# Jones v. The State Administrative High Rank Officers and Staff

> District Court, M.D. Tennessee · August 31, 2020

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10436732

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, M.D. Tennessee
- **Decided:** August 31, 2020
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10436732

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- explaining that a retaliation claim survives if a plaintiff “alleges facts that his protected activity was ‘a motivating factor’ behind the adverse action”
- holding that an inmate had “not demonstrated that a liberty interest was implicated” because his “complaint [did] not include any allegations about” his new security classification level “to suggest that it imposes an atypical and significant hardship”
- explaining the role of courts is not “to ferret out the strongest cause of action on behalf of pro se litigants” or to “advis[e] litigants as to what legal theories they should pursue”

## Opinion text

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
NASHVILLE DIVISION

HENRY LEE JONES, )
)
Plaintiff, )
) No. 3:19-cv-00795
v. ) Judge Trauger
)
TONY MAYS, et al., )
)
Defendants. )

MEMORANDUM

Henry Lee Jones, a death row inmate at Riverbend Maximum Security Institution
(“Riverbend”) in Nashville, Tennessee, filed a pro se amended complaint against Riverbend
Warden Tony Mays, seven Riverbend employees, and five Riverbend inmates pursuant to 42
U.S.C. § 1983.1 (Doc. No. 15.) He also filed an application to proceed in this court without
prepaying fees and costs (Doc. Nos. 16, 17), a motion to appoint counsel (Doc. No. 18), six
procedural motions (Doc. Nos. 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24), and a “Statement and Facts” (Doc. No. 25).2
The case is before the court for a ruling on the in forma pauperis application, an initial review of
the complaint pursuant to the Prison Litigation Reform Act (“PLRA”), 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2)
and 1915A, and 42 U.S.C. § 1997e, and consideration of the plaintiff’s other filings.

1 The amended complaint is the plaintiff’s third attempt, pursuant to an order of the court (Doc. No. 10), to
file a viable complaint in this case. The court hereinafter refers to this operative document as the
“complaint.”

2 The plaintiff has also filed a “Motion to Correct” (Doc. No. 26) that provides brief clarifying
information concerning the plaintiff’s litigation history and financial obligations described in the
complaint and in forma pauperis application. The motion will be granted.
I. Application for Leave to Proceed in Forma Pauperis
The court may authorize a prisoner to file a civil suit without prepaying the filing fee. 28
U.S.C. § 1915(a). The plaintiff’s application to proceed as a pauper and certified trust account
statement reflect that he cannot pay the full filing fee in advance. (See Doc. Nos. 16, 17.)

Accordingly, the application will be granted and the $350 filing fee will be assessed as directed in
the accompanying Order. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1).
II. Initial Review of the Complaint
Under the PLRA, the court must review and dismiss any prisoner complaint filed in forma
pauperis if it is frivolous or malicious, fails to state a claim, or seeks monetary relief from an
immune defendant. 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2), 1915A; and 42 U.S.C. § 1997e.
A. Standard of Review
To determine whether a complaint “fails to state a claim on which relief may be granted”
under the PLRA’s screening requirements, the court applies the same standard as under Rule
12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Hill v. Lappin, 630 F.3d 468, 470–71 (6th Cir.

2010). The court must (1) view the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff and (2)
take all well-pleaded factual allegations as true unless they are entirely without credibility.
Williams v. Curtin, 631 F.3d 380, 383 (6th Cir. 2011); Tackett v. M & G Polymers, USA, LLC, 561
F.3d 478, 488 (6th Cir. 2009) (citing Gunasekera v. Irwin, 551 F.3d 461, 466 (6th Cir. 2009)). An
assumption of truth does not extend to legal conclusions or “‘naked assertion[s]’ devoid of ‘further
factual enhancement.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v.
Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 557 (2007)). The court determines whether the plaintiff’s factual
allegations “plausibly suggest an entitlement to relief,” Williams, 631 F.3d at 383 (quoting Iqbal,
556 U.S. at 681), that rises “above the speculative level,” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555.
“Pro se complaints are to be held to less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted
by lawyers, and should therefore be liberally construed.” Williams, 631 F.3d at 383; Erickson v.
Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93 (2007) (citing Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97 (1976)). Even under this
lenient standard, however, pro se plaintiffs must meet basic pleading requirements and are not

exempted from the requirements of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Martin v. Overton, 391
F.3d 710, 714 (6th Cir. 2004); Wells v. Brown, 891 F.2d 591, 594 (6th Cir. 1989); see also Young
Bok Song v. Gipson, 423 F. App’x 506, 510 (6th Cir. 2011) (explaining the role of courts is not “to
ferret out the strongest cause of action on behalf of pro se litigants” or to “advis[e] litigants as to
what legal theories they should pursue”).
B. Factual Background3
The complaint first alleges that the plaintiff has endured “sexual harassment” at Riverbend
from October 2010 to the present. (Doc. No. 15 at 9, 13.) The first incident occurred in 2010-2011,
when the plaintiff was supervised by then-associate warden Tony Mays. (Id.) At that time, former
officer Kenneth Dickson forced the plaintiff to shower without a curtain and inappropriately
touched him.4 (Id.) The plaintiff filed grievances and written statements to the unit manager and

the warden, but the grievances “disappear[ed]” and there was no investigation. (Id.)
The complaint also alleges that, between October 2010 and May 9, 2020, Case Manager
Tate, Unit Manager Keys, Officer Terry Foster, Sergeant D.A. Castillo, and other non-party
Riverbend officers spread “fake” and “fabricat[ed]” “homosexual rumors” about the plaintiff
through “conversation with other inmates and officers.” (Id. at 10, 13.) The plaintiff specifically

3 The lengthy complaint is divided into eight repetitive “claims.” The court has reorganized the plaintiff’s
allegations for purposes of initial review.

4 Dickson is not a defendant in this action.
alleges Mays, Keys, Tate, and Associate Warden Lewis labeled him homosexual in April 2016.
(Id. at 11.) He also alleges that these officers engaged in “aggravate[d] stalking” by “peeking into
the plaintiff cell door window looking for homosexual activities or sexual activities.” (Id. at 13.)
Plaintiff claims that he is not a homosexual, and these individuals have used “homosexual bias

misconduct,” (id. at 10), and “dirty tactics” to “defeat and control” him. (Id. at 11.)
The complaint also alleges that, through June 2020, the plaintiff has been retaliated against
for refusing to participate in homosexual activities and filing grievances about sexual harassment.
(Id.) First, the plaintiff alleges that his grievances on this subject have been denied and he has been
placed in segregation for reporting these incidents. (Id. at 10, 13.) Second, the complaint alleges
that Foster, Castillo and numerous other non-party Riverbend officers allowed inmate kitchen
workers to retaliate against the plaintiff “with sabotage meals.” (Id. at 12-15.) The complaint
alleges that Riverbend inmates Rogers, Jahi, Thomas, and Bane, who are assigned to food service
duty and prepare meals for death row inmates, were allowed to deliver “sabotage meals,” including
burnt food, small portions, “the end piece of [a] slice [of] bread,” overcooked pancakes, watered

