proposed Second Amended Complaint underlying
the Section 523(a)(2) Claim and the Section 523(a)(6) Claim is that at all relevant times, the
Debtor had the resources to comply with his financial and administrative obligations to the
Plaintiffs under the FLSA and NYLL, but that he nonetheless refused to do so to their detriment,
and employed a strategy pursuant to which to which he withheld information from the Plaintiff
to ensure that they would not learn of their rights, and the Debtor’s obligations to them, under
federal and state laws.
In support of those claims, the Plaintiffs allege that (i) they proved in the District Court
Action that the Debtor willfully and maliciously injured them by denying them minimum wage
and overtime pay in violation of the FLSA and NYLL, and through the other willful and

malicious violations of the NYLL and the regulations promulgated thereunder; (ii) the Debtor
engaged in schemes as part of a deliberate attempt to underpay the Plaintiffs and obtained
services from Plaintiffs by willfully making false representations, and willfully circumventing
overtime laws; and (iii) the Debtor deceived Plaintiffs with his “misstatements”—i.e., by failing
to pay overtime wages and to provide time of hire notice and paystubs to Plaintiffs. See Proposed
Second Amended Complaint ¶¶ 10, 13, 14. The Plaintiffs assert that, as the employer, the Debtor
was tasked with accounting for the number of hours the Plaintiffs worked each week and that the
Plaintiffs were dependent upon the Debtor for an accurate accounting of those hours. See id. ¶
14. They maintain that they justifiably relied on the information the Debtor provided to them

regarding their pay. See id.
Section 523(a)(2) Claim

As relevant, section 523(a) excepts from the discharge “any debt—(2) for money,
property, services, or an extension, renewal, or refinancing of credit, to the extent obtained by—
(A) false pretenses, a false representation, or actual fraud[.]” 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A). “The
three terms used in subsection (A) embody somewhat differing concepts, and Congress’ use of
the disjunctive ‘or’ evidences [an intent] to deny a discharge under any [such term.]” Soliz v.
Soliz (In re Soliz), 201 B.R. 363, 369 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1996). “Though the elements of each
overlap, they are distinct.” Heritage Equities, LLC v. Newman (In re Newman), 588 B.R. 281,
296 (Bankr. D. Conn. 2018); see also Wang v. Guo (In re Guo), 548 B.R. 396, 398 (Bankr.
E.D.N.Y. 2016). Accordingly, the Court will treat them as separate causes of action. See In re
Ippolito, No. 12-70632 (AST), 2013 WL 828316, at *4 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. Mar. 6, 2013) (“False
pretenses, false representation, and actual fraud represent three different concepts, and thus are
treated as three separate causes of action.”).

In support of the Section 523(a)(2) Claim, the Plaintiffs say that they were “dependent
upon the Debtor for a true and correct accounting of hours and calculation of pay” and that the
Debtor deceived them with “his misstatements by failing to pay overtime wages and fail[ing] to
provide time of hire notice and paystubs to Plaintiffs.” Proposed Second Amended Complaint ¶
14. They maintain that they “justifiably relied on Debtor’s misstatements and omissions and
were damaged as a proximate result thereof by being deprived of the legally required wages for
their services.” Id. Plaintiffs allege that “in the District Court Action the Court found . . . the
Debtor Defendant . . . liable for obtaining services from Plaintiffs through, and among other
violations, by willfully making false representations and willfully circumventing overtime laws.”

Id. ¶ 15. From that, they conclude that “Debtor obtained services from Plaintiffs by false
pretenses, false representations and/or actual fraud and, therefore, the claims asserted against the
Debtor’s by Plaintiffs in the FLSA Action [are] not dischargeable in bankruptcy pursuant to
Section 523(a)(2)(A) of the Bankruptcy Code.” Id. ¶ 16. Thus, in assessing the adequacy of the
pleadings in support of the Section 523(a)(2) Claim, the Court must consider whether those
allegations demonstrate a false representation, actual fraud, or false pretenses by the Debtor. See
In re Ippolito, 2013 WL 828316, at *4 (“[The creditor] generally seeks relief under §
523(a)(2)(A); thus, this Court must evaluate [the creditor’s] first cause of action under each
alternative prong.”).
The Court undertakes that analysis below.
False Representation

For purposes of applying section 523(a)(2)(A), a false representation means that “1.
defendant made a false or misleading statement; 2. with intent to deceive; 3. in order for the
plaintiff to turn over money or property to the defendant.” Frishberg v. Janac (In re Janac ), 407
B.R. 540, 552 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2009); see also In re Chase, 372 B.R. at 129 (“A court can find
a false representation if the plaintiff presents proof that the defendant (1) made a false or
misleading statement; (2) with the intent to deceive; and (3) in order for the plaintiff to turn over
money or property to the defendant.”). In short, under section 523(a)(2)(A), “a ‘false
representation’ references an expressed statement, either oral or written, false and misleading and
designed to deceive.” Vidomlanski v. Gabor (In re Gabor), No. 05-187719 (ALG), 2009 WL
3233907, at *4 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. Oct. 8, 2009); see also Bobilya Chrysler v. Gross (Matter of
Gross), 175 B.R. 277, 283 (Bankr. N.D. Ind. 1994) (stating that causes of action for “false
pretenses” and “false representations” under section 523(a)(2)(A) are two distinct actions; the

