# Akins v. Valley Proteins, Inc.

> District Court, N.D. Texas · June 23, 2022

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10451642

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, N.D. Texas
- **Decided:** June 23, 2022
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10451642

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- stating “bank’s report of its own experience with its customers would not constitute a consumer report” (quoting Hodge, 975 F.2d at 1096)
- finding no private right of action under Federal Railroad Safety Act’s drug-testing regulations

## Opinion text

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT [oni STRICT □□□□□□
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS “HILED
AMARILLO DIVISION
DAVID W. AKINS, § CLERK. DISTRICEEOY
§ mn?
Plaintiff, § Deputy
§
V. § 2:21-CV-193-Z
§
VALLEY PROTEINS, INC., et al., §
§
Defendants. §
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Before the Court are Defendants’ Motions to Dismiss (“Motions”) (ECF Nos. 36, 37, 40).
Defendants are Valley Proteins, Inc., Reina Marquez, Laboratory Corporation of America
Holdings (“LabCorp”), Kelly Goodner, and HireRight LLC (collectively “Defendants”). Having
considered the Motions, related pleadings, and relevant law, the Court GRANTS the Motions and
DISMISSES Plaintiff's Second Amended Complaint WITH PREJUDICE.
BACKGROUND
Plaintiff David Akins (“Plaintiff”) alleges the following facts concerning Defendants.!
Defendant Valley Proteins formerly employed Plaintiff as a commercial motor-vehicle driver.
See generally ECF No. 29. On August 20, 2020, Defendant Marquez — Plaintiff's supervisor —
instructed Plaintiff to take a chain of custody form (“CCF”) and visit Defendant LabCorp for a
random drug test. /d. at 3. Plaintiff did not successfully complete a urine test on his first attempt. Jd.

' The Court ordered briefing regarding any relationships between Defendants “that existed at the time of the events
alleged in the Second Amended Complaint.” ECF No. 55 at 1. Defendants explained “Defendants Valley Proteins and
HireRight have a contractual relationship pursuant to which HireRight furnishes background screening reports and
related services to Valley Proteins in connection with Valley Proteins’s screening of job applicants and employees.”
ECF No. 57 at 1. Defendant HireRight, in turn, uses Defendant LabCorp to administer drug-testing services.
ECF No. 59 at 2~3. At the time of the Second Amended Complaint, Defendant LabCorp lacked a contractual
relationship with both Defendants Valley Proteins and HireRight. ECF No. 58 at 1.

A Defendant LabCorp employee thus instructed Plaintiff to drink 40 ounces of water and “stay in
the area” for the three hours Plaintiff had to complete a second attempt. Jd. Plaintiff returned to
Defendant LabCorp’s lobby where he proceeded to drink water, as instructed. /d.
Because the five seats located in the lobby were occupied, Plaintiff notified an unnamed
Defendant LabCorp employee that Plaintiff would wait outside in an empty hallway to maintain
social distancing. Jd. Plaintiff alleges he “had no reason to believe he was violating any policy
since LabCorp posted a ‘wait where your [sic] comfortable’ program, adopted for adhering to CDC
guidelines and requirements, as they related to Covid[-]19.” Jd. Upon Plaintiffs return, Sonya
Spruill, a Defendant LabCorp employee, informed Plaintiff he should not have left the lobby. Jd.
at 4. Plaintiff told Spruill she failed to explain as much. /d. Plaintiff then followed Spruill back to
the collection room, where Spruill began to complete Plaintiff's CCF. Jd. According to Plaintiff,
Spruill “incorrectly checked the ‘Refusal to Test’ box” located on the form. Jd. Plaintiff thus
“requested [Spruill’s] supervisor.” Jd. Defendant Goodner, a Defendant LabCorp manager,
removed the “Refusal to Test” mark and allowed Plaintiff to retest. Jd. Plaintiff signed the CCF
but did not see small print stating he “had left the office” located at the bottom of the form. Jd.
Defendant Goodner “requested that Plaintiff have his employer fax a new CCF form.” Jd.
Plaintiff notified his supervisor, Defendant Vasquez, of the situation and she “agreed to fax the
form requested.” Id. While Plaintiff waited in the lobby to retest, Defendant Vasquez called to
inform Plaintiff that “they were unable to fax the form at that time” and then instructed Plaintiff
“to leave LabCorp and return to work.” Jd. Defendant Vasquez confirmed “Plaintiff would return
to LabCorp the next morning to complete the test.” Jd.
The next day, Plaintiff arrived at Defendant Valley Proteins to obtain a new CCF in order
to retest. Jd. at 5. But Defendant Valley Proteins suspended Plaintiff and informed him that he

