# Kines v. Ford Motor Company

> District Court, W.D. Tennessee · April 9, 2021

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10440557

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, W.D. Tennessee
- **Decided:** April 9, 2021
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

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## Opinion text

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
EASTERN DIVISION

DEBRA KINES and STEVEN KINES,

Plaintiffs,

v. No. 1:19-cv-01054-JDB-jay

FORD MOTOR COMPANY,

Defendant.

ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION TO DENY DEFENDANT’S REQUEST FOR
REDACTION OF TRIAL TRANSCRIPTS,
GRANTING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO SEAL PLAINTIFFS’ PROPOSED FINDINGS OF
FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW, AND
GRANTING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO SEAL PLAINTIFFS’ RESPONSE TO ITS
MOTION TO SEAL PLAINTIFFS’ PROPOSED FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS
OF LAW

In this product liability action, the Plaintiffs, Debra Kines and Steven Kines, contend that
Mrs. Kines was injured by certain components of her 2018 Ford Explorer, designed and
manufactured by Defendant, Ford Motor Company (“Ford”), when she attempted to adjust the
third row seat’s position. (Docket Entry (“D.E.”) 140 at PageID 1651-52.) A bench trial was held
on November 2 and 3, 2020. (D.E. 157-58.) Transcripts of the proceedings, one for each day of
the trial, were placed on the Court’s digital docket. (D.E. 160-61.) Pursuant to § 7.5 of the Court’s
ECF Policies and Procedures (the “Policies”), Ford filed, on December 30, 2020, a notice of intent
to request redaction of certain testimony from the trial transcripts (D.E. 164) and, on January 15,
2021, its request for such redaction (D.E. 167). The parties’ proposed findings of fact and
conclusions of law were filed on January 27 and 28, 2021. (D.E. 168-69.) On January 29, 2021,
Plaintiffs moved to deny a portion of the redaction request. (D.E. 171.) In an order entered March
10, 2021, the Court placed the transcripts under seal pending a ruling on the requested redaction.
(D.E. 180.) Also pending before the Court are Ford’s motions to seal Plaintiffs’ proposed findings
of fact and conclusions of law (D.E. 172) and Plaintiffs’ response to D.E. 172 (D.E. 178). As the
briefing is complete as to all three motions, they are ripe for review.

Defendant’s Request for Redaction (D.E. 167) and Plaintiffs’ Motion to Deny Request (D.E. 171).
Before diving into the substantive questions raised in these filings, the Court will address
the procedural issues identified in the parties’ briefs. Ford complains that Plaintiffs’ motion to
deny redaction is “procedurally improper” on the grounds that neither the local rules nor the
Policies permit a motion to deny a redaction request. (D.E. 173 at PageID 2337.) However, court
rules and policies cannot anticipate every type of request for relief and Defendant does not suggest
Plaintiffs have no mechanism by which to challenge its redaction request. This argument is
without merit.
Defendant further points out—correctly—that the Kineses failed to comply with the local
rules’ requirement that motions be accompanied by a certificate of consultation. See LR

7.2(a)(1)(B). While “[f]ailure to attach an accompanying certificate of consultation may be
deemed good grounds for denying the motion,” id., in the interest of judicial economy, the Court
will not deny Plaintiffs’ motion on that basis. That said, Plaintiffs’ counsel has practiced in this
Court long enough to be familiar with the local rules and to know the Court expects them to be
followed. Any future filings violative of the applicable rules may be stricken from the docket.
Plaintiffs submit that Defendant has waived any claim for redaction under the parties’
Agreed Protective Order (the “APO”) entered during the discovery phase of this case. (See D.E.
54.) In its request, Ford stated that the confidential business information for which it sought
redaction “was produced pursuant to the [APO].” (D.E. 167 at PageID 2220.) The Kineses insist
that the APO did not follow information all the way to trial and, even if it did, Defendant waived
its right to seek redaction of trial testimony pursuant to its protections by failing to seek such relief
within the time period set forth in the APO. However, the Court does not read Defendant’s request
as relying on the APO as the basis for redaction of the trial record and, judging from Ford’s

