# XIAO v. SICHUAN GOURMET LLC

> District Court, W.D. Pennsylvania · March 18, 2022

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10417526

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, W.D. Pennsylvania
- **Decided:** March 18, 2022
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10417526

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- recognizing single employer theory in FLSA context but determining that Plaintiffs had failed to plead basic information necessary to demonstrate that the defendants were liable as Plaintiffs’ employers under any theory of liability

## Opinion text

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
WENLIN XIAO )
on his own behalf and on behalf of others )
similarly situated, )
)
Plaintiff, ) 2:21-cv-00482
)
v. )
)
SICHUAN GOURMET LLC, et al., )
)
Defendants. )
OPINION
Mark R. Hornak, Chief United States District Judge
In this putative collective and class action, Plaintiff brings wage and hour law claims
against four (4) enterprise Defendants and six (6) individual Defendants who are associated with
those enterprises. One (1) enterprise Defendant, Sichuan Gourmet LLC, and one (1) individual
Defendant, Weixiang You, have filed an Answer. (ECF No. 50.) The remaining Defendants
(“Moving Defendants”) have filed a Motion to Dismiss under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), arguing
that the Amended Complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted with respect
to the Moving Defendants. (ECF No. 51.) For the reasons stated below, the Court GRANTS the
Moving Defendants’ Motion with respect to each of the Moving Defendants other that Sichuan
Gourmet II LLC. The Motion to Dismiss with respect to Sichuan Gourmet II LLC is DENIED.
I. BACKGROUND
This case involves allegations of unfair labor practices in violation of the Fair Labor
Standards Act (“FLSA”) and Pennsylvania Minimum Wage Act of 1968 (“PAMWA”). (ECF No.
38, at 2.)1 On April 9, 2021, Plaintiff filed suit against ten (10) Defendants, including four (4)
enterprise Defendants—Sichuan Gourmet LLC (“SG I”), Sichuan Gourmet II LLC (“SG II”),

Lotus Food Inc, and OC Partners LLC—and six (6) individual Defendants—Weixiang You,
Yongjun Zhang, Yongpeng Xia, Zhong Zhuang, Kuohwa Wang, and Taimei Wang. (ECF No. 1.)
On June 23, 2021, all ten (10) Defendants filed a Motion to Dismiss for Insufficient Service
of Process or Failure to State a Claim. (ECF No. 22.) Plaintiff sought leave to Amend on July 7,
2021, (ECF No. 33), which this Court granted on July 12, 2021, (ECF No. 36). Plaintiff then filed
the First Amended Complaint (“the Amended Complaint”) on August 6, 2021. (ECF No. 38.)
On October 11, 2021, Defendants SG I and Weixiang You filed an Answer. (ECF No. 50.)
That same day, the remaining Defendants—SG II, Lotus Food Inc, OC Partners LLC, Yongjun
Zhang, Yongpeng Xia, Zhong Zhuang, Kuohwa Wang, and Taimei Wang (“Moving

Defendants”)—filed a Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim (“Motion to Dismiss”), along
with a supporting brief and affidavit. (ECF Nos. 51–53.) On October 25, 2021, Plaintiff filed a
Brief in Opposition (“Response”) and supporting affidavit. (ECF Nos. 55, 56.) Defendants did not
file a Reply or otherwise indicate an intention to respond to Plaintiff’s Response. The Court has

1 29 U.S.C. § 201 et seq. and 43 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 333.101 et seq., respectively. The Court notes that while there are
also references in the Amended Complaint to the Pennsylvania Wage Payment and Collection Law (“WPCL”), 43 Pa.
Cons. Stat. § 260.1 et seq., these references are limited to the Introduction, Statement of Facts, and Prayer for Relief.
(ECF No. 38, at 2–3, 12, 21.) There is no mention of the WPCL in either Count I or Count II of the Statement of
Claims. (Id. at 17–19.) The Court also notes that neither party references the WPCL in the briefing regarding the
current Motion to Dismiss. (ECF Nos. 52, 55.) The Court therefore does not address the WPCL in this Opinion because
no claim is based on it.
determined that oral argument is not necessary to resolve the Motion, and it is now ripe for
disposition.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
A. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure Rule 12(b)(6)
Under Rule 12(b)(6), the Court may dismiss a complaint for “failure to state a claim upon

which relief can be granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). Detailed factual allegations are not required
to survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, but “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action”
is insufficient. Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). “[M]ere conclusory
statements” similarly “do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing id. at
555). Instead, the plaintiff’s factual allegations must “raise a right to relief above the speculative
level” and state a plausible claim for relief. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555–56. In order to cross “the
line between possibility and plausibility,” the complaint must do more than “plead[] facts that are
‘merely consistent with’ a defendant’s liability.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quoting id. at 557). The
Court should not dismiss a complaint, however, simply because it has provided an “imperfect

