# Parker School Uniforms, LLC - Adversary Proceeding

> United States Bankruptcy Court, D. Delaware · October 5, 2021

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10456066

## Case

- **Court:** United States Bankruptcy Court, D. Delaware
- **Decided:** October 5, 2021
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10456066

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- holding that “[a] transfer made in satisfaction of an antecedent debt or for an obligation for which the debtor was liable presumptively constitutes reasonably equivalent value”

## Opinion text

IN THE UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF DELAWARE

In re: ) Chapter 7
) Case No.: 18-10085 (CSS)
PARKER SCHOOL UNIFORMS, LLC, )
)
Debtor. )
JEOFFREY L. BURTCH )
CHAPTER 7 TRUSTEE, )
)
Plaintiff, ) Adv. Proc. No.: 19-50770 (CSS)
)
v. )
)
SALEM INVESTMENT PARTNERS, )
III, LP AND SIP III HOLDINGS, INC., )
)
Defendants. )
JEOFFREY L. BURTCH )
CHAPTER 7 TRUSTEE, )
)
Plaintiff, ) Adv. Proc. No.: 19-50771 (CSS)
)
v. )
)
Plexus Fund III, L.P. and Plexus Fund )
QP III, L.P., )
)
Defendants. )

OPINION1

THE ROSNER LAW GROUP LLC COOCH AND TAYLOR, P.A.
Frederick B. Rosner Robert W. Pedigo
Jason A. Gibson R. Grant Dick IV
Zhao Liu 1007 N. Orange Street, Suite 1120
824 N. Market Street, Suite 810 Wilmington, DE 19801
Wilmington, Delaware 19801 -and-

1 This Opinion constitutes the Court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law, pursuant to Federal Rule of
Bankruptcy Procedure 7052.
-and- ELLIOTT, THOMASON
BROOKS, PIERCE, MCLENDON, & GIBSON, LLP
HUMPHREY & LEONARD, LLP 2626 Cole Avenue, Suite 600
Jeffrey E. Oleynik, Esq. Dallas, TX 75204
2000 Renaissance Plaza, -and-
230 North Elm Street CUNNINGHAM SWAIM, L.L.P.
Greensboro, NC 27401 7557 Rambler Road, Suite 440
Dallas, TX 75231
Counsel for Defendants Salem Investment
Partners, III, L.P. and SIP II Holdings, Inc. Special Counsel for Jeoffrey L. Burtch,
Chapter 7 Trustee of Parker School
Uniforms, LLC
THE BIFFERATO FIRM PA
Ian Connor Bifferato Ian
Kimberly L. Gattuso
1007 North Orange St., 4th Floor
Wilmington, Delaware 19801
-and-
Smith, Anderson, Blount, Dorsett,
Mitchell & Jernigan, L.L.P.
Gerald A. Jeutter, Jr.
Clifton L. Brinson
150 Fayetteville Street, Suite 2300
Raleigh, NC 27601
Counsel for Defendants Plexus Fund III, L.P. and
Plexus Fund QP IIL, L.P
Dated: October 5, 2021
D//) COLL
Sontchi, J. (Ab ? ree

I. INTRODUCTION
Before this Court are two (2) pending Motions to Dismiss in the In re Parker School
Uniforms, LLC Bankruptcy, Case No.: 18-10085; Adv. Proc. Nos. 19:50770 and 19-50771.2
Four (4) Defendant entities - Salem Investment Partners III, L.P., along with SIP III

Holdings, Inc., (hereinafter “Salem”), Plexus Fund III, L.P., and Plexus Fund QP III, L.P.,
(hereinafter “Plexus”), have filed Motions to Dismiss the Chapter 7 Trustee’s First
Amended Complaint, with prejudice, for its alleged failure to state a claim against these
entities.3
In opposition, the Trustee argues that all claims have been sufficiently pled and

requests that the Court either permit discovery to be exchanged in order to obtain the
information needed to support the claims at issue or for the opportunity to amend the
Complaint.
For the reasons stated herein, the Court will grant the Motions to Dismiss in their
entirety, without prejudice.
A. Complaint Against Plexus Entities

Plexus requests dismissal of the Trustee’s entire Complaint. For purposes of clarity
and organization, the Court finds it helpful to delineate the specific Counts of the
Complaint. Count I seeks avoidance of transfers made pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 547(b);

2 The Court’s Opinion will cite Adv. Proc. No. 19-50771 as “Plexus D.I.” and Adv. Proc. No. 19-50770 as
“Salem D.I.” To the extent the citation to both dockets is identical, the Court will simply cite the respective
docket as “D.I.”
3 Defendants move to dismiss the Trustee’s Complaint pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
12(b)(6), made applicable to bankruptcy proceedings by Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure
7012(b).
Counts II-V seek avoidance of fraudulent transfers made pursuant to 11 U.S.C. §
548(a)(1)(B), § 544, 6 Del. C. §§ 1304(a)(2), 1305(a), 1305(b), the North Carolina Uniform

Voidable Transactions Act (“NC UVTA”), NC Gen. Stat. §§ 39-23.4(a)(2), 39.23.5(a),
39.23.5(b), and the Texas Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act, Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Sec.
24.005(a)(2), 24.006(b) (“TUFTA”); Count VI seeks recovery of avoided transfers under 11
U.S.C. § 550 as well as 6 Del. C. § 1307, NC UVTA § 39-23.7, and TUFTA § 24.008; Count
VII seeks recharacterization of subordinated notes from debt to equity; Count VIII seeks
avoidance of obligations incurred under the subordinated notes pursuant to 11 U.S.C. §

