# Brooks v. Taylor County

> District Court, N.D. Texas · July 19, 2021

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10450428

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, N.D. Texas
- **Decided:** July 19, 2021
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10450428

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- holding that an “amended complaint supersedes the original complaint and renders it of no legal effect unless the amended complaint specifically refers to and adopts or incorporates by reference the earlier pleading.”
- explaining that an amended complaint entirely supersedes and takes the place of an original complaint
- explaining that a plaintiffs “conclusory allegations or legal conclusions masquerading as factual conclusions will not suffice to prevent a motion to dismiss”

## Opinion text

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS
ABILENE DIVISION
CHANDLER BROOKS,
Plaintiff,
v. No. 1:20-CV-049-H
TAYLOR COUNTY, TEXAS, et al.,
Defendants.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER GRANTING FARMER AND MEISER’S
SECOND MOTION TO DISMISS AND GRANTING BROOKS LEAVE TO AMEND
Before the Court are Randall Farmer and Stan Meiser’s Second Rule 12(b)(6)
Motion to Dismiss! (Dkt. Nos. 30-31) and Plaintiff's Motion for Leave of Court to File His
Second Amended Complaint (Dkt. No. 60). While the Court recognizes the gravity of
Brooks’s allegations against Officers Farmer and Meiser, it concludes that Brook’s First
Amended Complaint fails to adequately state claims against either officer. Thus, the Court
dismisses Brooks’s claims against the officers.?, However, in the interest of justice, the Court
grants Brooks leave to file his proposed Second Amended Complaint (Dkt. No. 60-1).
Although Brooks has not adequately explained his undue delay and apparent lack of
diligence, the Court finds that leave is appropriate because the proposed Second Amended
Complaint is not futile, allowing leave to amend would not unduly prejudice the officers,
and denying leave would unduly prejudice Brooks.

Officers Farmer and Meiser filed their motion and reply in separate filings. Dkt. Nos. 30-31; Dkt.
Nos. 41-42. Those filings are identical in substance and argument. Accordingly, the Court will
address the documents as a single filing by the officers.
2 The Court notes that there are other officers in this case. However, for purposes of this order, the
Court will use officers to refer exclusively to Officers Farmer and Meiser.

Accordingly, the Court grants Brooks’s motion for leave to amend (Dkt. No. 60) and
orders the Clerk of Court to file the proposed Second Amended Complaint (Dkt. No. 60-1)
into the official record in this case. The Court orders Officers Farmer and Meiser to file an
answer to the Second Amended Complaint within 14 days of it being filed.
1. Procedural Posture and Pertinent Factual Allegations’
A. Factual Allegations
As alleged in the First Amended Complaint, this suit is predicated on a series of
events taking place on or about March 4, 2018 and continuing through March 13, 2018.
Dkt. No. 28 94 31, 186. While Brooks names a multitude of defendants in his First
Amended Complaint, the Court only addresses the factual allegations against Officers
Farmer and Meiser that are pertinent in deciding their second motion to dismiss.
Brooks alleges that on or around the night of March 4, 2018, he was robbed in his
hotel room and hit in the head with a baseball bat leaving him unconscious and bleeding
from his ear. Id. | 31. The next morning, Abilene Police Department Officers Farmer and
Meiser were dispatched to the motel in response to reports that Brooks had not left the room
by the appropriate checkout time. Jd. f§ 33-34. The officers later discovered that Brooks
was not the guest who had booked the room. Jd. ¢ 39.
When the officers arrived at the motel, Brooks was lying on the bed, unconscious,
with blood on the side of his head. Jd. | 34. The officers “tried repeatedly to rouse him, but
Brooks was in and out of consciousness, confused, and unable to rationally respond to

3 The following alleged facts are taken from Brooks’s First Amended Complaint (Dkt. No. 28),
which is the operative pleading in the lawsuit. Clark v. Tarrant Cnty, 798 F.2d 736, 740 (Sth Cir.
1986) (explaining that an amended complaint entirely supersedes and takes the place of an original
complaint). The Court must accept these allegations as true when resolving the motion to dismiss.
Villarreal v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 814 F.3d 763, 766 (Sth Cir. 2016).

questions” or communicate—including being unable to identify himself. Jd. § 35, 41. He
was also unsteady and unable to walk unassisted. Id. ] 41. The officers arrested Brooks for
criminal trespass and transported him to the Taylor County Jail. Id. ff 36, 42.
At the jail, the officers informed the jail staff that Brooks was intoxicated. Id. J 42.
Specifically, the officers told the jail staff that Brooks had taken “bad drugs” and that “it
would take a few days for him to come down.” Id. 44. Officer Farmer also indicated in
his report that Brooks “acted as if he was intoxicated.” Id. 37.
Brooks claims that his behavior—being unsteady and unable to walk unassisted or
rationally communicate—was due to the obvious and apparent injuries he sustained the
night before when he was hit in the head with a baseball bat, and not from intoxication. Jd.
{1 37, 40-41. He indicates that the officers “had no evidence or reason to believe that [he]
had gotten ahold of some bad drugs or that he was under the influence of drugs or alcohol”
and that the officers fabricated this story to explain away the serious nature of his medical
distress and to delay any possible diagnosis or treatment. Id. fj 46, 48-55.
Ultimately, upon Brooks’s release from jail eight days later, his mother took him toa
local hospital, where it was determined that Brooks was suffering from a skull fracture and
an epidural hemorrhage. Id. { 186. He was also later diagnosed with a traumatic brain
injury. Id.
B. Procedural Background and the Parties’ Positions
Brooks filed his Original Complaint on March 5, 2020. Dkt. No. 1. On May 29,
2020, Officers Farmer and Meiser moved to dismiss the claims against them
under Rule 12(b)(6) and based on qualified immunity. Dkt. No. 15. On October 21, 2020,
the Court granted the motion, finding that Brooks failed to sufficiently allege that the