would not be allowed to retest. Jd. Instead, Defendant Valley Proteins would wait on the medical-
review officer — a contractor of Defendant HireRight — to determine whether Plaintiff committed
an unauthorized departure from the testing site’s waiting area, thereby constituting a “refusal to
test.” Jd. Plaintiff “called Kelly Goodner (on speaker phone in the presence of his supervisor and
manager) and requested that she correct the omission on the CCF, that left out the details
concerning Plaintiff's [second] attempt to test.” Jd. Defendant Goodner responded “she would be
willing to correct the information if her legal [department] allowed it.” Jd. Plaintiff “then left
Valley Proteins and went to Concentra, to be tested at his own expense” and “wrote a detailed
letter to Valley Proteins management contesting the actions against him.” Jd.
In the following days, Plaintiff attempted to explain the situation to Defendants Valley
Proteins and LabCorp. /d. Plaintiff requested Defendant LabCorp correct omissions on the CCF.
Id. Defendant Goodner again responded she would have to ask her legal department for permission
to correct the form. /d. Plaintiff “also asked Valley Proteins about a medical evaluation to be
conducted, in accordance with [Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration ((FMCSA’)]
regulations” and “‘apprised Kimberly Hadley of a discussion he had with FMCSA employee Robert
Ashby in Washington DC and provided her his contact information, requesting that they reach out
to him.”? Id.
On August 27, 2021, Jason Evans, manager of Defendant Valley Protein’s Amarillo office,
fired Plaintiff. Jd. at 6. Plaintiff asked Evans whether he had been investigated, as required by
FMCSA rules. /d. Evans responded: Defendant Valley Proteins “had received the determination
from the [medical-review officer] and that is all they were relying on.” /d. Plaintiff “filed a dispute

2 Plaintiff notes, “[d]uring sworn testimony [Kimberly Hadley] admitted that no effort was made to contact the
Department of Transportation (‘DOT’) for clarification of VP’s requirements and responsibilities in this matter.”
ECF No. 29 at 5.

with HireRight based on the incomplete and inaccurate information on the CCF report, as well as
their final determination of ‘Refusal to Test.’” Jd. Defendant HireRight “took 30 days without
doing an investigation, and sent a letter to Plaintiff that the Employer decided to accept the decision
made by the ‘collector’ of Refusal to Test.” Jd. Plaintiff then “filed a 100[-]word rebuttal to the
charges against him, as provided by FCRA 15 US Code § 1681i.” Id.
Plaintiff sought new employment. In particular, Plaintiff applied to LandStar Trucking
Company (“LandStar”). LandStar — however — informed Plaintiff that he would not be eligible
for a contract because “he had ‘Refused a Random Drug Test.’” Jd. LandStar then orally provided
Plaintiff the email address of Defendant Valley Proteins management — from whom Landstar
received information of Plaintiff's “refusal to test.” Jd.
Five months later, the Texas Workforce Commission awarded Plaintiff unemployment
benefits due to Defendant Valley Proteins’s submission of incomplete documentation. Jd. By that
time, however, Plaintiff had taken early Social Security retirement benefits. Jd. at 7. When Plaintiff
reached out to Defendant HireRight to ask what was reported on the Drive-A-Check (“DAC”)
report, the employee stated: “it only says that Valley Proteins terminated Plaintiff for violation of
company policy.” Jd. Plaintiff then requested a copy of the DAC report. Jd. The DAC report only
mentioned a “refusal to test” and did not include the 100-word rebuttal Plaintiff filed with
Defendant HireRight. /d.
On August 13, 2021, Plaintiff sued Defendants in the 251st Judicial District of Texas.
See generally ECF No. 1-3. Plaintiff brought his lawsuit pro se. Id. Defendants removed the action
to this Court. See generally ECF No. 1. Plaintiff asserts six causes of action: (1) negligence;
(2) gross negligence; (3) negligence per se; (4) wrongful termination; (5) defamation of character;
and (6) violation of Plaintiffs rights under Fair Credit Reporting Act (“FCRA”) rules

and regulations. ECF No. 29 at 7. Defendants filed separate motions to dismiss based on Federal
Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). ECF Nos. 36, 37, 41.
LEGAL STANDARD
A court may dismiss a complaint for “failure to state a claim upon which relief may be
granted.” FED. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). “To survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, the plaintiff
must plead ‘enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Jn re Katrina Canal
Breaches Litig., 495 F.3d 191, 205 (Sth Cir. 2007) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S.
544, 570 (2007)). “While a complaint attacked by a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss does not need
detailed factual allegations, a plaintiff's obligation to provide the grounds of his entitlement to
relief requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of the
cause of action will not do.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (internal marks omitted). “Factual
allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level, on the assumption
that all the allegations in the complaint are true (even if doubtful in fact).” In re Katrina, 495 F.3d
at 205 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555) (internal marks omitted). “The court accepts “all well-
pleaded facts as true, viewing them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.’” Jd. (quoting Martin
K. Eby Constr. Co., Inc. v. Dall. Area Rapid Transit, 369 F.3d 464, 467 (Sth Cir. 2004)).
A court should first “identify pleadings that, because they are no more than conclusions,
are not entitled to the assumption of truth.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 679 (2009). ““While
legal conclusions can provide the complaint’s framework, they must be supported by factual
allegations.” Jd. When “well-pleaded factual allegations” exist, “a court should assume their
veracity and then determine whether they plausibly give rise to an entitlement to relief.” Id. “A
claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw
the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Jd. at 678.