statement of the legal theory supporting the claim asserted.” Johnson v. City of Shelby, 574 U.S.
10, 11 (2014); see also Andrews v. Monroe Cnty. Transit Auth., 523 F. App'x 889, 891 (3d Cir.
2013) (“The Federal Rules do not require a plaintiff to set out a legal theory at the pleadings stage,
and courts have upheld a complaint against a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss even though the
plaintiff appeared to rely on an inappropriate theory.”).
The Third Circuit has operationalized the Iqbal and Twombly pleading standard through a
three-part framework. First, the Court “identif[ies] the elements of the claim.” Malleus v. George,
641 F.3d 560, 563 (3d Cir. 2011). Second, the Court “review[s] the complaint to strike conclusory
allegations.” Id. Third, the Court “look[s] at the well-pleaded components of the complaint and
evaluat[es] whether all of the elements identified in part one of the inquiry are sufficiently alleged.”
Id. Ultimately, the complaint must “show” that the plaintiff is entitled to relief based on the facts
that the Court must presume as true. See Fowler v. UPMC Shadyside, 578 F.3d 203, 210–11 (3d
Cir. 2009).
B. Theories of Liability

1. Requirement of employer-employee relationship
A threshold question in FLSA cases “is whether the plaintiff has alleged an actionable
employer-employee relationship.” Thompson v. Real Est. Mortg. Network, 748 F.3d 142, 148 (3d
Cir. 2014).2 The roles of employee and employer are broadly defined in the FLSA. Id.; see also In
re Enterprise Rent-A-Car Wage & Hour Emp. Pracs. Litig., 683 F.3d 462, 467 (3d Cir. 2012)
(“The FLSA defines employer ‘expansively,’ and with ‘striking breadth.’” (citation omitted) (first
quoting Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co. v. Darden, 503 U.S. 318, 326 (1992); and then quoting
Rutherford Food Corp. v. McComb, 331 U.S. 722, 730 (1947))). To “employ” is defined as “to
suffer or permit to work.” 29 U.S.C. § 203(g). An “employee” is “any individual employed by an

employer.” Id. § 203(e)(1). And an “employer” can be either a business entity or an individual—
it includes “any person acting directly or indirectly in the interest of an employer in relation to an
employee.” Id. § 203(d).
The Third Circuit has explained that in the context of the FLSA, “economic reality rather
than technical concepts is to be the test of employment.” In re Enterprise, 683 F.3d at 467 (quoting
Goldberg v. Whitaker House Co-op., Inc., 366 U.S. 28, 33 (1961)). District courts seeking to

2 The Motion to Dismiss and associated briefing focus exclusively on arguments related to the requirements of the
FLSA. As such, that is where the Court has directed the focus of this Opinion. The Court notes that Pennsylvania
courts look to the FLSA in interpreting the PMWA. Baum v. AstraZeneca LP, 372 F. App'x 246, 248 (3d Cir. 2010);
Whited v. New Cafe at Greystone Gardens, Civ. No. 3:18-cv-1811, 2020 WL 1271681, at *5 (M.D. Pa. Mar. 17,
2020); Bansept v. G & M Auto., 434 F. Supp. 3d 253, 258 (E.D. Pa. 2020).
determine whether an employee-employer relationship exists are directed to begin by analyzing
four (4) factors—specifically, the alleged employer’s:
1. Authority to hire and fire employees;
2. Authority to promulgate work rules and assignments, and set conditions of employment,
including compensation, benefits, and hours;
3. Day-to-day supervision, including employee discipline; and
4. Control of employee records, including payroll, insurance, taxes, and the like

Id. at 469. The Court will refer to these as the “Enterprise control factors.”
In re Enterprise makes clear that courts should consider the “total employment situation,”
and a court may conclude that an employment relationship exists even if all the factors do not point
in the same direction. Id. at 469, 471. Moreover, the Enterprise factors are not meant to be
exhaustive and should not be “blindly applied.” Id. at 469. Other “indicia of ‘significant control’”
which “do[] not fall neatly within one of the [four] factors” may be persuasive. Id. at 469–70. And
while the level of control must be “significant,” it need not be direct. Id. at 468 (citing NLRB. v.
Browning-Ferris Indus. of Pa., Inc., 691 F.2d 1117, 1124 (3d Cir. 1982)).
2. Joint employment under the FLSA
Under the FLSA, an individual may be considered an employee of multiple employers at
the same time. In re Enterprise, 683 F.3d at 467. These employers may be “separate and distinct,”
as when an employee works for a restaurant and an entirely unrelated clothing store. See id. But
they may also be considered “joint employers” under certain circumstances, a classification which,
among other things, allows for joint and several liability for violations of the FLSA. Thompson v.
Real Est. Mortg. Network, 748 F.3d 142, 148 (3d Cir. 2014). For example, employers may be
found to be “joint employers” where “both employers ‘exert significant control’ over the
employee” because “‘one employer controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with
the other employer.’” Id. (first quoting NLRB. v. Browning-Ferris Indus. of Pa., Inc., 691 F.2d
1117, 1124 (3d Cir. 1982); and then quoting 29 C.F.R. § 791.2(b)(3)) But in order to be considered
a joint employer of any given employee, each putative employer must meet the “significant
control” test outlined in In re Enterprise with respect to that employee. See id. at 149. That is, each
“joint employer” must first be an “employer.”
In addition to the corporate entity, “a company’s owners, officers, or supervisory personnel