former involves implied misrepresentations, while the latter deals with expressed, either oral or
written, misrepresentations). For these purposes, an “ ‘intent to deceive’ may be established
through circumstantial evidence and inferred from the totality of the evidence
presented.” Sandak v. Dobrayel (In re Dobrayel), 287 B.R. 3, 12 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2002))
(citation omitted). Moreover, a plaintiff must also establish that its reliance was justifiable. See
id.; see also In re Gonzalez, 241 B.R. at 71 (“To exempt a debt from discharge under Section
523(a)(2)(A), the non-debtor's reliance must be ‘justifiable’ under the circumstances.”)
(citing Field v. Mans, 516 U.S. 59 (1995)).
As noted above, the substance of the Plaintiffs’ complaint is that the Debtor withheld
information from them when he breached the FLSA and NYLL by failing to provide and/or
display wage and overtime-related information to them. In interpreting the elements of section
523(a)(2)(A), “[t]he Court looks to the common law of torts, as embodied in the Restatement
(Second) of Torts.” In re Deutsch, 575 B.R. 590, 599 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2017) (quoting In re

Chase, 372 B.R. at 130). As Chief Judge Glenn noted in Deutsch, “[o]missions of fact can
qualify as false representations under section 523(a)(2)(A): [a] false representation can be shown
through either an express statement or through an omission where the circumstances are such
that disclosure is necessary to correct what would otherwise be a false impression.” Id. (quoting
Signature Bank v. Banayan (In re Banayan), 468 B.R. 542, 574–75 (Bankr. N.D.N.Y. 2012))
(internal quotation marks omitted); see also RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 529 (1976) (“A
representation stating the truth so far as it goes but which the maker knows or believes to be
materially misleading because of his failure to state additional or qualifying matter is a
fraudulent misrepresentation.”). But those principles are not applicable here, as the Plaintiffs do

not complain that the Debtor made any expressed oral or written misrepresentations to them. The
Debtor’s failure to comply with the FLSA and NYLL does not constitute a “false representation”
in support of the Section 523(a)(2)(A) Claim.36 Moreover, contrary to the Plaintiffs’ assertions,

36 The case of In re Ippolito is instructive. In that case, American Honda Finance Corporation (“Honda”) was
party to a Wholesale Finance Agreement with Crazy Freddy’s Motorsports Inc. (“Crazy Freddy’s”) pursuant to
which Honda made periodic advances to Crazy Freddy’s for the purchase of new and used motorcycles from Honda.
See In re Ippolito, 2013 WL 828316, at *1. As security for those advances, Crazy Freddy gave Honda a security
interest in the purchased inventory. The debtor (“Ippolito”) personally guaranteed Crazy Freddy’s performance
under the financing agreement. Id. Eventually, Crazy Freddy defaulted under the financing agreement and Ippolito
went into bankruptcy. Honda sued to deny Ippolito the discharge of his debt to Honda (the “Honda Indebtedness”)
under section 523(a) of the Bankruptcy Code. The underlying complaint (the “Honda Complaint”) asserted four
claims for relief under section 523(a), including a claim to deny the discharge of the Honda Indebtedness under
section 523(a)(2)(A). Id. Ippolito filed a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss the Honda Complaint. As relevant, the
bankruptcy court granted the motion to dismiss the claim under section 523(a)(2)(A) on the grounds that Honda
failed to allege facts demonstrating that an express misrepresentation by Ippolito, either written or oral. Id. at *5.
The bankruptcy court found that:
the District Court did not find that the Debtor willfully made false representations to them.
Rather, as noted above, the Verdict Forms included findings of fact solely relating to: (i) the
period of Plaintiffs’ employment by Anago and the average weekly number of hours Plaintiffs
worked at Anago; (ii) the wages paid by the Debtor to the Plaintiffs; and (iii) the Debtor’s failure
to provide pay stubs and adequate wage notices to the Plaintiffs, and the Debtor’s bad faith in

violating the federal and state wage laws. See supra nn. 10-12. The Plaintiffs have failed to plead
a plausible prima facie case for false representation under section 523(a)(2)(A). See In re
Ippolito, 2013 WL 828316, at *5 (“Here, [the creditor] has failed to identify an express
misrepresentation made by [the debtor] either written or oral. Accordingly, it is clear that [the
creditor] has failed to plead a plausible prima facie claim for false representation.”). It would be
futile to authorize the Plaintiffs to amend the First Amended Complaint to assert a claim for false
representations under section 523(a)(2) of the Bankruptcy Code.
Actual Fraud

Courts typically rely on the common law of torts, as embodied in the Restatement
(Second) of Torts, in construing actual fraud. See, e.g., Weiss v. Alicea (In re Alicea), 230 B.R.
492, 500 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1999) (citing cases); see also RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS §
525 (1976) (The elements of common law fraud are (1) a misrepresentation, (2) fraudulent intent,
or scienter, (3) intent to induce reliance, (4) justifiable reliance, and (5) damage.). Thus, to state a
claim for “actual fraud” under section 523(a)(2)(A), the Plaintiffs must allege facts