544 as well as 6 Del. C. §§ 1304(a)(2), 1305(a), NC UVTA §§ 39.23.4(a)(2) and 39.23.5(a), as
well as TUFTA §§ 24.005(a)(2) and 24.006(a); lastly, Count IX seeks disallowance of all
claims pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 502(d) and (j).
B. Complaint Against Salem Entities 4
The Trustee’s Complaint against Salem is strikingly similar if not nearly identical to

the Complaint against Plexus in most respects. Count II seeks avoidance under 11 U.S.C.
§ 548(a)(1)(B); Counts III-IV and VIII seek avoidance pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 544(b)(1), 6
Del. C. §§ 1304(a)(2), 1305(a) and (b), NC UVTA §§ 39-23.4(a)(2), 39-23.5(a) and (b), and
TUFTA §§ 24.005(a)(2), 24.006(a) and (b); Count VII seeks recharacterization of
subordinated notes from debt to equity; and Count VI seeks to recover the

aforementioned transfers, plus interest thereon to the date of payment and the costs of
this action, pursuant 11 U.S.C. § 550(a), 6 Del. C. § 1307, N.C. UVTA § 39-23.7, and/or

4 The Trustee has stipulated to dismiss Counts I and V against Salem. See Salem D.I. 32, 33.
TUFTA §24.008; and Count IX seeks disallowance of claims pursuant to § 502(d) and (j).
Salem requests that this Court dismiss all Counts of the Trustee’s Complaint.

Hence, the overarching issue(s) presented before the Court is whether the Chapter 7
Trustee has sufficiently stated the foregoing claims against the Plexus and Salem entities.
For the reasons stated in this Opinion, the Court finds that the Trustee has not.
II. JURISDICTION AND VENUE
This Court has subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334(b) and
157(b)(2)(H). Venue is proper before the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District

of Delaware pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1408 and 1409.
III. STATEMENT OF FACTS
A. The Chapter 7 Trustee’s Complaint
As already discussed, the Trustee’s Amended Complaint, filed on January 15, 2020,
seeks to avoid and recover $1, 613.212.66 from Plexus and Salem, respectively.
Specifically, the Trustee alleges that these monies are owed to Parker School Uniforms,
LLC’s (hereinafter “Parker”) bankruptcy estate because the interest payments made by

Parker to Plexus and Salem were either preferences under 11 U.S.C. § 547 and state law
under 11 U.S.C. § 544(b), 6 Del. C. § 1304(a)(2), 6 Del. C. §§ 1305(a) and (b),5 and,
additionally or alternatively, fraudulent conveyances under 11 U.S.C. § 548. Moreover,
the Trustee seeks to recharacterize certain subordinated notes as equity based on the
alleged fact that the loans made to Parker by Plexus and Salem are more akin to equity

5 As noted in the Court’s introductory remarks, the Trustee’s Amended Complaint also contains
identical requests for relief under the North Carolina Uniform Voidable Transactions Act (“NC
UVTA”) and/or the Texas Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act (“TUFTA”).
investments given the circumstances surrounding said payments, discussed infra.
B. The Transactions at Issue and Parker’s Bankruptcy
On January 12, 2018, (the “Petition Date”), Parker filed a voluntary petition for relief

under Chapter 7 of the United States Bankruptcy Code.6 Prior to the filing of Parker’s
bankruptcy petition, Parker operated a distribution center and warehouse facility in
Houston, TX, as well as forty-seven (47) retail stores in ten (10) states for the sale of school
uniforms.7
Plexus, along with Salem and Argosy Investment Partners V, L.P., and Argosy

Investment Partners Parallel V, L.P., (hereinafter “Agrosy”), invested in Parker through
PSU Holdings, LLC (hereinafter “PSU”).8 On June 25, 2015, PSU purchased 100% of
Parker from Blue Sage Capital, L.P., (hereinafter “Blue Sage”), amongst other sellers, for
cash consideration of $20,601,750.9 Salem provided $8,080,000 of the investment and
Plexus provided $7,040,000 of the investment through equity investments and

subordinated notes.10
On the same day, PSU, Plexus and Salem, amongst others, entered into an Investment

6 The Complaint attributes Parker’s ultimate demise to several business decisions – Parker’s decision to
utilize a new computer system that was not ready to be rolled out during the height of their busy season
resulting in Parker’s inability to track inventory and sales, see D.I. 3, ¶ 133, as well as certain decisions to
expand Parker’s growth when it did not have the capability to do so. Id., ¶ 134.
7 Id., ¶ 11.
8 Id., ¶ 19.
9 Id., ¶ 21.
10 See Salem D.I. 27, pg. 2; see also Plexus D.I. 20, pg. 2. According to the entities’ moving papers, Salem
provided $2,080,000 by way of equity investment and the remaining $6 million by way of loan. Plexus
provided $1,040,000 by way of equity investment and $6 million by way of loan. The notes provided for
monthly interest payments and were subordinated to senior debt held by Frost Bank. See D.I. 3, Ex. F. § 2.1.
Agreement whereby PSU was authorized to sell its senior subordinated promissory notes
in the amount of $13,500,000 and to issue 1,160,000 Class B Units.11 The Plexus and Salem

entities each received 500,740 Class B Units in exchange for $6 million, respectively.12 This
Investment Agreement was thereafter amended to reflect certain entities which became
holders of Class A Units and, as such, were required to make capital contributions to PSU;
Plexus and Salem both held Class A and Class B Units.13 Pursuant to this Amended
Investment Agreement, Salem was entitled to elect and appoint two members of the PSU
Holdings board of managers, as was Argosy. Plexus was not given any contractual right

to do the same but was able to appoint an individual to observe board meetings.14
In conjunction with the June 25, 2015 sale, Frost Bank, the subordinated note holders,
and Parker entered into a Subordination Agreement which stated that the subordinated
notes were guaranteed by Parker.15 Also, the Subordination Agreement required Parker
to make monthly interest payments.16 Parker made said interest payments to Plexus from

August 2015 through October 2017,17 and to Salem from August 2015 through August
2017.18 These interest payments are the subject of the Trustee’s preference and avoidance