may also constitute ‘joint employers’” under the FLSA. Id. at 153. Liability for individual actors
is appropriate where they “exercise[d] ‘supervisory authority over the complaining employee and
[were] responsible in whole or part for the alleged violation’ while acting in the employer’s
interest.” Id. (quoting Haybarger v. Lawrence Cnty. Adult Prob. & Parole, 667 F.3d 408, 417 (3d
Cir. 2012)).
As in the overall test for an employment relationship articulated in In re Enterprise, the

test for the status of individuals is functional—simply alleging that individual actors hold a certain
position in the corporate organizational chart is insufficient. See Mackereth v. Kooma, Inc., Civ.
No. 14-cv-4824, 2015 WL 2337273, at *7 (E.D. Pa. May 14, 2015) (“Plaintiffs must allege
something more than the mere positions of the individual defendants to show that they are
Plaintiffs' employers.”); Guzman v. Mana, Civ. No. 17-cv-2551, 2018 WL 10150989, at *3 (D.N.J.
Dec. 6, 2018) (granting motion to dismiss in favor of alleged owner where complaint was “devoid
of facts establishing that [he] had any interactions with Plaintiffs, let alone that he exercised
supervisory authority or was responsible for the alleged overtime violations”). Instead, the
individual must actually “exercise[] control over the [employee’s] work situation.” Haybarger,
667 F.3d at 417 (quoting Donovan v. Grim Hotel Co., 747 F.2d 966, 972 (5th Cir. 1984)). Such

control can be demonstrated through the Enterprise control factors discussed above. See id. at 418.
3. Single employer under the FLSA

In certain areas of labor and employment law, “two nominally separate entities” may be
considered to be “part of a single integrated enterprise so that, for all purposes, there is in fact only
a ‘single employer.’” NLRB. v. Browning-Ferris Indus. of Pa., Inc., 691 F.2d 1117, 1122 (3d Cir.
1982). This is a district theory from that of joint employment.3 Distinguishing the two theories in
the context of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), the Third Circuit has explained that while
a joint employment relationship may be found where there are multiple “independent legal entities
that have merely ‘historically chosen to handle jointly . . . important aspects of their employer-
employee relationship,’” a single employer exists where “two nominally independent enterprises,
in reality, constitute only one integrated enterprise.” Id. (quoting NLRB v. Checker Cab Co., 367
F.2d 692, 698 (6th Cir. 1966)).

3 It is also distinct from the concept of “enterprise coverage” under the FLSA. Initially, the FLSA only covered
employees who were themselves “engaged in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce.” Brennan v.
Arnheim & Neely, Inc., 410 U.S. 512, 517 (1973). This is referred to as the “individual coverage” provision. E.g.,
Raptis v. DPS Land Servs., LLC, Civ No. 19-cv-1262, 2020 WL 2572190, at *3 (W.D. Pa. May 21, 2020). When the
FLSA was amended in 1961, however, the “enterprise coverage” provision was added, which brought individuals
“employed in an enterprise engaged in commerce” under the FLSA’s wage and hour protections. Brennan, 410 U.S.
at 516–17. An “enterprise” is defined within the FLSA as “the related activities performed (either through unified
operation or common control) by any person or persons for a common business purpose, and includes all such activities
whether performed in one or more establishments or by one or more corporate or other organizational units including
departments of an establishment operated through leasing arrangements, but shall not include the related activities
performed for such enterprise by an independent contractor.” 29 U.S.C. § 203(r)(1). It excludes franchises and certain
other business arrangements not at issue here. Id. Notably, an enterprise can be composed of a single business, as it
was in Brennan, or it may involve multiple corporate entities.

In addition to covering employees who are not themselves directly engaged in commerce but who work for employers
who are so engaged, the “enterprise coverage” provision can be used to aggregate the sales volume of multiple
corporations in order to meet the $500,000 minimum required for FLSA coverage. See, e.g., Chao v. A-One Med.
Servs., Inc., 346 F.3d 908, 914–16 (9th Cir. 2003) (aggregating the revenue of two health service businesses); Martin
v. Deiriggi, 985 F.2d 129, 133 n.2 (4th Cir. 1992) (hotel and restaurant); Donovan v. Sideris, 688 F.2d 74, 75–76 (8th
Cir. 1982) (four hotels); Morgan v. SpeakEasy, LLC, 625 F. Supp. 2d 632, 648 (N.D. Ill. 2007) (two restaurants).