This standard of “plausibility” is not necessarily a “probability requirement,” but it requires “more
than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Jd. “Where a complaint pleads facts
that are ‘merely consistent with’ a defendant’s liability, it stops short of the line between possibility
and plausibility of ‘entitlement to relief.’” Jd. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). “Determining
whether a complaint states a plausible claim for relief [is] . . . a context-specific task that requires
the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common sense.” Jd. at 679. It is well-
established that “pro se complaints are held to less stringent standards than formal pleadings
drafted by lawyers.” Miller v. Stanmore, 636 F.2d 986, 988 (Sth Cir. 1981).
ANALYSIS
Plaintiff asserts claims for negligence, gross negligence, negligence per se, defamation of
character, and FCRA violations against all Defendants. Plaintiff also sues Defendants Valley
Proteins and Marquez for wrongful termination.
A. Plaintiff's Common-Law Claims Fail
In 1991, Congress passed the Omnibus Transportation Employee Testing Act (““OTETA”).
Pub. L. No. 102—43, 105 Stat. 952-56 (1992) (codified as amended at 49 U.S.C. §§ 45101-06).
OTETA implemented drug-testing requirements in transportation industries — including for
commercial motor carriers. Jd. OTETA also created the FMCSA. See id. FMCSA regulations set
forth employer and employee obligations related to federally mandated drug testing. Both OTETA
and FMCSA regulations apply to Plaintiff's allegations.
Federal law preempts state law when: “(1) Congress expressly preempts state law; (2)
[c]ongressional intent to preempt may be inferred from the existence of a pervasive federal
regulatory scheme; or (3) state law conflicts with federal law or its purposes.” Frank v. Delta
Airlines, Inc., 314 F.3d 195, 197 (Sth Cir. 2002); see also Conor R. Harvey, Breaking the Bank:

Split Interpretations of the Bank Acts in the Era of #MeToo, 29 U. CHI. LEGAL F. 473, 479
(“Federal preemption, read from the Supremacy Clause of the Constitution, . . . exists in three
different forms: (1) express preemption; (2) field preemption; and (3) conflict preemption.”).
Relevant here, both OTETA and FMCSA regulations contain preemption provisions.
OTETA states:
(g) Effect on State and local government regulations. -- A State or local government
may not prescribe or continue in effect a law, regulation, standard, or order that
is inconsistent with regulations prescribed under this section. However, a
regulation prescribed under this section may not be construed to preempt a State
criminal law that imposes sanctions for reckless conduct leading to loss of life,
injury, or damage to property.
49 U.S.C. § 31306(g). And the FMCSA regulations similarly state:
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, this part preempts any State
or local law, rule, regulation, or order to the extent that:
(1) Compliance with both the State or local requirement in this part is not
possible; or
(2) Compliance with the State or local requirement is an obstacle to the
accomplishment and execution of any requirement in this part.
49 C.F.R. § 382.109¢a).
These provisions expressly preempt Plaintiff's state-law claims. See Frank, 314 F.3d
at 202. Entertaining common-law claims related to federally mandated drug testing would conflict
with FMCSA regulations. See id. at 201 (“Allowing Frank to avail himself to Texas’s negligence
regime would impose duties on Delta [Airlines] that are independent from and duplicative of the
duties [the Federal Aviation Administration] imposes on airline industry employers.”); Mission
Petrol. Carriers, Inc. v. Solomon, 106 S.W.3d 705, 715 (Tex. 2003) (declining to recognize
common-law duty regarding federally mandated drug testing because OTETA and FMCSA
regulations provide a “comprehensive statutory and regulatory scheme”).