response to the Plaintiffs’ motion, it did not intend to do so. Thus, the parties appear to be in
agreement that the APO does not govern redaction of the trial transcript. Upon review of the APO,
the Court concurs. Accordingly, the Plaintiffs’ waiver argument with respect to the APO fails.
Now, to the merits. Ford’s request for redaction addresses two categories of testimony—
personal identifiers in the form of Mrs. Kines’ date of birth at Page 124 Line 2 of the November
2, 2020, transcript and certain testimony, referenced in the request by page and line number, that
Defendant claims constitutes confidential business information. Plaintiffs have moved to deny
only the second request. In response to the motion, Ford has identified three specific categories
of confidential business information testimony of which it seeks redaction: (1) discussion of
testing methodologies in its System Design Specification (“SDS”) for Seat Systems, entered at

trial as Exhibit Number 26; (2) part cost and engineering change information contained in product
change notices from its Worldwide Engineering Release System (“WERS”); and (3) discussion of
and quotation from an engineering document known as a Design Failure Mode and Effects
Analysis (“DFMEA”). This information, Ford claims, constitutes trade secrets for which redaction
is appropriate.
There is a “long-established legal tradition [of] the presumptive right of the public to
inspect and copy judicial documents and files.” In re Knoxville News-Sentinel Co., Inc., 723 F.2d
470, 474 (6th Cir. 1983)). The public’s interest
rests on several grounds. Sometimes, the public’s interest is focused primarily upon
the litigation’s result—whether a right does or does not exist, or a statute is or is
not constitutional. In other cases the public’s interest is focused not only on the
result, but also on the conduct giving rise to the case. In those cases, secrecy
insulates the participants, masking impropriety, obscuring incompetence, and
concealing corruption. And in any of these cases, the public is entitled to assess for
itself the merits of judicial decisions. Thus, the public has an interest in ascertaining
what evidence and records the [courts] have relied upon in reaching [their]
decisions.

Shane Grp., Inc. v. Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan, 825 F.3d 299, 305 (6th Cir. 2016)
(brackets and internal citations and quotation marks omitted). The presumptive right of openness
is not unbounded, however. Nixon v. Warner Commc’ns, Inc., 435 U.S. 589, 598 (1978). It cannot
be “used to gratify private spite or promote public scandal” or as a “source[] of business
information that might harm a litigant’s competitive standing.” Id.
“The party seeking to seal a record carries the burden of overcoming [the] presumption and
only the most compelling reasons can justify nondisclosure of judicial records.” Lipman v. Budish,
974 F.3d 726, 753 (6th Cir. 2020) (citing Shane Grp., 825 F.3d at 305; Knoxville News-Sentinel,
723 F.2d at 476) (brackets and internal citation and quotation marks omitted), reh’g en banc denied
(Oct. 7, 2020). “[E]ven where a party can show a compelling reason why certain documents or
portions thereof should be sealed, the seal itself must be narrowly tailored to serve that reason.”
Shane Grp., 825 F.3d at 305. “The proponent of sealing therefore must analyze in detail, document
by document, the propriety of secrecy, providing reasons and legal citations,” and demonstrate that
“disclosure will work a clearly defined and serious injury.” Id. at 305-07 (quoting Baxter Int’l,
Inc. v. Abbott Labs., 297 F.3d 544, 548 (7th Cir. 2002); In re Cendant Corp., 260 F.3d 183, 194
(3d Cir. 2001)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
In making its determination, the district court must take care not to conflate the standard
for entering a protective order governing discovery pursuant to Rule 26 of the Federal Rules of
Civil Procedure, at a stage of the proceedings “before the material enters the judicial record” where
“[s]ecrecy is fine,” and the “very different considerations” that apply at the adjudication stage. Id.
at 305 (quoting Baxter, 297 F.3d at 545; Joy v. North, 692 F.2d 880, 893 (2d Cir. 1982)). “The
line between these two stages, discovery and adjudicative, is crossed when the parties place
material in the court record." Id.