Importantly, the question of whether a group of businesses meets the coverage requirements of the FLSA as an
“enterprise” is distinct from the question of whether those businesses are in an employer-employee relationship with
a particular worker for the purposes of FLSA liability. See Morgan, 625 F. Supp. 2d at 648 (“Whether two companies
constitute a single enterprise and whether they may be liable as joint employers are ‘technically separate issues.’”
(quoting Chao, 346 F.3d at 917)); see also id. (collecting cases).
The Third Circuit considers four (4) factors in determining whether two companies
constitute a “single employer” in the context of the NLRA:
1. The interrelation of operations;
2. Whether there is shared common management;
3. Whether there is a centralized control of labor relations; and
4. Whether there is common ownership or financial control.

Katz v. DNC Servs. Corp., Civ No. 16-cv-5800, 2019 WL 4752056, at *7 (E.D. Pa. Sept. 27, 2019)
(citing Nesbit v. Gears Unlimited, Inc., 347 F.3d 72, 84 (3d Cir. 2003)); Browning-Ferris, 691
F.2d at 1122. The test considers the totality of the circumstances, however, and “[n]o single factor
is dispositive.” Nesbit, 347 F.3d at 84 (quoting Pearson v. Component Tech. Corp., 247 F.3d 471,
486 (3d Cir. 2001)).4 Ultimately, a “single employer” relationship “is characterized [by the]
absence of an ‘arm’s length relationship found among unintegrated companies.’” Browning-
Ferris, 691 F.2d at 1122 (quoting Local 627, International Union of Operating Engineers v. NLRB,
518 F.2d 1040, 1045–46 (D.C. Cir. 1975), aff'd on this issue sub nom. South Prairie Construction
Co. v. Local 627, International Union of Operating Engineers, 425 U.S. 800 (1976)).
Where “two nominally separate entities are [determined to be] a single employer, they are
jointly and severally liable for remedying unfair labor practices committed by either of them.”
Grane Health Care v. NLRB, 712 F.3d 145 (3d Cir. 2013) (citing id.at 1122). The single employer
test has other applications in the NLRA context, including determining whether two firms
collectively meet the minimum business volume required for the National Labor Relations Board
(NLRB) to have jurisdiction; determining whether nominally separate firms are “neutral” in the

4 The Third Circuit has indicated, however, that some factors are more important than others. See Grane Health Care
v. NLRB., 712 F.3d 145, 150 (3d Cir. 2013) (“No one factor is controlling, although the first three factors, particularly
centralized control over labor relations, are generally considered more compelling that the fourth [(common
ownership)].” (citing NLRB v. Al Bryant, Inc., 711 F.2d 543, 551 (3d Cir.1983)).
context of secondary boycotts; and determining whether the obligations of a collective bargaining
agreement apply to a second firm. Pearson, 247 F.3d at 486. As discussed below, the Moving
Defendants dispute whether the single employer theory applies in the context of the FLSA, and
the Third Circuit does not appear to have previously applied it in that context.5
III. DISCUSSION

A. Individual Defendants
The First Amended Complaint names six (6) individual Defendants, five (5) of whom have
joined the Motion to Dismiss.
The Court will begin by “identifying the elements of the claim.” Malleus v. George, 641
F.3d 560, 563 (3d Cir. 2011). In order to maintain claims against these individuals, Plaintiff must
demonstrate that they “exercise[d] ‘supervisory authority over [him] and [were] responsible in
whole or part for the alleged violation’ while acting in the employer’s interest.” Thompson v. Real
Est. Mortg. Network, 748 F.3d 142, 153 (3d Cir. 2014) (quoting Haybarger v. Lawrence Cnty.
Adult Prob. & Parole, 667 F.3d 408, 417 (3d Cir. 2012)). “[A]n individual supervisor has adequate

authority over the complaining employee when the supervisor ‘independently exercise[s] control
over the work situation.’” Haybarger, 667 F.3d at 417 (quoting Donovan v. Grim Hotel Co., 747
F.2d 966, 972 (5th Cir. 1984)). Courts in the Third Circuit employ the Enterprise control factors to
determine whether a supervisor exercises sufficient control to qualify as an employer. See, e.g.,
Perez v. Davis Design & Dev., Inc., Civ. No. 13-cv-1118, 2013 WL 6835095 (W.D. Pa. Dec. 23,
2013) (citing id. at 418–19).

5 See Goh v. Nori O Inc., No. 2:16-CV-2811, 2020 WL 7640518, at *9 (D.N.J. Dec. 23, 2020) (“[A]s the parties agree,
‘there is no Third Circuit precedent explicitly speaking to the issue of whether the single enterprise test can be used to
impose liability in an FLSA overtime case.’”); Jackson v. Art of Life, Inc., 836 F. Supp. 2d 226, 236 (E.D. Pa. 2011)
(“[T]here is no Third Circuit precedent which speaks to the issue of whether the integrated enterprise test can be used
in this circuit to impose direct liability in a FLSA overtime case.”)
The First Amended Complaint alleges that Defendant Weixiang You was Plaintiff’s
“Boss,” and that Defendant You hired and fired Plaintiff, determined Plaintiff’s pay, paid Plaintiff,
and had responsibility to maintain Plaintiff’s payroll records. (ECF No. 38, at 5.) Defendant You,
however, has filed an Answer and is not involved in the present Motion to Dismiss. (ECF No. 50.)
With respect to the individual Defendants who have filed the current Motion to Dismiss,

