# Harris v. JTEKT Automotive Tennessee - Morristown, Inc.

> District Court, E.D. Tennessee · February 13, 2024

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10435776

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, E.D. Tennessee
- **Decided:** February 13, 2024
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

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## Opinion text

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE

CARL R. HARRIS, )
)
Plaintiff, )
)
v. ) No. 3:21-CV-332-DCP
)
JTEKT AUTOMOTIVE TENNESSEE – )
MORRISTOWN, INC. )
)
Defendant. )

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

This case is before the undersigned pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c), Rule 73(b) of the
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, and the consent of the parties, for all further proceedings,
including entry of judgment [Doc. 16].
Now before the Court is Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment [Doc. 27]. Plaintiff
filed a response opposing the motion [Doc. 29] and Defendant replied [Doc. 31]. The motion is
ripe for adjudication. See E.D. Tenn. L.R. 7.1(a). Accordingly, for the reasons explained below,
the Court DENIES Defendant’s motion [Doc. 27].
I. BACKGROUND
This suit arises under the Americans with Disabilities Act Amendments Act of 2008
(“ADAA”) for failure to accommodate and disability discrimination. See 42 U.S.C. § 12112
(2020). The following facts are undisputed unless noted otherwise.
Carl Harris (“Plaintiff”) contends that he has had seizures throughout his life, starting when
he was four years old [Doc. 28-1 pp. 12–13 (Excerpts from Plaintiff’s Deposition)]. Following
brain surgery in 2006, Plaintiff maintains that his seizures are controlled with medication [Id. at
4].
From 2006 until 2015, Plaintiff received Social Security disability benefits [Id.; Doc. 28 p.
2]. On November 19, 2015, Plaintiff began working for JTEKT Automotive (“Defendant”) as a
machine operator [Doc. 28-1 p. 5]. Defendant was aware when it hired Plaintiff that he had
epilepsy and that he was able to work in safety sensitive jobs while on his current medication as

indicated by the Pre-Employment Physical Evaluation Results [Doc. 28-2 p. 2].
Initially, Plaintiff worked on the AP pump line making pumps where, he asserts, that he
worked sixty-five to seventy hours per week, with structured hours, and rotating weekends off
[Doc. 28-1 pp. 5–6]. In 2017, Plaintiff voluntarily switched to the CVJ line making shafts [Id. at
5, 7]. The job description for a CVJ Machining Tech A (“A Tech”) includes “operat[ing]
manufacturing equipment[,]. . . willing and able to work any shift[, and]. . . [a]bility to work
overtime is an essential function of the position” [Doc. 28-3 p. 2]. Under the section labeled,
“Work Environment/Physical Demands[,]” the job description states: “[t]he employee works an 8
or 10 hour shift and overtime is required, as needed. Overtime may be required with very short
notice” [Id. at 3]. It also states that “[t]he performance of this position requires exposure to

manufacturing areas which require the use of personal protective equipment such as steel toed
shoes, safety glasses with side shields and mandatory hearing protection” [Id.].
While working for Defendant on the CVJ line, Plaintiff was sometimes required to work
long hours, including “seven-day workweeks, mandatory overtime, ten (10) to twelve (12) hour
workdays, and workweeks which often exceeded seventy (70) hours” [Doc. 22 p. 2; see also Doc.
28-6; Doc. 28-1 pp. 6–7]. Plaintiff avers that his work schedule on the CVJ line was more chaotic
than on the AP line, often interrupting his sleep, which interfered with his seizure medication and
resulted in an increased number of seizures beginning around the fall of 2019 [Doc. 22 p. 2; Doc.
28-1 pp. 6–7]. Plaintiff gave an example in which he worked a twelve-hour shift until 11:00 a.m.,
got home and to sleep around 1:00 p.m., but received a call from work around 2:30 p.m. asking if
he could come into work at 6:00 p.m. to work another twelve-hour shift because Defendant was
short staffed [Doc. 29-14 pp. 10–11].
On May 9, 2017, Plaintiff had his first seizure at work which caused him to fall onto the

table where he was examining parts [Doc. 28-1 pp. 14–15; see also Doc. 28-4 p. 2]. While he
appeared to be alright, he was taken to the hospital [Doc. 28-4 p. 2] and subsequently released the
same day with an instruction to visit his primary care doctor [Doc. 29-9 p. 8].
In December 2018, Plaintiff had a second seizure at work [Doc. 28-1 pp. 16–17]. An
employee noticed that Plaintiff was looking “woozy” and having trouble walking prior to passing
out [Doc. 28-5]. The employee was able to lay Plaintiff on the floor and contact EMTs to assist
[Id.]. Plaintiff was transported to the hospital for evaluation and ultimately released [Id.].
On October 13, 2019, Plaintiff had a third seizure while at work, and one of his coworkers
found him with his head lying on the conveyor of a machine [Doc. 28-1 pp. 18–19]. Plaintiff was
taken to the hospital and was discharged with instructions to follow-up with his doctor [Id. at 19].