“[I]n civil litigation, only trade secrets, information covered by a recognized privilege
(such as the attorney-client privilege), and information required by statute to be maintained in
confidence (such as the name of a minor victim of a sexual assault), [are] typically enough to
overcome the presumption of access” at the adjudication stage. Id. at 308 (quoting Baxter, 297
F.3d at 546) (internal quotation marks omitted). As noted above, the Defendant argues that the
information it seeks to redact constitutes trade secrets.
The term “trade secret” has both common-law and statutory definitions in Tennessee. The
relevant statute provides that the term
means information, without regard to form, including, but not limited to, technical,
nontechnical or financial data, a formula, pattern, compilation, program, device,
method, technique, process, or plan that:

(A) Derives independent economic value, actual or potential, from not being
generally known to, and not being readily ascertainable by proper means by
other persons who can obtain economic value from its disclosure or use; and

(B) Is the subject of efforts that are reasonable under the circumstances to maintain
its secrecy.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-25-1702(4). Under the common law, “a trade secret was defined as ‘any
formula, process, pattern, device or compilation of information that is used in one’s business and
which gives him an opportunity to obtain an advantage over competitors who do not use it.’”
Hamilton-Ryker Grp., LLC v. Keymon, No. W2008-00936-COA-R3-CV, 2010 WL 323057, at *13
(Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 28, 2010) (citing Wright Med. Tech., Inc. v. Grisoni, 135 S.W.3d 561, 588
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2001)). Courts have identified factors to be considered in determining whether a
trade secret exists:
(1) the extent to which the information is known outside of the business; (2) the
extent to which it is known by employees and others involved in the business; (3)
the extent of measures taken by the business to guard the secrecy of the information;
(4) the value of the information to the business and to its competitors; (5) the
amount of money or efforts expended by the business in developing the
information; [and] (6) the ease or difficulty with which the information could be
properly acquired or duplicated by others.

Cardinal Health 414, Inc. v. Adams, 582 F. Supp. 2d 967, 983 (M.D. Tenn. 2008) (citing Wright
Med. Tech., 135 S.W.3d at 589).
Ford has proffered the declaration of Jennifer Buckman, a design analysis engineer
employed by the company, in support of its claim that the testimony sought to be redacted
constitutes trade secrets. (D.E. 172-1 ¶ 2.) Therein, she describes Defendant’s Seat SDSs as
“proprietary Ford design, development, and testing specifications related to vehicle seat
assemblies,” containing information relevant to the “design requirements, testing, and verification
methods” for those assemblies. (Id. ¶ 7.) Ford, she states, “is an industry leader in seat design
research and test methodologies.” (Id.) Trial testimony with respect to the SDS, she relates,
pertaining to seat system handling specifications, specifications of the fold and tumble/kneel
function seat life cycle, and specifications of the load floor/seat strength, reflects Defendant’s
“motives, goals, and strategies” for seat design and development. (Id. ¶ 8.) Buckman avers that
the DFMEA “contains design actions, specifications, and requirements to prevent or control any
foreseeable potential design failures of a component part and is highly sensitive to Ford.” (Id. ¶
9.) According to the declarant, the WERS encompasses the “design history and costs of
component parts and tracks any approved changes to those parts.” (Id. ¶ 10.) Its change notices
“provide notification within Ford of any approved changes to component parts.” (Id.) Trial
testimony, she asserts, relative to “design changes and cost of a component part is not publicly
available information, and disclosure thereof could provide Ford’s competitors with economic or
business advantages by allowing them to streamline their processes.” (Id.)
Buckman explains that the contents of these documents “are the result of years of detailed

engineering analyses, development of testing methodology, and benchmarking”; are “unique to
Ford”; were years in the making; and were “developed at great expense.” (Id. ¶ 11.) They are
utilized in Ford’s business of designing and manufacturing vehicles and provides Defendant “with
an advantage in that market over anyone who does not have such information.” (Id. ¶ 12.) She
insists that “Ford takes great care to protect the dissemination of this sensitive engineering, design,
and testing information because of the highly competitive nature of the automotive industry, and
being first to market with a new concept, feature, or performance capability can confer a distinct
competitive advantage to an automotive manufacturer, translatable into increased market share.”
(Id.) To her knowledge, this information has not been released to the public and is not shared
outside Ford’s business. (Id. ¶¶ 5, 13.) It has been only disseminated or accessible internally “to