the Amended Complaint alleges that each individual Moving Defendant:
(1) had the power to hire and fire employees, (2) supervised and controlled
employee work schedules or conditions of employment, (3) determined the rate and
method of payment, and (4) maintained employee records at SICHUAN
GOURMET LLC d/b/a Sichuan Gourmet; SICHUAN GOURMET II LLC d/b/a
Sichuan Gourmet; LOTUS FOOD INC d/b/a Lotus Food Company; and OC
PARTNERS LLC d/b/a Lotus Food Company.

(ECF No. 38, at 6–9.) The Moving Defendants argue that these allegations constitute a “boilerplate
recitation of the Enterprise control test.” (ECF No. 52, at 9.) The Court agrees. Under Bell Atl.
Corp. v. Twombly, “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action” is insufficient to
survive a Motion to Dismiss, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). And pursuant to the three-step test outlined
in Malleus, the Court must strike “allegations that, ‘because they are no more than conclusions,
are not entitled to the assumption of truth.’” 641 F.3d at 563 (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S.
662, 679 (2009)). The boilerplate allegations quoted above are entirely devoid of specificity.
Moreover, they refer generally to “employees” at all four enterprise Defendants; they do not
suggest that any of the individual Moving Defendants had any control over Plaintiff in particular.
Having stricken the boilerplate allegations just discussed, the Court will proceed to identify
and review any other allegations relating to the individual Moving Defendants, considering both
the Amended Complaint and supporting Affidavit. See Mayer v. Belichick, 605 F.3d 223, 230 (3d
Cir. 2010) (a court deciding a motion to dismiss considers the complaint, attached exhibits, and
matters of public record). Those allegations are as follows.
First, the Plaintiff lists the positions held by the individual Moving Defendants at the four
enterprise Defendants. Yongjun Zhang is listed as the owner of SG I; Yongpeng Xia is listed as an
officer/agent of SG II; Zhong Zhuang is listed as the manager of Lotus Food Inc and as an

officer/agent of SG II; Kuohwa Wang is listed at the President of Lotus Food Inc; Taimei Wang is
listed as the Treasurer and Vice President of Lotus Food Inc. Providing titles or positions, without
more, however, is insufficient to demonstrate control. E.g., Mackereth v. Kooma, Inc., Civ. No.
14-cv-4824, 2015 WL 2337273, at *7 (E.D. Pa. May 14, 2015) (“Plaintiffs must allege something
more than the mere positions of the individual defendants to show that they are Plaintiffs'
employers.”).
Plaintiff also argues that each of the individual Moving Defendants should be held liable
for the alleged FLSA violations because they each have “some sort of supervisory power in each
of the corporations.” (ECF No. 55, at 6.) Even assuming that the Plaintiff established an

employment relationship with each of the enterprise Defendants, that bald statement regarding
supervisory power would be insufficient on its own to hold the individual Defendants liable. At
this stage in the litigation, Plaintiff must instead make sufficient factual allegations to establish
that each of the individual Moving Defendants distinctly held supervisory authority over the
Plaintiff specifically and that each of them exercised sufficient control over the Plaintiff’s
employment such that the alleged violations could be attributable to their actions. See Haybarger,
667 F.3d at 417–18. The Court concludes that the general allegation that each Defendant exercised
supervisory authority at one or more of the involved businesses is both conclusory and not
sufficiently connected to this particular Plaintiff. Under Malleus, this allegation must also be
stricken.
After reviewing the allegations against the individual Moving Defendants and striking the
allegations that are merely conclusory and not entitled to the assumption of truth, the Court
concludes that there are simply no factual allegations to establish that any of the individual Moving

Defendants exercised control or supervisory authority over the Plaintiff. The Motion to Dismiss
will be granted as to each of the individual Moving Defendants.
B. Enterprise Defendants
The Amended Complaint names four (4) enterprise Defendants, three (3) of whom have
filed a Motion to Dismiss. The remaining Defendant, SG I, has filed an Answer. (ECF No. 50.)
According to the Amended Complaint, SG I was Plaintiff’s primary work location, where he
worked as a “fry wok.” (See ECF Nos. 38, at 9, 13; 38-7, at 2.) Additionally, Plaintiff was paid by
SG I, regardless of whether he did any work at a second restaurant location (SG II). (ECF No. 38-
7, at 2.)