By overriding State and local laws, regulations, rules, standards, and orders inconsistent
with OTETA and FMCSA regulations, Congress accomplished three things. First, Congress
“supported the preemption, where necessary, of state common law negligence claims.” Frank, 214
F.3d at 199; see also CSX Transp., Inc. v. Easterwood, 507 U.S. 658, 664 (1993) (stating “law,
rule, regulation, order, or standard” language includes common-law negligence claims).
Second, Congress approved FMCSA’s authority to issue preemptive regulations after OTETA
was passed. Cf Frank, 214 F.3d at 199. Third — regarding OTETA specifically — “the narrow
savings language implied a broad scope for federal preemption, since an exception for state
criminal laws would hardly have seemed necessary if state law were only narrowly preempted.”
Id.; see also Forsyth v. Barr, 19 F.3d 1527, 1543 (Sth Cir. 1994) (stating courts should read
preemption provisions and saving clauses together without rendering either superfluous).
Additionally, DOT regulations do not create a private cause of action by which Plaintiff
may pursue his claims. See Freeman v. Middle Tp. Bd. of Educ., 529 F. App’x 213, 216 (3d Cir.
2013) (per curiam) (noting OTETA does not provide aggrieved employees a private right of
action); Brooks v. AAA Cooper Transp., 781 F. Supp. 2d 472, 488 (S.D. Tex. 2011); Mission
Petrol. Carriers, 106 S.W.3d at 713; Parry v. Mohawk Motors of Mich., Inc., 236 F.3d 299, 308—
09 (6th Cir. 2000); cf Drake v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 147 F.3d 169, 170-71 (2d Cir. 1998) (holding
no private right of action under Federal Aviation Administration drug-testing regulations);
Williams v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 527 F.3d 1135, 1143-44 (10th Cir. 2008) (same); Abate v.
S. Pac. Transp. Co., 928 F.2d 167, 169-70 (Sth Cir. 1991) (finding no private right of action under
Federal Railroad Safety Act’s drug-testing regulations). Plaintiff instead possesses an
administrative remedy for his alleged wrongs. See, e.g., 49 C.F.R. § 386.12(a)(1) (permitting
persons to file complaint and initiate administrative proceeding).

OTETA and FMCSA regulations preempt Plaintiff's state-law claims. Therefore,
Plaintiff's negligence, gross-negligence, wrongful termination,’ and defamation-of-character
claims fail. The Court DISMISSES these claims. And although Defendants failed to address
Plaintiff's negligence per se claims in their briefs in support of their motions to dismiss, all
Defendants request the Court dismiss the Second Amended Complaint in total. See ECF Nos. 36,
37, 40. Because the Court finds preemption prohibits all of Plaintiff's common-law claims, the
Court also DISMISSES Plaintiff's negligence per se claims.
B. Plaintiff’s FCRA Claims Fail
Plaintiff alleges Defendants violated various FCRA provisions. See, e.g., ECF No. 29 at 7.
Plaintiff's Second Amended Complaint asserts allegations arising under Sections 1681i, 1681m,
and 1681s-2.4
Many claims under the FCRA require a “consumer report” to be at issue. The FCRA
defines a “consumer report” as:
any written, oral, or other communication of any information by which a consumer
reporting agency bearing on consumer’s credit worthiness, credit standing, credit
capacity, character, general reputation, personal characteristics, or mode of living
which is used or expected to be used . . . for the purpose of serving as a factor in
establishing the consumer’s eligibility for ... employment purposes...
15 U.S.C. § 1681a(d). A “consumer” is “an individual.” Jd. § 1681a(c).
In Hodge v. Texaco, Inc., the Fifth Circuit applied the FCRA to an employee’s claim based
on a urinalysis report prepared by a laboratory that conducted such tests. 975 F.2d 1093, 1094

3 If Plaintiff qualifies as an at-will employee, the Court notes there is no common-law claim for wrongful termination
of an at-will employee. Schwager v. Telecheck Servs., Inc., No. 14-01-099-CV, 2002 WL 31995012, at *6 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Dec. 19, 2002, no pet.). But the Court does not address whether Plaintiff was an at-will
employee of Valley Proteins.
‘ The Court also notes that Plaintiff does not cite Section 1681s-2 in his Second Amended Complaint. However, the
Court interprets Plaintiff's references to “[flurnisher . . . requirements and procedures” and a “[flurnisher . . . [dJuty
of [c]are” as invocations of Section 1681s-2’s furnisher-of-information provisions. ECF No. 29 at 7, 12.

