# Hollingsworth v. Henry County

> District Court, W.D. Tennessee · December 8, 2020

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10440375

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, W.D. Tennessee
- **Decided:** December 8, 2020
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10440375

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- holding that a sheriff’s “indifference to maintaining a properly functioning K-9 unit could be reasonably expected to give rise to just the sort of injuries that occurred”
- affirming summary judgment for a county jail administrator where the plaintiff had not shown that the jailer “allowed the jail to operate with the knowledge that existing healthcare policies were exposing inmates to a substantial risk of serious harm”

## Opinion text

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
EASTERN DIVISION

TOMMY HOLLINGSWORTH, )
)
Plaintiff, )
)
v. ) Case No. 1:20-cv-01041-STA-cgc
)
HENRY COUNTY, et al., )
)
Defendants. )

ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS’ PARTIAL MOTION TO DISMISS

Before the Court is Defendants Henry County, Tennessee; Henry County Sheriff Monte
Belew, Steve Dean, Stephen Page, Daniel Powell, Wayne Fuqua, Brent Coffman, Kyle Cronkright,
Gary Carroll, Hunter Wade, Rob Camper, and William B. Smith’s Motion for Partial Dismissal
(ECF No. 36). Plaintiff Thomas Hollingsworth, as personal representative of the Estate of
Christopher Archie, has responded in opposition. Defendants have submitted a reply. For the
reasons set forth below, the Motion is GRANTED.
BACKGR7\OUND
Plaintiff filed this action seeking damages for the violation of Christopher Archie’s
constitutional rights pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Specifically, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants
violated Archie’s Fourteenth Amendment right to substantive and procedural due process by
showing deliberate indifference to Archie’s serious medical needs while he was a pretrial detainee
at the Henry County Detention Facility. Defendants now move to dismiss claims against some of
the Henry County Sheriff’s Department officials named as Defendants. The Court accepts the
following well pleaded factual allegations of the First Amended Complaint (ECF No. 28) as true
for purposes of deciding Defendants’ Partial Motion to Dismiss.
Plaintiff’s decedent Christopher Archie was a 34-year old resident of Henry County,
Tennessee, who suffered from dangerously high blood pressure. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 15, 17.) On
January 24, 2019, Henry County Sheriff’s Deputy Gary Carroll arrested Archie on an out-of-state
warrant. (Id. ¶ 15.) At the time of his arrest, Archie told Deputy Carroll about his condition and

gave him two of the prescription pills he took to control his blood pressure. (Id. ¶ 17.) Archie
bonded out later the same day, and an unknown deputy returned his medication to him. (Id. ¶ 18.)
Within days, a judge revoked his bond after learning about a second out-of-state warrant for
Archie’s arrest. (Id. ¶ 19.) Henry County Sheriff’s Deputy Wayne Fuqua took Archie back into
custody on January 29, 2019, after the court revoked his bond and ordered his arrest. (Id. ¶ 20.)
The First Amended Complaint implies that Archie did not have his blood pressure medication with
him at the time of his second arrest and does not indicate whether Archie informed Fuqua about
his health condition.
During his pretrial detention at the Henry County Detention Facility, Archie began to
experience severe headaches and complained about them to other inmates and also to family

members during phone calls. (Id. ¶ 21.) On January 31, 2019, two days after Archie had been
taken back into custody, a family member attempted to deliver Archie’s blood pressure medication
to the jail. (Id. ¶ 22.) An unnamed deputy jailer refused to accept the medication and turned
Archie’s family member away. (Id.) Archie continued to experience bad headaches, dizziness,
and head pressure in the days that followed. On February 14, 2019, Archie complained about his
headache to Deputy Kyle Cronkwright who provided Archie with ibuprofen. (Id. ¶ 23.)
By February 16, 2019, Archie’s condition had deteriorated. When Archie requested
medical attention, Deputy William Smith advised him to lie down. (Id. ¶ 24.) By 5:30 p.m. that
evening, Archie had grown so weak another inmate had to push the sick call button for him. (Id.)
When Archie reported to Deputies Brent Coffman and Hunter Wade that his head felt like it was
going to explode, the deputies provided him with Tylenol and escorted Archie to the booking area
for medical evaluation. (Id.) As Archie sat in the booking area, he had obvious difficulty in sitting
upright and suffered serious pain. (Id. ¶ 25.) Deputy Carroll, the officer who had arrested Archie