down mashed potatoes or grits, medications mixed into food, and food poisoned with toxic
chemicals. (Id. at 12.) For example, the plaintiff allegedly found medication in his chili on January
14, 2020, received burned potatoes on June 8, 2020, and on May 9, 2020, received oatmeal
containing “three small pieces of glass” in an effort to “assassinate” him after he filed a grievance
against Foster concerning stolen and damaged property the day before. (Id. at 15.) The plaintiff
has unsuccessfully filed grievances regarding these sabotaged meals. (Id.)
Next, the complaint alleges that Foster, Tate, Keys, Mays, Lewis, Shift Commander
Captain Herro, and numerous non-party Riverbend officers knew about, ignored, “aided and
abetted,” and “covered up” attempted sexual assaults of the plaintiff by other inmates for over ten
years. (Id. at 12.) In particular, the plaintiff alleges Foster assisted inmate Leonard Young in an
attempted sexual assault in June 2017.5 (Id.) Plaintiff filed grievances on these matters, but there
was no investigation or discipline. (Id.)
The complaint also alleges that the plaintiff has been improperly put in segregation without

due process. First, the plaintiff alleges that, in May 2014, Mays, Tate, and another non-party
Riverbend officer placed the plaintiff in confinement without a hearing or “any good reason.” (Id.
at 9.) The same allegedly occurred in “late 2015” at the hands of Mays, Tate, Lewis, Keys, and
Herro. (Id.) Tate, Keys, and Lewis carried it out again in September 2016. (Id.) Finally, the
complaint alleges that, after the plaintiff had an altercation with another inmate on April 14, 2019,
the plaintiff was placed in segregation without due process for 18 months.6 (Id. at 10.) The plaintiff
alleges that he received a written report on the incident from Sergeant Kelly Hunt, who was not a
witness, but Tate, Keys, Herro and a non-party Riverbend officer did not allow the plaintiff to
challenge the report in a hearing. (Id.) The plaintiff alleges that this violation was also “carried
out” by Mays and Lewis. (Id. at 11.)

Finally, the complaint alleges that, from June 2018 through May 2020, Foster has
“attacked” the plaintiff’s personal property, and that Castillo, Lewis and other non-party Riverbend
officers have failed to guard that property. (Id. at 14.) The plaintiff alleges that Foster promotes
homosexual activities and fraternizes with a group of death row inmates who tell him how to carry
out “attacks” on inmates’ property. (Id.) The purpose of the property attacks is “sex, defeat, and
control.” (Id.) The complaint lists 15 items belonging to the plaintiff that Foster has allegedly

5 Young is not a defendant in this action.

6 The complaint separately states that this period of time was 18 months and 13 months. Construing the
complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff at this stage, the court adopts 18 months for purposes
of initial review.
damaged or stolen totaling $918.15, including: televisions, boots, shoes, clothes, a coaxial cable,
a “boom box,” a hair dryer, toothbrush holders, a microwave bowl, five bags of chips, and one
chicken alfredo. (Id.) The complaint also alleges that Foster allowed inmate Bell into the plaintiff’s
cell to damage or steal his property. (Id.)

The plaintiff brings claims against Warden Tony Mays, Associate Warden Ernest Lewis,
Unit Manager Michael Keys, Case Manager Warren Tate, Captain Herro, Sergeant Kelly Hunt,
Officer Terry Foster, and Sergeant Domingo Castillo, as well as against Riverbend inmates Rogers,
Jahi, Thomas, Bane, and Bell. (Id. at 2-5.) He seeks compensatory damages, punitive damages,
and injunctive relief. (Id. at 16.)
C. Analysis
Section 1983 creates a cause of action against any person who, acting under color of state
law, deprives an individual of any right, privilege or immunity secured by the Constitution or
federal laws. Wurzelbacher v. Jones-Kelley, 675 F.3d 580, 583 (6th Cir. 2012). Thus, to state a §
1983 claim, a plaintiff must allege two elements: (1) a deprivation of rights secured by the

Constitution or laws of the United States, and (2) that the deprivation was caused by a person
acting under color of state law. Carl v. Muskegon Cty., 763 F.3d 592, 595 (6th Cir. 2014).
1. Statute of Limitations
The statute of limitations for claims brought under Section 1983 in Tennessee is one year.
Jordan v. Blount Cty., 885 F.3d 413, 415 (6th Cir. 2018) (citing Tenn. Code Ann. § 28-3-104(a)).
Under federal law, the limitations period generally “begins to run when the plaintiff knows or has
reason to know that the act providing the basis of his or her injury has occurred.” Harrison v.
Michigan, 722 F.3d 768, 773 (6th Cir. 2013) (quoting Collyer v. Darling, 98 F.3d 211, 220 (6th
Cir. 1996)). While the statute of limitations is an affirmative defense and, “[a]s such, [d]efendants
[bear] the ultimate burden of proof on that issue,” Surles v. Andison, 678 F.3d 452, 458 (6th Cir.
2012) (citations omitted)), “a complaint is subject to dismissal without any further proof if ‘the
allegations . . . show that relief is barred by the applicable statute of limitations.” Id. (quoting Jones
v. Bock, 549 U.S. 199, 215 (2007)).

Under the prison mailbox rule, the court deems a prisoner’s complaint filed when it is given
to prison officials for mailing and assumes that date to be “the date he or she signed the complaint,”
unless there is evidence to the contrary. Brand v. Motley, 526 F.3d 921, 925 (6th Cir. 2008)
(citations omitted). In this case, the plaintiff signed the original complaint on September 9, 2019.
(Doc. No. 1 at 6.) The court subsequently required the plaintiff to file two amended complaints to
achieve compliance with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. However, for purposes of initial
review, the court assumes that the plaintiff first attempted to assert his rights on this date. Applying
the one-year statute of limitations, therefore, any Section 1983 claim that accrued prior to
September 9, 2018, is time-barred.
It is clear from the face of the complaint that many of the plaintiff’s Section 1983 claims

accrued prior to September 9, 2018, including a number of claims arising from specific incidents
that allegedly occurred between 2010 and 2018. All Section 1983 claims arising from events prior
to September 9, 2018, are time-barred and will be dismissed. However, liberally construing the
complaint as the court must, several of the plaintiff’s claims are not clearly time-barred, including
claims obviously accruing after September 9, 2018, and claims for which the relevant dates are
unclear from the face of the complaint. These include certain claims concerning alleged sexual
harassment, failure to protect, denial of due process, destruction of personal property, and
retaliation.
2. Official Capacity Claims
As a threshold matter, the plaintiff indicates that he sues the Riverbend employee
defendants in their official capacities. Liberally construing the complaint, however, the court
concludes for two reasons that the plaintiff intends to sue these defendants in both their individual

and official capacities. First, the complaint indicates that the plaintiff may misunderstand the
distinction between these terms. Specifically, the plaintiff sues the Riverbend employees in their
“official” capacities and the Riverbend inmates in their “individual” capacities, irrespective of the
relief sought. This suggests that the plaintiff may believe it is merely a defendant’s employment
status that dictates the capacity in which he or she is sued. Second, the relief the plaintiff seeks
provides notice that he intends to sue the Riverbend employee defendants in both capacities. The
court considers the “course of proceedings,” Shepherd v. Wellman, 313 F.3d 963, 967-68 (6th Cir.
2002) (citing Moore v. City of Harriman, 272 F.3d 769, 772 (6th Cir.2001) (en banc)), to determine
whether “the allegations of the complaint would provide notice to a defendant of the plaintiff’s
intent to sue him or her in an individual capacity.” Brown v. CCA/Metro Davidson Det. Facility,