officers were actually aware of a substantial risk of serious harm, and therefore, that he had
not plausibly asserted claims against the officers for deliberate indifference or bystander
liability. Dkt. No. 22 at 8-9. The Court allowed Brooks to replead his claims against the
officers and ordered Brooks to file a Rule 7(a) Reply addressing the officers’ assertions of
qualified immunity, in the event that he filed an amended complaint. Jd. at 10-11.
Brooks then filed his First Amended Complaint on November 17, 2020, which again
asserts claims against the officers for deliberate indifference and bystander liability. Dkt.
No. 28 4 274-80, 412-31. Brooks also filed a Rule 7(a) Reply addressing the officers’
assertions of qualified immunity (Dkt. No. 29), to which the officers filed a response (Dkt.
Nos. 35--36).4
Now pending is the officers’ second motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 12(b)(6) (Dkt. Nos. 30-31), a response (Dkt. Nos. 39-40), and a reply (Dkt. Nos.
41-42). In their second motion to dismiss, the officers argue that the First Amended
Complaint fails to cure the defects stated in the Court’s previous order, and therefore all
claims against the officers should now be dismissed with prejudice. Dkt. No. 30 at 10-11.
Specifically, the officers claim that the First Amended Complaint fails to allege sufficient
facts to show that either of them acted deliberately indifferent to Brooks’s medical needs in
that they actually drew the inference that a substantial risk of serious harm existed or that
they should have known of the risk because it was so obvious. Jd. at 8-11. They also
moved to dismiss based upon qualified immunity. Jd. at 12-16.

Farmer and Meiser filed their response to the Rule 7(a) Reply in separate filings. Dkt. Nos. 35-36.
Like their duplicate motions to dismiss, those filings are identical in substance and argument.
Accordingly, the Court will address them as a single filing.

Months after the second motion to dismiss was ripe, Brooks filed a motion asking to
supplement his response and requesting leave to amend his complaint in the event that the
Court grants the motion in whole or in part. Dkt. Nos. 55, 57. The Court ordered Brooks
to file an amended motion that included a proposed second amended complaint as an
attachment pursuant to Northern District of Texas Local Civil Rule 15.1. Dkt. No. 59.
Brook then filed an amended motion for leave with a proposed Second Amended
Complaint.’ Dkt. No. 60. The officers filed a response in opposition (Dkt. No. 62).

Accordingly, the motion for leave has been fully briefed.
2. Legal Standards
A. Rule 12(b\(6) Motions to Dismiss
To survive a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), “a complaint must contain
sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its
face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550
U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual
content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for
the misconduct alleged.” Jd. “The plausibility standard is not akin to a ‘probability
requirement,’ but it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted
unlawfully.” Jd.
In resolving a motion to dismiss, the Court must “accept all well-pleaded facts as true
and view those facts in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.” Richardson v. Axion Logistics,
L.L.C., 780 F.3d 304, 306 (5th Cir. 2015) (quoting Bustos v. Martini Club, Inc., 599 F.3d 458,
461 (5th Cir. 2010)) (internal quotation marks omitted). The Court does not, however,

5 Brooks indicates in the motion that the Taylor County defendants do not object to his request for
leave. Dkt. No. 60 at 2, 11.

“accept as true conclusory allegations, unwarranted factual inferences, or legal
conclusions.” Gentilello v. Rege, 627 F.3d 540, 544 (5th Cir. 2010) (quoting Plotkin v. IP Axess
Inc., 407 F.3d 690, 696 (5th Cir. 2005)); see also Fernandez-Montes v. Allied Pilots Ass'n, 987
F.2d 278, 284 (5th Cir. 1993) (explaining that a plaintiffs “conclusory allegations or legal
conclusions masquerading as factual conclusions will not suffice to prevent a motion to
dismiss”).
A claim should only be dismissed if a court determines that it is beyond doubt that
the claimant cannot prove a plausible set of facts that support the claim and would justify
relief. See Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. A motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) “is
viewed with disfavor and is rarely granted.” Turner v. Pleasant, 663 F.3d 770, 775 (Sth Cir.
2011) (internal citation omitted).
B. Qualified Immunity
In addition to the Rule 12(b)(6) standard of dismissal, the Court must also consider
the standard for asserting qualified immunity. “Qualified immunity protects government
officials from civil liability in their individual capacity to the extent that their conduct does
not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights.” Cass v. City of Abilene, 814
F.3d 721, 728 (5th Cir. 2016). It shields “all but the plainly incompetent or those who
knowingly violate the law.” Thompson v. Mercer, 762 F.3d 433, 437 (Sth Cir. 2014) (quoting
Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. 731, 743 (2011)).
“The plaintiff has the burden of establishing a constitutional violation and
overcoming a [qualified immunity] defense.” Jackson v. City of Hearne, 959 F.3d 194, 201
(5th Cir. 2020) (citing McClendon v. City of Columbia, 305 F.3d 314, 323 (Sth Cir. 2002) (en
banc)). The plaintiff meets this burden by pleading “specific facts that both allow the court

to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the harm he has alleged and
that defeat a qualified immunity defense with equal specificity.” Backe v. LeBlanc, 691 F.3d
645, 648 (5th Cir. 2012). Conclusory allegations are insufficient to overcome the qualified-
immunity defense. Williams—Boldware v. Denton Cnty, 741 F.3d 635, 643-44 (Sth Cir. 2014)
(citing Igbal, 556 U.S. at 678).
To overcome the defense of qualified immunity, the plaintiff must “plead facts
showing (1) that the official violated a statutory or constitutional right, and (2) that the right
was Clearly established at the time of the challenged conduct.” Jackson, 959 F.3d at 200
(quoting al-Kidd, 563 U.S. at 735). The Court has “discretion in deciding which of the two
prongs of the qualified immunity analysis should be addressed first in light of the
circumstances in the particular case at hand.” Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 236 (2009).
“To be clearly established, a right must be sufficiently clear that every reasonable
official would have understood that what he is doing violates that right.” Reichle v. Howards,
566 U.S. 658, 664 (2012) (internal quotation marks and alteration omitted). The Supreme
Court has repeatedly instructed lower courts “not to define clearly established law at a high
level of generality.” Kisela v. Hughes, 138 S. Ct. 1148, 1152 (2018) (internal quotation marks
and citation omitted).
“There are two ways to demonstrate clearly established law.” Batyukova v. Doege,
994 F.3d 717, 726 (5th Cir. 2021). “Under the first approach, the plaintiff may identify a
case or body of relevant case law in which an officer acting under similar circumstances □ □ .
was held to have violated the [Constitution].” Jd. (quotation marks and citations omitted).
This approach “dof[es] not require a case directly on point,” but “existing precedent must
have placed the statutory or constitutional question beyond debate.” al-Kidd, 563 U.S. at