Accepting all the factual allegations in the Complaint as true and drawing all inferences in favor of
Honda, at best, Honda has demonstrated that: 1) Ippolito has failed to notify Honda of any
discrepancies in the Dealer Statements; 2) Ippolito failed to report to Honda and/or omitted
information regarding vehicles sold “out of trust”; and 3) Ippolito failed to keep complete and
accurate records, all of which Honda's auditors failed to discover until February 2009. None of the
foregoing qualifies as an express misrepresentation or statement.
Id. at *5 n.7.
demonstrating the “five fingers of fraud: (1) that the [Debtor] made a false representation, (2)
knowing it to be false at the time it was made, (3) with intent to deceive the [Plaintiffs], and (4)
that the [Plaintiffs] justifiably relied on the representation, and (5) the [Plaintiffs] sustained
damages that were proximately caused by the false representation.” See In re Janac, 407 B.R. at
546; see also Shearman Lehman Hutton v. Schulman (In re Schulman), 196 B.R. 688, 693

(Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1996).
The Plaintiffs allege that the Debtor “deceived Plaintiffs with his misstatements by failing
to pay overtime wages and fail[ing] to provide time of hire notice[s] and paystubs to Plaintiffs.”
Proposed Second Amended Complaint ¶ 14. However, as previously discussed, the failure to pay
overtime wages or to provide time of hire notices or paystubs are omissions that do not constitute
express misrepresentations or statements. Cf. In re Ippolito, 2013 WL 828316 at *5; see also
supra n.34. In support of this claim, the Plaintiffs also allege that the District Court found that
the Debtor was “liable for obtaining services from Plaintiffs through, and among other
violations, by willfully making false representations[.]” Proposed Second Amended Complaint ¶

15. However, the Plaintiffs fail to allege any facts supporting that contention, and the Judgment
and the Verdict Forms annexed to the complaint do not support Plaintiffs’ allegation. As
previously noted, they do not reflect any statements or representations by the Debtor at all, much
less any false representations or misrepresentations. See Judgment, Verdict Forms. The Plaintiffs
have failed to allege facts which, if accepted as true, demonstrate any element of “actual fraud”
under section 523(a)(2)(A), let alone states a claim that the Debtor actually defrauded them. The
Plaintiffs have failed to plead a plausible prima facie case for fraud under section 523(a)(2)(A).
It would be futile to authorize them to amend the First Amended Complaint to assert a claim for
fraud under section 523(a)(2) of the Bankruptcy Code.
False Pretenses
“False pretenses” differ from “false representations” because they involve conduct, not
express oral or written misrepresentations. See In re Chase, 372 B.R. at 128 (“[A] false pretense
is designed to convey an impression without an oral representation.”) (citation omitted); see also
Matter of Gross, 175 B.R. at 284 (noting that “false pretenses” involve implied

misrepresentations, in contrast to a “false representation” involving an express misrepresentation,
oral or written). “False pretenses” can consist of either “conscious deceptive or misleading
conduct calculated to obtain, or deprive, another of property,” In re Chase, 372 B.R. at 128
(quoting Gentry v. Kovler (In re Kovler), 249 B.R. 238, 261 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2000)), or an
implied misrepresentation or conduct intended to create a false impression. See id. (citing
Voyatzoglou v. Hambley (In re Hambley), 329 B.R. 382, 396 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 2005)); see also
Evans v. Dunston (In re Dunston), 117 B.R. 632, 641 (Bankr. D. Colo. 1990), aff'd in part, rev'd
in part, 146 B.R. 269 (D. Colo. 1992) (noting that the term “false pretenses” has been defined as
“[u]sually, but not always, the product of multiple events, acts or representations undertaken by a

debtor which purposefully create a contrived and misleading understanding of a transaction that,
in turn, wrongfully induces the creditor to extend credit to the debtor.”). The “[f]ailure to
disclose material facts on which a transaction depends constitutes false pretenses within the
statute.” In re Soliz, 201 B.R. at 369 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1996).37 To state a claim under section

37 On this point, both Ippolito and Bombardier Capital, Inc. v. Baietti (In re Baietti), 189 B.R. 549
(Bankr.D.Me.1995), are instructive. In Baietti, the debtor, was in the business of selling boats. He failed to disclose
to his lender that a number of boats on his property, appearing as unsold inventory, had been sold. Id. at 554. The
creditor routinely inspected Baietti's boatyard, since Baietti was required under the loan documents to immediately
notify and pay the creditor a proportionate amount upon sale of a boat. Id. Baietti defended by arguing that he did
not affirmatively misrepresent the fact that several boats on his property had been sold; rather, he was merely a
“silent onlooker” while the creditor derived false information from inspecting the boatyard. Id. The court held that
the false impression created by Baietti's failure to disclose the sale of certain of the boats constituted false pretenses
under section 523(a)(2)(A). Id. at 555. In Ippolito, after rejecting Honda’s claim of “false representation”, the court
found that Honda “narrowly but adequately plead that Ippolito knowingly and willingly failed to disclose to Honda
the sale of vehicles “out of trust” in violation of Ippolito's duty under the terms of the Guaranty, in order to induce
523(a)(2)(A) that the Judgment Debt is nondischargeable as a debt for money obtained
by false pretenses, the Plaintiffs must allege facts demonstrating (1) an implied misrepresentation
or conduct by the defendant; (2) promoted knowingly and willingly by the defendant; (3)
creating a contrived and misleading understanding of the transaction on the part of the plaintiff;
(4) which wrongfully induced the plaintiff to advance money, property, or credit to the

