# Farrington v. United States

> District Court, W.D. Tennessee · February 14, 2024

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10441614

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, W.D. Tennessee
- **Decided:** February 14, 2024
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10441614

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- explaining that “[n]ew substantive rules generally apply retroactively,” including “decisions that narrow the scope of a criminal statute by interpreting its terms”
- rejecting challenge to a pre-Rehaif § 922(g)(1) guilty plea where defendant had previously been convicted of a felony for which he served six years in prison

## Opinion text

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
EASTERN DIVISION

)
TAVARES L. FARRINGTON, )
)
Petitioner, )
)
v. ) Case No. 1:21-cv-01020-STA-jay
)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
)
Respondent. )
)

ORDER DENYING § 2255 MOTION, DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY,
AND DENYING LEAVE TO PROCEED IN FORMA PAUPERIS ON APPEAL

On January 29, 2021, Petitioner Tavares L. Farrington, Bureau of Prisons register number
30168-076, an inmate then incarcerated at the United States Penitentiary in Atlanta, Georgia, filed
a pro se Motion Under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 to Vacate, Set Aside, or Correct Sentence by a Person in
Federal Custody (“§ 2255 Motion”). (ECF No. 1.) Farrington challenged his conviction under
18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) based on Rehaif v. United States, 139 S. Ct. 2191 (2019). (Id. at PageID 4.)
He also alleged that his attorney performed deficiently by failing to properly advise him during
plea negotiations and for failing to request a mental health evaluation. (Id. at PageID 5-6.) The
Court directed the United States to file a response. (ECF No. 4.) The United States filed its
response in opposition on September 7, 2021. (ECF No. 6.)
Farrington sought to amend his initial § 2255 Motion on March 4, 2022. (ECF No. 10.)
He then filed a duplicate motion to amend on April 29, 2022. (ECF No. 13.) Farrington sought
to add the following claims: (1) his Florida robbery convictions did not qualify as predicate
“violent felonies” under the Armed Career Criminal Act (“ACCA”), 18 U.S.C. § 924(e), and (2)
his attorney was ineffective for failing to argue that Florida robbery was not a violent felony under
the ACCA. (Id. at PageID at 5-13.) On June 6, 2022, Farrington filed another motion seeking
to amend his § 2255 Motion to add a claim under Wooden v. United States, 595 U.S. 360 (2022).
(ECF No. 16.)
The Court granted the motions at ECF Nos. 13 and 16, denied the duplicate motion at

ECF No. 10 as moot, and ordered the United States to respond to the additional claims.
(ECF No. 21 at PageID 142.) On July 21, 2023, the United States filed a response in opposition
to Farrington’s supplemental claims. (ECF No. 27.) Farrington then filed a motion seeking
documents from the Probation Office supporting his criminal history. (ECF No. 28.) He also
filed three motions requesting an extension of time to file a reply to the United States’ supplemental
response. (ECF Nos. 29, 30, & 31.)
BACKGROUND
On April 17, 2017, Farrington was indicted for knowingly possessing ammunition as a
convicted felon, in violation of § 922(g)(1). (United States v. Farrington, No. 1:17-cr-10032-
STA-1, Indictment, ECF No. 14 (W.D. Tenn. Apr. 17, 2017)). Farrington entered a conditional
guilty plea under Rule 11(a)(2) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure and reserved only his

right to appeal the adverse ruling on his motion to suppress evidence. (ECF No. 67.) He was
sentenced as an armed career criminal to 188 months of imprisonment. (See ECF No. 86 at
PageID 279-80.)
Farrington was subject to an enhanced sentence under § 924(e)(1) because he had at least
three prior convictions that qualified as “violent felonies.” (ECF No. 71 at PageID 209 (¶ 19).)
The presentence report (“PSR”) identified several ACCA predicate offenses, including multiple
convictions for robbery with a firearm and aggravated battery with a firearm. (Id. at PageID 216-
17 (¶¶ 35, 37).) An addendum to the PSR stated that following the Supreme Court’s decision in
2
Stokeling v. United States, 139 S. Ct. 544 (2019), Farrington’s convictions for robbery in
paragraphs 34, 36, and 38 were also qualifying ACCA offenses. (ECF No. 84 at PageID 277.)
Farrington filed an appeal challenging only the denial of his motion to suppress evidence.
(ECF No. 108 at PageID 455.) The Sixth Circuit affirmed. (Id.) Farrington filed a writ of