11 D.I. 3, ¶¶ 23-24.
12 Salem received 500,741 Class B Units in exchange for $6 million and both Plexus entities received 250,370
Class B Units in exchange for $3 million each. Id., ¶ 25.
13 Id., ¶32.
14 Id., ¶¶ 34-35; ¶ 124.
15 Id., ¶¶ 48-49; see also Ex. B.
16 D.I. 3, Ex. P, § 2.2.
17 Plexus D.I. 3., Ex. A.
18 Salem D.I. 3, Ex. A.
claims.
In exchange for Parker’s guarantee of the subordinated notes, PSU entered into a

Guaranty Agreement with Frost Bank, one of Parker’s large lenders, whereby PSU
guaranteed all indebtedness, obligations, and liabilities of Parker to Frost Bank.19 PSU
also paid down $2.5 million of debt owed by Parker to Frost Bank.20
Despite Blue Sage’s assurances on June 25, 2015 regarding the usability of Parker’s
inventory, it was later determined that approximately $7-10 million of the $22-27 million
in inventory was worthless and unusable given that the inventory was part of a uniform

program that had been terminated or changed.21 According to the Trustee, Parker was
likely insolvent on the date of the June 25, 2015 sale and continuously thereafter until the
Petition Date.22
In December of 2016, after Parker executed Amendment No. 7 with Frost Bank,
Parker’s liquidity and access to credit was allegedly curtailed and reduced.23 This

resulted in Parker and PSU having to invest additional equity to maintain Parker’s use of
its Frost loan; to do so, Parker, PSU and Frost Bank amended its Subordination
Agreement to permit Salem and Plexus, amongst other investors, to increase the amount
of the subordinated notes and to extend the notes’ maturity dates.24

19 D.I. 3, ¶ 46.
20 See Bean Decl., Ex. A.
21 D.I. 3, ¶¶ 92-95.
22 Id., ¶ 99.
23 Id., ¶¶ 66-70.
24 Id., ¶¶ 73-78.
Prior thereto, in June of 2016, Salem advanced Parker $30,898.00 under a subordinated
note, and Plexus advanced Parker $171,110.00 under a subordinated note. Additionally,
on December 15, 2016, Salem and Plexus, amongst others, invested additional monies
into Parker in exchange for additional Class A units of PSU.*6
Lastly, in November of 2017, Salem and Plexus made additional advances of
$523,482.00 and $61,742.00 via subordinated notes, respectively.2” This is even though
these entities were allegedly aware of Parker’s financial distress, including the fact that
Parker had failed to pay these entities for the interest on their subordinated notes,”® and
Frost Bank’s declaration that Parker was in default of its loan.29
Illustrated directly below is a breakdown of the subordinated notes advanced from
June 2015 through November 2017:%°

eff. 6.25.15 eff. 6.25.15 eff. 6.16.16 eff. 11.8.17 eff. 11.17.17
Argosy $1,388,899.50 115,913 $494,482.00 $257,256
Partners
Argosy $111,100.50 9,272 $39,535.00 $20,578
Parallel
Plexus LP. | $3,000,000.00 | 250370 | 88555500 | SsosT) | 0 |
Plexus QP | $3,000,000,00 | 250.370 | ~$85,555,00_| sx0a71 | 0 |
Salem $30,898.00
Holdings

According to the Trustee, the subordinated notes advanced by the Plexus and Salem

5 9 76-77.
26 Id., 89.
27 YF 85-86.
28 Id., 9 166.
29 | 170.
30 9 91.

entities on November 8 and November 17, 2017, should be recharacterized as equity
investments rather than loans.
IV. LEGAL DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review
A motion to dismiss is granted when the pleading fails “to state a claim upon
which relief can be granted . . . .”31 “In reviewing a motion to dismiss . . . we treat as true

all well-pleaded facts in the complaint, which we construe in the ‘light most favorable to
the plaintiff.’”32 To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient
factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face . . . . A
claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court
to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct

alleged.”33 However, “detailed pleading is not generally required.”34
“[A] court must consider only the complaint, exhibits attached to the complaint,
matters of public record, as well as undisputedly authentic documents if the
complainant's claims are based upon these documents.” 35 In considering a motion to
dismiss, the Third Circuit has formulated three steps lower courts must follow in

“reviewing the sufficiency of a complaint.”36

31 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6).
32 Santomenno ex rel. John Hancock Tr. v. John Hancock Life Ins. Co. (U.S.A), 768 F.3d 284, 290 (3d Cir. 2014)
(quoting Warren Gen. Hosp. v. Amgen Inc., 643 F.3d 77, 84 (3d Cir. 2011)).
33 Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009).
34 Connelly v. Lane Const. Corp., 809 F.3d 780, 786–87 (3d Cir. 2016).
35 Mayer v. Belichick, 605 F.3d 223, 230 (3d Cir. 2010) (citing Pension Benefit Guar. Corp. v. White Consol.
Indus., Inc., 998 F.2d 1192, 1196 (3d Cir.1993)).
36 Connelly v. Lane Const. Corp., 809 F.3d 780, 786–87 (3d Cir. 2016).
First, we will note the elements of a claim; second, we will
identify allegations that are conclusory and therefore not
assumed to be true, and; third, accepting the factual
allegations as true, we will view them and reasonable
inferences drawn from them in the light most favorable to [the
plaintiff] to decide whether “they plausibly give rise to an
entitlement to relief.”37

Accordingly, the Court’s role at this stage in the proceedings is to accept the
Trustee’s well-pled factual allegations as true and to determine whether those factual
allegations entitle the Trustee to pursue the relief sought in the Amended Complaint.
B. Analysis
i. Count I – § 547 Preference Claim - Insider Issue as to Plexus Only
Plexus argues that it is neither a statutory nor non-statutory insider and, thus, the
Trustee’s preference claim fails as a matter of law. More specifically, Plexus argues that,
because none of the transfers being challenged were made within ninety (90) days of the
Petition Date, the Trustee bears the burden of showing that Plexus was an “insider” of
Parker pursuant to 11 U.S.C. §547(b)(4)(B). According to Plexus, the Trustee has failed to
allege facts sufficient to sustain this burden.
In response, the Trustee argues that the Amended Complaint sufficiently pleads
Plexus’ status as either a statutory or non-statutory insider. Specifically, the Trustee relies
on 6 Del. C. § 18-402 to stand for the proposition that the management of a limited liability
company, such as PSU, is vested in its members.38 According to the Trustee, because PSU

37 Sweda v. Univ. of Pennsylvania, 923 F.3d 320, 326 (3d Cir. 2019), cert. denied, 140 S. Ct. 2565 (2020).
38 6 Del. C. §18-402 states that, “unless otherwise provided in a limited liability company agreement, the
management of a limited liability company shall be vested in its members ….”
owns 100% of Parker and because Plexus is a member of PSU, Plexus is an insider of
Parker.