(Sth Cir. 1992). The laboratory sent the employer a report that revealed marijuana use by the
employee. Jd. The employer terminated the employee based on the report. Id. The employee sued
the employer, laboratory, and testing site under the FCRA for failing to use reasonable procedures
to ensure the accuracy of the report. Jd. at 1095. The Fifth Circuit concluded the drug test
constituted a consumer report. See id. at 1095-96 (“By its own terms ... FCRA applies not only
to credit reports, but also to reports of consumers’ employment eligibility. ... Accordingly, we
conclude that workplace drug test reports are not categorically excluded from coverage
under FCRA.”).
The Fifth Circuit — however — determined the FCRA’s “‘transactions and experiences’
exclusion” excluded the drug test from the definition of “consumer report.” Jd. at 1094 (quoting
15 U.S.C. § 1681(d)). The exclusion narrows the definition of “consumer report” so that it does
not include a “report containing information solely as to transactions or experiences between the
consumer and the person making the report.” 15 U.S.C. § 1681a(d)(2)(A)(i). The Fifth Circuit
concluded the laboratory’s report to the employer fell within the transactions-and-experiences
exclusion and, the report therefore did not constitute a “consumer report” under the FCRA. Hodge,
975 F.2d at 1096.
The same result has occurred in similar circumstances. See, e.g., Martinets v. Corning
Cable Sys., L.L.C., 237 F. Supp. 2d 717, 720 (N.D. Tex. 2002) (dismissing case against employer
because report at issue was prepared based on information the testing agency “derived as part of
its own analysis of the test”); Warinner v. N. Am. Sec. Sols., Inc., No. 3:05-CV-244-S, 2008 WL
2355727, at *7 (W.D. Ky. June 5, 2008) (“Courts have held that surveillance reports regarding an
employee’s drug use compiled by a private investigator were excluded from the definition of
‘consumer reports,’ and the coverage of the FCRA, under this ‘transactions and experiences’

10

exception, when the reports were based solely on the investigator’s own experience with, and
observations of, the employee.”); Salazar v. Golden State Warriors, 124 F. Supp. 2d 1155, 1159
(N.D. Cal. 2000); Chube v. Exxon Chem. Am., 760 F. Supp. 557, 561-62 (M.D. La. 1991); cf
Dawson v. Bank of Am., N.A., 605 F. App’x 263, 266 (Sth Cir. 2015) (stating “bank’s report of its
own experience with its customers would not constitute a consumer report” (quoting Hodge, 975
F.2d at 1096)); Smith v. First Nat’l Bank of Atl., 837 F.2d 1575, 1579 (11th Cir. 1988); Sweet v.
LinkedIn Corp., No. 5:14-CV-04531-PSG, 2015 WL 1744254, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 14, 2015);
Borinski v. Williamson, No. 3:02-CV-1014, 2004 WL 433746, at *2 (N.D. Tex. Mar. 1, 2004)
(“Thus, where a financial institution furnishes information based solely on its own experience with
the consumer, the information is not a consumer report, and the financial institution is not under
those circumstances a consumer reporting agency.”); Freeman v. S. Nat'l Bank, 531 F. Supp. 94,
95 (S.D. Tex. 1982); Peller v. Retail Credit Co., 359 F. Supp. 1235, 1237 (N.D. Ga. 1973).
The CCF at issue was not based on information obtained from an outside source.
Rather, it was “based solely on the reporter’s own first-hand investigation of the subject,”
i.e., Defendant LabCorp’s observation of Plaintiff. Hodge, 975 F.2d at 1096. The CCF therefore
does not constitute a “consumer report.” See 15 U.S.C. § 1681a(d)(2)(A)(i). The DAC report
compiled by Defendant HireRight, by contrast, is not a “report containing information solely as to
transactions or experiences between the consumer and the person making the report.” □□□
As Defendant HireRight acknowledges, “the substance of that report [falls] outside of HireRight’s
control.” ECF No. 41 at 6 n.3. Because the transactions-and-experiences exclusion does not
exempt the DAC report, Plaintiff may base his claims on the DAC report — a “consumer report.”
15 U.S.C. § 1681(d)(1).

11

Furthermore, many FCRA claims (but not all) must be lodged against a “consumer
reporting agency.” A “consumer reporting agency” includes “any person which, for monetary
fees... engages in . . . the practice of assembling or evaluating . . . information on consumers for
the purpose of furnishing consumer reports to third parties... .” Jd. § 1681a(f). Only Defendant
HireRight falls within this definition. Because this definition requires that the entity “engage[]
in... the practice of assembling or evaluating . . . information on consumers for the purpose of
furnishing consumer reports to third parties,” Defendants LabCorp and Goodner do not qualify.
Id. Defendants LabCorp and Goodner do not conduct drug tests to furnish “consumer reports” (of
which the CCF is not) to third parties. See id. Defendants Valley Proteins and Marquez are also
not “consumer reporting agencies.” They are the users of consumer reports — such as the DAC
report. See id) But Defendant HireRight uses information acquired firsthand by Defendant
LabCorp to create the DAC report — a “consumer report” assembled to be furnished to third
parties, such as Defendant Valley Proteins. See id.
In sum, only Defendant HireRight is a “consumer reporting agency,” and although the CCF
is not a “consumer report,” the DAC report is a “consumer report.” The Court now turns to the
FCRA claims against Defendants.
1. Plaintiff's Section 1681i claims fail.
Section 1681i provides:
[I}f the completeness or accuracy of any item of information contained in a
consumer’s file at a consumer reporting agency is disputed by the consumer and
the consumer notifies the agency directly, or indirectly through a reseller, of such
dispute, the agency shall, free of charge, conduct a reasonable reinvestigation to
determine whether the disputed information is inaccurate and record the current
status of the disputed information, or delete the item from the file in accordance
with paragraph (5), before the end of the 30-day period beginning on the date on
which the agency receives the notice of the dispute from the consumer or reseller.
Id. § 1681i(a)(1)(A).