certiorari with the Supreme Court, which was denied on April 7, 2020. (ECF No. 111).
ANALYSIS
“A prisoner seeking relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 must allege either: (1) an error of
constitutional magnitude; (2) a sentence imposed outside the statutory limits; or (3) an error of fact
or law that was so fundamental as to render the entire proceeding invalid.” Short v. United States,
471 F.3d 686, 691 (6th Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
A § 2255 motion is not a substitute for a direct appeal. See Bousley v. United States, 523
U.S. 614, 621 (1998). “[N]onconstitutional claims that could have been raised on appeal, but
were not, may not be asserted in collateral proceedings.” Stone v. Powell, 428 U.S. 465, 477 n.10
(1976). “Defendants must assert their claims in the ordinary course of trial and direct appeal.”

Grant v. United States, 72 F.3d 503, 506 (6th Cir. 1996).
Even constitutional claims that could have been raised on direct appeal, but were not, will
be barred by procedural default unless the defendant demonstrates cause and prejudice sufficient
to excuse his failure to raise these issues previously. El-Nobani v. United States, 287 F.3d 417,
420 (6th Cir. 2002) (withdrawal of guilty plea); Peveler v. United States, 269 F.3d 693, 698-99
(6th Cir. 2001) (new Supreme Court decision issued during pendency of direct appeal); Phillip v.
United States, 229 F.3d 550, 552 (6th Cir. 2000) (trial errors). Alternatively, a defendant may

3
obtain review of a procedurally defaulted claim by demonstrating his “actual innocence."
Bousley, 523 U.S. at 622.
Farrington’s Rehaif Claim
In his initial § 2255 Motion, Farrington raised a claim based on the Supreme Court’s

decision in Rehaif. (Civ. No. 21-1020, ECF No. 1 at PageID 4-5.) The Supreme Court held in
Rehaif that in § 922(g) prosecutions, “the Government . . . must show that the defendant knew he
possessed a firearm and also that he knew he had the relevant status when he possessed it.” 139 S.
Ct. at 2194. Farrington argues, relying on Rehaif, that his indictment was defective because it
“did not allege with reasonable specificity that [he] knew that his possession [of ammunition] was
unlawful” and that the Government failed to prove the requisite mens rea element. (ECF No. 1 at
PageID 4.) He further argues that the Court lacked jurisdiction to accept his guilty plea given the
defect in the indictment. (Id.)
Respondent argues that Farrington has procedurally defaulted on this claim by failing to
raise it on direct appeal. (ECF No. 6 at PageID 19-20.) The Court agrees.

Farrington did not raise any Rehaif-based arguments during his criminal case, and he did
not raise any such arguments in his direct appeal. Therefore, any claim that he now brings based
on Rehaif is defaulted and none of the exceptions to the procedural default rule apply here.
First, Farrington cannot argue that his default should be excused because a Rehaif-based
claim would have been foreclosed by prior Sixth Circuit precedent because “futility cannot
constitute cause if it means simply that a claim was unacceptable to that particular court at that
particular time.” Bousley, 523 U.S. at 623 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

4
Second, although Rehaif was decided after Farrington pleaded guilty to violating
§ 922(g)(1) and after his appeal was decided, Farrington cannot show cause for his procedural
default by arguing that the legal basis for his claim was “so novel that its legal basis is not
reasonably available to counsel.” Bousley, 523 U.S. at 622 (quoting Reed v. Ross, 468 U.S. 1, 16

(1984)). Indeed, the fact that the defendant in Rehaif ultimately prevailed at the Supreme Court
demonstrates that Farrington could have made a similar objection to the indictment’s omission of
a knowledge-of-status element. See 139 S. Ct. at 2200; see also United States v. Wooden, 945
F.3d 498, 506 (6th Cir. 2019), rev’d and remanded on other grounds, 595 U.S. 360 (2022) (“[I]t
would be self-refuting for [a defendant] to argue that he could not have presented his claim until
after Rehaif was decided” because “the defendant in Rehaif did just that.”)
Nor could Farrington demonstrate actual prejudice to overcome procedural default. To
show prejudice, Farrington must not merely show “that the errors at his trial created a possibility
of prejudice, but that they worked to his actual and substantial disadvantage, infecting his entire
trial with error of constitutional dimensions.” United States v. Frady, 456 U.S. 152, 170 (1982).