Additionally, the Trustee argues that Plexus is, at a minimum, a non-statutory
insider. To support this argument, the Trustee argues that Plexus has a close relationship
with Parker because Plexus was a designated observer to the PSU and Parker boards and
attended almost all of Parker’s board meetings. To the extent that the Trustee has not pled
facts to support Plexus’ insider status, the Trustee requests that the Court permit
discovery to be exchanged for the purpose of discovering information to establish insider

status.
In its reply, Plexus acknowledges that 6 Del. C. § 18-402 vests management of a
limited liability company in its members unless a limited liability agreement provides to
the contrary. Plexus argues that, in this case, the PSU Limited Liability Agreement does
just that by providing that PSU’s management is vested in a separate board of managers,

not its members.39 According to Plexus, because it was not a member of PSU’s board of
managers and was not given the contractual right to appoint any members of PSU’s board
of managers, Plexus was not a statutory insider of Parker.
Furthermore, Plexus emphasizes the fact that the Trustee has not pled any facts to
support that Plexus was a non-statutory insider or that the challenged transactions were

not conducted at arm’s length.

39 D.I. 3, Ex. D, § 4.1.
According to 11 U.S.C. § 547(b), in pertinent part:
a trustee may … avoid any transfer of an interest of the debtor
in property
(1) to or for the benefit of a creditor;
(2) for or on account of an antecedent debt owed by the debtor before
such transfer was made;
(3) made while the debtor was insolvent;
(4) made –
(A) on or within 90 days before the date of the filing of the petition; or
(B) between ninety days and one year before the date of the filing of the
petition, if such creditor at the time of such transfer was an insider ….
Accordingly, the critical issue here is whether the Amended Complaint sufficiently
pleads facts that allege Plexus’ statutory or non-statutory insider status. The Court finds
that it does not.
11 U.S.C. §101(31)(B) statutorily defines an insider in the corporate context as a
director, officer, or person in control of the debtor.40 11 U.S.C. § 101(31)(E) further
provides that an insider may be an affiliate of the debtor.41 Here, it is sufficiently clear
that the Trustee has not pled any facts to support the contention that Plexus is a statutory

40 This Court applies the statutory definition of an insider of a corporation to a limited liability company.
See In re Our Alchemy, LLC, No. 16-11569, 2019 WL 4447202 at *5 (Bankr. D. Del. Sept. 16, 2019).
41 An affiliate is defined as a:
person who directly or indirectly owns, controls or holds with power to
vote, 30 percent or more of the outstanding voting securities of the debtor
…. [or] a corporation, 20 percent or more of whose outstanding voting
securities are directly or indirectly owned, controlled or held with power
to vote by the debtor or a person who directly or indirectly owns, controls
or holds with power to vote 20 percent or more of the outstanding voting
securities of the debtor …
See 11 U.S.C. § 101(2)(A) - (B); 6 Del. C. § 1301(a)-(b); NC UVTA § 39.23-(1)(a)-(b); TUFTA § 24.002(1)(A) -
(B).
insider.42
First and foremost, Plexus is not alleged to be a director of Parker. Indeed,

pursuant to PSU’s Limited Liability Company Agreement, PSU’s board of managers
controls Parker, and Plexus was not given the right to appoint any managers to PSU’s
board.43 Moreover, it is certainly clear that Plexus was not PSU’s officer; the Amended
Complaint explicitly states that Plexus’ officers consisted of Pike, Porter, Sarpa and
Balthrope.44 Furthermore, Plexus is not alleged to have been a person in control of
Parker.45 What is pled is that Plexus owned 13.98% of PSU on the date of the sale and

11.74% as of the petition date.46 The Trustee does not allege that Plexus had any control
over Parker’s management. For these reasons, the Court finds that the Trustee has failed
to plead facts to support Parker’s alleged statutory insider status.
The Court finds that Plexus is neither a non-statutory insider. In order to show
that Plexus is a non-statutory insider of PSU, the Trustee has to plead facts to show: (1) a

close relationship between the debtor and the creditor; and (2) anything other than

42 6 Del. C. § 1308(b), TUFTA § 24.002(7)(B) and NC UVTA § 39.23-1(7)(b)’s definitions of statutory insiders
are identical to the definition set forth by 11 U.S.C. § 101(31)(B).
43 D.I. 3, ¶¶ 34-35 (stating only that Salem and Argosy were entitled to elect and appoint two members of
the PSU Holdings board of managers). See also, D.I. 3, Ex. D (stating that PSU’s management is vested in a
board of managers rather than its members).
44 Id., ¶ 38.
45 “Insider” status is also given to partnerships where the debtor is a general partner, § 101(31)(B)(iv) a
general partner of the debtor, § 101(31)(B)(v), and to relatives of general partners, directors, officers, or
persons in control of the debtor. § 101(31)(B)(vi). None of these categories are applicable to Plexus and
warrant no discussion from the Court.
46 D.I. 3, ¶ 32, ¶ 197.
closeness to suggest that any transactions were not conducted at arm’s length.47
Here, the Trustee does not set forth any facts to plausibly establish Plexus’ status

as a non-statutory insider. Although the Trustee argues that Plexus was a major lender
with a small equity interest in PSU,48 it is well-settled that courts do not apply insider
status “absent a showing of a high level of control by the lender.”49
Moreover, the Trustee’s Answering Brief does not address the second prong of the
non-statutory insider standard. Even if the Court were to accept the Trustee’s argument
that Plexus and Parker had a close relationship, the Court simply cannot find any facts to

support the second prong – that the transactions at issue were not conducted at arm’s
length. The Trustee neither pleads nor argues them, and it is recognized that “reasonable
financial controls negotiated at arms’ length between a lender and borrower do not
transform a lender into an insider.”50 Here, the interest payments at issue were made
pursuant to a pre-existing obligation incurred a significant amount of time prior to