No. 3:13-cv-00423, 2013 WL 3071052, at *2 (M.D. Tenn. June 18, 2013) (citing Whittington v.
Milby, 928 F.2d 188, 193 (6th Cir. 1991) and Shepherd, 313 F.3d at 967-68). Here, the plaintiff
demands both compensatory and punitive damages from the individual defendants, see Proctor v.
Bledsoe, No. 3:13-00309, 2014 WL 1341931, at *4 (M.D. Tenn. Apr. 3, 2014) (explaining that
courts consider, among other things, “the nature of the plaintiff’s claims, [and] requests for
compensatory or punitive damages” under the “course of proceedings” test to determine whether
defendants have received notice of an intent to hold them personally liable), as well as certain
injunctive relief against the state of Tennessee. (See Doc. No. 15 at 16.) Accordingly, the court
concludes that the plaintiff sues the Riverbend employee defendants in their individual and official
capacities.
The court now considers the official capacity claims against the Riverbend employees.
Each state possesses certain immunities from suit that “flow from the nature of sovereignty itself

as well as the Tenth and Eleventh Amendments.” Ernst v. Rising, 427 F.3d 351, 358 (6th Cir.
2005) (en banc). Consequently, a state may not be sued for money damages in federal court by a
private individual, subject to a few exceptions. Id. at 358-59; see also Seminole Tribe of Florida
v. Florida, 517 U.S. 44, 54 (1996) (“For over a century we have reaffirmed that federal jurisdiction
over suits against unconsenting States ‘was not contemplated by the Constitution when
establishing the judicial power of the United States.’”); Edelman v. Jordan, 415 U.S. 651, 662-63
(1974). The Supreme Court has made clear that state agencies (i.e., “arm[s] of the state”) and those
agencies’ officials enjoy this same immunity. Ernst, 427 F.3d at 358 (citing Mt. Healthy City Sch.
Dist. Bd. of Educ. v. Doyle, 429 U.S. 274, 280 (1977)). This is because the individuals are working
on behalf of the state, and so a complaint against such an individual in his official capacity “is not

a suit against the official but rather is a suit against the official’s office. As such, it is no different
from a suit against the state itself.” Will v. Mich. Dep’t of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 71 (1989).
Stated differently, generally speaking, states, arms of the state, and those arms’ officials are not
“persons” for purposes of Section 1983 liability. Id.
Sovereign immunity applies here. The Riverbend employee defendants are employed by
the Tennessee Department of Correction (“TDOC”). See, e.g., Carter v. Bell, No. 3:10-0058, 2010
WL 3491160, at *4 (M.D. Tenn. Sept. 1, 2010), report and recommendation adopted, No. 3-10-
0058, 2010 WL 3834850 (M.D. Tenn. Sept. 27, 2010) (holding that the Riverbend Warden “as an
employee of [TDOC], represents the State of Tennessee”); Arauz v. Bell, No. 3:06-0901, 2007 WL
2457474, at *2 (M.D. Tenn. Aug. 24, 2007) (adopting report and recommendation holding that
Riverbend employees are “employees of [TDOC]”). “TDOC is an arm of the state of Tennessee
for purposes of Eleventh Amendment immunity.” Primm v. Tenn. Dep’t of Corr., No. 3:15-cv-
00230, 2017 WL 1210066, at *5 (M.D. Tenn. Mar. 31, 2017) (citing Owens v. O’Toole, No. 3:14-

cv-02040, 2014 WL 5846733, at *3 (M.D. Tenn. Nov. 12, 2014); Gennoe v. Washburn, No. 3:19-
cv-00478, 2019 WL 5693929, at *5 (M.D. Tenn. Nov. 4, 2019) (holding official-capacity claim
against TDOC employee is equivalent to claim against the state of Tennessee); Green v. Daniel,
No. 3:14-cv-01331, 2014 WL 4347624, at *3 (M.D. Tenn. Sept. 2, 2014). Because an award on
the plaintiff’s official capacity claims against the Riverbend employee defendants would
ultimately be paid by the State of Tennessee, Tennessee’s sovereign immunity protects these
defendants. The plaintiff’s official capacity claims for money damages against these defendants
will therefore be dismissed.
There are only three exceptions to the general rule of sovereign immunity: (a) where a state
has waived its immunity and has consented to be sued in federal court, see Kimel v. Florida Bd. of

Regents, 528 U.S. 62, 73 (2000); Pennhurst State Sch. & Hosp. v. Halderman, 465 U.S. 89, 99
(1984)); (b) where Congress validly abrogates sovereign immunity through its enforcement powers
pursuant to the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, see Seminole Tribe of
Florida, 517 U.S. at 57-73; Quern v. Jordan, 440 U.S. 332, 340) (1979) (collecting cases)); and
(c) where a plaintiff sues state officials in their official capacities seeking only prospective
injunctive relief for a continuing violation of federal law, see Ex Parte Young, 209 U.S. 123, 159-
60 (1908); Idaho v. Coeur D'Alene Tribe, 521 U.S. 261, 269 (1997); Mich. Corr. Org. v. Mich.
Dep’t of Corr., 774 F.3d 895, 904 (6th Cir. 2014).
The first two exceptions do not apply: Congress has not abrogated Eleventh Amendment
immunity under Section 1983, and Tennessee has not waived it or consented to suit under Section
1983. Primm, 2017 WL 1210066, at *5 (citing Owens, 2014 WL 5846733, at *3); Burrell v. Tenn.
Dep't of Human Servs., No. 94-5754, 1995 WL 314891, *2 (6th Cir. May 23, 1993) (per curiam);