While SG I was his primary work location, Plaintiff alleges that he would occasionally be
sent to work at SG II for a period of one to three days, usually on less than one day’s notice. (Id.)
Plaintiff also alleges that the two restaurants shared a website, jointly processed customers’ online
orders, shared certain supplies, and also shared certain employees in addition to Plaintiff. (Id. at
2–4; ECF No. 38, at 9–10.) Additionally, Plaintiff alleges that a grocery store named Lotus Food6

6 Throughout the First Amended Complaint, Plaintiff refers to Lotus Food Inc and OC Partners LLC in tandem. (See,
e.g., ECF No. 38, at 11 (“LOTUS FOOD INC d/b/a Lotus Food Company; OC PARTNERS LLC d/b/a/ Lotus Food
Company would pack their left-over ingredients, including vegetables and meats, that were not sold at the
supermarket” for transfer SG I and SG II)) The Complaint specifies that both businesses have the same principle
place of business and both “do business as” Lotus Food but does not specify whether or what sort of corporate structure
connects the companies. References to the entity “Lotus Food” throughout this Opinion generally pertain to both
businesses.
was part of a common enterprise with the two restaurants (SG I and SG II). (ECF No. 38, at 11.)
The Amended Complaint states that at the end of each week, Lotus Food would provide unsold
items to the two restaurants for use as raw ingredients. (Id.; ECF No. 38-7, at 3.) It also alleges
that SG I and SG II employees received an “employee discount” when shopping at Lotus Food
and that SG I, SG II, and Lotus Food had an annual joint Chinese New Year celebration. (ECF

Nos. 38, at 11; 38-7, at 3–4.) Finally, Plaintiff states that Defendant Zhong Zhuang is both the
Manager of Lotus Food and an officer/agent of SG II. (ECF No. 38, at 11.)
As an initial matter, the Court notes that the Amended Complaint is not clear as to whether
it is seeking to impose liability on the enterprise Defendants on a theory that they are joint
employers, a single employer, or both. First, the Complaint states that all four enterprise
Defendants “[c]onstitute as [sic] an enterprise,” and alleges that the four businesses are an
“‘enterprise engaged in commerce’ within the meaning of the FLSA.” (Id.) This seems to be a
reference to the “enterprise coverage” provision at 29 U.S.C. § 203(r)(1). But the Court’s review
of the cases applying that provision to establish coverage indicates that a finding that two

businesses constitute an enterprise for the purposes of the “enterprise coverage” provision does
not obviate the separate need to establish liability for each business entity. See supra note 3.7 And
any finding of liability must be predicated on the existence of an employer-employee relationship,

7 The Amended Complaint does make reference to the factors underlying enterprise coverage where it alleges that the
four enterprise Defendants “constitute as an enterprise as the terms defined by 29 USC §203 (r ) as they share staff,
including Plaintiff, pay Plaintiff for the work performed at the enterprise, and are otherwise engaged in related activity
preformed though uniformed operation and/or common control for a business purpose, and are co-owned by the same
partner.” (ECF No. 38, at 9.) As discussed at note 3, supra, establishing an “enterprise” for the purposes of FLSA
coverage does not automatically establish liability, as liability requires establishing an employer-employee
relationship. There may be some overlap between the factors considered in the “enterprise coverage” provision and
those required to establish a “single employer” for the purposes of liability, but they are independent analyses.

The Court also notes that there does not appear to be a need in this case to aggregate the sales volume of multiple
businesses in order to meet the FLSA’s coverage minimum, as might be possible using the “enterprise coverage”
provision. The First Amended Complaint alleges that each of the four businesses is “a business engaged in interstate
commerce that has gross sales in excess of five hundred thousand dollars ($500,000) per year. (ECF No. 38, at 4–5.)
And the Moving Defendants do not dispute these allegations in their Motion to Dismiss.
either because the businesses constitute joint employers or because they comprise a single
employer. Id.
On the question of liability, the Amended Complaint alleges that the four enterprise
Defendants “are joint employers of Plaintiff.” (ECF No. 38, at 9.) This would seem to suggest a
theory of liability based on joint employment. The factual allegations, however, focus primarily

on the connections between the four businesses, rather than on the connections between each
business and the Plaintiff such as would be required to establish joint employment under the
Enterprise control test. Because the Court is focused on whether the Plaintiff has stated a claim on
which relief may be granted under any legal theory, the Court will consider whether the Plaintiff
has adequately pled under either a joint or single employer theory of liability. See Skinner v.
Switzer, 562 U.S. 521, 530 (2011) (“[U]nder the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a complaint
need not pin [a] plaintiff's claim for relief to a precise legal theory.”)
1. Joint employer liability
In order to establish joint employer liability against the enterprise Defendants, Plaintiff

must demonstrate that the Defendants exercised significant control under the Enterprise control
test. While the Enterprise control factors are not meant to be exhaustive and should not be “blindly
applied,” In re Enterprise Rent-A-Car Wage & Hour Emp. Pracs. Litig., 683 F.3d 462, 469 (3d
Cir. 2012), they provide a useful starting place for the Court’s analysis.
The Moving Defendants argue that “Plaintiff fails to adequately plead that the Moving
Defendant was his employer because it exercised no control over him.” (ECF No. 52, at 8.) The
Court agrees. As discussed above, the Amended Complaint indicates that Weixiang You was
Plaintiff’s “Boss,” and hired, fired, paid, and generally supervised Plaintiff. (ECF No. 38, at 5.)
There are no specific factual allegations to indicate whether or how any of those actions by
Weixiang You should somehow be attributed to SG II or Lotus Food. In fact, there are no specific
factual allegations to indicate that anyone at SG II or Lotus Food exercised any control over
Plaintiff at any time.8
Plaintiff does indicate that he occasionally worked for one to three days at SG II, but the
Amended Complaint lacks any factual allegations as to who provided supervision or otherwise