Parker’s bankruptcy.
For the reasons set forth above, the Trustee’s § 547 claim against Plexus is
dismissed. However, the Court will dismiss this claim against Plexus without prejudice
to permit the Trustee to amend the Complaint should additional facts come to light

47 In re Raytrans Holding, Inc. 573 B.R. 121, 132 (Bankr. D. Del. 2017) (citing In re Winstar Communications,
Inc., 554 F.3d 382, 397 (3d Cir. 2009)).
48 The Plexus entities each held a 6.99% equity interest in PSU as of June 25, 2015, and a 5,87% equity interest
as of September 14, 2017. See Plexus D.I., 33, pg. 4.
49 In re Champion Enterprises, Inc., No. 09-14014, 2010 WL 3522132 at *6 (Bankr. D. Del. Sept. 1, 2010).
50 Id., at *7 (citing In re Radnor Holdings Corp., 353 B.R. 820, 847 (Bankr. D. Del. Nov. 17, 2006)).
affecting Plexus’ alleged insider status.
ii. Count II – Fraudulent Transfer Claim § 548
Both Plexus and Salem argue that the Trustee’s § 548 claim should be dismissed

on the grounds that Parker received reasonably equivalent value in exchange for the
challenged interest payments paid to both entities. Specifically, both entities argue that
payment on an obligation is considered reasonably equivalent value, that Parker’s
interest payments were made in satisfaction of a debt, and thus, Parker received
reasonably equivalent value.

At the motion to dismiss stage, a constructive fraudulent clam requires that the
debtor plead “an allegation that there was a transfer for less than reasonably equivalent
value at a time when the Debtors were insolvent.”51
More specifically, pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 548, in pertinent part,
[t]he trustee may avoid any transfer … of an interest of the
debtor in property, or any obligation … incurred by the
debtor, that was made or incurred on or within 2 years before
the date of the filing of the petition, if the debtor voluntarily
or involuntarily … received less than a reasonably equivalent
value in exchange for such transfer or obligation; and was
insolvent on the date that such transfer was made or such
obligation was incurred, or became insolvent as a result of
such transfer or obligation ….
11 U.S.C. § 548(a)(B)(ii)(I).

51 In re AgFeed USA, LLC, 546 B.R. 318, 336 (Bankr. D. Del. 2016).
This provision “aims to make available to creditors those assets of the debtor that
are rightfully a part of the bankruptcy estate, even if they have been transferred away.”52

The Third Circuit has explained that “a party receives reasonably equivalent value for
what it gives up if it gets ‘roughly the value it gave.’”53 In order to make this
determination, courts look to a “totality of the circumstances.”54 The factors to be
considered include: “(1) the “fair market value” of the benefit received as a result of the
transfer, (2) “the existence of an arm’s-length relationship between the debtor and the
transferee,” and (3) the transferee’s good faith.”55

Moreover, it is well-settled that a “transfer made in satisfaction of an antecedent
debt or for an obligation for which the debtor was liable presumptively constitutes
reasonably equivalent value.”56
1. Fair Market Value
Plexus invested roughly $7 million and was paid $1,613,212,66 - the challenged
interest payments – pursuant to the terms of the subordinated notes discussed supra.57
Accordingly, Parker paid Plexus far less than what Plexus invested in Parker through

PSU and certainly got more than “roughly the value it gave,” supra.

52 In re Fruehauf Trailer Corp., 444 F.3d 203, 210 (3d Cir. 2006) (citing In re PWS Holding Corp., 303 F.3d 308,
318 (3d Cir. 2002)).
53 In re Charys Holding Co., Inc., 443 B.R. 628, 637 (Bankr. D. Del. 2010) (citing VFB LLC v. Campbell Soup Co.,
482 F.3d 624, 631 (3d Cir. 2007)); see also In re Fruehauf Trailer Corp., 444 F.3d at 212 (explaining that, once a
court determines that a debtor received some value as a result of the challenged transfer, courts thereafter
compare “whether the debtor got roughly the value it gave”).
54 In re Fruehauf Trailer Corp., 444 F.3d at 213.
55 Ibid. (citing In re R.M.L., Inc., 92 F.3d 139, 148-49, 153 (3d Cir.1996)).
56 In re Direct Response Media, Inc., 466 B.R. 626, 660 (Bankr. D. Del. 2012).
57 D.I. 3, ¶ 177.
Salem invested roughly $8 million and was paid interest in the amount of
$1,430.933.27. Similarly, Parker paid Salem far less than what Salem invested in Parker

through PSU.
As for the issue regarding whether Parker received reasonably equivalent value
when “PSU Holdings repaid over $2.5 million of debt owed by Parker to Frost Bank,”
and as “PSU guaranteed the $20 million Frost Bank Loan for Parker,”58 the Court finds
the Trustee’s argument that same was “illusory” as conclusory; nowhere in the Amended
Complaint are there facts alleged to support the contention that PSU’s guarantee was

illusory. Further, although the Trustee argues that Parker was burdened with PSU’s $13.5
million subordinated debt by way of the Parker Guarantee, it is undisputed that PSU paid
down $2.5 million of Parker’s debt to Frost Bank and guaranteed Parker’s January 14,
2012 loan agreement with Frost Bank with a $20 million credit line.
While the Trustee’s Answering Brief argues that Parker was not contractually

obligated to pay Plexus and Salem in satisfaction of an antecedent debt, the Trustee’s own
Amended Complaint is to the contrary. Specifically, the Amended Complaint states,
“Defendants had a right to payment on account of the obligations owed to Defendants,”59
and that the Transfers were “to or for the benefit of creditor Defendants because each …
Transfer reduced or fully satisfied a debt or debts owed to Defendants.”60