12

Section 1681i also provides:
Notwithstanding paragraph (1), a consumer reporting agency may terminate a
reinvestigation of information disputed by a consumer under that paragraph if the
agency reasonably determines that the dispute by the consumer is frivolous or
irrelevant, including by reason of a failure by a consumer to provide sufficient
information to investigate the disputed information.
Id. § 1681i(a)(3).
a. Plaintiff's Section 168li claims against Defendants LabCorp, Goodner, Valley
Proteins, and Marquez fail.
Because the Court finds these persons and entities are not “consumer reporting agencies,”
Plaintiff cannot sustain a Section 1681i claim against them. The Court DISMISSES Plaintiffs
Section 1681i claims against these parties.

b. Plaintiff's Section 1681i claim against Defendant Hire Right fails.
To defeat a motion to dismiss a claim under Section 1681i(a), a plaintiff must set forth
sufficient allegations from which a court can reasonably infer:
(1) he disputed the completeness or accuracy of an item of information contained
in his consumer file at [defendant] and notified [defendant] directly of that dispute;
(2) [defendant] did not reinvestigate free of charge and either record the current
status of the disputed information or delete the item from the file in the manner
prescribed by Section 1681i(a)(5) within the statutory period; (3) [defendant’s]
noncompliance was negligent or willful; (4) [plaintiff] suffered injury; and (5)
[plaintiff's] injury was caused by [defendant’s] failure to reinvestigate and record
the current status of the disputed information or delete the item from the file.
Green v. Innovis Data Sols., Inc., 3:20-CV-01614-L, 2021 WL 4244779, at *4 (N.D. Tex. Sept.
17, 2021) (quoting Hammer v. Equifax Info. Servs., LLC, 3:18-CV-1502-C, 2019 WL 7602463,
at *2 (N.D. Tex. Jan. 16, 2019)); see also Waggoner v. Trans Union, LLC, No. 302-CV-1494-G,
2003 WL 22220668, at *9 (N.D. Tex. July 17, 2003) (specifying above inference applies to
Section 168 1i(a)).
The second allegation Plaintiff must set forth requires that he allege Defendant HireRight
“did not reinvestigate” Plaintiff's dispute “free of charge.” Green, 2021 WL 4244779, at *4.

13

Yet Plaintiff alleges the opposite. ECF No. 29 at 10; see also Mora v. Univ. of Tex. Sw. Med. Ctr.,
469 F. App’x 295, 299 (Sth Cir. 2012) (When an “allegation is contradicted by the other facts in
the complaint,” the Court may consider “the claim implausible on its face.”). Plaintiff instead
alleges Defendant “HireRight failed to conduct a good faith investigation of Plaintiffs dispute”
and “failed to conduct a fair and honest investigation of these occurrences following Plaintiff's
filing of a timely dispute.” ECF No. 29 at 10; see also id. (stating Defendant HireRight “simply
‘rubber stamped’ [its] previous erroneous determination.”); id. at 11 (detailing how Defendant
HireRight “did not recuse [itself] from” the investigation). Plaintiff's dispute is with the outcome
of the investigation — not the investigation itself. See Boothe v. Equifax Info. Servs. LLC, No.
3:21-CV-1766-D, 2021 WL 5630839, at *5 (N.D. Tex. Dec. 1, 2021) (stating “the court’s inquiry
is focused on the report’s factual inaccuracy, not on whether [the plaintiff] thought the report was
inaccurate” (emphasis removed)).
Plaintiff also fails to plead Defendant HireRight’s reinvestigation harmed him. In fact,
Plaintiff again pleads to the contrary. See ECF No. 29 at 6 (stating Defendant Valley Proteins
informed LandStar of Plaintiff's “refusal to test” designation). Plaintiff does not plausibly “plead
sufficient facts for the court to draw the reasonable inference that his [ ] report contained inaccurate
information, a requirement for pleading a claim under... [Section] 1681i.” Boothe, 2021 WL
5630839, at *6.
Moreover, Plaintiff alleges Defendant HireRight failed to include Plaintiffs 100-
word rebuttal in the DAC report in violation of Section 1681i(b). ECF No. 29 at 11.
Section 1681i(b) states:
If the reinvestigation does not resolve the dispute, the consumer may file a brief
statement setting forth the nature of the dispute. The consumer reporting agency
may limit such statements to not more than one hundred words if it provides the
consumer with assistance in writing a clear summary of the dispute.