defendant. In re Chase, 372 B.R. at 128 (citing In re Dobrayel, 287 B.R. at 12); see also In re
Hambley, 329 B.R. at 396 (same).
In the Proposed Second Amended Complaint, the Plaintiffs allege that the Debtor’s
policy was to underpay his employee and that he maintained that policy through a scheme
pursuant to which he withheld wage and hour notices at the time he hired them and obscured the
number of hours his employees worked and wages they actually earned by withholding paystub
statements on each payday, all in violation of their obligations under the FLSA and NYLL. See
Proposed Second Amended Complaint ¶ 14. They argue that they have alleged a claim of false
pretenses under section 523(a)(2) because, as established by the Judgment, the Debtor (1) failed

to pay the Plaintiffs the minimum and overtime wage required by the FLSA and NYLL; (2)
failed to pay the Plaintiffs the spread of hours’ wages they are entitled to when they work more
than ten hours, and (3) failed to comply with his duty under the NYLL to provide Plaintiffs with
annual wage notices and weekly wage statements. See Reply at 7-8. In substance, the Plaintiffs
argue that by withholding information from the Plaintiffs regarding their rights to over-time
wages under the NYLL, the Debtor caused them to unknowingly “advance money to Defendant

Honda to continue to make advances to Crazy Freddy's; these continued advances are alleged to have personally
benefited Ippolito by allowing him to “extend the time during which Crazy Freddy's and Ippolito engaged in their
criminal activity and corporate and personal malfeasance,” and resulted in or increased the amount of loss suffered
by Honda.” 2013 WL 828316 at * 6.
by accepting employment at a rate of pay less than they would otherwise have been entitled to
under the law.” Reply at 8.
However, those allegations fall short of demonstrating “conduct intended to create a false
impression” or a “misleading understanding.” While the Debtor failed to notify Plaintiffs of
rights afforded to them under federal and state labor laws, the Debtor’s actions do not amount to

the knowing creation of a false impression or misleading understanding—that the Debtor
intended to leave Plaintiffs with the impression that they would be paid a certain amount if they
chose to work with the Debtor or that Plaintiffs would be paid what they were legally entitled to
be paid. See In re Ippolito, 2013 WL 828316, at *4 (“To satisfy . . . Rule 9(b), state of mind can
be averred generally, [but] must not be mistaken for a license to base claims of fraud on
speculation and conclusory allegations . . . [P]laintiffs must allege facts that give rise to a strong
inference of fraudulent intent.”).
Moreover, Plaintiffs do not allege that they entered into their employment with the
Debtor because of the Debtor’s actions or that this alleged scheme was meant to or did induce

Plaintiffs to extend their services when they otherwise would not have. See In re Dobrayel, 287
B.R. at 12 (“false pretense is the product of multiple events, acts, or representations undertaken
by the debtor which purposely create a contrived and misleading understanding of a transaction
that . . . wrongfully induces the creditor to extend [services] to the debtor.”); see also In re
Banayan, 468 B.R. 542, 574 (Bankr. N.D.N.Y. 2012) (“To prove that a debt arose from false
pretenses, the plaintiff must show . . . conduct by the debtor . . . which wrongfully induced [the]
plaintiff to advance [services] to the debtor.”). Because Plaintiffs’ have failed to allege facts
demonstrating that the Debtor’s conduct and omissions created a “false impression” that
“wrongfully induced” Plaintiffs to extend their services to the Debtor, Plaintiffs have failed to
plead a plausible prima facie case for false pretenses under section 523(a)(2)(A). It would be
futile to authorize them to amend the First Amended Complaint to assert a claim for false
pretenses under section 523(a)(2) of the Bankruptcy Code.
To state a claim for relief under section 523(a)(2) of the Bankruptcy Code, the Plaintiffs
must demonstrate that, by words or conduct, the Debtor misrepresented facts to the Plaintiff in

order to mislead or defraud them. As reflected in the Proposed Second Amended Complaint,
Plaintiffs’ theory of the case (as it was in the District Court Action) is that the Debtor unlawfully
withheld information from them. They do not allege that the Debtor misrepresented facts to
them, and the record is devoid of any facts demonstrating such misrepresentation. The Court
denies the Plaintiffs’ Motion to Amend the First Amended Complaint to add the Section
523(a)(2) Claim. It would be futile to grant the Plaintiffs leave to assert the Section 523(a)(2)
Claim, because it fails to state a claim for relief. See Williams v. Citigroup Inc., 659 F.3d 208,
214 (2d Cir. 2011) (“It is well established that ‘leave to amend need not be granted where the
proposed amendment would be futile.’ ”) (quoting Advanced Magnetics, Inc. v. Bayfront