The Trustee also argues that the First Amended Complaint seeks avoidance of the

58 Plexus D.I. 20, pg. 2.
59 D.I. 3, ¶ 186.
60 Id., ¶ 187.
Parker Guarantee Agreement and that the avoidance of same would render all the
transfers alleged to be made without reasonably equivalent value. The Trustee concedes

that the Parker Guarantee cannot be avoided under § 548 given the fact that it was made
more than two (2) years prior to the Petition Date but argues that avoidance of same is
being sought under state law.
Alternatively, the Trustee argues that, even if the Parker Guarantee could not be
avoided under state law, implication of the “savings clause” contained therein provides
that the amount of debt actually guaranteed by Parker to Plexus and Salem is $0.00. For

the reasons set forth infra, namely, because the Trustee has failed to plead the existence
of a predicate § 544 creditor to support its state law fraudulent conveyance claims, the
Court rejects this argument.61
Accordingly, the Trustee’s Amended Complaint and arguments regarding fair
market value do not convince this Court, even in this infancy stage, that the transactions

at issue lack fair market value.
2. Arm’s Length Relationship
The Trustee asserts that there was not an arm’s length relationship between Parker
and Plexus, and Parker and Salem, because all of PSU’s board and equity members were

either officers or directors of Parker, and/or holders of the subordinated notes.
It has already been established that Plexus itself was neither a director nor officer

61 The Court need not reach a substantive conclusion as to whether the “savings clause” limits Parker’s
liability on the Parker Guarantee to $0.00 because the Trustee has failed to plead a predicate § 544 creditor
to pursue state law claims. Because the Trustee concedes that the Parker Guarantee cannot be avoided
under § 548, the Trustee’s only method of pursuing this theory of recovery would be under state law.
of PSU, nor did it have the contractual right to place a director or officer on PSU’s board;
accordingly, the Court rejects the Trustee’s argument as to Plexus.

As to Salem, while Salem was given the right to appoint two members to PSU’s
board, Salem contends that it had no control over Parker given that Parker was managed
entirely by PSU’s board of managers. Indeed, the Amended Complaint does not allege
that Salem had any control over Parker aside from Salem’s appointment of two directors
onto PSU’s board of managers.
Moreover, although it is undisputed that both Plexus and Salem were in fact

holders of the subordinated notes, the Trustee points to no legal authority to support that
being such a holder somehow equates to the absence of an arm’s length relationship.
Accordingly, there are no facts pled to support the absence of an arm’s length
relationship between Parker and the Plexus and Salem entities.
3. Transferee’s Good Faith

As for this last factor, the Trustee argues that because Plexus and Salem were
equity members and debtholders of PSU and placed the burden for certain guaranteed
obligations upon Parker, that their good faith has been adequately questioned.
The Court has already discussed the fact that, while Plexus and Salem did place

certain of PSU’s obligations upon Parker, PSU also guaranteed Parker’s obligations and
paid down millions of dollars that Parker owed to Frost Bank. Accordingly, the fact that
Plexus and Salem placed obligations upon Parker does not, under these circumstances,
suggest any bad faith on their part.
Accordingly, and similar to the foregoing, there are no facts pled to support the
absence of either Plexus or Salem’s good faith.
Lastly on this issue, while the Court acknowledges the Trustee’s argument

regarding the need for discovery given that constructive fraud claims generally require
factual determinations not suitable on a motion to dismiss, 62 the Court finds that under
the circumstances presented, discovery is not warranted. The Trustee’s Amended
Complaint sets forth that Plexus and Salem had a right to payment on account of
obligations Parker owed to them; the right to payment in exchange for an obligation is
reasonably equivalent value.63 Also, it is undisputed that, although Parker guaranteed

obligations owed by PSU to Plexus and Salem, PSU also repaid $2.5 million of debt owed
by Parker to Frost Bank and issued its own guarantee under a $20 million line of credit.
Accordingly, the Court finds that the Trustee has failed to plead facts to support recovery
under § 548 and does not see how additional discovery on this issue will be beneficial.
However, should it somehow be discovered that the challenged interest payments

were not on account of an antecedent debt, or that the Parker-PSU guarantees lacked
reasonably equivalent value, the Trustee may reinstate these claims. Accordingly, the
Trustee’s § 548 claims are dismissed without prejudice against both entities.

62 In re Charys Holding Co., Inc., 443 B.R. at 638.
63 In re Direct Response Media, Inc., 466 B.R. 626, 660 (Bankr. D. Del. 2012) (holding that “[a] transfer made in
satisfaction of an antecedent debt or for an obligation for which the debtor was liable presumptively
constitutes reasonably equivalent value”).
iii. Counts III, IV (State Law Fraudulent Conveyance) V (State Law Preference
Against Plexus Only) and VIII – State Law Avoidance Claims

Plexus and Salem argue that Counts III-V and VII should be dismissed for the same
reasons set forth above with respect to Counts II and I – i.e., reasonably equivalent value,
and the absence of a showing that Plexus was an insider of Parker. In addition, as a
threshold matter, Plexus and Salem argue that the Trustee has failed to establish the
existence of an unsecured creditor who was holding an allowed unsecured claim to
support any entitlement to relief under § 544.
With respect to Count V of the Complaint, same is dismissed as to Plexus without
prejudice for the same reasons as set forth in the Court’s discussion as to Count I given
that Delaware courts apply the same standard for non-statutory state law preference

claims under the Delaware UFTA as they do for § 547 preference claims,64 and because
the Court has already determined that the Trustee has not plead facts to support Plexus’
position as a statutory insider.65
With respect to Counts III and IV, these claims are dismissed without prejudice for
the same reasons set forth above in connection with the Court’s § 548 fraudulent

conveyance discussion.66 For purposes of completeness, the Court will address the