14

15 U.S.C. § 1681i(b). The statement of dispute must be filed after the completion of the
reinvestigation. See id. (“If the reinvestigation does not resolve the dispute, the consumer may file
a brief statement setting forth the nature of the dispute. (emphasis added)). If a “statement of
dispute is filed... the consumer reporting agency shall, in any subsequent consumer report
containing the information in question, clearly note that it is disputed by the consumer and provide
either the consumer’s statement or a clear and accurate codification or summary thereof.” Jd.
§ 1681i(c). That is, “unless there [are] reasonable grounds to believe that [the statement of dispute]
is frivolous or irrelevant.” Jd.
The Court cannot conclude “there [are] reasonable grounds to believe that [the statement
of dispute] is frivolous or irrelevant.” Jd. Plaintiff's statement of dispute is relevant to his “refusal
to test” designation. And Plaintiff's statement of dispute is not frivolous; Plaintiff asserts that
although he left the designated waiting area, he did not refuse to test. In fact, Plaintiff tried to retest
the same day and the next day. The Court cannot find that disputing the “refusal to test” designation
— supplied on the DAC report without context — was either frivolous or irrelevant. Yet, although
Plaintiffs statement of dispute is likely relevant and non-frivolous, Plaintiff fails to plausibly plead
a claim for relief.
“The FCRA does not... impose strict liability for errors or provide a means for merely
correcting an erroneous report.” Pettus v. TRW Consumer Credit Serv., 879 F. Supp. 695, 697
(W.D. Tex. 1994). “Rather, the FCRA provides a remedy for consumers who are actually damaged
by a failure to comply with the Act’s requirements.” Jd. “Actual loss or damage to the interests of
another is, at least, a component of the cause of action based on negligence, and, in the absence of
some other measure of damages, of intentional wrongs as well.” Hyde v. Hibernia Nat’l Bank in

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Jefferson Parish, 861 F.2d 446, 448 (Sth Cir. 1998) (internal marks omitted). “Proof of damage is
thus an essential part of’ an FCRA case. /d.; see also Pettus, 879 F. Supp. at 697—98 (same).
Plaintiff details a lost job opportunity with LandStar. See ECF No. 29 at 6. Plaintiff does
not contend he lost the LandStar opportunity based on Defendant HireRight’s actions. To the
contrary, Plaintiff's Second Amended Complaint discusses how Plaintiff lost the LandStar
opportunity because Valley Proteins — Plaintiff's former employer who had let him go over the
drug-test incident — told LandStar that Plaintiff had refused a random drug test. See id.
Plaintiff does not allege an injury based on Defendant HireRight’s failure to include Plaintiffs
statement of dispute in the DAC report. Accordingly, the Court finds Plaintiff fails to state a
Section 1681i(c) claim. Cf Pettus, 879 F. Supp. at 698 (“There is no evidence that any potential
employer rejected plaintiff based upon any credit reports issued by defendants.”); Jianging Wu v.
Trans Union, No. AW-03-1290, 2006 WL 4729755, at *11 (D. Md. May 2, 2006) (granting
summary judgment on the Section 1681i(c) claim “because [plaintiff] has not presented any
evidence of actual damages”).
Even if Plaintiff had alleged an injury arising from the omitted statement of dispute,
Plaintiff would still need to allege that Defendant HireRight acted either negligently or willfully.
See 15 U.S.C. §§ 1681n, 16810 (willfulness and negligence requirements). Plaintiff asserts the
failure to include the 100-word statement of dispute was willful. But Plaintiffs assertion is mere
conjecture. See Shaunfield v. Experian Info. Sols., Inc.,991 F. Supp. 2d 786, 793 (N.D. Tex. 2014)
(“[RJegardless of whether the plaintiff is proceeding pro se or is represented by counsel, pleadings
must show specific, well-pleaded facts, not mere conclusory allegations to avoid dismissal.”);
Guidry v. Bank of LaPlace, 954 F.2d 278, 281 (Sth Cir. 1992) (same).