Partners, Inc., 106 F.3d 11, 18 (2d Cir. 1997)); see also Thea v. Kleinhandler, No. 13-cv-4895
(PKC), 2014 WL 3812231, at *6, 9 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 1, 2014) (denying motion to amend on basis
of futility); Carroll v. Trump, No. 22-CV-7311 (LAK), 2022 WL 748128, at *4, 10 (S.D.N.Y.
2022) (same); Goldberg v. Cablevision Systems Corp., 193 F. Supp. 2d 588, 599 (E.D.N.Y.
2002) (same).
Section 523(a)(6) Claim
In the First Amended Complaint, in support of their Section 523(a)(6) Claim, and as
relevant, the Plaintiffs allege, as follows:
9. As proved in the District Court Action, Plaintiffs (1) were not paid the minimum
wage and overtime wage required by the FLSA and NYLL; (2) were not paid spread
of hours wages when their workdays were longer than ten hours as required by the
NYLL; and (3) were not provided with annual wage notices and weekly wage
statements as required by the NYLL.

10. Debtor’s failure to pay Plaintiffs at the minimum wage rate and at the overtime
wage rate, failure to pay spread of hours pay, and failure to provide wage statements
and notices were intentional and wrongful acts which caused Plaintiffs injury in the
form of lost wages. Debtor’s violations of the FLSA, NYLL, and NYCRR were
done without just cause or excuse. Debtor had the ability to comply with the FLSA,
NYLL, and NYCRR and pay Plaintiffs the legally required wages and not otherwise
harm them by engaging in fraudulent conduct, but chose not to.

11. Debtor’s failure to pay Plaintiffs properly and in accordance with the FLSA,
NYLL, and NYCRR caused a willful and malicious injury to them such that debts
owed by Debtor to Plaintiffs, including attorneys’ fees and costs to which they are
entitled under the FLSA and NYLL should not be discharged. Therefore, pursuant
to 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4) [sic], Debtor is not entitled to a discharge of such debts.

First Amended Complaint ¶¶ 9-11. In the Second Amended Complaint, they make the identical
allegations in support of the Section 523(a)(6) Claim. See Proposed Second Amended
Complaint. ¶¶ 19-21.
Section 523(a)(6) of the Bankruptcy Code bars the discharge of any debt that is the
product of “willful and malicious injury by the debtor to another entity or to the property of
another entity.” 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6). The terms “willful” and “malicious” are separate and
distinct elements of a claim under the statute that “should not be joined together into one
amorphous standard.” In re Bressler, 387 B.R. at 454; see also Barclays American/Business
Credit, Inc. v. Long (In re Long), 774 F.2d 875, 881 (8th Cir. 1985) (The terms ‘willful’ and
‘malicious’ “should not be lumped together to create an amorphous standard to prevent discharge
from any conduct that may be judicially considered to be deplorable.”). As used in section
523(a)(6), “[t]he term willful ... means deliberate or intentional.” Navistar Fin. Corp. v.
Stelluti (In re Stelluti), 94 F.3d 84, 87 (2d Cir.1996) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also
Ball v. A.O. Smith Corp., 451 F.3d at 69 (“[T]he word ‘willful’ indicates ‘a deliberate or
intentional injury, not merely a deliberate or intentional act that leads to injury.’ ”) (quoting
Kawaauhau v. Geiger, 523 U.S. 57, 61 (1998)). The term malicious means “wrongful and
without just cause or excuse, even in the absence of personal hatred, spite, or ill-will.” In re
Stelluti, 94 F.3d at 87-88; see also Ball v. A.O. Smith Corp., 451 F.3d at 69. Malice may be
constructive, i.e., implied, by the “acts and conduct of the debtor in the context of [the]

surrounding circumstances.” In re Krautheimer, 241 B.R. 330, 341 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1999)
(quoting In re Stelluti, 94 F.3d at 88). A specific intent to harm or injure is not required. Rather,
“[m]alice is implied when anyone of reasonable intelligence knows that the act in question is
contrary to commonly accepted duties in the ordinary relationships among people, and injurious
to another.” Aldus Green Co. v. Mitchell (In re Mitchell), 227 B.R. 45, 51 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y.
1998) (citations omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted).
To state a claim for relief under section 523(a)(6), a plaintiff must allege facts
demonstrating “first, that the debtor acted willfully, second, that the debtor acted maliciously,
and third, that the debtor's willful and malicious actions caused injury to the creditor or its

property.” In re Salim, No. 13-42974 (ESS), 2015 WL 1240000, at *22 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. Mar.
16, 2015). The party objecting to the discharge of a claim under section 523(a)(6), must prove
the elements of the claim by a preponderance of the evidence. Cocoletzi v. Orly (In re Orly), No.
15-11650 (JLG), 2016 WL 4376947, at *3 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. Aug. 10, 2016) (internal citations
omitted).
The Plaintiffs were injured as a consequence of the Debtor’s violations of the FLSA and
NYLL. It should have been clear to the Debtor that by withholding information necessary for
Plaintiffs to make a true and correct accounting of the hours they worked, and of the wages
owed, that the Plaintiffs would suffer injury. See In re Orly, 2016 WL 4376947, at *7
(“[C]onduct which is certain or almost certain to cause financial harm to the creditor in addition
to the debtor’s knowledge that he or she is violating the creditors legal rights, when taken
together, is sufficient to establish a claim under section 523(a)(6).”) (quoting Johnson v. Logue
(In re Logue), 294 B.R. 59, 63 (B.A.P. 8th Cir. 2003)). The Plaintiffs contend that they have
alleged facts in support of the Proposed Second Amended Complaint that demonstrate that the