Heithcock v. Tenn. Dep’t of Children’s Servs., No. 3:14-cv-2377, 2015 WL 4879107, at *6 (M.D.
Tenn. Aug. 14, 2015). However, the plaintiff does seek prospective injunctive relief of the nature
that may implicate Ex Parte Young. “[D]emands for injunctive relief are properly brought against
a TDOC official in his official capacity.” Hall v. Trump, No. 3:19-cv-00628, 2020 WL 1061885,
at *2 (M.D. Tenn. Mar. 5, 2020) (citing Will, 491 U.S. at 71 n.10). The court thus considers whether
the plaintiff has properly stated such a claim against the Riverbend employee defendants.
Under Section 1983, the state of Tennessee cannot be held liable (for injunctive relief)
under a theory of respondeat superior or vicarious liability. Connick v. Thompson, 563 U.S. 51,
60 (2011). Rather, the plaintiff must allege: (1) that he suffered a constitutional violation; and (2)
that a policy or custom of TDOC or the state of Tennessee directly caused the violation. Hadrick

v. City of Detroit, Mich., 876 F.3d 238, 243 (6th Cir. 2017) (citing Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs.,
436 U.S. 658, 690-92 (1978)). In other words, “[a] plaintiff seeking to impose liability under
[Section] 1983 must demonstrate that, through its deliberate conduct, the municipality was the
moving force behind the injury alleged,” such that there is a “direct causal link between the
municipal action and the deprivation of federal rights.” Phillips v. Shelton, No. 2:18-cv-00077,
2019 WL 429679, at *4 (M.D. Tenn. Feb. 4, 2019) (quoting Burns v. Robertson Cty., 192 F. Supp.
3d 909, 920 (M.D. Tenn. 2016) and Bd. of Cty. Comm’rs v. Brown, 520 U.S. 397, 404 (1997)). A
plaintiff can make a showing of an illegal policy or custom by demonstrating one of the following:
(1) the existence of an illegal official policy or legislative enactment; (2) an official with final
decision making authority ratified illegal actions; (3) the existence of a policy of inadequate
training or supervision; or (4) the existence of a custom or tolerance or acquiescence of federal
rights violations. Burgess v. Fischer, 735 F.3d 462, 478 (6th Cir. 2013).
Here, the plaintiff does not attribute his alleged harms to any particular TDOC or Tennessee

policy. While the plaintiff’s prayer for relief vaguely mentions “T.D.O.C. policies” regarding “due
procedure/processing” and “illegal segregation,” the complaint contains no allegations regarding
any TDOC policy being a moving force behind any alleged injury to the plaintiff. In fact, the
factual allegations of the complaint do not mention TDOC policies at all. The complaint alleges
only that individual Riverbend officers and administrators, absent any guiding policy, violated the
plaintiff’s rights and damaged his property.
The closest the plaintiff comes to invoking a policy or custom are allegations that
Riverbend authorities ignored his grievances and reports of violations for “approximately ten
years.” (See, e.g., Doc. No. 15 at 10, 11, 12.) Liberally construing the complaint, the court infers
that the plaintiff intended to allege a custom or tolerance or acquiescence of federal rights

violations. This is also known as a “custom-of-inaction” theory. Howse v. Hodous, 953 F.3d 402,
411 (6th Cir. 2020). However, as pleaded, this claim is insufficient for two reasons. First, to the
extent that the plaintiff’s claims are “premised on the mishandling of his grievances[,]” he fails to
state a claim under Section 1983. Hursey v. Anderson, No. 16-1146, 2017 WL 3528206, at *2 (6th
Cir. Mar. 31, 2017) (explaining that “a prisoner has no constitutional right to an effective prison
grievance procedure”); Crockett v. Davidson Cty. Sheriff’s Dep’t, No. 3:19-cv-00545, 2019 WL
5592546, at *3 (M.D. Tenn. Oct. 30, 2019). Second, the plaintiff has not alleged that TDOC or
Tennessee, as opposed to Riverbend employees, “had notice (or constructive notice) of a ‘clear
and persistent pattern’ of unlawful activity,” that TDOC or Tennessee “tacitly approved of that
unlawful activity by doing nothing,” and that TDOC or Tennessee’s “tacit approval was the
moving force behind his constitutional violation.” Howse, 953 F.3d at 411 (quoting Thomas v. City
of Chattanooga, 398 F.3d 426, 429 (6th Cir. 2005) (cleaned up)). Rather, the plaintiff alleges only
that Riverbend employees ignored complaints about other Riverbend employees. As a result, the

plaintiff has not alleged “that [TDOC or Tennessee] approved of th[e] unlawful activity or that any
such approval caused [the plaintiff] to suffer a constitutional injury.” Id. at 411. Even construed
most generously, “[m]ere blanket assertions that [TDOC or Tennessee] ‘tolerated’ or ‘condoned’
officer misconduct aren’t enough.” Id. (quoting Bickerstaff v. Lucarelli, 830 F.3d 388, 402 (6th
Cir. 2016)). Accordingly, the plaintiff’s official-capacity claims for injunctive relief will be
dismissed for failure to state a claim.
3. Personal Property
The court now turns to the individual capacity claims against the Riverbend employee
defendants. The plaintiff first brings claims for deprivation of personal property against Officer
Foster, Sergeant Castillo, Captain Herro, and Associate Warden Lewis. Specifically, the complaint

alleges Foster damaged or stole, or allowed inmate Bell to damage or steal, fifteen items of the
plaintiff’s personal property valued at approximately $900. The complaint also alleges that
Castillo, Herro, and Lewis failed to safeguard the plaintiff’s personal property. “Persons sued in
their individual capacities under [Section] 1983 can be held liable based only on their own
unconstitutional behavior.” Heyerman v. Cty. of Calhoun, 680 F.3d 642, 647 (6th Cir. 2012); Hall,
2020 WL 1061885, at *5; see also Murphy v. Grenier, 406 F. App’x 972, 974 (6th Cir. 2011)
(“Personal involvement is necessary to establish section 1983 liability.”) Furthermore, because
there is no respondeat superior liability under Section 1983, supervisory officials are not liable in
their individual capacities unless they “either encouraged the specific incident of misconduct or in
some other way directly participated in it.” Hall, 2020 WL 1061885, at *5 (citing Hays v. Jefferson
Cty., Ky., 668 F.2d 869, 874 (6th Cir. 1982)). Thus, supervisory officials who are aware of the
unconstitutional conduct of their subordinates but fail to act generally cannot be held liable in their
individual capacity. Grinter v. Knight, 532 F.3d 567, 575-76 (6th Cir. 2008); Gregory v. City of

Louisville, 444 F.3d 725, 751 (6th Cir. 2006); Shehee v. Luttrell, 199 F.3d 295, 300 (6th Cir. 1999).
In addition, “[a] failure to take corrective action in response to an inmate grievance or complaint
does not supply the necessary personal involvement for Section 1983 liability.” Woodard v. Farris,
No. 2:20-cv-00007, 2020 WL 1469886, at *5 (M.D. Tenn. Mar. 25, 2020) (citations omitted).
Here, the plaintiff does not sufficiently allege personal involvement of Castillo, Herro, or
Lewis in this alleged violation. Accordingly, these claims will be dismissed for failure to state a
claim. Concerning the claim against Foster, the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
protects against the unlawful taking of a person’s property by public officers. Id. However, the
United States Supreme Court has held that a plaintiff’s loss of property at the hands of a state
employee is not a violation of due process if the state affords a means to resolve the alleged loss.