As instructed, Plaintiff visited his neurologist, Dr. Fredric Radoff (“Dr. Radoff”), on October 17,
2019 [Doc. 28-8]. Dr. Radoff cleared Plaintiff to return to work on December 1, 2019, without
restrictions [Doc. 28-10]. Dr. Radoff’s notes from Plaintiff’s visit state that Plaintiff “mention[ed]
that he had just drove back to Tennessee after being on vacation and the strain could have also
contributed in bringing on the seizure” [Doc. 28-8 p. 2]. In the weeks leading up to Plaintiff’s
seizure, his pay records reflect he worked 90 hours, including 8 hours of overtime, from September
9 to September 22; 98.50 hours, including 10.5 hours of overtime and 8 hours of double time1 from

1 “Double time” refers to work hours on Sunday when employees are paid double their
hourly rate [Doc. 28-1 p. 25].
September 23 to October 6; and 1.25 hours from October 7 to October 20 because Plaintiff took
40 hours of vacation during that time [Doc. 28-7; see also Doc. 28-14 pp. 24–27].
The following year, on October 17, 2020, Plaintiff had a fourth seizure at work [Doc. 28-
1 p. 42]. This time Plaintiff refused medical care for fear of the financial impact [Id.]. Defendant

prepared an incident report, stating that Plaintiff “had been working a 12 hour shift [be]cause of
shortage of manpower” and was on his way to his break when “he fell forward from what could
be a seizure and blacked out whilst hitting his head on the door” [Doc. 28-11]. Plaintiff also
experienced neck soreness and incurred a laceration on his lip [Doc. 28-1 p. 42]. No one found
Plaintiff “until after 5:25 AM, and there is no way to know how long he was laying there” [Doc.
28-11]. The report further states that “[u]pon waking up, he had no idea of where he was, or how
he got there or what happened” [Id.]. After this incident, Plaintiff took leave pursuant to the Family
and Medical Leave Act from October 18, 2020, to January 13, 2021 [Doc. 28-1 p. 38]. Leading
up to this seizure, Plaintiff worked 56 hours, including 8 hours of overtime and 8 hours of double
time, and took 32 hours of vacation from September 9 to September 20; 80 hours, including 8

hours of overtime, and took 8 hours of vacation from September 21 to October 4; and 39.75 hours,
including 15.75 hours of overtime, and 56 hours of vacation from October 5 to October 18 [Doc.
28-12; Doc. 28-1 pp. 31–34]. Similar to the seizure Plaintiff had in October 2019, this seizure
occurred on Plaintiff’s first day back to work after he and his wife drove back to Tennessee from
a vacation in Florida [Doc. 28-1 p. 34].
Prior to returning to work, Plaintiff claims that Defendant required him to provide a release
from his medical provider stating that he could return to work without restriction [Id.].
Defendant’s Human Resources Manager, Kathy Howerton (“Ms. Howerton”), stated that if the
doctor’s note included restrictions, then the ADAA process would be triggered [Doc. 29-15 p. 3].
As part of this process, Dr. Radoff sent Defendant three letters regarding Plaintiff returning to
work. In a letter dated November 12, 2020, Dr. Radoff stated Plaintiff could “return to work as
his usual occupation” and that Plaintiff’s “work stress can be triggering more seizures” thus
“minimizing work stress could be beneficial for him” [Doc. 28-13 (“First Letter”)]. On November

30, 2020, Ms. Howerton called Plaintiff to discuss Dr. Radoff’s letter [Doc. 28-14]. Ms.
Howerton’s notes from that conversation indicate that Plaintiff raised concerns about needing to
sleep and having more structure and that Plaintiff believes overtime at the last minute is causing
him stress [Id.]. Ms. Howerton advised Plaintiff that “we need to understand what the doctor
means by stating, ‘minimizing work stress’” [Id.]. Ms. Howerton indicated that she would email
Plaintiff a reasonable accommodation request form and Plaintiff’s job description to share with
Dr. Radoff [Id.].
On December 2, 2020, Plaintiff submitted a Reasonable Accommodation Request Form
requesting structured hours and to be notified of overtime hours in advance [Doc. 28-15]. In
response to the question asking what, if any, job function he was having difficulty performing,

Plaintiff wrote “none” [Id.].
In his second letter to Defendant, dated December 4, 2020, Dr. Radoff stated that Plaintiff
is taking anticonvulsant medication, is compliant with that medication, and has not had any recent
seizure activity [Doc. 28-17 (“Second Letter”)]. Dr. Radoff clarified that Plaintiff does not require
any physical limitations but that he “needs to work a maximum of 65 hours per week” and that
Plaintiff could return to his usual work on December 13, 2020 [Id.]. In response, Defendant sent
Dr. Radoff a letter dated December 22, 2020, asking the following questions:
1) Are these anticonvulsant medications new to [Plaintiff]?

2) Was he taking these anticonvulsant medications at the times he
passed out on the job?
3) Can these medications be taken while operating industrial
equipment?