the first time back on January 19, 2019, observed Archie in distress and asked him if he had been
receiving his blood pressure medication. (Id. ¶ 26.) Only after Archie fell to the floor in pain and
began to seize did deputies finally call for medical help. (Id.) After an ambulance arrived, Deputy
Rob Camper suggested to paramedics that Archie may have suffered a drug overdose. (Id. ¶ 27.)
Based on Camper’s mistaken assumption, paramedics administered Narcan. (Id. ¶ 26.) Archie
never regained consciousness and died after being transported to Vanderbilt University Medical
Center. (Id. ¶ 28.)
In their Partial Motion to Dismiss, Defendants argue that the First Amended Complaint
fails to state a plausible claim for relief against certain Defendants in an individual capacity. First,
Sheriff Belew and Dean, Page, and Powell (all administrative officers at the Henry County

Correctional Facility) contend that Plaintiff has not alleged how any of them were deliberately
indifferent to Archie’s serious medical needs or were otherwise personally involved in the denial
of Archie’s medical care. Second, Defendants argue that the First Amended Complaint only
alleges that Deputy Fuqua arrested Archie on January 29, 2019. There is no other allegation to
show that Deputy Fuqua was personally involved in Archie’s medical care, other than placing him
under arrest. Finally, Defendants argue that the First Amended Complaint fails to state a section
1983 claim against Sergeant Camper. Plaintiff only alleges that Camper mistakenly supposed that
Archie was experiencing a drug overdose and that Camper directed another jail employee to go
back to Archie’s cell and inquire about it. Defendants contend that these facts are inconsistent
with deliberate indifference. For each of these reasons, Defendants argue that the Court should
dismiss all claims against these individual Defendants.
Plaintiff has responded in opposition. Plaintiff first argues that Defendants have essentially
moved for summary judgment by arguing that Plaintiff has failed to allege sufficient facts to

support his claims against certain individual Defendants. Without an opportunity for discovery,
Plaintiff has no way to allege all of the material facts concerning each Defendant’s actions.
Plaintiff contends then that the Court should deny Defendants’ Motion for this reason alone. As
far as the allegations against Sheriff Belew and the jail administrative officers Dean, Page, and
Powell, Plaintiff argues that the pleadings have alleged enough facts to hold each liable for
Archie’s death. The First Amended Complaint shows that each of these Defendants was on notice
of Archie’s serious health condition. Plaintiff has alleged that Archie was held at the Henry County
Correctional Facility previously and that Archie made a number of complaints to staff. Plaintiff
contends that this suffices to allege a pattern or practice of deliberate indifference, or at the very
least acquiescence or implicit authorization of staff’s deliberate indifference to the serious medical

needs. Plaintiff also argues that the First Amended Complaint contains enough facts to hold
Deputies Fuqua and Sergeant Camper liable for their involvement in Archie’s detention and
awareness of his serious medical needs.
In their reply Defendants disagree that their Motion does anything other than test the
sufficiency of the pleadings. Defendants restate their position that the First Amended Complaint
contains no facts to show how Sheriff Belew or the jail administrators were personally involved in
Archie’s treatment. Plaintiff’s arguments about “staff” and “systemic failures” at the jail are not
supported with factual contentions in the pleadings. Likewise, Plaintiff has not shown that his
First Amended Complaint makes any allegations of personal involvement on the part of Fuqua or
Camper to suggest deliberate indifference to a serious medical need.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Plaintiff argues that Defendants’ Rule 12(b)(6) challenge unfairly puts Plaintiff to his