741. Under the second approach, “there can be the rare ‘obvious case,’ where the
unlawfulness of the officer’s conduct is sufficiently clear even though existing precedent
does not address similar circumstances.” District of Columbia v. Wesby, 138 S. Ct. 577, 590
(2018) (quoting Brosseau v. Haugen, 543 U.S. 194, 199 (2004)); of Taylor v. Riojas, 141 S.
Ct. 52, 53-54 (2020) (“Confronted with the particularly egregious facts of this case, any
reasonable officer should have realized that [the plaintiff's] conditions of confinement
offended the Constitution.”).
3. Analysis
The officer defendants contend that Brooks has not pled sufficient facts to state a
plausible claim against them under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Dkt. No. 30 at 8-12. Further, the
officers claim that Brooks has not pled sufficient facts to overcome their qualified-immunity
defenses. Id. at 12-18.
A. Brooks has not pled sufficient facts to state a claim for deliberate
indifference against Officers Farmer and Meiser.
The Court first considers whether Brooks has stated a claim under Section 1983
based on deliberate indifference. “Section 1983 provides a claim against anyone who ‘under
color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State’ violates another’s
constitutional rights.” Whitley v. Hanna, 726 F.3d 631, 638 (Sth Cir. 2013). “To state a
section 1983 claim, ‘a plaintiff must (1) allege a violation of a right secured by the
Constitution or laws of the United States and (2) demonstrate that the alleged deprivation
was committed by a person acting under color of state law.’” James v. Texas Collin Cnty., 535
F.3d 365, 373 (5th Cir. 2008) (quoting Moore v. Willis Indep. Sch. Dist., 233 F.3d 871, 874 (Sth
Cir. 2000)).

The Fourteenth Amendment guarantees arrestees the right “not to have their serious
medical needs met with deliberate indifference on the part of the confining [or arresting]
officials.”© Thompson v. Upshur Cnty., 245 F.3d 447, 457 (5th Cir. 2001) (citing, inter alia,
Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 103 (1976)). “A serious medical need is one for which
treatment has been recommended or for which the need is so apparent that even laymen
would recognize that care is required.” Gobert v. Caldwell, 463 F.3d 339, 345 n.12 (Sth Cir.
2006).
“To succeed on a deliberate-indifference claim, plaintiffs must show that (1) the
official was ‘aware of facts from which the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk
of serious harm exists,’ and (2) the official actually drew that inference.” Dyer v. Houston,
964 F.3d 374, 380 (5th Cir. 2020) (quoting Domino v. Texas Dep't of Crim. Just., 239 F.3d 752,
755 (5th Cir. 2001)).”’ “Deliberate indifference is an extremely high standard to meet.” Id.
(quoting Domino, 239 F.3d at 756). “[AJn official cannot be found liable ‘unless he knows of
and disregards an excessive risk’ to [a plaintiffs] safety.” Garza, 922 F.3d at 635 (quoting
Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837). “Negligence or even gross negligence is not enough: the officials
must have had actual knowledge of the substantial risk.” Aguirre v. City of San Antonio, 995

6 In this regard, an arrestee shares the same rights as a pretrial detainee. See Nerren v. Livingston
Police Dep't, 86 F.3d 469, 472-73 (Sth Cir. 1996).
7 The Fifth Circuit observed in Dyer that some panels have articulated “a third element—that the
official ‘subjectively intended that harm occur.’” Dyer, 964 F.3d at 380 (quoting Garza v. City of
Donna, 922 F.3d 626, 635 & n.5 (5th Cir. 2019)); compare DeLaughter v. Woodall, 909 F.3d 130, 136
(5th Cir. 2018) (holding that deliberate indifference is present “only if [official] knows that inmates
face a substantial risk of serious harm and disregards that risk by failing to take reasonable measures
to abate it”) (citing Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 847 (1994)), with Tamez v. Manthey, 589 F.3d
764, 770 (5th Cir. 2009) (holding that deliberate indifference also requires showing official
“subjectively intended that harm occur”). The officers note this third element in their reply (See Dkt.
No. 41 at 2), but neither party analyzes this element in their briefing. The Court need not address
the third element in this case because the traditional two-part inquiry disposes of the issue. See Dyer,
964 F.3d at 380.

F.3d 395, 420 (Sth Cir. 2021) (citing Hare v. City of Corinth, 74 F.3d 633, 650 (Sth Cir. 1996)
(en banc)). Thus, “an official’s failure to alleviate a significant risk that he should have
perceived but did not” cannot amount to deliberate indifference. Farmer, 511 US. at 838.
“TE]ach defendant’s subjective deliberate indifference, vel non, must be examined
separately.” Stewart v. Murphy, 174 F.3d 530, 537 (Sth Cir. 1999).
Under exceptional circumstances, an “official’s knowledge of a substantial risk of
harm may be inferred by the obviousness of a substantial risk.” Bias v. Woods, 288 F. App’x
158, 162 (Sth Cir. 2008) (citing Farmer, 511 U.S. at 842 & n.8). This exception has been
applied in cases where the severity of the risk or injury is obvious or the cause of that injury
or harm is plainly evident to the officer. See, e.g., Easter v. Powell, 467 F.3d 459, 463-64 (Sth
Cir. 2006) (holding that a prison nurse’s subjective awareness was inferable where she was
aware of the detainee’s heart condition and the detainee presented obvious signs of serious
cardiac health risks); Brannan v. City of Mesquite, No. 3:19-CV-1263-X, 2020 WL 7344125, at
*3-4, 6 (N.D. Tex. Dec. 14, 2020) (finding that plausible facts existed to show that the
substantial risk of serious harm was obvious where the arresting officer observed the arrestee
swallow what he believed to be a bag of methamphetamine and observed the arrestee’s rapid
decline); Dyer, 964 F.3d at 377-79, 85 (finding sufficient facts for a jury to reasonably infer
subjective awareness where the officer knew the arrestee was on LSD, observed him
violently banging his head against interior of a police car over 40 times during transport, and
the arrestee had a visible and serious head injury).
Here, Brooks has not alleged sufficient facts to show that the severity of his risk was
obvious, or the cause of his injuries was plainly evident, such that subjective awareness can
plausibly be inferred. Taking plaintiff's allegations as true, the officers found Brooks