4) What stressors at work need to be avoided?
[Doc. 28-19]. On January 5, 2021, Ms. Howerton emailed Plaintiff stating that she had sent Dr.
Radoff the letter but had not yet heard back from his office [Doc. 28-18]. Plaintiff responded on
January 7, 2021, and stated that he had sent the paperwork to Dr. Radoff and that the doctor “has
[him] out until January 19th now” because he has an appointment with Dr. Radoff on January 18
[Id.].
Dr. Radoff sent Defendant a third letter dated January 7, 2021, in which he wrote:
In response to your questions: question 1, these anticonvulsant
medications are not new to [Plaintiff]; question 2, he was taking
these anticonvulsant medications when he passed out on the job; #3,
can these medications be used while operating industrial equipment,
probably yes, but depending on side effects such as somnolence or
dizziness for example, it would not be safe for him to operate
industrial equipment.
Stressors that need to be avoided would include fatigue,
nervousness, and sudden noises, for example.
[Doc. 28-21 (“Third Letter”)].
Defendant terminated Plaintiff’s employment on January 28, 2021 [Doc. 29-7]. Ms.
Howerton’s call log reflects that she advised Plaintiff that Defendant was unable to “accommodate
his restrictions and employment was terminated” [Id.]. Ms. Howerton also noted: “Carl’s medical
restrictions state it is not safe for him to work in an industrial manufacturing. See letter from Dr.
Radoff dated Jan. 7, 2021” [Id.].
II. POSITIONS OF THE PARTIES
Defendant filed a Motion for Summary Judgment [Doc. 27], contending that there are no
genuine issues of material fact and that it is entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law on
Plaintiff’s claims. First, Defendant argues that Plaintiff cannot establish a prima facie case of
discrimination under the ADAA because he poses a direct threat and therefore cannot demonstrate
that he is a “qualified individual” [Doc. 28 pp. 11–15]. Defendant maintains that Plaintiff posed a
direct threat to himself and others because his epilepsy is a lifelong condition that cannot be
controlled by medicine, he has had multiple seizures at work, at least one of which resulted in him

being hospitalized, and the “evidence indicates that the risk of harm was imminent” [Id. at 13–14;
Doc. 31 pp. 4–7]. Second, Defendant argues that it was justified in terminating Plaintiff’s
employment because his proposed accommodations were unreasonable [Doc. 28 p. 15; Doc. 31 p.
3 n.3]. Based on Dr. Radoff’s Third Letter, Defendant “determined it was unsafe for Plaintiff to
work in an industrial environment” and that Plaintiff is unable to show that there were reasonable
accommodations that could have made the worksite safe for him [Doc. 28 p. 16]. Finally,
Defendant contends that there is no evidence to show that Plaintiff’s proposed restrictions, namely
limiting him to sixty-five hours of work per week with advanced notice of any changes or overtime,
would have prevented him from having seizures at work [Id. at 17–18; Doc. 31 p. 4].
Plaintiff filed a Response [Doc. 29], arguing that he has established a prima facie case of

disability discrimination because he can show that he is otherwise qualified for his position despite
his disability [id. at 7]. Plaintiff contends that this element is “not onerous, but one easily met”
and that he is able to meet this standard as evidenced by Dr. Radoff’s letters that repeatedly state
that Plaintiff is clear to return to work [Id. at 8–9 (quoting Nguyen v. City of Cleveland, 229 F.3d
559, 563 (6th Cir. 2000))]. Although Dr. Radoff’s Third Letter stated that it would be unsafe for
Plaintiff to operate industrial equipment if he experienced certain side effects of his seizure
medication such as somnolence and dizziness, Plaintiff argues that he has never experienced those
side effects while taking his medication and that Defendant never inquired whether he had
experienced these side effects [Id. at 10]. Plaintiff also argues that Defendant cannot show that
Plaintiff poses a “direct threat” based on the objective medical evidence available because Dr.
Radoff’s letters state that Plaintiff could return to work and Defendant is unable to show that
Plaintiff poses a substantial risk of harm to himself or others [Id. at 12–14].
III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

Summary judgment under Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure is proper “if the
movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). The moving party bears the burden of
establishing that no genuine issues of material fact exist. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317,
330 n. 2 (1986); Moore v. Philip Morris Cos., Inc., 8 F.3d 335, 339 (6th Cir. 1993). All facts and
all inferences to be drawn therefrom must be viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving
party. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986); Burchett
v. Kiefer, 301 F.3d 937, 942 (6th Cir. 2002).
“Once the moving party presents evidence sufficient to support a motion under Rule 56,
the nonmoving party is not entitled to a trial merely on the basis of allegations.” Curtis v. Universal

Match Corp., 778 F. Supp. 1421, 1423 (E.D. Tenn. 1991) (citing Celotex, 477 U.S. at 317). To
establish a genuine issue as to the existence of a particular element, the non-moving party must
point to evidence in the record upon which a reasonable finder of fact could find in its favor.
Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). The genuine issue must also be
material; that is, it must involve facts that might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing
law. Id.
The Court’s function at the point of summary judgment is limited to determining whether
sufficient evidence has been presented to make the issue of fact a proper question for the finder of
fact. Id. at 250. The Court does not weigh the evidence or determine the truth of the matter. Id.
at 249. Nor does the Court search the record “to establish that it is bereft of a genuine issue of
material fact.” Street v. J.C. Bradford & Co., 886 F.2d 1472, 1479-80 (6th Cir. 1989). Thus, “the
inquiry performed is the threshold inquiry of determining whether there is a need for a trial—
whether, in other words, there are any genuine factual issues that properly can be resolved only by