dictated Plaintiff’s conditions of employment during the days he worked at SG II. (See ECF Nos.
38, at 9; 38-7, at 2.) It is certainly possible that someone at SG II provided direction, but without
more, the Court cannot say that it is plausible. With regard to Lotus Food, there are no indications
in the Amended Complaint that Plaintiff ever worked at that establishment. The Court concludes
that the Amended Complaint does not contain sufficient allegations to state a claim against any of
the three enterprise Moving Defendants under a theory that they are joint employers of Plaintiff.
2. Single employer liability
Many of the factual allegations in the Amended Complaint strike the Court as more suited
to a single employer theory of liability rather than to one of joint employment. The single employer

theory asks whether “two nominally independent enterprises” are really “part of a single integrated
enterprise so that, for all purposes, there is in fact only a ‘single employer.’” NLRB. v. Browning-
Ferris Indus. of Pennsylvania, Inc., 691 F.2d 1117, 1122 (3d Cir. 1982). In determining whether
two companies constitute a “single employer,” the Third Circuit considers the level of interrelation
of operations, whether there is shared common management, whether labor relations are under
centralized control, and whether there is common ownership or financial control. Katz v. DNC

8 As previously discussed, the boilerplate allegations that each of the individual Defendants engaged in each of the
Enterprise control factors at each of the four businesses represent conclusory allegations and have been disregarded
for the purpose of the Court’s analysis.
Servs. Corp., Civ. No. 16-cv-5800, 2019 WL 4752056, at *7 (E.D. Pa. Sept. 27, 2019) (citing
Nesbit v. Gears Unlimited, Inc., 347 F.3d 72, 84 (3d Cir. 2003)).
As an initial matter, Defendants argue that “there is no authority that the Third Circuit
adopted the ‘single enterprise’ test in the FLSA context.” (ECF No. 52, at 6.) That test developed
in the context of the NLRA, and Defendants argue that because “the FLSA and the [NLRA]

address[] different aspects of the employment relationship,” the NLRA-centric test “may not
necessarily ‘self-steer’ to the FLSA context.” (Id. at 15.) In support, Defendants point to the fact
that in Nesbit, the Third Circuit declined to extend the single employer test from the NLRA to the
context of Title VII litigation. (Id. at 14 (citing 347 F.3d at 85).) The Nesbit Court based its decision
on its conclusion that the NLRA and Title VII are animated by different policy considerations. 347
F.3d at 85. The Nesbit Court determined that while “the NLRB’s jurisdiction was intended to be
expansive,” the purpose of Title VII’s fifteen-employee minimum was to insulate small companies
from complex regulatory requirements; as a result, the Court concluded that Title VII should be
strictly construed and that the specific single employer theory developed in the NLRA context
should not apply. Id.9

Defendants appear to be correct that the Third Circuit has not yet endorsed a “single
enterprise” theory in the FLSA context. Goh v. Nori O Inc., Civ. No. 16-cv-2811, 2020 WL
7640518, at *9 (D.N.J. Dec. 23, 2020); see also Jackson v. Art of Life, Inc., 836 F. Supp. 2d 226,
236 (E.D. Pa. 2011) (“[T]here is no Third Circuit precedent which speaks to the issue of whether
the integrated enterprise test can be used in this circuit to impose direct liability in a FLSA overtime
case.”). This Court concludes, however, that if properly pled, a “single employer” theory could be
appropriate in the FLSA context. Here’s why.

9 The Court instead “adopt[ed] a different framework, tailored to Title VII's policy goals.” Id.
First, the Court concludes that the concerns expressed in Nesbit about Title VII do not
necessarily translate to the FLSA. For one thing, the FLSA explicitly allows for the aggregation
of business volume across multiple corporations where they constitute an “enterprise” as defined
in 29 U.S.C. § 203(r)(1). The existence of the “enterprise coverage” provision suggests that, at
least for some purposes, the FLSA contemplates considering nominally separate entities as part of

a “single integrated enterprise.” And the factors that make two corporations an “enterprise” for the
purpose of the “enterprise coverage” provision—particularly the question of whether there is
unified operation or common control—have some overlap with the factors that make two
corporations a “single employer” for the purpose of the NLRA. Compare 29 U.S.C. § 203(r)(1),
with Nesbit, 347 F.3d at 84. Additionally, the Third Circuit has long held that the FLSA is intended
to have broad reach. See, e.g., Thompson v. Real Est. Mortg. Network, 748 F.3d 142, 148 (3d Cir.
2014) (explaining that the breadth of the definitions of employer and employee in the FLSA is
“intentional and obvious”); in re Enterprise, 683 F.3d at 467 (“[T]he FLSA defines employer
‘expansively’ and with ‘striking breadth.’” (first quoting Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co. v. Darden, 503