Parratt v. Taylor, 451 U.S. 527, 543 (1981), overruled on other grounds by Daniel v. Williams,
474 U.S. 327 (1986). Where adequate remedies are provided by state law, the negligent or
intentional loss or destruction of personal property does not state a cognizable due process claim.
Id. at 543-44. Accordingly, a plaintiff “must plead and prove the inadequacy of state post-
deprivation remedies if he is to recover for lost personal property.” Shuler v. Hall, No. 3:18-cv-
01223, 2019 WL 1777899, at *4 (M.D. Tenn. Apr. 23, 2019) (citing Copeland v. Machulis, 57
F.3d 476, 479-80 (6th Cir. 1995)). A prisoner’s failure to sustain this burden requires dismissal of
his Section 1983 due process claim. Id. (citing Brooks v. Dutton, 751 F.2d 197 (6th Cir. 1985)).
The Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals has held that Tennessee’s statutory remedy for loss of
property affords an adequate remedy to return items either negligently or intentionally converted.
Woodard, 2020 WL 1469886, at *5 (citing Brooks, 751 F.2d at 199). Here, the plaintiff has not
alleged that he attempted post-deprivation remedies and that they were inadequate. Rather, the

complaint alleges that the plaintiff complained about his missing property to prison officials and
filed unsuccessful grievances.7 (Doc. No. 15 at 14.) Thus, because there appear to have been
adequate state post-deprivation remedies available to the plaintiff, his claims concerning lost or
taken property must be dismissed. See, e.g., Perkins v. Washburn, No. 3:19-cv-00959, 2020 WL
3972749, at *3-4 (M.D. Tenn. July 14, 2020) (dismissing due process claim regarding property
loss where plaintiff failed to allege inadequate post-deprivation remedies and alleged complaining
to officials and filing grievances); Woodard, 2020 WL 1469886, at *5 (same).
4. Failure to Protect
Next, the plaintiff brings individual capacity failure-to-protect claims against Officer
Foster, Sergeant Castillo, Sergeant Hunt, Case Manager Tate, Unit Manager Keys, Warden Mays,

Associate Warden Lewis, and Captain Herro. The Eighth Amendment protects prisoners from
“cruel and unusual punishment,” Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 832 (1994), including the right
to be free “from violence at the hands of other prisoners.” Bishop v. Hackel, 636 F.3d 757, 766
(6th Cir. 2011) (quoting Farmer, 511 U.S. at 833); see also Wilson v. Yaklich, 148 F.3d 596, 600
(6th Cir. 1998) (explaining that the Eighth Amendment imposes on prison officials “an affirmative
duty to protect inmates from violence perpetrated by other prisoners”); Stanton v. Joyner, No.
3:19-cv-00270, 2020 WL 1042018, at *2 (M.D. Tenn. Mar. 4, 2020). Accordingly, the

7 Although the complaint alleges that prison officials “prohibit [the plaintiff] from seeking ‘justice,’” the
court construes this to mean that the plaintiff is dissatisfied with the outcome of the grievances that he
alleges he filed. (See Doc. No. 15 at 14.) The plaintiff does not allege that he was prevented from filing
grievances. (Id.)
Constitution requires prison officials to “take reasonable measures to guarantee the safety of the
inmates.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 832 (quoting Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517, 526-27 (1984)).
A failure-to-protect claim has an objective and a subjective component. For the objective
component, a plaintiff must demonstrate that “he is incarcerated under conditions posing a

substantial risk of serious harm.” Bishop, 636 F.3d at 766 (quoting Farmer, 511 U.S. at 833). For
the subjective component, the plaintiff must allege that a prison official “acted with ‘deliberate
indifference’ to inmate health or safety,” id. (quoting Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834), meaning the
official “kn[ew] of and disregard[ed]” the excessive risk of harm. Id. at 766-67 (quoting Farmer,
511 U.S. at 837); see also Richko v. Wayne Cty., 819 F.3d 907, 915 (6th Cir. 2016) (citing Rouster
v. Cty. of Saginaw, 749 F.3d 437, 446 (6th Cir. 2014)). It is not enough that the official “should
have perceived” a significant risk, “but did not. ” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 838. An official’s state of
mind must be “more blameworthy than negligence” before liability will attach. Woods v. Lecureux,
110 F.3d 1215, 1222 (6th Cir. 1997) (quoting Farmer, 511 U.S. at 835). Finally, in analyzing the
subjective component, the court must consider each defendant’s knowledge individually. See

Bishop, 636 F.3d at 767 (citing Phillips v. Roane Cty., 534 F.3d 531, 542 (6th Cir. 2008) and
Garretson v. City of Madison Heights, 407 F.3d 789, 797 (6th Cir. 2005)).
The complaint makes two distinct failure-to-protect allegations. First, the complaint alleges
that Foster and Castillo allowed – and, in the case of Castillo, encouraged – inmates working in
food-preparation jobs to engage in a longstanding campaign of delivering dangerous meals to other
inmates as a means of harassment and retribution, including meals delivered to the plaintiff in 2020
containing toxic medicine and pieces of glass. Viewing these allegations in the plaintiff’s favor,
he alleges conditions posing a substantial risk of serious harm. Being assaulted in prison, even if
indirectly, is not “part of the penalty that criminal offenders pay for their offenses against society.”
Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834 (quoting Rhodes v. Chapman, 452 U.S. 337, 347 (1981)). The plaintiff
also alleges that Foster and Castillo had sufficient knowledge of these conditions and chose to be
deliberately indifferent to the plaintiff’s health and welfare. Accordingly, the court concludes that,
at this early stage, the plaintiff adequately states an Eighth Amendment failure-to-protect claim

against Foster and Castillo.
Second, the complaint alleges that Foster, Hunt, Tate, Keys, Mays, Lewis, and Herro knew
about, ignored, “aided and abetted,” and “covered up” attempted sexual assaults on the plaintiff
by other inmates for over ten years. (Doc. No. 15 at 12.) However, the complaint mentions only
one specific incident, a 2017 attempted assault that falls far outside the statute of limitations for
this Section 1983 action. (Id.) This leaves only broad and vague assertions of wrongdoing. Even
if the court were to assume that the plaintiff had satisfied the objective component based solely
upon sexual assault being a serious harm, the complaint fails to adequately plead how these
defendants were deliberately indifferent to the plaintiff’s safety. For example, the complaint does
not include any allegations concerning what each of these defendants knew about the risk to the

plaintiff or how they may have disregarded that risk. While Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8 does
not require detailed factual allegations, “it demands more than an unadorned, the-defendant-
unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Ashcroft, 556 U.S. at 678 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555).
Accordingly, these claims will be dismissed for failure to state a claim. However, the dismissal
will be without prejudice, so that the plaintiff is not precluded from moving to re-assert the claims,
if appropriate, supported by more specific allegations.
5. Due Process
The complaint next alleges that the plaintiff was denied due process when he was moved
to segregation without a disciplinary hearing. As an initial matter, to the extent that Plaintiff’s
claims are premised only on a “violation of [TDOC] policies,” he fails to state a claim under
Section 1983. Crockett, 2019 WL 5592546, at *3 (citations omitted); Grinter, 532 F.3d at 574.
However, the Fourteenth Amendment provides that prisoners “may not be deprived of life, liberty,
or property without due process of law.” Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 556 (1974) (citations