employees who are either directly involved with seat design and testing, or those who have a need
to know.” (Id. ¶ 13.) Suppliers are bound by confidentiality agreements and “are only provided
the specific parts of these protected documents needed to manufacture the components they
supply.” (Id.) She advises that, if such data did become publicly available, Defendant’s
competitive position in the marketplace would suffer harm, as others would be able to make use
of Ford’s research, testing, and developmental costs to quickly and cheaply market similar designs.
(Id. ¶ 14.)
Plaintiffs argue in their motion that Ford’s attempt to carry its burden on this issue amounts
only to “vague generalities.” (D.E. 171-1 at PageID 2312.) The Court disagrees. Buckman has
set forth in her declaration, under penalty of perjury, the clearly defined and serious injury her
employer would face should its trade secrets be publicly disseminated and specifically addresses
the factors articulated by Tennessee law for determining whether information should be considered
a trade secret. Based on the declaration and the arguments of counsel, the Court finds that the

information sought to be redacted from the trial transcript constitutes trade secrets under Tennessee
law and, thus, that the presumption of access has been overcome. Compare Brown & Williamson
Tobacco Corp. v. Fed. Trade Comm’n, 710 F.2d 1165, 1180 (6th Cir. 1983) (“a court should not
seal records unless public access would reveal legitimate trade secrets, a recognized exception to
the right of public access to judicial records”) with Shane Grp., 825 F.3d at 302, 307-08 (in class
action suit alleging insurer engaged in price-fixing, protection of “financial and negotiating
information,” which the parties did not contend was a trade secret, was an insufficient basis for
sealing court records).
Further, upon review of the proposed redactions, the Court finds them to be narrowly
tailored. Although Plaintiffs complain that the portions of the transcript for which Ford seeks
redaction cover some thirty pages of testimony,1 the proposed redactions on many of those pages

amount to only a few words and are limited to trade secret information as described in Buckman’s
declaration.
Based on the foregoing, the Plaintiffs’ motion to deny the redactions sought by Defendant
is DENIED. The trial transcripts shall be redacted pursuant to D.E. 167. The Clerk is DIRECTED
to forward a copy of this order to the Court Reporter.

1The transcripts run a total of 439 pages in length.
Defendant’s Motion to Seal Plaintiffs’ Proposed Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law (D.E.
172).

Ford argues in this motion that Paragraphs 25, 30, and 36 of Plaintiffs’ proposed findings
of fact and conclusions of law (D.E. 168) contain trade secrets and, therefore, the document should
be sealed. Paragraph 25 consists of quoted material from the SDS read aloud in court by Buckman
during her testimony. Paragraph 30 references trial testimony of Buckman relating to part cost
information from a product change notice. In Paragraph 36, Plaintiffs cite to certain portions of
Buckman’s trial testimony that pertain to contents of the DFMEA. The information included in
these paragraphs is the same as that determined to be trade secrets in the previous section of this
order.
Plaintiffs contend that, even if the information sought to be redacted constitutes trade
secrets, any protection was waived by the presentation of the evidence in open court without any
attempt by Ford’s counsel to prevent the information from entering the judicial record or the public
domain.2 In doing so, the Kineses cite to various cases outside this circuit, which of course have
no precedential value here.3 One of the referenced cases, however, cites to the Sixth Circuit case
of National Polymer Products v. Borg-Warner Corp., 641 F.2d 418 (6th Cir. 1981), for the
proposition that “[i]t is a ‘well-established principle of American jurisprudence that the release of
information in open trial is a publication of that information and, if no effort is made to limit its
disclosure, operates as a waiver of any rights a party had to restrict its further use.’” Glaxo Inc. v.