proof, even though the case is only at the pleadings stage and the parties have engaged in no
discovery. The Court finds Plaintiff’s argument unpersuasive. Defendants’ Motion presents
classic Rule 12(b)(6) issues and bears none of the hallmarks of a Rule 56 motion for summary
judgment. A defendant may move to dismiss a claim “for failure to state a claim upon which relief
can be granted” under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). As part of its standard of review,
the Court is confined to the allegations of the pleadings and is bound to accept the facts alleged in
the First Amended Complaint as true and construe them in the light most favorable to Plaintiff.
Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236 (1974); Saylor v. Parker Seal Co., 975 F.2d 252, 254 (6th
Cir. 1992). In their Partial Motion to Dismiss, Defendants have contested the plausibility of the
pleadings based only on Plaintiff’s failure to allege essential elements of his claims against some

but not all Defendants. This is precisely the sort of argument a party may raise under Rule 12(b)(6).
Wittstock v. Mark a Van Sile, Inc., 330 F.3d 899, 902 (6th Cir. 2003) (“To avoid dismissal under
Rule 12(b)(6), a complaint must contain either direct or inferential allegations with respect to all
material elements of the claim.”). And Defendants have not presented any evidence outside of the
pleadings and have not argued that the evidence fails to show any genuine disputes of material
fact, in other word, the kinds of arguments which typically implicate Rule 56. All of this confirms
that Defendants’ request for judgment as a matter of law is based on Rule 12(b)(6) and the
sufficiency of the pleadings.
Plaintiff argues that the dismissal of certain Defendants at this stage of the case would
prematurely deprive Plaintiff of the opportunity to develop the facts concerning these Defendants
and their possible liability for the denial of Archie’s constitutional rights. But this argument puts
the proverbial cart before the horse. It is true that a complaint need only contain “a short and plain

statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). The
Rule 8 standard does not require “detailed factual allegations,” just something more than “labels
and conclusions” or “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal,
556 U.S. 662, 681 (2009); Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). However,
before a plaintiff can “unlock the doors of discovery,” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678–79, the plaintiff must
plead facts that, if accepted as true, are sufficient “to raise a right to relief above the speculative
level” and to “state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 570.
So, Plaintiff’s argument that he is entitled to some measure of discovery before Defendants can
challenge the plausibility of the pleadings is not altogether convincing.

The Court concludes that Defendants’ Motion raises a Rule 12(b)(6) challenge to the
sufficiency of the First Amended Complaint, Plaintiff’s arguments to the contrary notwithstanding.
ANALYSIS
The issue presented at the pleadings stage is whether the First Amended Complaint states
plausible § 1983 claims against certain Defendants. Section 1983 imposes liability on any “person
who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom or usage, of any State” subjects

another to “the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution or
laws.” 42 U.S.C. § 1983. In order to prevail on such a claim, a § 1983 plaintiff must establish
“(1) that there was the deprivation of a right secured by the Constitution and (2) that the deprivation
was caused by a person acting under color of state law,” commonly known as a state actor.
Wittstock, 330 F.3d at 902. Defendants argue that the First Amended Complaint fails to allege
enough facts to hold certain Defendants who are supervisory officials, including Henry County
Sheriff Monte Belew, liable in their individual capacities and otherwise fails to state a plausible
claim for relief against Deputy Fuqua or Sergeant Camper. The Court now considers the merits

of each line of argument.
I. Claims Against Supervisory Officials
Plaintiff alleges that Sheriff Belew and Dean, Page, and Powell, who were all supervisory
or administrative personnel at the jail, are liable under § 1983 for deliberate indifference to
Archie’s serious medical needs. The question is whether the First Amended Complaint alleges the
kind of personal involvement required to hold the supervisory officials liable in an individual
capacity. State actors can be sued in their official capacity or individual capacity. An official
capacity claim “is only nominally against the official and in fact is against the official’s office,”
while an individual capacity claim seeks to hold a defendant individually liable for his own actions.
Lewis v. Clarke, 137 S.Ct. 1285, 1291 (2017) (citing Will v. Mich. Dept. of State Police, 491 U.S.