64 See News Journal Co. v. Little Caesars of Del., Inc., 2000 WL 33653432, at *2 (Del. Com. Pl. Oct. 20, 2000)
(explaining that “an insider is generally defined as the parties set forth on the list [contained in Section
1301(7)] or someone that has a close enough relationship to the party which warrants closer scrutiny by the
Court”).
65 6 Del. C. § 1301(7)(b)’s definition of a statutory insider is identical to the definition of a statutory insider
as set forth in 11 U.S.C. §101(31)(B).
66 6 Del. C. § 1304(a)(2), NC UVTA § 39-23.4(a)(2), and TUFTA § 24.005(a)(2) are identical to 11 U.S.C. § 548
in substance and in relation to the issues raised herein; given the Court’s discussion as to reasonably
equivalent value set forth above, the Court need not discuss the alleged constructive fraudulent
conveyances under state law.
parties’ argument regarding whether the Trustee has sufficiently pled the existence of an
unsecured creditor to support his § 544 claims. The Court finds that the Trustee has not.

Pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 544(b), a trustee,
may avoid any transfer of an interest in property of the debtor
in property or any obligation incurred by the debtor that is
voidable under applicable law by a creditor holding an
unsecured claim that is allowable under section 502 of this
title or that is not allowable only under section 502(e) of this
title.
“This strong-arm provision permits a trustee … to step into the shoes of a debtor’s
unsecured creditor holding a state law avoidance claim and pursue such claim ‘on behalf
of the bankruptcy estate … for the benefit of the creditors.’ If there exists no such creditor,
a trustee … may not act under section 544(b)(1).”67
Plexus and Salem argue that the Trustee has not sufficiently pled the existence of
any unsecured creditor, that the Amended Complaint contains only conclusory
allegations that Parker “has creditors whose claims arose before” the challenged transfers
were made, and that these creditors were harmed by the making of the transfers.68

In response, the Trustee argues that the Amended Complaint references both
Parker’s Schedules and Proofs of Claim that have been filed for Parker’s unsecured
creditors. According to the Trustee, the unsecured creditors so listed have standing to
assert a fraudulent transfer claim. The Trustee also argues that the Dixon Hughes

67 In re LSC Wind Down, LLC, 610 B.R. 779, 784 (Bankr. D. Del.) (citing Official Comm. Of Unsecured Creditors
of Cybergenics Corp. v. Chinery (In re Cybergenics Corp.), 266 F.3d 237, 243-44 (3d Cit. 2000)).
68 See D.I. 3, ¶¶ 222-23, ¶¶ 235-36, ¶¶ 252-53.
financing statement shows that there were more than $3 million in accounts payable at
the time of the June 25, 2015 sale,69 and that same constitutes sufficient facts as to the

triggering § 544 creditor. Lastly, the Trustee argues that Plexus, Argosy, Salem and Pike
are creditors who satisfy the triggering creditor pleading requirement under § 544.
First and foremost, the Court finds Plexus and Salem’s arguments persuasive - that
all debtors file schedules and proofs of claims – thus, allowing the Trustee to solely rely
on the Schedules and Proofs of Claims in this proceeding would render the predicate
creditor requirement of § 544(b) meaningless.

Second, while the Court acknowledges that the Dixon Hughes financing statement
shows that there were millions in accounts payable at the time of the sale,70 same does
not apprise the Plexus and Salem entities of whom the creditors entitled to payment on
the stated accounts are.71
Lastly, the Trustee’s argument that Plexus, Argosy, Salem and Pike are the

predicate creditors is misguided. First and foremost, the Amended Complaint sets forth
that Pike executed a “Waiver and Release of Claims” as part of his severance agreement
on June 5, 2017. 72 Thus, the Trustee fails to plead that Pike is an unsecured creditor of
Parker.

69 From the Court’s review of the Dixon Hughes Audit, it appears that Parker’s accounts payable at the
time of the sale was $3, 149,075.00. See D.I. 3, Ex. G, pg. 10.
70 Ibid.
71 See In re LSC Wind Down, LLC, 610 B.R. at 786 (finding that trustee adequately pled a predicate creditor
when numerous unsecured creditors were alleged by name and distinguishing same from In re Petters
Co., Inc., where trustee only pled a generalized statement in support of its § 544(b)(1) claim), 495 B.R. 887
(Bankr. D. Minn. 2013).
72 D.I. 3, ¶ 140.
As to the Trustee’s assertion that Plexus, Salem and Argosy are the predicate
creditors whose standing is being used to pursue the § 544 claims, the Court finds this

argument somewhat confusing, as the Trustee has filed suit against all of the creditors
that it is now claiming have standing to pursue § 544 claims.73
Overall, the Court finds that the Trustee has not met its burden of pleading a
predicate creditor in accordance with § 544. Thus, for all the foregoing reasons, Counts
III-V and VIII are dismissed without prejudice; the Trustee is permitted to reinstate these
Counts should facts come to light sufficient to satisfy the Court’s pleading requirements.

iv. Count VII – Recharacterization Claim
Plexus and Salem argue that the Trustee’s claim to recharacterize the November
2017 subordinated notes should be dismissed given that the entities loaned this money
to Parker and, thus, same was never “secretly” meant to be an equity investment. In sum,
they argue that they were making a bona fide effort to protect their pre-existing investment

in PSU, not to gain more of an equity interest.
According to the Trustee, on November 8, 2017, Plexus funded Parker via
subordinated notes in the amount of $61, 742.00 and Salem funded Parker via
subordinated notes in the amount of $523, 482.00.74 It is the Trustee’s position that these
subordinated notes are more appropriately characterized as equity given Parker’s