As discussed infra, the record in this case demonstrates that even if Farrington had raised an
objection before the Court, the Government would have been able to establish Farrington’s
knowledge of his status as a convicted felon beyond a reasonable doubt.
Farrington does not argue that he is actually innocent of the § 922(g) offense, but such a
claim would fail given his extensive criminal record. To establish actual innocence, Farrington
would have to show that, “in light of all the evidence, it is more likely than not that no reasonable
juror would have convicted him.” Bousley, 523 U.S. at 623 (internal quotation marks and citation

5
omitted). “[I]n this regard[,] ‘actual innocence’ means factual innocence, not mere legal
insufficiency. Id.
At the time that Farrington possessed the ammunition, he had 10 convictions punishable
by a term exceeding one year: (1) robbery with a firearm, for which he received a 10-year sentence

(No. 1:17-cr-10032-STA-1, PSR, ECF No. 71 at PageID 216 (¶ 35)); (2) a second conviction for
robbery with a firearm and another 10-year sentence (id.); (3) possession of cocaine, for which he
received a one-year sentence (id.); (4) burglary while armed with a firearm, for which he received
a 10-year sentence (id. at PageID 217 (¶ 37)); (5) aggravated battery with a firearm, for which he
was sentenced to 10 years (id.); (6) robbery with a firearm and another 10-year sentence (id.);
(7) kidnapping while armed with a firearm, for which he received a 10-year sentence (id.); (8) felon
in possession of a firearm, for which he was sentenced to 5.5 years in custody (id. at PageID 219
(¶ 39)); and (10) resisting an officer without violence, for which he received a 12-month sentence
(id.) Farrington made objections to various factual findings in the PSR, but he did not object to
the existence of any of these prior felony convictions. (See ECF Nos. 81 & 82.)

Farrington’s extensive criminal history, which includes a state court conviction for being a
felon in possession of a firearm, render implausible the notion that he did not know he was a felon
when he possessed the ammunition. See United States v. Hobbs, 953 F.3d 853, 858 (6th Cir.
2020) (rejecting challenge to a pre-Rehaif § 922(g)(1) guilty plea where defendant had previously
been convicted of a felony for which he served six years in prison); see also United States v.
Conley, 802 F. App’x 919, 923-24 (6th Cir. Feb. 5, 2020) (reasoning that defendant “undoubtedly
knew he was a felon . . . when he possessed the firearms” given his multiple prior convictions).

6
Farrington has not demonstrated actual innocence or prejudice to overcome the procedural
default. Given the clear evidence that he knew about his felony status, Farrington has not shown
that he is entitled to habeas relief on his Rehaif-based claim that his indictment was defective
because it did not allege knowledge of status. His claim that the Court lacked jurisdiction to

accept his guilty plea based on the alleged defect in the indictment is likewise without merit.
Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
Farrington also argues that his attorney was ineffective for failing to advise him of the
knowledge-of-status requirement during plea negotiations and for failing to request a mental health
evaluation. (ECF No. 1 at PageID 5-6.)
To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a prisoner must show that
“counsel’s performance was deficient” and that “the deficient performance prejudiced the
defense.” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). Counsel’s performance is
deficient when it falls “below an objective standard of reasonableness.” Id. at 688. Where, as
here, a prisoner claims that his guilty plea arose from the ineffective assistance of counsel, “the

voluntariness of the plea depends on whether counsel’s advice was within the range of competence
demanded of attorneys in criminal cases.” Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 56 (1985) (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted).
A court considering a claim of ineffective assistance must apply a strong
presumption that counsel’s representation was within the wide range of reasonable
professional assistance. The challenger’s burden is to show that counsel made
errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the “counsel” guaranteed the
defendant by the Sixth Amendment.

Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 104 (2011) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
7
To demonstrate prejudice, a prisoner must establish “a reasonable probability that, but for
counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.”
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. In the guilty plea context, a movant satisfies the “prejudice”
requirement by “show[ing] that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, he

would not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going to trial.” Hill, 474 U.S. at 59.
The Supreme Court decided Rehaif on June 21, 2019, which was after the Court accepted
Farrington’s guilty plea and sentenced him for possessing ammunition as a convicted felon.
(See No. 1:17-cr-10032-STA-1, Judgment, ECF No. 86 at PageID 279.) At the time Farrington
pleaded guilty, Sixth Circuit caselaw did not require the Government to prove the defendant’s
knowledge of his prohibited status when he knowingly possessed a firearm or ammunition.
See, e.g., United States v. Brown, 888 F.3d 829, 833 (6th Cir. 2018). An attorney’s failure to
anticipate a change in the law generally does not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel.
Nichols v. United States, 563 F.3d 240, 253 (6th Cir. 2009).
Farrington also claims that counsel was ineffective for failing to raise a Rehaif-based claim

on direct appeal. (ECF No. 1 at PageID 5.) Farrington entered a conditional guilty plea under
Rule 11(a)(2) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure and reserved only his right to appeal the
adverse ruling on his motion to suppress evidence. (No. 1:17-cr-10032-STA-1, Rule 11 Notice,
ECF No. 67.) He therefore waived the right to appeal any issues except for the ruling on his
motion to suppress.1

1 Even if Farrington had not waived his right to raise the issue on appeal, failing to raise
an argument that is contradicted by existing precedent is not deficient performance, Baker v.
Voorhies, 392 F. App’x 393, 401-02 (6th Cir. 2010), unless a change in the law was “clearly
foreshadow[ed],” Thompson v. Warden, Belmont Corr. Inst., 598 F.3d 281, 288 (6th Cir. 2010)
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted). As stated, at the time of Farrington’s conviction,
8
Farrington also claims that counsel was ineffective for failing to pursue a mental health
evaluation. (ECF No.1 at PageID 6.) According to Farrington, his mental health and substance
abuse issues affected his “competence to willfully act in violation of § 922(g) by willfully
possessing an illegal firearm.” (Id.)

At his change of plea hearing, Farrington was advised that the Government would have to
prove each element of the § 922(g) offense, including knowing possession of the ammunition.
(No. 1:17-cr-10032-STA-1, Change of Plea Hearing, ECF No. 93 at PageID 314-15.)
Farrington’s mental health issues were addressed at the hearing, and Farrington stated that he had
been taking medication for depression and anxiety for two years. (Id. at PageID 309-11.)
Farrington does not explain, however, how this history negated his knowledge that he was
unlawfully in possession of ammunition. Moreover, he never claimed during the hearing, or at
any other point during the criminal proceeding, that he did not know he was in possession of the
ammunition. Farrington also does not assert, nor does the record reveal, that he asked his counsel
to pursue a mental health evaluation. There is also no record evidence that counsel had any reason

to believe that a mental health evaluation was necessary.
A prisoner seeking habeas relief under § 2255 has the burden of proving that his attorney
was constitutionally ineffective “by a preponderance of the evidence.” Pough v. United States,
442 F.3d 959, 964 (6th Cir. 2006). Farrington’s vague allegations in support of this claim fail to
satisfy his burden and are insufficient to demonstrate ineffective assistance of counsel.

existing Sixth Circuit precedent did not require a knowledge-of-status element. See Brown, 888
F.3d at 833.

9
Farrington’s ACCA Claims
Farrington also raises several arguments challenging the application of the ACCA in his
case. He argues, relying on Borden v. United States, 141 S. Ct. 1817 (2021), that his Florida
robbery convictions no longer qualify as violent felonies under the elements clause of the ACCA.