a finder of fact because they may reasonably be resolved in favor of either party.” Anderson, 477
U.S. at 250.
IV. ANALYSIS
Plaintiff brings two claims under the ADAA – failure to accommodate and disability
discrimination. For the reasons explained below, the Court finds that Defendant has not met its
burden of showing that there are no genuine issues of material fact on either claim. See Fed. R.
Civ. P. 56(a).
“The ADA[A] makes it unlawful for an employer to ‘discriminate against a qualified
individual on the basis of a disability.’” Rorrer v. City of Stow, 743 F.3d 1025, 1038 (6th Cir.
2014) (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 12112(a)). “An employer must provide reasonable accommodations

for the known limitations of an otherwise qualified employee with a disability, unless doing so
would impose an undue hardship.” Siewertsen v. Worthington Steel Co., 134 F. Supp. 3d 1091,
1101 (N.D. Ohio 2015) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 12112(b)(5)(A)), aff’d sub nom. 783 F. App’x 563 (6th
Cir. 2019). To prevail on a claim under the ADAA, a plaintiff must show that he is (1) disabled
and (2) “‘otherwise qualified’ for the position despite . . . [his] disability: (a) without
accommodation from the employer; (b) with an alleged ‘essential’ job requirement eliminated; or
(c) with a proposed reasonable accommodation.” Veith v. Tyson Fresh Meat, Inc., No. 3:19-CV-
01065, 2022 WL 1231229, at *4 (M.D. Tenn. Apr. 26, 2022) (citation omitted) (quoting Wyatt v.
Nissan N. Am., Inc., 999 F.3d 400 (6th Cir. 2021)).
The Court will first address the failure to accommodate claim and then turn to the disability
discrimination claim.
A. Failure to Accommodate
The traditional McDonnell Douglas burden shifting approach for discrimination cases is
not applicable to a failure to accommodate claim.2 Veith, 2022 WL 1231229, at *4 (“ADA claims

premised on a failure to accommodate ‘necessarily involve direct evidence and the [McDonnell-
Douglas] burden shifting approach is not applicable.’” (footnote omitted) (quoting Fisher v.
Nissan N. Am., Inc., 951 F.3d 409, 416 (6th Cir. 2020))). This is because the ADAA defines
“discrimination” as the failure to accommodate, which means “if the fact-finder accepts the
employee’s version of the facts, no inference is necessary to conclude that the employee has proven
this form of discrimination.” Kleiber v. Honda of Am. Mfg., Inc., 485 F.3d 862, 868 (6th Cir. 2007)
(citation omitted).
Under the direct evidence framework for failure to accommodate claims under the ADAA,
the plaintiff bears the burden of establishing “(1) that he is disabled, and (2) that he is ‘otherwise

qualified’ for the position despite his . . . disability: (a) without accommodation from the employer;

2 Under the McDonnell Douglas framework for a Title VII discrimination claim, once a
plaintiff makes out a prima facie case of discrimination, the burden shifts to the defendant “‘to
articulate some legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for’ the adverse employment action.” Redlin
v. Grosse Pointe Pub. Sch. Sys., 921 F.3d 599, 606–07 (6th Cir. 2019) (quoting White v. Baxter
Healthcare Corp., 533 F.3d 381, 397 n.9 (6th Cir. 2008) (citations omitted). “Should the defendant
do so, the plaintiff then must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the stated reasons were
a pretext for discrimination.” Id. To prevail on a failure to accommodate claim, a plaintiff must
make out a prima facie case of discrimination “but a plaintiff that does so need not survive the
second and third stages of an indirect-evidence analysis under McDonnell Douglas, because
McDonnell Douglas is simply inapplicable.” Veith, 2022 WL 1231229, at *4. Nevertheless, a
form of burden shifting is contemplated even under the direct-evidence approach as further
explained above. Id. at *4 n.4.
(b) with an alleged ‘essential’ job requirement eliminated; or (c) with a proposed reasonable
accommodation.” Fisher, 951 F.3d at 417 (citation omitted) (quoting Kleiber, 485 F.3d at 869).
If the plaintiff establishes these elements, then the burden shifts to the defendant to “prov[e] that a
challenged job criterion is essential, and therefore a business necessity, or that a proposed

accommodation will impose an undue hardship upon” the defendant. Kleiber, 485 F.3d at 869.
The court in Veith applied this standard to a motion for summary judgment stating:
[T]he question is whether the defendant has shown that the plaintiff
cannot raise a genuine dispute of material fact as to either (i) the
non-existence of at least one of the two elements of the plaintiff’s
prima facie case, or, alternatively, (ii) the existence of at least one
of the two alternative defenses. A defendant can choose either (a)
to focus only on the initial showing that plaintiff cannot establish a
prima facie case; (b) to make each of the above two showings in
turn, or (c) to skip the first option and proceed directly to attempting
to show that there is no genuine dispute as to the applicability of one
of the defenses.
Veith, 2022 WL 1231229, at *4.
Neither party disputes that Plaintiff is disabled [See Doc. 22 ¶ 32; Doc. 28 p. 12]. Instead,
the parties only disagree whether Plaintiff is “otherwise qualified” for his position as an A Tech
as a result of his disability. Defendant argues that Plaintiff is not a “qualified individual” because
(1) his proposed accommodations would not be effective in preventing or mitigating his seizures
[Doc. 28 pp. 15–18]; (2) he could not safely perform the essential functions of his job because
Defendant could not control sudden loud noises, and it was not safe for Plaintiff to work in an
industrial environment [id. at 8–9; Doc. 30 pp. 2–4]; and (3) he poses a direct threat [Doc. 28 pp.
12–15]. Plaintiff responds that (1) he is able to perform the essential functions of his job with the
reasonable accommodations he requested as evidenced by Dr. Radoff’s letters that repeatedly
stated Plaintiff could return to work [Doc. 29 pp. 9–11]; (2) he could wear noise canceling
headphones to protect against sudden noises, but Defendant did not further engage in the
interactive process to determine such an accommodation [id. at 24–25], and Dr. Radoff’s Third
Letter never concluded that it was unsafe for him to work in an industrial environment [id. at 17–
18]; and (3) Defendant cannot show that he is a direct threat based on the medical evidence on
record [id. at 13–18].3