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Based on the foregoing, the Court DISMISSES Plaintiff's Section 1681i(c) claim against
Defendant HireRight.
2. Plaintiff's Section 1681m claims fail.
Section 1681m applies to “users of consumer reports” who take “adverse actions on basis
of information contained in consumer reports.” See generally 15 U.S.C. § 1681m. Section
1681m is enforced “exclusively under section 1681s of this title by the Federal agencies and
officials identified in that section.” See 15 U.S.C. § 1681m(h)(8)(B). Accordingly, Plaintiff cannot
pursue a private action under Section 1681m. See Villagran v. Freeway Ford, Ltd., No. H-05-2687,
2006 WL 964731, at *1 (S.D. Tex. Jan. 19, 2006) (stating Section 1681m precludes private
actions). The Court DISMISSES Plaintiffs Section 1681m claims against these parties.
3. Plaintiff's Section 1681s-2 claims fail.
Plaintiff also appears to allege Section 1681s-2 claims against Defendants LabCorp,
Goodner, and Valley Proteins. See, e.g., ECF No. 29 at 7 (stating Defendants LabCorp and
Goodner owed Plaintiff a duty to comply with “CRA (Furnisher) requirements and procedures);
id. at 12 (stating Valley Proteins was a “furnisher” of information).
Section 1681s-2(a) and (b) address the duties of “furnishers” of information to consumer-
reporting agencies. Under Section 1681s-2(a), “[a] person shall not furnish any information
relating to a consumer to any consumer-reporting agency if the person knows or has
reasonable cause to believe that the information is inaccurate.” 15 U.S.C. § 1681s-2(a).
And Section 1681s-2(b) imposes investigatory requirements for furnishers who have first received
requisite notice from a consumer-reporting agency. See 15 U.S.C. § 1681s-2(b).
The FCRA does not define “furnisher of information.” “Courts in the Fifth Circuit have
defined the term [‘furnisher of information’] broadly to mean an entity that transmits information

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concerning a particular debt owed by a consumer to a consumer reporting agency.” Shaunfield,
991 F. Supp. 2d at 794 n.7 (internal marks omitted). Valley Proteins does not meet this definition.
Because Defendants LabCorp and Goodner provide information (not about a particular debt, but
about drug tests, which can qualify as information on consumer reports under the FCRA)
to Defendant HireRight so that Defendant HireRight can compile the DAC report,
Defendants LabCorp and Goodner appear to qualify as “furnishers of information.”
As for Plaintiff's Section 1681s-2(a) claims, Plaintiff lacks a private right of action.
See Davis v. Sallie Mae, Inc., No. 3:09-CV-00821-B, 2009 WL 2525303, at *3 (N.D. Tex.
Aug. 18, 2009); Conrad v. Barclays Bank Del., No. 4:17-CV-1045, 2017 WL 7796344, at *2 (S.D.
Tex. July 27, 2017); Owens v. TransUnion, LLC, No. 4:20-CV-665-SDJ-KPJ, 2021 WL 5088686,
at *4 (E.D. Tex. Aug. 30, 2021) (“As numerous courts have found, § 1681s-2(a) does not create a
private right of action.”).
Yet a private cause of action exists to enforce Section 1681s-2(b). Hall v. LVNV Funding,
L.L.C., 738 F. App’x 335, 336 (Sth Cir. 2018). The Fifth Circuit has held Section 1681i(a)(2)’s
notice requirement must be satisfied to trigger furnisher duties under Section 1681s-2(b). Young
v. Equifax Credit Info. Servs., Inc., 294 F.3d 631, 639 (5th Cir. 2002). As the Fifth Circuit
explained, the FCRA requires a credit-reporting agency to give notice of a dispute to a furnisher
of information within five business days from the time the consumer notifies the consumer-
reporting agency of the dispute. Jd. at 639-40. □
Section 1681s-2(b) liability is triggered “only after the furnisher receives notice of
dispute from the consumer reporting agency, not just the consumer” Vazquez-Garcia v. Trans
Union de P.R., Inc., 222 F. Supp. 2d 150, 158 (D.P.R. 2002). Plaintiff does not allege
Defendants LabCorp and Goodner “receive[d] notice of a dispute from” from Defendant

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HireRight, “not just the consumer.” Jd. Although Plaintiff alleges Defendants LabCorp and
Goodner breached their duties under “CRA (Furnisher) requirements,” he alleges he directly
notified Defendants LabCorp and Goodner of their breaches. See ECF No. 29 at 8 (stating
Defendants LabCorp and Goodner violated the FCRA “when they refused to correct the omissions
of which the Plaintiff notified them”). A direct dispute with Defendants LabCorp and Goodner
does not provide the basis for a Section 1681s-2(b) claim. See, e.g., Ugorji v. Toyota Fin. Servs.,
No. H-21-2884, 2021 WL 4863202, at *2 (S.D. Tex. Oct. 19, 2021) (“Plaintiff's Original Petition
does not allege that .. . the [consumer-reporting] agency notified Defendant of the dispute, that
Defendant failed to conduct an investigation, or that Defendant failed to correct the
inaccuracies .... The court concludes that Plaintiff has not stated a claim under 15 U.S.C.
§ 1681s-2(b).”). Based on the foregoing, the Court DISMISSES Plaintiff's Section 1681s-(b)
claims against Defendants Valley Proteins, LabCorp, and Goodner.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, the Court GRANTS the Motions and DISMISSES
Plaintiff's Second Amended Complaint WITH PREJUDICE.
SO ORDERED.
June vw 2022 Ae foot?
MATAHEW J. KACSMARYK
UNJTED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10451642. Public record. Not legal advice.