Debtor acted willfully in underpaying the Plaintiffs in violation of the FLSA and NYLL. The
Debtor does not dispute that contention. In support of the Section 523(a)(6) Claim, the Plaintiffs
allege that (i) the Debtor engaged in a “deliberate attempt to underpay the Plaintiffs;” that the
Debtor “had the ability to comply and pay the legally required wages and not otherwise harm the
Plaintiffs but chose not to;” and that the Debtor violated the FLSA and NYLL “without just
cause or excuse.” See Proposed Second Amended Complaint ¶¶ 13, 14, 20. The Court finds that
the Plaintiffs have met their burden to allege that the Debtor acted “willfully” in violating the
FLSA and NYLL. Moreover, as noted, the Jury awarded Plaintiffs liquidated damages under the
NYLL. See Judgment at 2. Liquidated damages are awarded under the NYLL “only where a

violation is willful.” In re Qiao Lin, 576 B.R. at 55 (“These grounds are substantially identical to
the grounds that support a finding of willfulness for purposes of Section 523(a)(6).”); see also
Ayres v. 127 Restaurant Corp., 12 F. Supp. 2d 305, 309 (S.D.N.Y. 1998) (“A violation of the
New York Labor Law is willful, warranting an award of 25% liquidated damages in addition to
lost wages, where the employer ‘knowingly, deliberately, [or] voluntarily’ disregards its
obligation to pay wages.”); P & L Grp., Inc. v. Garfinkel, 150 A.D.2d 663, 541 N.Y.S.2d 535,
537 (1989). Therefore, Plaintiffs have sufficiently alleged “willfulness” in support of the Section
523(a)(6) Claim.
The Debtor contends that the Section 523(a)(6) Claim fails to state a claim for relief
because the Plaintiffs have failed to allege facts demonstrating that he acted maliciously when he
violated the federal and state wage laws. See Opposition at 7. The Plaintiffs dispute that
contention. They assert that they have stated a claim for relief against the Debtor under section
523(a)(6) because the Judgment, alone, establishes that the Debtor acted with malice when he

willfully violated the federal and state wage laws. See Reply at 10-12. (“Ample case law
establishes that a willful violation of the FLSA, or an otherwise willful refusal to pay an
employee wages, can support a finding of non-dischargeability in bankruptcy pursuant to Section
523(a)(6).”).
The Court finds no merit in that argument. First, the Judgment and the Jury Verdict
Forms provide no support for the Plaintiffs’ claim because they contain no facts demonstrating
that the Debtor acted maliciously when he willfully violated the wage laws. Moreover, “[a]s a
general rule, an intentional breach of statutory duties [under the FLSA and NYLL] by a debtor,
whose conduct is clearly motivated by the prospect of financial gain, is not sufficient alone to

imply malice.” In re Orly, 2016 WL 4376947, at *6 (citing In re Luppino, 221 B.R. 693, 700
(Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1998)). That is the case because malice is not an element of a violation of the
NYLL. See In re Qiao Lin, 576 B.R. at 60; see also Ayres v. 127 Restaurant Corp., 12 F. Supp.
2d at 309 (“No finding of malice or bad faith, however, is necessary [under the NYLL].”).
Moreover, the case law is clear that willfulness is considered a separate and distinct element
from maliciousness, and maliciousness is found, not solely on the basis of a willful refusal to pay
an employee wages but from a willful refusal to do so without just cause or excuse and some
other additional aggravating conduct. For example, in In re Qiao Lin, 576 B.R. 32, the court
considered whether a default judgment entered by the district court against a debtor, president of
a restaurant corporation, for claims under the FLSA and NYLL was nondischargeable under
section 523(a)(6) of the Bankruptcy Code. The default judgment was based on an unopposed
motion for summary judgment which asserted that the debtor-employer willfully circumvented
minimum wage and overtime laws, willfully falsified pay stubs by reporting incorrect hours
worked, willfully failed to post lawfully required notices concerning federal and state minimum

wage protections or otherwise to inform the plaintiffs of those protections, willfully failed to
provide the plaintiffs with notices required under the NYLL, willfully retained portions of the
plaintiffs’ tip earnings and unlawfully dismissed the plaintiffs following their complaints. See id.
at 38. The Court found that alone, those allegations did not state a claim for relief under section
523(a)(6). However, in support of that claim for relief, the plaintiffs also alleged that the debtor
knowingly and intentionally fired two employees after they objected to the debtor’s violations of
the FLSA and posted anti-union posters in the workplace in order to intimidate his employees
into abandoning their legal rights. See id. at 37. In that light, the bankruptcy court concluded that
there was “substantial plausible evidence in the record that supports the conclusion that [the