In discussing whether Plaintiff is “otherwise qualified” for his position, the Court will
consider whether Plaintiff has shown that the requested accommodations were reasonable to
perform his job and whether Defendant has shown that the requested accommodation eliminates
an essential job function or poses an undue hardship. The Court will separately address
Defendant’s argument that Plaintiff posed a direct threat.
1. “Otherwise Qualified”
“The term ‘qualified individual’ means an individual who, with or without reasonable
accommodation, can perform the essential functions of the employment position that such
individual holds or desires.” 42 U.S.C.A. § 12111 (West). “Whether a job function is essential is
a question of fact that is typically not suitable for resolution on a motion for summary judgment.”
Keith v. Cnty. of Oakland, 703 F.3d 918, 925–26 (6th Cir. 2013) (citation omitted). “When

accommodation is necessary to enable a plaintiff to perform the essential functions of the position
in question, it is the plaintiff’s burden to propose an accommodation that is ‘objectively
reasonable.’” Id. at 927 (quoting Kleiber, 485 F.3d at 870).
Here, Plaintiff’s requested accommodations were to work a maximum of sixty-five hours
per week [Doc. 28-17] and be provided advanced notice of overtime [Doc. 28-15]. Defendant
argues that Plaintiff has not provided evidence to show that it could have made the worksite safe

3 Plaintiff also argues in a footnote that Defendant’s return to work policy was illegal in that
it required Plaintiff to return without any restrictions [Doc. 29 p. 16 n.3]. Defendant denies that it
has a “100% healed” policy [Doc. 31 pp. 8–9]. In light of the Court’s findings above, the
undersigned does not need to address this issue.
by limiting Plaintiff’s hours per week and providing advanced notice of overtime because doing
so in the past has not proven to prevent Plaintiff’s seizures [Doc. 28 pp. 16–17]. Defendant points
to the fact that two of Plaintiff’s seizures that occurred at work happened the day he returned from
weeklong vacations and when Plaintiff was given advanced notice of his hours [Doc. 28-1 pp. 26,

32–35]. However, all three of Dr. Radoff’s letters stated that Plaintiff could return to work and
the Second and Third Letters include the proposed accommodations of working a maximum of
sixty-five hours per week and to avoid stressors including fatigue, nervousness, and sudden noises
[Docs. 28-13; 28-17; 28-21]. In addition, Plaintiff points out that while his hours may have been
preplanned leading up to his seizures, that does not mean that they were not communicated to him
on short notice [Doc. 29 pp. 23–24 n.6]. According to Plaintiff, on October 17, 2020, he asked to
go home because he was tired, but his request was denied [Id. at 24 n.6 (citing Doc. 29–14 pp. 12–
13)]. He then suffered a seizure [Id.].
Moreover, there is evidence upon which a reasonable juror could find it was reasonable to
limit Plaintiff to sixty-five hours of work per week and provide advanced notice of overtime. Ms.

Howerton stated in her deposition that Defendant’s goal is to keep employees under sixty-five
hours and that a regular week is forty hours [Doc. 29-15 p. 10]. Ms. Howerton also stated that
Defendant has a production meeting every Wednesday to determine whether employees will need
to work overtime that coming week [Id. at 8]. Defendant’s Team Leader, James Guinn4 (“Mr.
Guinn”) stated in his deposition that there were other people available for overtime besides
Plaintiff and that if he “was told that [he] wasn’t allowed to call [Plaintiff], then [he] would have
had to go to the next person” to see if they were available to work overtime [Doc. 29-16 pp. 5–6].

4 Mr. Guinn, as Team Leader, is responsible for “filling vacanc[ies] on his shift when
someone failed to show for their shift” [Doc. 29 p. 21].
Based on the depositions of Ms. Howerton and Mr. Guinn, the Court finds that Plaintiff has put
forth sufficient facts showing that limiting him to sixty-five hours of work per week and giving
him advanced notice of overtime were reasonable accommodations [See Doc. 29-15 p. 10; Doc.
29-16 pp. 5–6]. See Blanchet v. Charter Commc’ns, LLC, 27 F.4th 1221, 1230 (6th Cir. 2022) (“A