(ECF No. 13 at PageID 97-98.) In Borden, a plurality of the Supreme Court held that a mens rea
of recklessness is insufficient to satisfy the “elements” clause of the definition of violent felony in
the ACCA, 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(i). 141 S. Ct. at 1825.
The Supreme Court has not held that Borden applies retroactively on collateral review, but
the United States has implicitly conceded that it does. (See ECF No. 27 at PageID 159.) Because
Farrington raised his claim within one year of the Borden decision, it is timely. See 28 U.S.C.
§ 2255(f)(3).
Farrington’s argument is nonetheless foreclosed by Stokeling v. United States, 139 S. Ct.
544 (2019). In Stokeling, the Supreme Court considered the same Florida robbery statute at issue
in this case and held that “Florida robbery qualifies as an ACCA-predicate offense under the

elements clause.” Id. at 555. Stokeling was decided two years before Borden, but as the Eleventh
Circuit observed in rejecting a Borden challenge to Florida’s robbery statute, “the Supreme Court
cited to Stokeling in its analysis, and never suggested that Stokeling had been abrogated.” United
States v. LaFrance, No. 20-13317, 2021 WL 3163766, at *3 (11th Cir. July 27, 2021). Further,
the Eleventh Circuit stated that it could not locate “any Florida cases indicating that robbery in
violation of Fla. Stat. § 812.13(1) can be committed by a defendant with a mens rea of recklessness
or less.” Id. at *2. Because Florida law requires that the defendant “directly threaten the victim’s
bodily integrity,” to sustain a conviction under § 812.13, “just as Borden contemplated as

10
necessary for violent felonies,” the Eleventh Circuit concluded that Florida robbery categorically
qualified as an ACCA predicate offense. Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
Farrington also argues that the degree of force required to commit robbery under Florida
law is insufficient for purposes of the ACCA’s elements clause. (ECF No. 13 at PageID 99-106.)

The United States asserts that this claim is untimely because it was not raised within one year of
the Supreme Court’s denial of Farrington’s petition for a writ of certiorari. (ECF No. 27 at
PageID 157.)
The Supreme Court denied Farrington’s petition for certiorari on April 7, 2020.
(No. 1:17-cr-10032-STA-1, Notice, ECF No. 111 at PageID 466.) Farrington first raised his
claim that the force required under the Florida robbery statute was insufficient to satisfy ACCA’s
definition of a violent felony in his motion to amend filed on March 4, 2022. (ECF No. 10 at
PageID 69-74.) Though Farrington’s original § 2255 Motion was timely, his argument that he
was improperly sentenced under the ACCA is not because it was not filed within one year of the
date his conviction became final. See § 2255(f)(1). The claim is not based on a right “newly

recognized by the Supreme Court and made retroactively applicable to cases on collateral review”
because Farrington merely argues that Florida robbery is not categorically a violent felony under
the ACCA and does not point to any new right recognized by the Supreme Court.
See § 2255(f)(3). Further, his claim is distinct from and does not relate back to the Rehaif claim
raised in his original § 2255 Motion. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(c)(1)(B) (providing that “[a]n
amendment to a pleading relates back to the date of the original pleading when . . . the amendment
asserts a claim or defense that arose out of the conduct, transaction, or occurrence set out—or

11
attempted to be set out—in the original pleading”). Accordingly, Farrington’s claim is time
barred.
Even if Farrington’s claim was not time barred, it is without merit. Farrington was
convicted of two counts of robbery with a firearm under Fla. Stat. § 812.13(1) and (2)(a).

(ECF No. 6-1 at PageID 43). The Florida robbery statute provides, in pertinent part:
(1) “Robbery” means the taking of money or other property which may be the
subject of larceny from the person or custody of another, with intent to
either permanently or temporarily deprive the person or the owner of the
money or other property, when in the course of the taking there is the use
of force, violence, assault, or putting in fear.

(2)(a) If in the course of committing the robbery the offender carried a firearm or
other deadly weapon, then the robbery is a felony of the first degree,
punishable by imprisonment for a term of years not exceeding life
imprisonment or as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.

Fla. Stat. § 812.13 (2002).
As discussed, the Supreme Court held in Stokeling that a conviction under § 812.13
qualifies as an ACCA predicate offense because the degree of force required under the Florida
robbery statute is the same as that required by the ACCA. 139 S. Ct. at 555. Accordingly,
Farrington’s argument that the force required to commit Florida robbery is insufficient to satisfy
the elements clause of the ACCA is without merit.
Finally, Farrington argues that his attorney was ineffective for failing to argue that Florida
robbery was not a violent felony under the ACCA. (ECF No. 13 at PageID at 106-08.) As
discussed, Florida robbery is an ACCA predicate offense, therefore, counsel was not ineffective
for failing to challenge the application of the ACCA in Farrington’s case.