debtor] acted maliciously.” See id. at 38. In In re Orly, the plaintiffs likewise asserted that, as a
practice, the defendant violated the wage and hour laws. This Court found that in demonstrating
that, in addition to the violations of the wage and hour laws, the defendant employer failed to
reimburse the employees for the costs and expenses they incurred in purchasing and maintaining
equipment and tools of the trade required to perform their jobs, the plaintiffs alleged the malice
necessary to state a claim under section 523(a)(6) of the Bankruptcy Code. Finally, in In re
Altendorf, the plaintiffs worked as commercial harvesters through the federal H-2A guestworker
visa program. Pre-petition, they brought an action against the debtor seeking, among other
things, damages for violations of the FLSA and North Dakota state wage law. Post-petition, the
plaintiffs commenced an action seeking a determination that their claims against the debtor were
excepted from discharge under section 523(a)(6). In support of their contention that the debtor
willfully and maliciously deprived them of wages and overtime payments, they alleged that the
debtor intentionally established a scheme by which she deliberately obtained labor through
threats of financial harm and failed to pay plaintiffs wages to which debtor knew plaintiffs were

entitled. See Murray v. Altendorf (In re Altendorf), No. AP 15–07003, 2015 WL 4575219, at *7
(Bankr. D.N.D. July 29, 2015). In part, the court found that because those allegations went
beyond a mere breach of the statute, the plaintiffs plausibly alleged that the debtor acted
maliciously. See id.38

38 The cases cited by Plaintiffs do not support their contention that a willful failure to pay an employee wages
without just cause and excuse alone is enough to discharge a debt for unpaid wages under section 523(a)(6) of the
Bankruptcy Code.
The case In re Makozy is directly contrary. There, the court noted that the standard for willfulness under the
FLSA and section 523(a)(6) are incongruent and found that the district court’s determination that the debtor
willfully violated the FLSA was not dispositive of whether the same actions support a finding of “willfulness” under
section 523(a)(6). Looking to the findings supporting the district court’s conclusion that the actions were willful
under the FLSA to determine if they satisfied the standard under section 523(a)(6), the court found a genuine dispute
regarding whether the debtor acted willfully, did not reach the question of maliciousness and denied the plaintiff’s
request for summary judgment. See In re Makozy, No. 13-26231 (CMB), 2013 WL 9663062, at *3 (Bankr. W.D. Pa.
Sept. 9, 2014).
In In re Silva, the debtor, who employed workers to provide cleaning services to his sole corporate client,
intentionally failed to pay them their wages, claiming that he was unable them because the corporate client failed to
pay him all it owed him, missing over $30,000 in payments. In concluding that the debtor’s conduct was malicious,
the court found that he had, in fact, been paid by his corporate client but diverted the revenue to his personal
expenses instead of compensating his employees, indicating he had no just cause or excuse for his willful failure to
pay his workers their wages. See In re Silva, No. 12-17413 (WCH), 2014 WL 217889, at *10 (Bankr. D. Mass. Jan.
21, 2014).
In In re Defusco, the court found that the plaintiff sufficiently stated a claim for relief under section
523(a)(6) where he alleged that the debtor, who operated a bakery, knowingly underpaid him, failed to withhold
taxes and retaliated against him for reporting the unsafe working conditions to the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration, after injuring himself on the job, by firing him. See In re Defusco, 500 B.R. 664, 669-70 (Bankr. D.
Mass. 2013).
In In re Ruhland, the debtor consistently failed to pay the plaintiff (a painter), despite promises and
representations that he would. After quitting once, the plaintiff returned to work after the debtor promised to pay the
plaintiff everything owed to him and agreed on a set wage moving forward. After the employee quit a second time,
the debtor continued to string him along, going so far as to set a place for them to meet so the debtor could pay him,
but failing to follow through. The court found that the debtor acted “deceitfully” and stole the value of the plaintiff’s
services, “gambling that his illegal conduct would not be brought to the attention of the Attorney General because of
There are no allegations in support of the Section 523(a)(6) Claim in the Proposed
Second Amended Complaint that support the Plaintiffs’ assertion that the Debtor acted
maliciously in breaching the FLSA and NYLL. Accordingly, it would be futile to authorize them
to amend the Section 523(a)(6) Claim as requested in the Motion to Amend, because, as
amended, the Section 523(a)(6) Claim would fail to state a claim for relief against the Debtor.

The Court denies the Plaintiffs’ Motion to Amend the Section 523(a)(6) Claim.
Motion to Dismiss
The Court now considers the Debtor’s Motion to Dismiss, which it construes as a motion
for judgment on the pleadings, in respect of the First Amended Complaint.
Plaintiffs’ first cause of action is the Section 523(a)(6) Claim. The claim as alleged in the
First Amended Complaint does not substantially or materially differ from the claim as alleged in
the Second Amended Complaint. Plaintiffs allege that they were not paid the minimum wage and
overtime wage requires by the FLSA and NYLL, were not paid spread of hours wages, and were
not provided with annual wage notices and weekly wage statements as required by the NYLL.