58, 71 (1989).
Supervisory personnel like these Defendants may not be held personally liable under §
1983 merely on the basis of respondeat superior. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 676 (“Government officials
may not be held liable for the unconstitutional conduct of their subordinates under a theory
of respondeat superior.”); Winkler v. Madison Cnty., 893 F.3d 877, 898 (6th Cir. 2018) (citing
Bellamy v. Bradley, 729 F.2d 416, 421 (6th Cir. 1984)). A supervisor will not be liable “simply
because he or she was charged with overseeing a subordinate who violated the constitutional rights
of another.” Peatross v. City of Memphis, 818 F.3d 233, 241 (6th Cir. 2016) (citing Gregory v.
City of Louisville, 444 F.3d 725, 751 (6th Cir. 2006). “Active unconstitutional behavior,” and not
the “mere failure to act,” is required. Id.
The Court holds that the First Amended Complaint fails to state plausible § 1983 individual
capacity claims against Belew, Dean, Page, and Powell. There is no allegation of personal

involvement to connect any of these supervisory officials with Archie’s arrest, detention, or
medical care during his incarceration at the jail. Plaintiff resists this conclusion arguing that “staff”
had something like constructive knowledge of Archie’s serious medical needs, based on
information received by Deputy Carroll when he initially arrested Archie, from Archie’s own
complaints and requests for help during his detention, and perhaps even from Archie’s previous
incarceration at the Henry County Detention Facility. But none of these arguments, even if they
were supported with well-pleaded facts in the First Amended Complaint, would make the
supervisory officials liable in their individual capacities.
It is true that a supervisor can be liable without being present and witness to the
unconstitutional act of a subordinate and even if the supervisor himself has not “physically put his

hands” on an inmate. Peatross, 818 F.3d at 242. A supervisor may be actively involved in
unconstitutional conduct if the supervisor “encouraged the specific incident of misconduct or in
some other way directly participated in it.” Id. This means a § 1983 plaintiff can also show that
the official implicitly authorized the misconduct, approved of the misconduct, or knowingly
acquiesced in the misconduct of a subordinate. Campbell v. City of Springfield, Ohio, 700 F.3d
779, 790 (6th Cir. 2012) (citing Shehee v. Luttrell, 199 F.3d 295, 300 (6th Cir. 1999)). While there
is not always a bright line between acquiescence and the mere failure to act, a supervisor may be
liable where he has “abandon[ed] the specific duties of his position in the face of actual knowledge
of a breakdown in the proper workings of the department.” Winkler, 893 F.3d at 898 (affirming
summary judgment for a county jail administrator where the plaintiff had not shown that the jailer
“allowed the jail to operate with the knowledge that existing healthcare policies were exposing
inmates to a substantial risk of serious harm”) (quoting Taylor v. Mich. Dep’t of Corr., 69 F.3d 76,
81 (6th Cir. 1995)).

But this is not the case here, or at least not the case Plaintiff alleged in the First Amended
Complaint. Plaintiff has not alleged “a breakdown in the proper workings” of the Henry County
Detention Center, much less that Sheriff Belew or other jail administrators knew about such a
breakdown and turned a blind eye to it. Winkler, 893 F.3d at 898. Put another way, Plaintiff does
not allege that any supervisory official “abdicated his specific job responsibility” or that the
performance of the supervisor’s job had a causal connection to Archie’s denial of medical care.
Id. at 898–99; see also Campbell, 700 F.3d at 790 (holding that a sheriff’s “indifference to
maintaining a properly functioning K-9 unit could be reasonably expected to give rise to just the
sort of injuries that occurred”). In sum, Plaintiff has alleged no facts to hold these Defendants
liable under an abandonment or abdication theory of supervisory liability. Therefore, Defendants

are entitled to the dismissal of all claims against Sheriff Belew and Dean, Page, and Powell in their
individual capacities.
II. Deputy Fuqua and Sergeant Camper
Defendants also seek the dismissal of the individual capacity claims against Deputy Fuqua
and Sergeant Camper, though for different reasons. Defendants do not contest the First Amended
Complaint’s allegations about Fuqua and Camper’s personal involvement in Archie’s case.
Defendants just argue that the First Amended Complaint fails to state plausible § 1983 claims
against either Defendant. The Court agrees.
In any § 1983 case, the “threshold inquiry” is “to identify the specific constitutional right”
at issue and then “determine the elements of, and rules associated with, an action seeking damages
for its violation.” Manuel v. City of Joliet, Ill., 137 S.Ct. 911, 916 (2017) (quoting Albright v.
Oliver, 510 U.S. 266, 271 (1994)). In this case the First Amended Complaint alleges a deliberate