10

unconscious with blood on the side of his head and coming from his ear® and thereafter
observed Brooks being in and out of consciousness, confused, unable to rationally
communicate or identify himself, unsteady, and unable to walk unassisted. Dkt. No. 28
34-41. Even if these facts are sufficient to show that the officers could have plausibly
drawn an inference of substantial risk of serious harm—thereby meeting the first prong of
deliberate indifference—they are insufficient to show that either officer actually drew this
inference.
The only facts alleged that could lead to an inference about the officers’ subjective
state of mind are the officers’ statements that Brooks “acted as if he was intoxicated,” “was
refusing to identify himself,” “was on drugs and alcohol,” and that he “had gotten ahold of
some bad drugs and it would take a few days for him to come down.” Id. { 37, 44-45.
While these facts could lead to a logical inference that the officers believed Brooks to be
intoxicated or on drugs, Brooks does not ask the Court to make such an inference. Instead,
Brooks asks the Court to take a logical leap and accept that the officers intentionally
fabricated this narrative about Brooks being under the influence of drugs or alcohol to
explain away the seriousness of his medical condition and delay his medical treatment. See
id. ¥§ 46, 50-53; Dkt. No. 40 at 16-17. What is conspicuously absent, and necessary, for the
Court to make such a logical leap, are any non-conclusory facts showing that either officer
subjectively knew that Brooks faced a substantial risk of serious harm or needed immediate
attention. In other words, Brooks does not allege any facts showing that either officer

® In his response, Brooks indicates that officers found him with “dried blood on his face and coming
from his ear.” Dkt. No. 40 at 19. However, the relevant portions of the First Amended Complaint □
to which Brooks cites, do not specify that the blood was “dried.” While this distinction may be
minor, it is nonetheless notable given the limited allegations in this case about Brooks’s appearance
and his behavior.
il

actually knew Brooks was under medical distress and not under the influence of drugs or
alcohol. Thus, the Court finds that Brooks’s conclusory statements about the officers’
subjective state of mind are insufficient to state a plausible claim for deliberate indifference.
Additionally, the Court finds that Brooks has not pled sufficient factual allegations to
show that the substantial risk of serious harm in this case was so obvious such that the
officers’ subjective awareness can be inferred. This case is unlike Brannan and Dyer, where
the officers watched the arrestees cause their own injuries and observed physical changes as
a result of those injuries. Here, Brooks does not allege that the officers watched an assault
take place or observed any physical signs of assault other than the dried blood on his face
and ear. Thus, the Court must determine whether Brooks has alleged facts to show that the
substantial risk of serious harm was obvious based solely on Brooks’s appearance and his
behavior during the short period he was with the officers.
First, the Court finds that Brooks’s appearance alone does not support an inference
that a substantial risk of serious harm was obvious. While the Court does not doubt that
blood coming from one’s ear can be “indicia of assault and traumatic brain injury,” it can
likewise be a sign of a non-serious injury. Dkt. No. 28 § 41. And the fact that the blood was
dried makes it less plausible that it was obvious Brooks was suffering from a serious head
injury or that he needed immediate medical care. Additionally, the fact that Brooks was
found unconscious does not by itself render it obvious that he had been assaulted or was
suffering from a traumatic brain injury.
Additionally, even when analyzing Brooks’s appearance in conjunction with his
behavior, the Court finds that Brooks has not alleged sufficient facts to support a plausible
inference that it was obvious that he was suffering from a substantial risk of serious harm

12

and needed immediate medical attention. Here, unlike in Dyer and Brannan, Brooks does
not allege that he was suffering from a drug-induced medical emergency. In fact, Brooks
rejects such a conclusion. Instead, Brooks alleges that he was demonstrating “obvious signs
of assault” and indicia of traumatic brain injury. Jd. {| 37,41. Although Brooks has
alleged some behaviors that could be consistent with assault or traumatic brain injury—
being in and out of consciousness, unable to rationally communicate, and unable to walk
unassisted—the Court finds that these facts do not sufficiently lead to a plausible inference
that it was obvious in this case that Brooks was facing a substantial risk of serious harm or
needed immediate medical attention. Thus, even when viewing the facts in the light most
favorable to Brooks, the Court finds that without further factual development about
Brooks’s appearance or behavior, it cannot discern whether the risk of serious harm in this
case was so obvious such that the officers should have known that he needed immediate
medical care. Thus, while the Court does not discount the severity of the harm in this case,
it finds that Brooks has failed to sufficiently allege the second prong of deliberate
indifference under either theory.
B. Because Brooks has failed to sufficiently plead a deliberate-indifference
claim against the officers, his claim for bystander liability must also fail.
Brooks’s second basis for establishing liability under Section 1983 is predicated on
the theory of bystander liability—that is, one officer’s alleged failure to protect Brooks from
another officer’s violation of Brooks’s constitutional rights. Dkt. No. 28 ff] 412-16. This
claim depends on a properly pled deliberate-indifference claim, which is not currently
present. Thus, Brooks’s bystander-liability claim likewise fails.
An officer may be liable under a theory of bystander liability under Section 1983 if he
“(1) knows that a fellow officer is violating an individual’s constitutional rights; (2) has a