reasonable jury could find that [the plaintiff’s] proposed accommodation was reasonable from the
fact that [the defendant] considered it reasonable.”).5
The burden now shifts to Defendant to show that Plaintiff’s requested accommodations
eliminate an essential job function or pose an undue hardship. See Fisher, 951 F.3d at 417. First,
Defendant contends that the “[t]he ability to work overtime, including overtime on very short
notice, was an essential function of the job” [Doc. 28 p. 3 (citations omitted)]. The job description
for the A Tech position on the CVJ line includes being able to work any shift and overtime [Doc.
28-3]. In determining essential functions “consideration shall be given to the employer’s judgment
as to what functions of a job are essential, and if an employer has prepared a written description
before advertising or interviewing applicants for the job, this description shall be considered

evidence of the essential functions of the job.” 42 U.S.C.A. § 12111 (West); see also 29 C.F.R. §
1630.2 (“Evidence of whether a particular job function is essential includes [among other things]
. . . (i) The employer’s judgment as to which functions are essential; [and] (ii) Written job
descriptions prepared before advertising or interviewing applicants for the job[.]”).6

5 Defendant also argues that “Plaintiff has offered no evidence that he was qualified to safely
perform the essential function of his job” beyond his own personal assessment [Doc. 31 p. 4 (citing
cases holding that a plaintiff’s opinion of his/her own abilities is insufficient to show that a plaintiff
is qualified to perform the essential functions of their job)]. The Court has reviewed the cited
cases and finds them distinguishable because Plaintiff does not solely rely on his own assessment
but also relies on Dr. Radoff’s opinion [See Docs. 28-13, 28-17, and 28-21].

6 The Code of Federal Regulations provides further detail regarding when a job function is
essential. 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2. A job function may be considered essential because: (1) “the reason
the position exists is to perform that function”; (2) “of the limited number of employees available
The job description provided by Defendant, however, does not state that the employee must
be able to work any shift back-to-back nor does it define short notice [Doc. 28-3]. Further, Plaintiff
did not request to only work certain shifts or to not work overtime. Instead, he requested that he
work a maximum of sixty-five hours per week and to only work overtime when given advanced

notice [Doc. 28-21]. Further, as mentioned above, Plaintiff has submitted evidence showing that
Defendant could have accommodated his requests [See Doc. 29-15 pp. 8, 10; Doc. 29-16 pp. 5–6].
The Court therefore finds that Defendant has not shown how these requests conflict with an
essential function of the position. Rorrer v. City of Stow, 743 F.3d 1025, 1043 (6th Cir. 2014)
(“Determining whether a function is essential ‘is a question of fact that is typically not suitable for
resolution on a motion for summary judgment.’” (quoting Keith, 703 F.3d at 926)).
Second, Defendant argues that it determined that it was unsafe for Plaintiff to work in an
industrial environment. Pointing to the Third Letter, it explains that even if it granted Plaintiff’s
requested accommodations, Dr. Radoff provided an additional restriction—avoid sudden noises—
which it cannot control [Doc. 28 pp. 16–17].7 Defendant’s argument misses the mark. Defendant

has provided evidence showing that sudden noises are beyond its control at the facility [See Doc.
28-9 p. 18 (Ms. Howerton explaining the constant sudden noises; Doc. 28-16 p. 4 (Mr. Guinn
explaining that “[e]very line in the building has machine alarms” which sounds when the machine
“faults out and goes down”)]. The question, however, is whether there is a reasonable
accommodation so that Plaintiff can perform his job function despite the sudden noises. And here,

among whom the performance of that job function can be distributed; and/or” (3) “[t]he function
may be highly specialized so that the incumbent in the position is hired for his or her expertise or
ability to perform the particular function.” Id. (listing eight pieces of evidence for consideration).

7 Dr. Radoff also noted that Plaintiff would need to avoid fatigue and nervousness [Doc. 28-
21 p. 2]. The parties, however, do not sufficiently address these restrictions, and Defendant only
conclusively asserts that it cannot control them [Doc. 31 p. 3].
Plaintiff suggests that he could have worn noise-canceling headphones or some other protective
device [Doc. 29 p. 24].8 Defendant has not shown any undue burden with allowing Plaintiff to
wear headphones.9 See Fisher, 951 F.3d at 419 (noting that if one of the plaintiff’s
“accommodations passes muster, summary judgment in [the defendant’s] favor is not

appropriate”).
Defendant compares this case to Brown v. Milwaukee Board of School Directors, 855 F.3d
818 (7th Cir. 2017), but the Court finds this case not applicable. In Brown, the plaintiff was an
assistant principal whose medical restrictions precluded her from working near unruly students.
Id. at 821. The Seventh Circuit held that being around potentially unruly students was part of the
work environment and was as essential function of the job that could not be modified. Id. at 826–
27. Here, while both Ms. Howerton’s and Mr. Guinn’s depositions provide support that the
workplace has sudden noises, Plaintiff, unlike that in Brown, suggests a reasonable
accommodation [Doc. 29 p. 24].
Finally, Defendant argues that Dr. Radoff’s letter did not unequivocally state that it was

safe for Plaintiff to return but stated that it was unsafe for Plaintiff to work in an industrial
environment [Doc. 28 p. 9]. Dr. Radoff’s letters stated multiple times with his recommended

8 The Court notes that Plaintiff did not request to wear such a protective device as part of the
interactive process, nor did Dr. Radoff suggest that specific accommodation. However, a “plaintiff
must explicitly request an accommodation, unless the employer otherwise knew that one was
needed.” Jones v. Nationwide Life Ins., 696 F.3d 78, 89 (1st Cir. 2012). Further, part of the
interactive process requires the employer to engage in good faith and “conduct an ‘individualized
inquiry’ into possible accommodations. King v. Steward Trumbull Mem’l Hosp., Inc., 30 F.4th
551, 564 (6th Cir. 2022). Based on Dr. Radoff’s letters, Defendant knew Plaintiff required an
accommodation regarding sudden noises, but there is no evidence that the interactive process
continued after Defendant learned of that requirement. Id. (citation omitted).