12
Farrington’s Wooden Claim
Farrington relies on Wooden to argue that his two convictions for armed robbery that served
as ACCA predicate offenses should have counted as a single offense. (ECF No. 16 at PageID
120-21.) The Supreme Court held in Wooden that “[c]onvictions arising from a single criminal

episode . . . can count only once under ACCA.” 595 U.S. at 363. Because Wooden announced
a new substantive interpretation of the ACCA, the Court will presume that it applies retroactively
to cases on collateral review. See Schriro v. Summerlin, 542 U.S. 348, 351 (2004) (explaining
that “[n]ew substantive rules generally apply retroactively,” including “decisions that narrow the
scope of a criminal statute by interpreting its terms”). Because Farrington brought his claim
within one-year of the Supreme Court’s decision in Wooden, which was decided on March 7, 2022,
it is timely. § 2255(f)(3).
Farrington’s Wooden claim nonetheless fails on the merits. In Wooden, the defendant
broke into 10 different storage units at a single location in one evening, resulting in 10 charges of
burglary. 595 U.S. at 362. The defendant was later convicted for violating § 922(g), and he

received an enhanced sentence under the ACCA based on his burglary convictions. Id. at 364.
The Supreme Court concluded that the defendant’s 10 burglary convictions were not sufficient to
trigger the ACCA. Id. at 366.
The ACCA imposes a mandatory minimum sentence of 15 years if the § 922(g) offender
has three prior convictions for “violent felon[ies]” or “serious drug offense[s]” that were
“committed on occasions different from one another.” § 924(e)(1). In considering the ACCA’s
“occasions clause,” the Wooden Court determined that the analysis of whether the ACCA applied
was “multi-factored in nature” and that:

13
Offenses committed close in time, in an uninterrupted course of conduct, will often
count as part of one occasion; not so offenses separated by substantial gaps in time
or significant intervening events. Proximity of location is also important; the further
away crimes take place, the less likely they are components of the same criminal
event. And the character and relationship of the offenses may make a difference:
The more similar or intertwined the conduct giving rise to the offenses—the more,
for example, they share a common scheme or purpose—the more apt they are to
compose one occasion.

595 U.S. at 369.

The armed robberies that Farrington challenges are listed in paragraph 35 of the PSR.
Farrington was arrested for those robberies on September 14, 2001, and he was convicted on
October 8, 2002. (No. 1:17-cr-10032-STA-1, ECF No. 71 at PageID 216-17 (¶ 35)). Farrington
committed one robbery on September 13, 2001, and the second robbery on September 14, 2001.
Id. During the first robbery, Farrington took money, credit cards, and identification cards from
Thomas Grinstead using a gun, and in the second robbery, he took a lunch bag from Domingo
Santos using a gun. Id.
Unlike the offenses in Wooden, which were committed on a single night, in a single
uninterrupted course of conduct, and in a single location, see 595 U.S. at 370, Farrington’s
robberies happened on different days and involved different victims. Thus, it cannot be said that
they were “uninterrupted,” and as the Supreme Court noted, “a single factor—especially of time
or place—can decisively differentiate occasions.” Id. Further, as the Wooden Court recognized,
“[c]ourts . . . have nearly always treated offenses as occurring on separate occasions if a person
committed them a day or more apart, or at a significant distance.” Id. (internal quotation marks
and citations omitted). As such, Farrington’s 2001 robberies cannot “count as part of one
occasion,” and his Wooden claim is without merit. Id. at 369.
14
Even if the 2001 armed robberies were to count as a single offense, Farrington has many
other convictions that qualify as violent felonies under the ACCA. In addition to his two
convictions for robbery with a firearm in paragraph 35 of the PSR, Farrington has a set of
convictions for aggravated battery with a firearm and robbery with a firearm, for which he was