indifference to Archie’s serious medical needs while he was a pretrial detainee at the Henry County
Detention Facility. “The Eighth Amendment’s prohibition on cruel and unusual punishment
generally provides the basis to assert a § 1983 claim of deliberate indifference to serious medical
needs, but where that claim is asserted on behalf of a pre-trial detainee, the Due Process Clause of
the Fourteenth Amendment is the proper starting point.” Griffith v. Franklin Cnty., Ky., 975 F.3d
554, 566 (6th Cir. 2020) (quoting Winkler, 893 F.3d at 890). The Sixth Circuit analyzes both Eight
Amendment and Fourteenth Amendment denial-of-medical-care claims under the same legal
standards. Id. (collecting cases).
An Eighth Amendment claim consists of both objective and subjective components.
Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 834 (1994). The objective component under Farmer requires

that a prisoner have a serious medical need. Blackmore v. Kalamazoo Cnty., 390 F.3d 890, 895
(6th Cir. 2004). “[A] medical need is objectively serious if it is one that has been diagnosed by a
physician as mandating treatment or one that is so obvious that even a lay person would readily
recognize the necessity for a doctor’s attention.” Id. at 897 (internal quotation marks omitted).
For purposes of Defendants’ Partial Motion to Dismiss, the Court assumes without deciding that
Archie suffered from a serious medical need. Archie’s elevated blood pressure and his need for
medication to control the condition arguably meet the test for a sufficiently serious medical need.
To establish Farmer’s subjective component of an Eighth Amendment violation, a prisoner
must demonstrate that the prison official acted with a “sufficiently culpable state of mind.”
Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834. Specifically, a plaintiff must show that the official acted with “deliberate
indifference” to a substantial risk that the prisoner would suffer serious harm. Id. The Court notes
that there currently exists some debate about over whether the Eighth Amendment’s deliberate
indifference standard should apply to a pretrial detainee’s § 1983 conditions-of-confinement

claims under the Fourteenth Amendment, including claims for the denial of medical care. The
Supreme Court decided in Kingsley v. Hendrickson, 135 S. Ct. 2466 (2015) that a pretrial
detainee’s excessive force claim should be analyzed under the Fourteenth Amendment’s objective
reasonableness standard and rejected a test based on the officers’ “subjective[] awareness that their
use of force was unreasonable.” Kingsley, 135 S. Ct. at 2470, 2472–73. The Sixth Circuit has
“recognize[d] that [Kingsley’s] shift in Fourteenth Amendment deliberate indifference
jurisprudence calls into serious doubt whether [a pretrial detainee] need even show that the
individual defendant-officials were subjectively aware of her serious medical conditions and
nonetheless wantonly disregarded them.” Richmond v. Huq, 885 F.3d 928, 938 n.3 (6th Cir. 2018).
In a number of reported cases since Kingsley, however, the Sixth Circuit has continued to

apply the Eight Amendment’s deliberate indifference standard in denial of medical treatment cases
brought by pretrial detainees. See Winkler, 893 F.3d at 890; Bays v. Montmorency Cnty., 874 F.3d
264, 268 (6th Cir. 2017) (citing City of Revere v. Mass. Gen. Hosp., 463 U.S. 239, 243–44 (1983));
Brown v. Chapman, 814 F.3d 436, 444 (6th Cir. 2016); Baynes v. Cleland, 799 F.3d 600, 618 (6th
Cir. 2015). And in Richmond, despite wondering whether Kingsley had altered the deliberate
indifference standard under the Fourteenth Amendment, the panel once again applied the Eighth
Amendment’s deliberate indifference standard to a pretrial detainee’s claims for inadequate
medical care. Richmond, 885 F.3d at 937–38.
In two recent reported decisions on this issue, the Court of Appeals recognized the
emerging circuit-split over the sweep of Kingsley’s holding but again declined to take a side.
Troutman v. Louisville Metro Dep’t of Corr., 979 F.3d 472, 482 n.8 (6th Cir. 2020) (“Plaintiffs
and their amici assert that we should adopt the standard used by the Second, Seventh, and Ninth