73 The Trustee filed a Complaint against Argosy Investment Partners V, L.P., and Argosy Investment
Partners Parallel V, L.P., on November 7, 2019. See Argosy D.I. 1, Adv. Proc. No. 19-50769. This Adversary
Proceeding was voluntarily dismissed on July 27, 2021. See Argosy D.I. 57.
74 D.I. 3, ¶¶ 85-86. On November 8, 2017, Plexus LP and Plexus QP each funded Parker in the amount of
$30, 871.00; Salem LP funded Parker in the amount of $123,482.00 and on November 17, 2017, Salem LP
funded Parker in the amount of $400,000.00.
inadequate capitalization and financial distress at the time the notes were advanced.
Plexus and Salem argue that the “support” for the Trustee’s claim as pled in the

Amended Complaint is contradictory in that the Trustee pleads that the November 2017
funding was advanced in proportion to the amounts of equity invested by Plexus, Salem
and Argosy, but in reality, there is no correlation between the amount loaned and the
percentage of equity ownership.75 As an example, Plexus and Salem argue that Salem
was the largest contributor to the November 2017 funding but owned less than half as
much equity as Argosy.76

Pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 105, bankruptcy courts have equitable authority to
recharacterize debt to equity.77 “In a recharacterization analysis, if the court determines
that the advance of money is equity and not debt, the claim is recharacterized and the
effect is subordination of the claim.”78 While “[r]echaracterization of debt as equity is a
recognized … cause of action,” this Court has previously explained that same is difficult

to prove.79

75 In its Answering Brief, the Trustee excludes Salem’s November 17, 2017 funding and focuses solely on
the funds advanced by the parties on November 8, 2017 to support the position that the funding was done
in proportion to the amount of equity owned by each party. The Court finds this position confusing given
the Trustee’s request to convert Salem’s November 17, 2017 funding to equity in addition to its November
8, 2017 funding. Moreover, the Amended Complaint does not differentiate between the November 8 and
November 17 funding, stating only that, “[t]he Nov. 2017 Funding was advanced substantially in
proportion to the amounts of equity invested by each of Plexus, Argosy, and Salem.” See D.I. 3, ¶ 266.
76 As demonstrated by Plexus’ moving papers, Argosy owed a 52.83% equity ownership interest in PSU
but only contributed 32.19% of the funding in November 2017, while Salem had a 23.485 equity ownership
interest in PSU but contributed 60.65% of the November funding. See Plexus D.I., 20, pg. 13.
77 In re SubMicron Systems Corp., 432 F.3d 448, 454 (3d Cir. 2006).
78 In re AutoStyle Plastics, Inc. 269 F.3d 726, 749 (6th Cir. 2001).
79 In re Optim Energy, LLC, No. 14-10262, 2014 WL 1924908 at *7 (Bankr. D. Del. May 13, 2014).
[T]he characterization of debt or equity is a court’s attempt to discern whether the
parties called an instrument one thing when in fact they intended it as something else.”80

It is well-established that, when existing lenders make loans to a company facing financial
distress, “they are trying to protect their existing loans and traditional factors that lenders
consider (such as capitalization, solvency, collateral, ability to pay cash interest and debt
capacity rations) do not apply as they would when lending to a financially healthy
company.”81 Instead, intent is the driving inquiry in categorizing an advance as a debt or
equity in the context of a distressed company.82 “[T]he parties’ intent may be inferred

from what the parties say in their contracts, from what they do through their actions, and
from the economic reality of the surrounding circumstances.”83
The Trustee acknowledges that the November 2017 notes have the formalities of
instruments of indebtedness,84 and does not dispute that the form of the notes are
identical to those issued in connection with Plexus and Salem’s prior notes. Moreover,

the Court recognizes that the notes have a fixed interest rate of 12.5% and a fixed date of
repayment, common characteristics of loans.85
The Trustee’s main argument centers on the fact that Parker was undercapitalized

80 In re SubMicron Systems Corp.., 432 F.3d at 456.
81 Id., at 457.
82 Id., at 458.
83 Id., at 456.
84 Salem D.I. 30, pg. 25; Plexus D.I. 33, pg. 26.
85 In re SubMicron Systems Corp., 432 F.3d at 457 (affirming the District Court’s refusal to recharacterize loans
as equity when the name given to the fundings at issue was debt and the fundings had a fixed maturity
date and interest rate).
at the time the November 2017 notes were advanced and unable to find another lender.
However, as mentioned previously, in the context of pre-existing lenders lending to a

distressed company, “it is legitimate for the lender to take actions to protect existing
loans, including extending additional credit ….”86 Under similar circumstances, courts
have found that “[e]xisting lenders are often the only source of funding when a debtor
faces distress[,]”87 and that the “inability to obtain alternative financing is insufficient to
support recharacterization.”88
Furthermore, although the Court certainly acknowledges and takes as true the

Trustee’s allegations concerning Parker’s undercapitalization, “all companies in
bankruptcy are in some sense undercapitalized,”89 and thus, pleading
undercapitalization alone is insufficient to support a claim for recharacterization under
the circumstances presented.
Accordingly, the Court will dismiss the Trustee’s claim for recharacterization

without prejudice to permit the Trustee the opportunity to amend the Complaint should
additional facts come to light suggesting that Plexus and Salem disguised their equity
investment as a loan.

86 In re Moll Indus., Inc., 454 B.R. 574, 583 (Bankr. D. Del. 2011).
87 Id., at 584.
88 Ibid.
89 In re Optim Energy, LLC, 2014 WL 1924908 at *9.
v. Counts VI and IX
Given Plexus and Salem’s positions that there are no transfers made to them that are
subject to avoidance, Plexus and Salem argue that the Trustee’s claims seeking recovery

of avoided transfers should be dismissed.
Because the Court has already found that the Trustee insufficiently pled Counts I-V
and VIII, Counts VI and IX are dismissed as to Plexus and Salem without prejudice.
V. CONCLUSION
In light of the foregoing discussion, the Trustee’s Amended Complaint is
DISMISSED in its entirety, without prejudice.

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10456066. Public record. Not legal advice.