omitted). To state a procedural due process claim, the plaintiff must show that (1) he had a
protected liberty or property interest; (2) he was deprived of that interest; and (3) the state did not
afford him adequate procedural rights prior to depriving him of that interest. Janinski v. Tyler, 729
F.3d 531, 541 (6th Cir. 2013) (citing Women’s Med. Prof’l Corp. v. Baird, 438 F.3d 595, 611 (6th
Cir. 2006)). The first prong of this claim is a threshold requirement. See Wilkinson v. Austin, 545
U.S. 209, 221 (2005). Thus, “the question of what process is due is relevant only if the inmate
establishes a constitutionally protected interest.” Pickelhaupt v. Jackson, 364 F. App’x 221, 224
(6th Cir. 2010) (citing Wilkinson, 545 U.S. at 224).
Prisoners have a narrower set of protected interests than individuals who are not
incarcerated. Wolff, 418 U.S. at 556. As relevant here, “the Constitution itself does not give rise to

a liberty interest in avoiding transfer to more adverse conditions of confinement.” Wilkinson, 545
U.S. at 221-22 (citing Meachum v. Fano, 427 U.S. 215, 225 (1976)). A liberty interest may arise,
however, in avoiding conditions of confinement that “impose[ ] atypical and significant hardship
on the inmate in relation to the ordinary incidents of prison life.” Id. at 223 (quoting Sandin v.
Conner, 515 U.S. 472, 484 (1995)).
Here, the complaint alleges that, after an April 2019 altercation between the plaintiff and
another inmate, Sergeant Hunt, Case Manager Tate, Unit Manager Keys, Captain Herro, Associate
Warden Lewis, and Warden Mays acted together to send the plaintiff to segregation for eighteen
months without a hearing or opportunity to challenge a written report concerning the incident.
While highly concerning, this allegation does not satisfy the threshold requirement of
demonstrating a constitutionally protected liberty interest because the plaintiff “does not provide
any details about the restrictions imposed as a result of being placed in lockdown.” Crockett, 2019
WL 5592546, at *4. Without explaining how lockdown conditions differ from his ordinary

conditions, Plaintiff cannot establish that his punishment resulted in an “atypical and significant”
hardship. Id. (citing Williams, 526 F. App’x at 562-63); see also Joseph v. Curtin, 410 F. App’x
865, 869 (6th Cir. 2010) (holding that an inmate had “not demonstrated that a liberty interest was
implicated” because his “complaint [did] not include any allegations about” his new security
classification level “to suggest that it imposes an atypical and significant hardship”). Because the
plaintiff has not satisfied his threshold burden of establishing that the challenged disciplinary
hearing resulted in conditions of confinement that “imposed atypical and significant hardship on
[him] in relation to the ordinary incidents of prison life,” Sandin, 515 U.S. at 484, he fails to state
a Fourteenth Amendment procedural due process claim. See, e.g., Montgomery v. Hall, No. 3:19-
cv-01113, 2020 WL 4003769, at *9 (M.D. Tenn. July 15, 2020) (finding prisoner plaintiff failed

to state due process claim in part because he failed to allege specific conditions of segregation);
Crockett, 2019 WL 5592546, at *4 (same). These claims will therefore be dismissed for failure to
state a claim. However, given the alleged length of the plaintiff’s segregation, the dismissal will
be without prejudice, so that the plaintiff is not precluded from moving to re-assert this claim, if
appropriate, supported by more specific allegations.
6. First Amendment Retaliation
The complaint also brings several individual capacity First Amendment retaliation claims.
In order to state a claim, the plaintiff must plausibly allege “that (1) he engaged in protected
conduct, (2) the defendant took an adverse action that is capable of deterring a person of ‘ordinary
firmness from continuing to engage in that conduct,’ and (3) ‘the adverse action was motivated at
least in part by the [prisoner’s] protected conduct.’” Hill, 630 F.3d at 472 (quoting Thaddeus-X v.
Blatter, 175 F.3d 378, 394, 398 (6th Cir. 1999) (en banc)); Strader v. Cumberland Cty., No. 2:19-
cv-00045, 2020 WL 291383, at *10 (M.D. Tenn. Jan. 21, 2020). In Hill, the Sixth Circuit reversed

the district court’s dismissal of a First Amendment retaliation claim on initial review, emphasizing
that the essential elements of such a claim are not overly difficult to establish, “especially in light
of the ‘indulgent treatment’ that ‘[c]ourts are instructed to give . . . to the ‘inartfully pleaded’
allegations of pro se prison litigants.” Hill, 630 F.3d at 471 (quoting Pasley v. Conerly, 345 F.
App’x 981, 986 (6th Cir. 2009)). The Court of Appeals noted that, where the facts alleged in a
prisoner’s complaint are sufficient to support these elements, the claim should go forward even
though the inmate may not “explicitly state that he is making a First Amendment retaliation claim
or “make an effective argument for that claim in his . . . complaint.” Id. at 471.
First, the complaint alleges that the plaintiff has been retaliated against by Officer Foster,
Sergeant Castillo, Case Manager Tate and Unit Manager Keys in two ways for declining

homosexual advances and filing grievances about sexual harassment: allowing inmates to give the
plaintiff dangerous meals containing dangerous substances or sending the plaintiff to segregation.
Second, the plaintiff alleges Officer Foster retaliated against him, after the plaintiff filed a
grievance against Foster related to stolen and damaged property, by allowing inmates to give the
plaintiff a dangerous meal containing glass.
The court finds both of these allegations sufficient to state nonfrivolous First Amendment
retaliation claims. First, the filing of a non-frivolous grievance is protected conduct. Herron v.
Harrison, 203 F.3d 410, 415 (6th Cir. 2000); Gennoe, 2019 WL 5693929, at *6; see also Maben
v. Thelen, 887 F.3d 252, 265 (6th Cir. 2018) (“Nothing in the First Amendment itself suggests that
the right to petition for redress of grievances only attaches when the petitioning takes a specific
form.”) Second, although “[p]risoners may be required to tolerate more than public employees,
who may be required to tolerate more than average citizens, before an action taken against them is
considered adverse,” Thaddeus-X, 175 F.3d at 398, being given potentially harmful food or being

sent to segregation merely for asserting one’s rights “would likely have a strong deterrent effect”
on a prisoner’s protected activity. Lumbard v. Lillywhite, --- F. App’x ---, No. 18-2335, 2020 WL
2569357, at *6 (6th Cir. May 21, 2020) (citing Thaddeus-X, 175 F.3d at 398 (adverse action
“threshold is intended to weed out only inconsequential actions, and is not a means whereby solely
egregious retaliatory acts are allowed to proceed”)). Finally, the allegation that the defendants were
motivated by a desire to punish the plaintiff for reporting violations satisfies the third element. See
id. (explaining that a retaliation claim survives if a plaintiff “alleges facts that his protected activity
was ‘a motivating factor’ behind the adverse action”) (citing Thaddeus-X, 175 F.3d at 399); see
also Hill, 630 F.3d at 475-76 (retaliatory motive can be supported by circumstantial evidence,
including “the disparate treatment of similarly situated individuals or the temporal proximity