13

reasonable opportunity to prevent the harm; and (3) chooses not to act.” Whitley v. Hanna,
726 F.3d 631, 646 (5th Cir. 2013) (citations omitted). In resolving whether a plaintiff has
sufficiently alleged a bystander-liability claim, the Court also considers whether an officer
has acquiesced in the alleged constitutional violation. Jd. (citing Hale v. Townley, 45 F.3d
914, 919 (Sth Cir. 1995)).
Here, because the Court finds that Brooks fails to sufficiently state a claim for
deliberate indifference against the officers, there is no constitutional violation present to
impose liability against either officer under the bystander theory. Thus, the court concludes
that Brooks has not pled a plausible claim under either provision of Section 1983.
Accordingly, the Court dismisses Brooks’s claims against Officers Farmer and Meiser.
Cc. The Court need not analyze whether Officers Farmer and Meiser are
entitled to qualified immunity.
The Court’s conclusion that Brooks fails to state a claim against the officers also
resolves the question of qualified immunity raised in the motion to dismiss. See Lytle v.
Bexar Cnty., 560 F.3d 404, 410 (5th Cir. 2009) (“If we determine that the alleged conduct did
not violate a constitutional right, our inquiry ceases because there is no constitutional
violation for which the government official would need qualified immunity.”).
4. Motion for Leave to Amend the Complaint
Brooks seeks leave to file a Second Amended Complaint if the Court grants the
officers’ motion to dismiss in whole or in part. Dkt. No. 60. Under Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 15(a)(2), courts “should freely give leave [to amend] when justice so requires.”
However, leave to amend “is by no means automatic.” Little v. Liquid Air Corp., 952 F.2d
841, 845-46 (5th Cir. 1992) (citing Addington v. Farmer’s Elevator Mut. Ins. Co., 650 F.2d 663,
667 (5th Cir. Unit A July 1981)). “[T]he decision to grant or deny leave to amend lies
14

within the sound discretion of the district court.” Jd. (citations omitted).
In deciding whether to grant leave to amend, the Court may consider factors “such
as undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on the part of the movant, repeated failure to
cure deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue prejudice to the opposing party
by virtue of allowance of the amendment, [and] futility of the amendment.” Forman v.
Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962). Courts may also consider judicial efficiency and effective
case management. Jebaco, Inc. v. Harrah’s Operating Co., 587 F.3d 314, 322 (Sth Cir. 2009)
(internal citations omitted). Nevertheless, Rule 15(a) and the other federal rules “reject the
approach that pleading is a game of skill in which one misstep by counsel may be decisive to
the outcome.” Hall v. Nat'l Gypsum Co., 105 F.3d 225, 230 (Sth Cir. 1997) (quoting Conley v.
Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 48 (1957), overruled on other grounds by Twombly, 550 U.S. at 562-63); 6
Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice & Procedure § 1471, at 587 (3d ed.
2010) (footnote omitted) (stating that a primary purpose of Rule 15 is to allow the
“maximum opportunity for each claim to be decided on its merits rather than on procedural
technicalities”).
Here, Brooks seeks leave to amend his complaint to add information allegedly
learned while gathering evidence to respond to the Taylor County defendants’ motion for
summary judgment.’ Dkt. No. 60 at 3. Specifically, he seeks to add information derived

9 Northern District of Texas Civil Local Rule 15.1(b) provides that a party who electronically files a
motion for leave to amend must attach the proposed amended pleading as an exhibit. Brooks
initially failed to include a proposed amended complaint with his motion. See Dkt. Nos. 55, 57.
The Court in its discretion could have denied the motion on this ground alone. See, e.g., Lefevre v.
Connextions, Inc., No. 3:13-CV-1780-D, 2014 WL 1390861, at *2 (N.D. Tex. Apr. 10, 2014). Instead,
the Court ordered Brooks to file an amended motion with his proposed amended complaint attached
(Dkt. No. 59), which he did (Dkt. No. 60-1). The officers do not suggest that Brooks’s initial
noncompliance with Local Rule 15.1 prejudiced them in any way, so the Court will not deny his
motion on this basis. See, ¢.g., Maiden Biosciences, Inc. v. MPM Med.,, Inc., No. 3:18-CV-1354-D, 2019
WL 2075585, at *1 n.1 (N.D. Tex. May 10, 2019) (declining to deny leave based on the movant’s
15

from declarations by Mary Brooks, plaintiff's mother, and Gavin Gibson, plaintiff's
acquaintance, to support his claims against the officers and attempt to overcome the officers’
assertions of qualified immunity. Id. at 3. Brooks’s proposed Second Amended Complaint
is attached to the operative motion. Dkt. No. 60-1.
The Taylor County defendants do not oppose Brooks’s request for leave. Dkt. No.
60 at 2, 11. However, Officers Farmer and Meiser object to the request because they allege
that Brooks failed to exercise diligence in constructing his pleading, that he has not provided
adequate explanation for his delay in requesting leave, and that allowing him to file an
amended pleading would cause them undue prejudice. See Dkt. No. 62. Although the
Court finds that Brooks’s request is significantly delayed and that there is an apparent lack
of diligence, the Court concludes that remaining factors do not support denying leave to
amend."
A. Brooks has failed to explain his undue delay and apparent lack of diligence
in investigating and pleading his case.
“One important factor in the district court’s decision is the timeliness of the motion
to amend.” Chitimacha Tribe of La. v. Harry L. Laws Co., 690 F.2d 1157, 1163 (Sth Cir. 1982).
“Mere passage of time need not result in denial of leave to amend, but delay becomes fatal
at some period of time.” Jd. (citation omitted). When there has been a delay, the party
seeking amendment “bears the burden of showing that a delay was due to oversight,
inadvertence, or excusable neglect.” Jones v. Robinson Prop. Grp. L.P., 427 F.3d 987, 994-95
(5th Cir. 2005) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted); see also Chitimacha, 690