convicted on November 5, 2002. (No. 1:17-cr-10032-STA-1, ECF No. 71 at PageID 217 (¶ 37).)
He also has three other robbery convictions, which he committed on August 30, 2001, id. at PageID
216 (¶ 34); August 28, 2001, id. at PageID 217 (¶ 36); and August 25, 2001, id. at PageID 218
(¶ 38). As indicated in the Second Addendum to the PSR, following Stokeling, these convictions
are also qualifying offenses for the ACCA enhancement. (ECF No. 84 at PageID 277); Stokeling,
139 S. Ct. at 555. Accordingly, even if his convictions for robbery with a firearm in paragraph
35 were to count as one offense, Farrington has a total of five ACCA predicate offenses.2 He was
properly sentenced as an armed career criminal.
Farrington’s Remaining Motions
Farrington seeks documents from the Probation Office supporting his criminal history.

(ECF No. 28.) He claims that the requested documents would support the supplemental claims
that he raised in ECF Nos. 13 and 16. See id. at PageID 165. As discussed, Farrington’s
supplemental claims are either untimely or without merit. Thus, his motion for documents is
DENIED.

2 Farrington’s attorney initially filed a Wooden-style objection to the armed robbery
offenses in paragraph 35 of the PSR. No. 1:17-cr-10032-STA-1, ECF No. 81 at PageID 265-66.
In a subsequent position statement, however, Farrington’s attorney acknowledged that “regardless
of whether the government is able to prove that the two robbery with a firearm offenses in
Paragraph 35 were committed on different occasions, it appears that Defendant will still qualify as
an Armed Career Criminal offender.” (ECF No. 83 at PageID 275.)
15
Farrington has also filed three motions requesting an extension of time to file a reply to the
United States’ supplemental response. (ECF Nos. 29, 30, 31.) He claims that his access to the
law library has been restricted due to the facility “being in a lockdown” for an unspecified amount
of time and asks for more time to respond to the United States’ arguments addressing his claims

under Borden and Wooden. (ECF No. 29 at PageID 169-70.) Because Farrington’s claims based
on Borden and Wooden are clearly without merit, his motions for an extension of time to file a
reply are DENIED.
APPELLATE ISSUES
A § 2255 petitioner may not proceed on appeal unless a district or circuit judge issues a
certificate of appealability (“COA”). 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1); Fed. R. App. P. 22(b)(1). A COA
may issue only if the petitioner has made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional
right. 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2)-(3). A substantial showing is made when the petitioner
demonstrates that “reasonable jurists could debate whether (or, for that matter, agree that) the
petition should have been resolved in a different manner or that the issues presented were ‘adequate

to deserve encouragement to proceed further.’” Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 336 (2003)
(quoting Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000)). “If the petition was denied on procedural
grounds, the petitioner must show, ‘at least, that jurists of reason would find it debatable whether
the petition states a valid claim of the denial of a constitutional right and that jurists of reason
would find it debatable whether the district court was correct in its procedural ruling.’” Dufresne
v. Palmer, 876 F.3d 248, 252-53 (6th Cir. 2017) (per curiam) (quoting Slack, 529 U.S. at 484).

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In this case, reasonable jurists would not debate the correctness of the Court’s decision to
deny the § 2255 Motion. Because any appeal by Farrington does not deserve attention, the Court
DENIES a certificate of appealability.
A habeas petitioner seeking to appeal must pay the $605 filing fee required by 28 U.S.C.

§§ 1913 and 1917. Under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 24(a)(1), a party seeking pauper
status on appeal must first file a motion in the district court, along with a supporting affidavit.
Rule 24(a) also provides that if the district court certifies that an appeal would not be taken in good
faith, or otherwise denies leave to appeal in forma pauperis, the petitioner must move to proceed
in forma pauperis in the appellate court. See Fed. R. App. P. 24(a)(4)-(5).
For the same reason it denies a COA, the Court finds that any appeal would not be taken
in good faith. The Court therefore CERTIFIES under Rule 24(a) that any appeal would not be
taken in good faith and DENIES Farrington leave to appeal in forma pauperis.
IT IS SO ORDERED.

s/ S. Thomas Anderson
S. THOMAS ANDERSON
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

Date: February 14, 2024.

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10441614. Public record. Not legal advice.