between the prisoner’s protected conduct and the official’s adverse action”). Accordingly, these
claims will be allowed to proceed for further development.
7. Sexual Harassment
Finally, the complaint alleges that Case Manager Tate, Unit Manager Keys, Officer Foster,
and Sergeant Castillo sexually harassed the plaintiff. Specifically, the complaint alleges these
defendants spread negative rumors to inmates and staff about the plaintiff’s perceived sexual
orientation, and they peeked into the plaintiff’s cell “looking for homosexual activities.” (Doc. No.
15 at 13.)
The Eighth Amendment requires prison officials “to provide humane conditions of
confinement” and to “ensure that inmates receive adequate food, clothing, shelter, and medical
care.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 832. However, “[n]ot every unpleasant experience a prisoner might
endure while incarcerated constitutes cruel and unusual punishment within the meaning of the

Eighth Amendment.” Ivey v. Wilson, 832 F.2d 950, 954 (6th Cir. 1987). Rather, “[t]he Eighth
Amendment is concerned only with ‘deprivations of essential food, medical care, or sanitation,’ or
‘other conditions intolerable for prison confinement.’” Richmond v. Settles, 450 F. App’x 448,
454-55 (6th Cir. 2011) (quoting Rhodes v. Chapman, 452 U.S. 337, 348 (1981)). Therefore, to
establish an Eighth Amendment violation, a plaintiff must make an objective showing of the
deprivation of “the minimal civilized measure of life’s necessities.” Id. at 454 (quoting Rhodes,
452 U.S. at 347); see also Brown v. Bargery, 207 F.3d 863, 867 (6th Cir. 2000) (citing Farmer,
511 U.S. at 834) (“[T]he inmate must show that he is incarcerated under conditions posing a
substantial risk of serious harm.”). A plaintiff must show that a defendant, subjectively, acted
“wantonly,” with “deliberate indifference to the plaintiff’s serious needs.” Richmond, 450 F.

App’x at 455 (citing Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834).
Under this standard, harassment and offensive comments by prison or jail officials, even
if morally reprehensible, do not violate the Eighth Amendment or give rise to a cause of action
under Section 1983, because “they do not cause objectively serious harm.” Hill v. Hickman Cty.
Jail, No. 1:15-CV-0071, 2015 WL 5009301, at *6 (M.D. Tenn. Aug. 21, 2015); see also Johnson
v. Unknown Dellatifa, 357 F.3d 539, 546 (6th Cir. 2004) (“[H]arassment and verbal abuse . . . do
not constitute the type of infliction of pain that the Eighth Amendment prohibits.”) (citing Ivey,
832 F.2d at 854). Accordingly, “a prison official’s offensive remarks about an inmate’s presumed
sexual preference does not state a claim” for cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth
Amendment. Hill v. Kinnaman, No. 3:15-CV-01431, 2015 WL 8484487, at *3 (M.D. Tenn. Dec.
9, 2015) (citing Murray v. U.S. Bureau of Prisons, 106 F.3d 401, 1997 WL 34677, at *3 (6th Cir.
Jan. 28, 1997)); see also Johnson, 357 F.3d at 545-46 (dismissing claims based on allegations that
numerous prison officials repeatedly made offensive remarks about the plaintiff’s transsexualism

and presumed sexual preference and concluding that “the Eighth Amendment does not afford us
the power to correct every action, statement, or attitude of a prison official with which we might
disagree”); Morrison v. Greenwald, No. 3:09-CV-009, 2010 WL 1253962, at *9 (S.D. Ohio Feb.
24, 2010) report and recommendation adopted, No. 3-:09-CV-009, 2010 WL 1253958 (S.D. Ohio
Mar. 23, 2010) (“The Constitution does not protect inmates (or anyone else) from gross insults by
public officials, including prison guards. Furthermore, Plaintiff suffered no injury from the
insult.”). Other forms of non-physical harassment that does not inflict pain similarly cannot sustain
a Section 1983 claim. See, e.g., Johnson, 357 F.3d at 545 (dismissing claim against correctional
officer for alleged harassing and invasive activities including banging and kicking cell, throwing
food, smearing windows to make them opaque, and jerking the prisoner when escorting him, in

what the plaintiff alleged to be “an attempt to cause him to suffer a heart attack, stroke or nervous
breakdown,” because such actions “do not constitute the type of infliction of pain that the Eighth
Amendment prohibits”).
Here, the plaintiff alleges that, based on bias, he was subjected to offensive remarks and
rumors concerning his sexual orientation and harassed through invasions of privacy while in his
cell. There can be little doubt that bias against homosexuality – whether it be actual or falsely
attributed – has no place in civil society. See, e.g., Bostock v. Clayton Cty., Ga., 140 S. Ct. 1731
(2020). However, no matter how “shameful and utterly unprofessional” spreading pejorative
rumors about an individual’s private sexual conduct may be, Hill, 2015 WL 8484487, at *3
(quoting Johnson, 357 F.3d at 545-46), the plaintiff does not allege that he was caused physical
pain or injury of constitutional dimension sufficient to bring these allegations within the ambit of
the Eighth Amendment.8 Accordingly, these claims will be dismissed for failure to state a claim.
8. Claims Against Riverbend Inmates

The complaint also brings individual capacity Section 1983 claims against five Riverbend
inmates – Rogers, Jahi, Thomas, Bane, and Bell – who allegedly “sabotaged” the plaintiff’s food
or “attacked” his property. However, Section 1983 creates a cause of action only against persons
acting under color of state law. 42 U.S.C. § 1983. “[A]n inmate is not a state actor or a person
acting under the color of state law for purposes of stating a claim under [Section] 1983.” Smith v.
Hall, No. 3:19-cv-00375, 2019 WL 3075890, at *2 (M.D. Tenn. July 15, 2019) (citing Goodell v.
Anthony, 157 F. Supp. 2d 796, 801 (E.D. Mich. 2001) (collecting cases)); see also Barbee v. Lee,
No. 3:18-cv-01271, 2018 WL 6198393, at *2 (M.D. Tenn. Nov. 28, 2018) (explaining that
“[i]nmates do not act ‘under color of any state statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage’ as
required to be liable under Section 1983”) (quoting Nobles v. Brown, 985 F.2d 235, 238 (6th Cir.