noncompliance with Local Rule 15.1 because the opposing party had fair opportunity to respond
after the proposed amendment was filed one day later).
10 The officers do not allege that Brooks acted in bad faith or with dilatory motive in filing his
motion. Thus, the Court limits its analysis to the remaining factors.
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F.2d at 1163 (“When there has been an apparent lack of diligence, the burden shifts to the
movant to prove that the delay was due to excusable neglect.”).
Courts have found that denial of leave may be appropriate where the movant
“kn[ew] or should have known of the facts upon which the proposed amendment is based
but fail[ed] to include them in the original complaint.” Villarreal v. Johnson, No. 2:15-CV-
219, 2018 WL 6272046, at *4 (N.D. Tex. Oct. 31, 2018), report and recommendation adopted,
No. 2:15-CV-219-D, 2018 WL 6267658 (N.D. Tex. Nov. 30, 2018) (quoting Pallottino v. City
of Rio Rancho, 31 F.3d 1023, 1027 (10th Cir. 1994) (noting that the motion to amend “was
not based on new evidence unavailable at the time of the original filing” and denying
motion on that basis)).
Here, the officers contend that leave should be denied because plaintiff failed to
exercise diligence in investigating and constructing his pleadings and has not provided
adequate explanation for his delay in filing his request for leave. Dkt. No. 62 at 3-5.
Brooks filed his request for leave more than 14 months after filing suit and more than five
months after the officers’ second motion to dismiss became ripe for review. Thus, there is
no question that plaintiff's request was significantly delayed."'
There is also an apparent lack of diligence on Brooks’s behalf. The relevant
declarations were made in May 2021,” five months after the officers’ second motion to

1 Plaintiff appears to concede in his initial motion for leave that an amendment at this stage would
“moot considerable work that has already occurred and that it would delay the resolution of the
issues in this case.” Dkt. No. 57 at 4.
12 Plaintiff also seeks to include statements obtained from defendants Noret, Horton, and Olson’s
discovery responses. See Dkt. No. 60 at 7-9. The Court finds that these statements merely support
the narrative already contained in the First Amended Complaint. Therefore, the Court focuses its
analysis on the proposed new information obtained from Mary Brooks and Gavin Gibson.
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dismiss was filed. And while the Court recognizes that discovery did not commence until
March 2021, it appears as though at least some of the information Brooks seeks to include
could have been discovered at a much earlier stage without formal discovery. The relevant
information came from two friendly witnesses—one being plaintiff's own mother. So
Brooks could have obtained at least some of this information through informal discussions
prior to filing suit or filing his First Amended Complaint, and yet he failed to do so. Based
on Brooks’s delay and apparent lack of diligence, Brooks bears the burden of providing
some tenable excuse for failing to timely request leave to amend.
Brooks has failed to meet this burden. Brooks attempts to justify his delay in seeking
leave to amend by claiming to have only recently discovered the information through formal
discovery in May, which the Court does not doubt. But Brooks does not explain why he
could not have discovered this same information through a cursory investigation at an
earlier stage.
Brooks’s counsel represents that in gathering evidence for the response to the
summary-judgment motion, he “learned of two conversations that Plaintiff's Mother, Mary
Brooks, had with witnesses in this case” Randall Farmer and Gavin Gibson. Dkt. No. 60
at 4. Counsel then obtained declarations from Mary Brooks and Gibson regarding what
they knew. Jd. Based on counsel’s representation, it is unclear why at least some of the
information Brooks seeks to add about Gibson and Officer Farmer’s observations and their
statements to Mrs. Brooks could not have been obtained through conversations with
plaintiff's own mother at a much earlier stage. Mary Brooks is a key witness in this case
based on her interactions with multiple defendants. And plaintiff has not indicated that
there would have been any difficulty in obtaining information from his mother about her

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knowledge of the events. In fact, Brooks included numerous factual allegations representing
statements made by or to Mrs. Brooks in both his Original and First Amended Complaint.
See, e.g., Dkt. No. 1 f§ 111, 116, 134, 145, 288, 314; Dkt. No. 28 fff 124, 129-30, 147, 315,
336, 344. Thus, the Court agrees with the officers that at least some of this information
could have been discovered at an earlier stage with proper diligence. Thus, the Court finds
that Brooks has not adequately explained his delay or apparent lack of diligence and that
this factor weighs in favor of denying leave.
B. Brooks has not repeatedly failed to cure deficiencies by amendments
previous allowed.
The Court finds that there have not been “repeated failures to cure deficiencies by
amendments previously allowed” in this case. Forman, 371 U.S. at 182. “When
considering whether there have been repeated failures to cure deficiencies, courts in this
circuit have considered how many previous amendments have been attempted.” Operaciones
Tecnicas Marinas S.A.S. v. Diversified Marine Servs., LLC, No. 12-1979, 2015 WL 4254130, at
*4 (E.D. La. July 13, 2015) (collecting cases). “Courts have found that one previous
amendment does not amount to a repeated failure to cure deficiencies by amendments
previously allowed.” Jd. (citing Mailing & Shipping Sys., Inc. v. Neopost USA, Inc., 292 F.R.D.
369, 377 (W.D. Tex. Mar. 28, 2013); Vazquez v. AMO Enters., Inc., No. 3:12-CV-00029-KC,
2013 WL 593457, at *5 (W.D. Tex. Feb. 14, 2013)). “However, the Fifth Circuit has found
that two previous amendments does amount to a repeated failure to cure deficiencies.” Id.
(citing Herrmann Holdings Ltd. v. Lucent Techs. Inc., 302 F.3d 552, 566 (Sth Cir. 2002); U.S. ex
rel. Hebert v. Dizney, 295 F. App’x. 717, 725 (Sth Cir. 2008)).
Here, the officers contend that Brooks has “repeatedly failed to state a claim against
[the officers] in his pleadings.” Dkt. No. 62 at5. The Court dismissed Brooks’s Original
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Complaint because it found that Brooks failed to plead sufficient factual allegations to
support an inference that the second prong of deliberate indifference was met. Dkt. No. 22.
Although Brooks did not request leave to amend, the Court afforded him an opportunity to
cure the deficiencies and address the officers’ assertions of qualified immunity through a
Rule 7(a) Reply. Jd. at 11.
Brooks then filed his First Amended Complaint (Dkt. No. 28) and a corresponding
Rule 7(a) Reply (Dkt. No. 29). Neither document sufficiently cured the deficiencies
previously identified by the Court or the officers. Instead of amending his complaint to
include factual support for his allegations that the officers were subjectively aware of a
serious risk or that the risk was so obvious such that the officers’ awareness can be inferred,
he added more conclusory statements about the same and asked the Court to make multiple
inferences not supported by the allegations. Thus, Brooks’s First Amended Complaint fails
to adequately state a claim for relief against the officers. Moreover, while Brooks’s Rule
7(a) Reply provided more legal analysis related to Brooks’s claims, it did not further develop
the facts in conjunction with the relevant legal authority.
Although the First Amended Complaint and Rule 7(a) Reply did not cure the
deficiencies, these filings, which occurred almost simultaneously, more accurately represent
one chance to cure deficiencies, rather than two. Because the Court finds that Brooks has
not repeatedly failed to cure deficiencies, this factor does not support denying leave.
Cc. The officers will not suffer undue prejudice if the Court grants leave to
amend, but denying leave to amend would significantly prejudice Brooks.
The Fifth Circuit has held that delay alone is insufficient to deny a motion for leave
to amend unless the delay is undue because it prejudices the nonmoving party. Mayeaux v.
Louisiana Health Serv. & Indem. Co., 376 F.3d 420, 427 (Sth Cir. 2004) (“[W]e know that
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delay alone is an insufficient basis for denial of leave to amend: The delay must be undue,
i.e., it must prejudice the nonmoving party or impose unwarranted burdens on the court.”).
“Courts typically find prejudice only when the amendment unfairly affects the defendants in
terms of preparing their defense to the amendment.” U.S. CFTC v. Fin. Robotics, Inc., 2013
WL 3280038, at *3 (S.D. Tex. June 27, 2013) (quoting Minter v. Prime Equip. Co., 451 F.3d
1196, 1208 (10th Cir. 2006)).
Here, the Court finds that the officers would not suffer undue prejudice if Brooks is
granted leave to amend. The officers claim that allowing an amendment at this stage would
be prejudicial because it would affect their procedural strategy, potentially subject them to
intrusive discovery, and cause them unnecessary stress. Dkt. No. 62 at 6-7. These are all
valid concerns; however, they do not constitute undue prejudice. See Dalton v. C. R. Bard,
Inc., No. 3:19-CV-2484-D, 2020 WL 4284585, at *2 (N.D. Tex. July 27, 2020) (finding that
delays in resolution of the case and the necessity of conducting further discovery do not
constitute undue prejudice because these types of delays are often inevitable when a party
amends his complaint to add new facts or claims). The officers have had notice of the
claims alleged against them since March 2020, and they have yet to be subjected to
discovery. Additionally, there are no impending deadlines that would cause difficulty in
proceeding with the merits of the litigation at this stage. Thus, while it is unfortunate that
the officers will likely incur additional litigation costs based on plaintiff's apparent lack of
diligence in this case, the Court finds that the officers would not be unduly prejudiced by
having to litigate their claims on the merits at this stage. _