2This assertion was not specifically made in Plaintiffs’ motion to deny Ford’s request to
redact the trial transcripts.

3Plaintiffs also cite to a ruling purportedly by the Sixth Circuit in State ex rel. Rea v. Ohio
Department of Education, 692 N.E. 2d 596 (1998). However, the case was decided by the Supreme
Court of Ohio, not the Sixth Circuit, and addressed trade secrets under Ohio law.
Novopharm Ltd., 931 F. Supp. 1280, 1301 (E.D.N.C. 1996) (quoting Nat’l Polymer Prod., 641
F.2d at 421).
National Polymer involved a claim for damages arising from the sale of a product supplied
by Borg-Warner to National Polymer. Nat’l Polymer Prod., 641 F.2d at 420. A jury trial was held

in open court and attended by the general public and the press. Id. at 420-21. At no time during
the trial did Borg-Warner move for any restriction on the exposure of others to evidence presented
in the case. Id. The question before the Sixth Circuit concerned whether the trial judge could
restrict, in the form of an injunction, post-trial disclosure of certain business-related information
presented during the trial. Id. at 421-22. The appellate court began its discussion with the quote
cited in Glaxo. Id. It went on to state, however, that the propriety of the injunction as to matters
publicly revealed at trial rested on the outcome of a balancing process in which the presumption
of access was weighed against the interest in preserving the confidentiality of the material,
including whether disclosure would impair Borg-Warner’s legitimate business interests. Id. at
424. The Court finds nothing in National Polymer that requires it to deny redaction just because

the courtroom was not closed or the evidence presented at trial was not otherwise sealed at the
time.
While Defendant’s lawyer certainly could have requested that the courtroom be closed, it
appears from the statements of counsel at the time of trial that the few spectators in the courtroom
were experts, witnesses, and employees/associates of counsel’s law firms. In their briefing,
Plaintiffs insist there was one true bystander present in the courtroom during the testimony of at
least two witnesses, one of whom was Don Phillips, who offered testimony concerning the WERS
and the DFMEA. Ford vehemently disputes this claim and the Court, for its part, does not recall
the presence of an unknown spectator. In any case, the redactions sought by Ford relate to the
testimony of Buckman, not Phillips.4 As the Plaintiffs do not assert that this alleged bystander
witnessed Buckman’s testimony, and considering the overriding interest in protecting trade secrets
as discussed herein, their argument is unpersuasive. Defendant’s motion, which the Court finds to
be well-taken, is GRANTED. The Clerk is DIRECTED to immediately place D.E. 168 under seal.

Plaintiffs are ORDERED to file a redacted version of their proposed findings of fact and
conclusions of law within five days of the entry of this order.
Defendant’s Motion to Seal Plaintiffs’ Response to Its Motion to Seal Plaintiffs’ Proposed
Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law (D.E. 178).

In this motion, Ford seeks an order sealing Plaintiffs’ response to its motion to seal the
Kineses’ proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law (D.E. 174) as it contains approximately
four lines that quote the SDS. At the outset, the Court notes that it would have been helpful if
Defendant’s counsel had identified the page number(s) upon which the objectionable four lines
appear. The Court will assume Ford is referring to the quoted SDS language on pages three and
four of Plaintiffs’ response (the same language that is quoted in Paragraph 25 of D.E. 168). For
the reasons articulated in the preceding section hereof relating to the SDS, the motion is
GRANTED.
The Clerk is DIRECTED to immediately seal D.E. 174. Plaintiffs are ORDERED to file a
redacted version of the response within five days of the entry of this order.
IT IS SO ORDERED this 9th day of April 2021.
s/ J. DANIEL BREEN
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

4In Paragraph 25, Plaintiffs attribute the reading at trial from the SDS to Phillips, citing to
Page 239, Lines 9-24 of the trial transcript. (See D.E. 168 at PageID 2230.) However, the quoted
testimony which appears at the cited page and lines is that of Buckman. (See D.E. 160 at PageID
2003-10.)

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10440557. Public record. Not legal advice.