See First Amended Complaint ¶ 9. They allege that the failure to comply with those statutory
requirements were intentional and wrongful acts which caused Plaintiffs’ injury in the form of
lost wages. See id. ¶ 10. They allege that the violations were done with just cause or excuse

the Plaintiff’s status as an undocumented worker.” In re Ruhland, No. 11-19510 (JNF), 2013 WL 1088737, at *10-
11 (Bankr. D. Mass. Mar. 13, 2013). Moreover, the court found that the debtor had been paid for the painting
services performed by his workers but elected to use the money for purposes other than paying his workers. See id.
at *12.
In In re Jercich, the court credited the state court findings that the debtor had the “clear ability” to pay the
plaintiff his wages when they were due, but willfully “chose not to” and instead used the money for his own
personal benefit by making a “wide variety of personal investments, including a horse ranch,” which amounted to a
separate violation and misdemeanor under California law. See In re Jercich, 238 F.3d 1202, 1204, 1207 (9th Cir.
2001). The state court had also found that the debtor’s acts amounted to oppression under the California Civil Code,
which requires “despicable conduct that subjects a person to cruel and unjust hardship in conscious disregard of that
person’s rights.” See id. at 1207. The court concluded that “these state court findings are sufficient to show that the
injury inflicted by [the debtor] was malicious under § 523(a)(6).” See id. at 1209.
because the Debtor had the ability to comply with the laws and pay the legally required wages
and not otherwise harm Plaintiffs but chose not to. See id. Plaintiffs allege that the Debtor’s
failure to pay Plaintiffs properly in accordance with the FLSA, the NYLL and the regulations
promulgated thereunder caused willful and malicious injury and that the debts owed by the
Debtor should not be discharged. See id. ¶ 11. Lastly, they allege that the Debtor is jointly and

severally personally liable under the New York Business Corporation Law for all debts, wages
and salaries due and owing to any of its workers because he is among the ten largest shareholders
of Anago. See id. ¶ 12.
As discussed above, Plaintiffs have not stated a claim for relief under section 523(a)(6) of
the Bankruptcy Code because they have not sufficiently alleged maliciousness. Because the
Court found that Plaintiffs failed to state a claim for relief under section 523(a)(6) in the
Proposed Second Amended Complaint, it follows that the First Amended Complaint, which
makes the same allegations, must be dismissed for failure to state a claim. The Court grants the
Debtor’s motion for judgment on the pleadings.

Plaintiffs’ second cause of action is the Section 727(a)(4) Claim. They allege that the
Debtor misrepresented the value of Anago when it stated its value is $0, which is not possible for
a corporation that is still active. See First Amended Complaint ¶ 16. They allege that the Debtor
admitted in his deposition that he owns Sushi Suki but failed to disclose that interest in Sushi
Suki in his Schedules. See id. ¶¶ 17-18. They also allege that the Debtor had a practice of paying
employees of Anago under the table in cash. See id. ¶ 19. For those reasons, Plaintiffs assert that
the Debtor is not entitled to a discharge. See id. ¶ 20. For the same reasons these allegations
failed to state a claim for relief in the Proposed Second Amended Complaint, they fail in the First
Amended Complaint. Accordingly, the Court grants the Debtor’s motion for judgment on the
pleadings and dismisses the Section 727(a)(4) Claim.
It is usual practice upon granting a motion to dismiss to allow leave to replead. See
Cortec Indus., Inc. v. Sum Holding L.P., 949 F.2d 42, 48 (2d Cir. 1991); see also In re Rifkin,
142 B.R. 61, 68 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 1992) (“Complaints that are dismissed under Fed.R.Civ.P. 8,

9, and 12(b)(6) are ‘almost always’ dismissed with leave to amend.”) (citing In re Kelton Motors,
Inc., 121 B.R. 166 (Bankr. D. Vt. 1990)). This practice extends to motions for judgment on the
pleadings under Rule 12(c). See Woodward v. Morgenthau, 740 F. Supp. 2d 433, 441 (S.D.N.Y.
2010). However, leave to replead is not typically granted where doing so would be futile. See
Maharishi Hardy Blechman Ltd. v. Abercrombie & Fitch Co., 292 F. Supp. 2d 535, 555
(S.D.N.Y. 2003); see also Cortec Indus., Inc. v. Sum Holding L.P., 949 F.2d at 47-48 (“[W]here
a plaintiff is unable to allege any fact sufficient to support its claim, a complaint should be
dismissed with prejudice.”). In denying Plaintiffs’ Motion to Amend above, the Court finds that
it would be futile to grant leave to restate the Section 727(a)(4) Claim and Section 523(a)(6)

Claim. Accordingly, the Court dismisses both claims, without leave to replead.
Conclusion
For the reasons set forth above, the Court denies the Plaintiffs’ Motion to Amend, and
grants the Debtor’s Motion to Dismiss, without leave to replead.

IT IS SO ORDERED.
Dated: New York, New York
August 12, 2022

/s/ James L. Garrity, Jr.
Hon. James L. Garrity, Jr.
U.S. Bankruptcy Judge

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10460670. Public record. Not legal advice.