In contrast, denying leave to amend would significantly prejudice Brooks, especially
in light of the new and substantial factual allegations and evidence. When there are

21

substantial reasons to deny an amendment, the Court may also consider whether “whether
undue prejudice to the movant will result from denying leave to amend.” Henderson v. U.S.
Fid. & Guar. Co., 620 F.2d 530, 534 (5th Cir. 1980) (citation omitted). Here, the Court finds
that denying leave to amend would unduly prejudice Brooks because it would deny him of a
chance to litigate his case on the merits. This fact weighs heavily with the Court in
determining whether leave is appropriate.
D. Brooks’s proposed Second Amended Complaint is not futile.
Lastly, and importantly, the Court finds that Brooks’s proposed Second Amended
Complaint meets the pleading standard and is therefore not futile. Courts generally afford a
claimant an opportunity to amend a complaint “[i]f it appears that a more carefully drafted
pleading might state a claim upon which relief could be granted.” Kennard v. Indianapolis
Life Ins. Co., 420 F. Supp. 2d 601, 608 (N.D. Tex. 2006); see also Whiddon v. Chase Home Fin.,
LLC, 666 F. Supp. 2d 681, 693 (E.D. Tex. 2009) (granting leave to amend because “it does
not appear that [plaintiffs] . . . claims are patently frivolous or that an amendment could not
cure their defects”).
A trial court may, however, properly deny leave to amend “where the proposed
amendment would be futile because it could not survive a motion to dismiss.” Rio Grande
Royalty Co., Inc. v. Energy Transfer Partners, L.P., 620 F.3d 465, 468 (Sth Cir. 2010) (citation
omitted). So the court asks whether the proposed complaint “contain[s] sufficient factual
matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Igbal, 556
U.S. at 678 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570).
Here, the Court finds that the proposed Second Amended Complaint has adequately
stated claims of relief against the officers, and therefore, the amendment is not futile. First,

22

the Court finds that the proposed amendment includes factual allegations that, if true, could
lead to an inference that Officer Farmer was subjectively aware that a substantial risk of
serious harm existed. The proposed amendment includes allegations that Officer Farmer
called Mrs. Brooks and told her that “Brooks seemed out of it” and that “he initially thought
that Brooks needed to be taken to the hospital because something might be wrong” but that
the other officer said he was “just drunk and high.” Dkt. No. 60-1 | 87-91. These new
factual allegations, if true, could lead to a plausible inference that Officer Farmer was
subjectively aware that Brooks was suffering from a serious risk of medical harm and
needed immediate medical attention. Thus, because the proposed amendment would
sufficiently state a claim for relief against Officer Farmer, it is not futile as to that defendant.
These allegations, however, do not lead to a plausible inference that Officer Meiser
had the same requisite subjective awareness. See Price v. Valdez, No. 3:16-CV-3237-D, 2017 -
WL 3189706, at *7 (N.D. Tex. July 27, 2017) (noting that “knowledge is not to be imputed
between coworkers”) (citing Thompson, 245 F.3d at 458-59)). Thus, the only way the
proposed amendment would survive dismissal against Officer Meiser is if it contains factual
allegations to show that the risk of serious harm was so obvious such that Officer Meiser’s
subjective awareness can be inferred from the circumstances.”
Brooks claims that the allegations derived from Gibson’s declaration show that “it
was obvious that [Brooks] had been injured and needed medical attention.” Dkt. No. 60 at
6. The following proposed factual allegations describe Gibson’s observations of Brooks