1992)).
Here, the plaintiff does not allege Rogers, Jahi, Thomas, Bane, or Bell were acting under
color of state law at the time they committed any relevant acts. However, the court considers
whether their actions can be attributed to the state. The Sixth Circuit has recognized several tests
to assist in making this determination, but it has recently explained that “the Supreme Court has
made clear that all of our various ‘criteria’ boil down to a core question: whether ‘there is such a

8 To be clear, to the extent the complaint may allege that these defendants failed to protect the plaintiff from
other inmates who were spreading harassing rumors, it still does not state a viable claim. Because the
plaintiff “does not allege that he has suffered or been threatened with any physical violence or other serious
harm,” he has failed to satisfy the “substantial risk of serious harm” element of deliberate indifference to
his safety required for a failure-to-protect claim. Hill, 2015 WL 8484487, at *2.
‘close nexus between the State and the challenged action’ that seemingly private behavior ‘may
be fairly treated as that of the State itself.’” Brent v. Wayne Cty. Dep’t of Human Servs., 901 F.3d
656, 676 (6th Cir. 2018) (citing Brentwood Acad. v. Tenn. Secondary Sch. Athletic Ass’n, 531 U.S.
288, 295 (2001); Jackson v. Met. Edison Co., 419 U.S. 345, 351 (1974)); see also Snodgrass-King

Pediatric Dental Assocs., P.C. v. DentaQuest USA Ins. Co., Inc., 780 F. App’x 197, 204 (6th Cir.
2019) (“A private party ‘can be held to constitutional standards’ only ‘when its actions so
approximate state action that they may be fairly attributed to the state.’”) (quoting S.H.A.R.K. v.
Metro Parks Serving Summit Cty., 499 F.3d 553, 564 (6th Cir. 2007)). One way that nexus can be
satisfied is if a state exercises “coercive power or provide[s] [ ] significant encouragement, either
overt or covert[.]” S.H.A.R.K., 499 F.3d at 565 (quoting Lansing v. City of Memphis, 202 F.3d 821,
829 (6th Cir. 2000); see also Blum v. Yaretsky, 457 U.S. 991, 1004 (1982). However, “[m]ere
approval of or acquiescence in the initiatives of a private party is not sufficient to justify holding
the State responsible for those initiatives[.]” Blum, 457 U.S. at 1004-05. “More is needed. [A]
plaintiff must allege and prove that state officials coerced or participated in the [private actor’s]

decision-making” process. Snodgrass-King, 780 F. App’x at 205 (quoting Wilcher v. City of Akron,
498 F.3d 516, 520 (6th Cir. 2007)). Accordingly, if the state has not provided “significant
encouragement,” and the actor is not a “willful participant in joint activity with the State or its
agents,” a private individual cannot be liable for civil rights violations under Section 1983. Barbee,
2018 WL 6198393, at *2 (quoting Brentwood Acad., 531 U.S. at 296).
The complaint does not satisfy this test. The plaintiff alleges only that certain Riverbend
employees “allowed” inmates to engage in malfeasance, “had knowledge of” or “knew about”
their misbehavior, or “helped cover up” their actions.9 (See, e.g., Doc. No. 15 at 11, 12, 13.) The

9 On the specific subject of sexual assaults by inmates, the complaint includes one broad statement that
Riverbend employees “all participate, engage, and they all aid[ ] & abet[ ] the situation one way or another.”
complaint does not allege that the state employees influenced the decision-making of the inmates,
that the Riverbend employees significantly encouraged the inmates to act, or that the inmates
participated in a joint activity with the Riverbend employees. Accordingly, the complaint does not
adequately plead a nexus between the state and the actions of the inmate defendants that is so close

that the inmates’ private behavior may be considered “taken under color of state law.” Barbee,
2018 WL 6198393, at *2. The plaintiff’s Section 1983 claims against the inmate defendants will
therefore be dismissed. This dismissal will be without prejudice to any state law claims the plaintiff
may assert against Rogers, Jahi, Thomas, Bane, and Bell.10
III. Pending Motions
The plaintiff has filed a motion to appoint counsel. (Doc. No. 18.) He seeks counsel based
on indigence, the complexity of this matter, and lack of legal experience. (Id. at 1-2.) An indigent
plaintiff in a civil action, unlike a criminal defendant, has no constitutional right to the appointment
of counsel. Lanier v. Bryant, 332 F.3d 999, 1006 (6th Cir. 2003); Lavado v. Keohane, 992 F.2d
601, 605 (6th Cir. 1993). Rather, the appointment of counsel is a “privilege justified only by

exceptional circumstances.” Lavado, 992 F.2d at 606 (citations omitted). Whether to appoint
counsel for an indigent plaintiff in a civil action is a matter within the discretion of the court. Id.
at 604. In determining whether to appoint counsel, courts are to consider the type of case presented
and the abilities of the plaintiff to represent himself. Id. at 606 (citations omitted). Evaluation of
these factors in turn “generally involves a determination of the complexity of the factual and legal
issues involved.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

(Doc. No. 15 at 12.) However, the complaint does not allege that any of the five inmate defendants sexually
assaulted the plaintiff. (Id.)

10 The court makes no findings or representations regarding any applicable statute of limitations for such
state law claims.
In this case, the court has determined that the plaintiff states colorable failure-to-protect
and retaliation claims. The plaintiff has clearly articulated these claims in the complaint. Neither
the factual nor legal issues involved appear, at this time, to be so complex as to constitute
“exceptional circumstances.” Accordingly, the court finds that the interests of justice do not require

appointment of counsel at this time. The motion to appoint counsel will therefore be denied without
prejudice. The plaintiff may raise this issue in the future if warranted by the circumstances.
The plaintiff has also filed six procedural motions and a “Statement and Facts.” (Doc. No.
19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25.) One of these is a cursory motion for a thirty-day extension. (Doc. No.
22.) Because the motion contains no reason for the proposed delay, it will be denied without
prejudice. The Magistrate Judge will consider the remaining motions and the other document in
due course.
IV. Conclusion
For the reasons explained above, the plaintiff’s in forma pauperis application will be
granted. The plaintiff’s failure-to-protect claim based on allegations of inmates tempering with

meals will proceed against Officer Foster and Sergeant Castillo in their individual capacities. The
plaintiff’s claim for retaliation under the First Amendment will proceed against Officer Foster,
Sergeant Castillo, Case Manager Tate and Unit Manager Keys in their individual capacities. All
other claims will be dismissed based on the statute of limitations, sovereign immunity, or failure
to state a claim. The failure to protect claims based on inmate sexual assaults against Officer Foster,
Sergeant Hunt, Case Manager Tate, Unit Manager Keys, Warden Mays, Associate Warden Lewis,
and Captain Herro, and the due process claims against Sergeant Hunt, Case Manager Tate, Unit
Manager Keys, Captain Herro, Associate Warden Lewis, and Warden Mays will be dismissed
without prejudice. All remaining claims will be dismissed with prejudice.
The motions to appoint counsel and to grant an extension of time will be denied without
prejudice. This case will be referred to the Magistrate Judge for further proceedings, and the
Magistrate Judge will consider the remaining motions and filings in due course.
An appropriate order will enter.

Aleta A. Trauger
United States District Judge

28

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10436732. Public record. Not legal advice.