9 Notably, the job description for an A Tech states that personal protective equipment is
required, including mandatory hearing protection [See Doc. 28-3 p. 2].
accommodations, “[Plaintiff] can return to work as his usual occupation” [Doc. 28-13]. Further,
Dr. Radoff’s Third Letter does not state that it is unsafe for Plaintiff to work in an industrial
environment; it states that if Plaintiff is experiencing certain side effects, such as somnolence or
dizziness, from his medication that it would be unsafe for him to “operate industrial equipment”

[Doc. 28-21]. And Plaintiff stated in his deposition that he has never experienced dizziness or
drowsiness from his medication [Doc. 28-1 p. 15].10
To the extent that working in an industrial environment with sudden noises is an essential
function of the A Tech position, Defendant has not shown that Plaintiff’s requested
accommodations would infringe on the essential function and would not make it safe for him to
work in that environment.
2. Direct Threat
Defendant argues that Plaintiff poses a “direct threat” because (1) epilepsy is a lifelong
condition, (2) Plaintiff has had seizures on the job in which he has been injured and taken to the
hospital, and (3) these instances show that he poses a risk of future seizures in an industrial

environment and that the “risk of harm was imminent” [Doc. 28 pp. 13–14]. Plaintiff argues that
Defendant is not able to show that he poses a direct threat because Dr. Radoff’s letters do not
provide enough information to meet the elements [Doc. 29 pp. 12–18].
“A disabled employee is not ‘otherwise qualified’ for a job if he poses a ‘direct threat’ to
the health or safety of others that a reasonable accommodation cannot eliminate.” Siewertsen, 134

10 Defendant states that Plaintiff admitted during his deposition that his medication makes
him sleep [Doc. 28 p. 9 n.25 (citing Doc. 28-1 p. 23)]. In considering Plaintiff’s testimony as a
whole, it is not clear if Plaintiff meant that he took the medication to make him sleep and that it
does not leave him feeling drowsy when he wakes. Regardless, these are facts for the jury to
consider.
F. Supp. 3d at 1106 (citing 42 U.S.C. § 12111(3)).11 “The direct threat defense must be based on
a reasonable medical judgment that relies on the most current medical knowledge and/or the best
available objective evidence, and upon an expressly individualized assessment of the individual’s
present ability to safely perform the essential functions of the job.” Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v.

Echazabal, 536 U.S. 73, 86 (2002) (internal quotation marks omitted). “[A]n employer can not
disqualify an applicant simply because of a slightly increased risk of harm.” Backhaus v. Gen.
Motors LLC, 54 F. Supp. 3d 741, 751 (E.D. Mich. 2014). “The risk must be highly probable and
the harm must be substantial.” Id. Four factors are considered in determining whether an
individual poses a direct threat: “(1) the duration of the risk; (2) the nature and severity of the
potential harm; (3) the likelihood that the potential harm will occur; and (4) the imminence of the
potential harm.” Id. (citing 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(r)).12
The Court finds that there are genuine issues of material fact regarding whether Plaintiff is
a direct threat. Plaintiff acknowledges that he has had seizures at work [Doc. 29 pp. 15–16].
Defendant argues Dr. Radoff’s Third Letter “made clear that Plaintiff could not safely work in its

industrial environment” [Doc. 28 p. 14]. As noted above, Dr. Radoff’s Third Letter stated that
Plaintiff could not “operate industrial equipment” if he experienced certain side effects [Doc. 28-
21]. And his letters state that he could return to work [Docs. 28-13; 28-17; 28-21]. Dr. Radoff
added certain restrictions discussed above, and “there is no direct threat defense if the employer

11 “There remains some uncertainty in the Sixth Circuit as to which party bears the burden in
the direct threat analysis.” Hartmann v. Graham Packaging Co., L.P., No. 1:19-CV-488, 2022
WL 219385, at *11 (S.D. Ohio Jan. 25, 2022) (citing Wurzel v. Whirlpool Corp., 482 F. App’x 1,
12 n.14 (6th Cir. 2012)). The Court does not need to address this issue because regardless of which
party possesses the burden, there are genuine issues of material fact on whether Plaintiff poses a
direct threat.