3 The officers also claim that the proposed allegations related to Noret, Horton, and Olson’s
discovery responses do not cause the proposed Second Amended Complaint to state a claim and that
therefore those proposed amendments are futile. Dkt. No. 62 at 5. Because these statements add
nothing material to Brooks’s First Amended Complaint, the Court only analyzes whether the new
allegations related to Mary Brooks and Gibson would cure the pleading deficiencies.
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between March 4, 2018 and March 5, 2018. Dkt. No. 60-1 §§ 34-55. Per Brooks, Gibson
dropped Brooks off at the hotel on the evening of March 4, and when he left him, Brooks
“was not drunk or impaired in any way” at that time. Jd. 35-36. When Gibson returned
to the hotel the next moming, roughly a half-hour before Officers Farmer and Meiser
arrived, he found Brooks in a very different state. Id. 34-55. The room door was cracked
open, and the room “was a complete disaster, with blankets, sheets, clothes, and other items
on the floor,” including Brooks’s phone, which was obviously broken. Jd. Ff 37-41. Gibson
then saw “Brooks lying in the bed with his head covered and his feet hanging off of the
bed.” Jd. ] 42. He also saw blood on the blankets and sheets and on a towel on the floor.
443. When he tried to turn Brooks over, he saw blood on Brooks’s cheek and ear, which
he noticed had come from Brooks’s ear. Jd. f{] 43-44. He later told Brooks’s mother that he
initially “thought Brooks was dead because of the blood.” Jd. 447. When Gibson
attempted to wake Brooks, he moaned unintelligibly in response. Id. f] 48-49.
In summary, Brooks alleges that it was obvious when Gibson entered the room that
something had happened and someone had been injured, and it was obvious when he tried
to wake Brooks “that Brooks had been injured and needed medical attention.” Jd. J] 50-51.
Gibson did not alert the hotel staff or call 911 due to his own “legal issues which could have
caused him to be arrested if the police showed up while he was there.” Jd. 452. He then left
shortly before the 12:00 p.m. checkout time and assumed the hotel staff would find Brooks
minutes later. Id. 53-56. The officers then arrived roughly a half-hour later. Id. { 43.
After carefully reviewing the proposed amendment in the light most favorable to
Brooks, the Court finds that Brooks has proposed factual allegations that, if true, support an
inference that both officers should have been aware, because it was so obvious, of

24

substantial risk to Brooks’s health. While not conclusive, the new allegations about the
circumstances of the room and Brooks’s appearance provide more factual support for
Brooks’s position that it was obvious that he had sustained serious injuries and needed
immediate medical care, and that therefore, the officers’ subjective awareness can be
inferred. Accordingly, the Court finds the proposed amendments contains sufficient facts to
overcome a Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal motion and is not futile.
It is frustrating to the Court that these additional factual allegations were not
included at an earlier stage. However, Rule 15(a) emphatically states that “leave shail be
freely given when justice so requires.” Thus, because Brooks would suffer undue prejudice
if leave were not granted and given that his amendment is not futile, the Court, in its
discretion, has determined that leave to amend is appropriate. Moreover, any prejudice the
officers will suffer is outweighed by the justice served by giving Brooks an opportunity to
litigate his claims on the merits. Thus, the Court grants Brooks’s motion for leave to
amend.
5. Conclusion
Although Brooks’s allegations are serious and the Court treats them accordingly, the
Court finds that his First Amended Complaint does not allege sufficient facts to adequately
state claims against Officers Farmer and Meiser for deliberate indifference or bystander
liability. Thus, for the reasons stated above, the Court grants Farmer and Meiser’s second
motion to dismiss (Dkt. Nos. 30-31).
However, because the Court finds that Brooks’s Second Amended Complaint is not
futile and that denying leave to amend would cause undue prejudice, the Court grants
Brooks’s motion for leave to amend (Dkt. No. 60). Accordingly, the Clerk of Court is

25

directed to detach the proposed Second Amended Complaint (Dkt. No. 60-1), and file it
into the official record in this case.
There is a pending motion for summary judgment filed by the remaining defendants
relating to the allegations in the First Amended Complaint. (Dkt. No. 44). The First
Amended Complaint will have no legal effect upon the filing of the Second Amended
Complaint. See King v. Dogan, 31 F.3d 344, 346 (Sth Cir. 1994) (holding that an “amended
complaint supersedes the original complaint and renders it of no legal effect unless the
amended complaint specifically refers to and adopts or incorporates by reference the earlier
pleading.”). In cases where there are pending motions related to a superseded complaint,
the Court may deny the motions as moot and allow the movants to file revised motions
relating to the claims in the amended complaint.
Here, however, the Second Amended Complaint appears to be identical to the First
Amended Complaint except for the new allegations in Paragraphs 33-91, which are factual
allegations related to Officers Farmer and Meiser. Thus, the amendments in the Second
Amended Complaint should not affect the pending summary-judgment motion or the
responses to those motions, which relate primarily to the issue of whether any of the
remaining defendants are entitled to qualified immunity and other issues independent of the
new allegations. Additionally, the substance of the new allegations is contained in
declarations attached to Brooks’s response to the summary-judgment motion. Therefore,
the remaining defendants had an opportunity to address the new allegations in their reply
brief. And notably, those defendants did not oppose Brooks’s request for leave. As a result,
the Court is granting leave to amend on the condition that the pending motion for summary

26

judgment and brief (Dkt. Nos. 44-45) remain in effect, and the Court will treat those filings
as being directed at the allegations in the Second Amended Complaint.
Officers Farmer and Meiser must file an answer no later than 14 days after the
Second Amended Complaint is filed. The remaining defendants—other than Officers
Farmer and Meiser—may amend their answer to respond to the new allegations and modify
paragraph numbers to correspond with the numbered paragraphs of Brooks’s Second
Amended Complaint. However, to the extent that the defendants’ new responses contradict
any prior judicial admissions, those amendments shall not supersede and replace
defendants’ original answer, which shall be restated in the new pleading.
So ordered on July. Lf. 2021.
Con Qo fore
J S WESLEY HENDRIX
ED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10450428. Public record. Not legal advice.