Circuits which applies Kingsley v. Hendrickson, 576 U.S. 389, 135 S. Ct. 2466, 192 L.Ed.2d 416
(2015) to claims of inadequate medical treatment claims raised by pretrial detainees. This case
does not present the opportunity to do so, though the question remains open
whether Kingsley applies beyond excessive-force claims.”); Griffith, 975 F.3d at 570 (“Our court
has generally stayed out of the fray. We have found it unnecessary to answer the question each
time we have confronted the issue, instead holding that the same result would obtain under either
the subjective test dictated by Farmer or by a purely objective test derived from Kingsley.”).
In the final analysis, the Court declines to rule on this question. The parties have not
specifically argued the Kingsley issue and have instead argued that the deliberate indifference
standard applies. What is more, the First Amended Complaint fails to allege a plausible § 1983

claim against Fuqua and Camper under either standard. Therefore, the Court finds it unnecessary
to decide whether a deliberate indifference standard or an objective reasonableness standard
applies to Plaintiff’s claims for the denial of Archie’s medical care.
Concerning Deputy Fuqua, the First Amended Complaint alleges that Fuqua arrested
Archie on January 29, 2019, after a judge revoked Archie’s bond. This is the extent of the
allegations about Deputy Fuqua’s contact with Archie. Other than this single encounter, there are
no allegations that Fuqua had any other interaction with Archie during his pretrial detention. None
of the facts, as pleaded, suggest that Archie advised Fuqua about his need for medication,
addressed any medical complaints to Fuqua, or made any requests for treatment to Fuqua. The
First Amended Complaint does allege that Archie telephoned a family member after his arrest and
complained of a severe headache, presumably the same day Fuqua arrested him. Even construing
the pleadings in a light most favorable to Plaintiff, there is simply nothing in the pleadings to
suggest that Deputy Fuqua was ever aware of a substantial risk to Archie, much less that he

disregarded the risk, or that Fuqua acted in an objectively unreasonable manner at the time of
Archie’s arrest. Without more, the First Amended Complaint does not state a plausible § 1983
claim against Fuqua in his individual capacity for deliberate indifference to Archie’s serious
medical needs.
As for Sergeant Camper, the First Amended Complaint alleges that when Archie began to
seize at some point during his detention, Deputy Camper was present when paramedics arrived to
treat Archie. Plaintiff specifically alleges that Camper directed another jailer to go to Archie’s
housing pod to ask what drugs Archie had taken, apparently hypothesizing that Archie might be
experiencing a drug overdose. According to Plaintiff, Camper’s theory played some part in the
paramedics’ decision to administer Narcan, the trade name for “Naloxone, a drug that reverses the

potentially lethal depression of the central nervous system and respiratory system caused by
opioids.” United States v. Brown, 752 F. Appx. 309, 311 & n.1 (6th Cir. 2018).
But these allegations do not rise to the level of deliberate indifference or show that
Camper’s actions were objectively unreasonable. If anything, the pleadings suggest that Camper
may have acted negligently, and “liability for negligently inflicted harm is categorically beneath
the threshold of constitutional due process.” Kingsley, 135 S. Ct. at 2472 (emphasis in original);
see also Farmer, 511 U.S. at 835 (“[D]eliberate indifference describes a state of mind more
blameworthy than negligence.”). The Court concludes then that Defendants are entitled to the
dismissal of the individual capacity claims against Fuqua and Camper.
CONCLUSION
The First Amended Complaint fails to allege any claim against Sheriff Belew and Dean,
Page, and Powell in their individual capacities. Plaintiff also failed to allege a plausible § 1983
claim against Fuqua or Camper in an individual capacity. Therefore, Defendants’ Partial Motion

to Dismiss is GRANTED.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
s/ S. Thomas Anderson
S. THOMAS ANDERSON
CHIEF UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

Date: December 8, 2020.

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10440375. Public record. Not legal advice.