12 Defendant does not analyze all of these factors in its brief, nor does it address Plaintiff’s
requested accommodations.
could have made ‘reasonable accommodation[s].’” Moses v. Am. Nonwovens, Inc., 97 F.3d 446,
447 (11th Cir. 1996) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 12113(a)). In light of the above, the Court finds that the
jury must weigh and consider these issues 13
B. Disability Discrimination

With respect to Plaintiff’s claim of disability discrimination, the McDonnell-Douglas
burden shifting framework is applicable. See Hrdlicka v. Gen. Motors, LLC, 63 F.4th 555, 566
(6th Cir. 2023) (citation omitted) (“Courts use the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework
when a plaintiff uses circumstantial evidence to establish disability discrimination under the
ADA[.]”). To show disability discrimination, Plaintiff must show: (1) that he is an individual with
a disability; (2) that he is otherwise qualified for the position he seeks or holds; and (3) that he was
excluded from the position under circumstances that raise a reasonable inference of unlawful

13 Defendant contends that courts have found that employees pose a direct threat in similar
situations [Doc. 28 pp. 14–15 (citing to cases finding plaintiff posed a direct threat)]. The Court
has reviewed the cases cited by Defendant and finds them inapposite because the plaintiffs therein
were found to be a direct threat based off of the objective medical evidence and there was no
medical evidence that supported the view that the plaintiffs were not a direct threat. Cf. Moses v.
Am. Nonwovens, Inc., 97 F. 3d 446 (11th Cir. 1996); Wurzel, 482 F. App’x 1 (6th Cir. 2012);
Hutton v. Elf Atochem N. Am., Inc., 273 F.3d 884 (9th Cir. 2001); Darnell v. Thermafiber, Inc.,
417 F.3d 657 (7th Cir. 2005); Gardner v. Univ. of Conn. Health Ctr., No. 3:12-cv-01168-GWC,
2016 WL 4582039 (D. Conn. Sept. 1, 2016).

Relatedly, Defendant argues that a conclusory doctor’s note is not sufficient to show
Plaintiff is not a direct threat [Doc. 31 pp. 6–7]. The Court finds that the caselaw Defendant cites
in support of this argument does not lead to this conclusion. See Connors v. Life Ins. Co. of N.
Am., 2013 WL 1626797 (S.D. Ohio Apr. 16, 2013) (doctor was not aware of the plaintiff’s job);
Revels v. Lucent Techs., Inc., 60 F. App’x 740 (10th Cir. 2003) (the plaintiff was terminated
because she did not provide a doctor’s note clearing her to work in compliance with the defendant’s
policy); Holtzclaw v. DSC Commc’n Corp., 255 F.3d 254 (5th Cir. 2001) (doctor’s note was based
on the plaintiff’s own assertions that were contradicted by the plaintiff’s sworn statement that he
was completely disabled); Weigel v. Target Stores, 122 F.3d 461 (7th Cir. 1997) (the plaintiff
represented herself as completely disabled for Social Security benefits); Michael v. City of Troy
Police Dep’t, 808 F.3d 304 (6th Cir. 2015) (the doctor’s note stated the plaintiff could not safely
perform his job).
discrimination.” Bradshaw v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 485 F. Supp. 2d 821, 826 (N.D. Ohio
2007) (citing Pesterfield v. Tenn. Valley Auth., 941 F.2d 437, 441 (6th Cir. 1991)). If the plaintiff
establishes a prima facie case, the burden shifts to the defendant to show a legitimate and non-
discriminatory reason for its actions. Id. at 827 (citations omitted). Finally, if the defendant does

make such a showing, then plaintiff must rebut the proffered reason by producing evidence to show
the proffered reason is only a pretext for unlawful discrimination. Id. (citations omitted).
The parties do not dispute the first element (i.e., whether Plaintiff has a disability).
Defendant argues, however, that Plaintiff cannot establish all the elements of a prima facie case of
disability discrimination because he is not otherwise qualified. As discussed above, Plaintiff has
put forth sufficient evidence showing that he is otherwise qualified with reasonable
accommodations. See supra Section IV.A.1. It is undisputed that Plaintiff was terminated from
his job [See Doc. 28 p. 1; Doc. 29 p. 6], that Defendant knew of Plaintiff’s disability when it hired
him [Doc. 28 p. 2 n.3 (citing Doc. 28-2, Pre-Employment Physical Results Form)], and that
Defendant fired Plaintiff for a reason relating to his disability [Id. at 1; Doc. 29-7]. Together, these

facts raise a reasonable inference of unlawful discrimination.
Defendant claims that it terminated Plaintiff’s employment because it could not
accommodate “his restrictions” to make it safe for him to work in an industrial environment [Doc.
29-7]. For the same reasons as articulated above, the Court finds that Defendant has not met its
burden. Even if this was sufficient to meet its burden, the Court finds that Plaintiff has sufficiently
shown that this reasoning may have been a pretext for unlawful discrimination. Plaintiff points
out that Defendant did not follow up with Dr. Radoff as to whether Plaintiff experienced any side
effects from his seizure medication [Doc. 29 pp. 14–15]. Further, Dr. Radoff’s Third Letter does
not say that it is unsafe for Plaintiff to work in an industrial environment; it says that if Plaintiff is
experiencing certain side effects from his medication that it would be unsafe for him to “operate
industrial equipment” [Doc. 28-21]. Therefore, the Court finds that a reasonable jury could find
that Plaintiff was terminated on the basis of his disability from his position that he was otherwise
qualified to hold with reasonable accommodations.
V. CONCLUSION
Accordingly, for the reasons explained above, the Court DENIES Defendant’s Motion for
Summary Judgment [Doc. 27].
IT ISSO ORDERED.
ENTER: _
/ Tels ra
Debra C. Poplin WJ
United States Magistrate Judge

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10435776. Public record. Not legal advice.