U.S. 318, 326 (1992); and then quoting Rutherford Food Corp. v. McComb, 331 U.S. 722, 730
(1947))).10
Second, the Court notes that other district courts in the Third Circuit have recognized that
a theory of “single employer” liability is (or at least may be) applicable in the FLSA context. In
Jackson v. Art of Life, Inc., a magistrate judge in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania determined

10 The Court does not consider recent decisions from the Supreme Court and the Third Circuit, indicating that certain
aspects of the FLSA should be “fairly construed,” to be to the contrary. See Encino Motorcars, LLC v. Navarro, 138
S. Ct. 1134, 1142 (2018) (declining to construe exemptions from the FLSA narrowly and explaining that “[t]he
narrow-construction principle relies on the flawed premise that the FLSA ‘“pursues”’ its remedial purpose ‘“at all
costs.”’); Sec'y United States Dep't of Lab. v. Bristol Excavating, Inc., 935 F.3d 122, 135 (3d Cir. 2019) (“‘[A] fair
reading’ of the FLSA, neither narrow nor broad, is what is called for.” (quoting id.)). No “broad” or “narrow”
construction (as a matter of statutory interpretation) is necessary to conclude that the definitions of “employer” and
“employee” in the FLSA are facially quite expansive.
that two corporate defendants were liable as a single integrated enterprise after concluding that the
second company “had very little existence independent of” the first company. 836 F. Supp. 2d 226,
237 (E.D. Pa. 2011). In that case, the second company received all of its work assignments through
subcontracts with the first company, had no assets, and shared management with the first company.
Id. at 234.

Other cases, including one from this Court, have recognized that the single employer theory
may apply in the FLSA context, but have declined to find that it has been established on the facts
presented. See Williams v. Bob Evans Restaurants, LLC, 2020 WL 4692504 (W.D. Pa. Aug. 13,
2020) (recognizing single employer theory of liability but determining that the allegations
proffered in favor of it were bare legal conclusions that could not survive a motion to dismiss);
Goh, 2020 WL 7640518, at *9 (granting summary judgment in favor of a second corporate
defendant and declining to apply an integrated enterprise theory where the businesses were
“distinct entit[ies] with separate employees and different functions” and where there was “nothing
in the record to suggest a centralized control of labor or that either business had the authority to

operate the other.”); Katz, 2019 WL 4752056 (articulating the single employer factors from the
NLRA context but then concluding that the allegations were not sufficient to establish liability
under that theory); Davis v. Abington Memorial Hosp., 817 F. Supp. 2d 556 (E.D. Pa. 2011)
(recognizing single employer theory in FLSA context but determining that Plaintiffs had failed to
plead basic information necessary to demonstrate that the defendants were liable as Plaintiffs’
employers under any theory of liability).
This Court now concludes that, when properly pleaded, a “single employer” theory does
apply in the context of the FLSA. The Court further concludes while that Plaintiff has not put forth
sufficient allegations to establish that all four enterprises involved here (including both the
restaurants and Lotus Food11) constitute a single employer, the Plaintiff has sufficiently alleged
circumstances which would support a finding that SG I and SG II constitute a single employer.
Beginning with Lotus Food, Plaintiff has alleged that Lotus Food transferred unsold raw
ingredients to SG I and SG II at the end of each week; that employees of SG I and SG II received
an “employee discount” at Lotus Food; that there was a shared Chinese New Year Celebration

involving employees of SG I, SG II, and Lotus Food; and that Defendant Zhong Zhuang was the
Manager of Lotus Food and also an officer/agent of SG II (ECF Nos. 38, at 9–12; 38-7, at 2–4.)
Applying the “single employer” factors—interrelation of operations, shared common
management, centralized control of labor relations, and common ownership or financial control—
the Court concludes that the allegations are simply insufficient as a matter of law to establish that
Lotus Food is part of a “single employer” with SG I and SG II. The transfer of unsold ingredients
could possibly be an indication of interrelated operations, but it could just as easily reflect an arms-
length business relationship between two independent enterprises. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S.
662, 678 (2009) (“In order to cross ‘the line between possibility and plausibility,’ the complaint

must do more than ‘plead[] facts that are “merely consistent with” a defendant’s liability.’”
(quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 557 (2007))). The Court is similarly unable to
conclude that it is plausible that the corporate Defendants shared common management,
ownership, or financial control based solely on the conclusory allegation that Defendant Zhuang
concurrently held the positions of Manager at Lotus Food and officer/agent of SG II. And the
allegations that the companies had a shared employee discount system and a common annual
celebration fall far below the level of interrelation necessary to establish that Lotus Food and the

11 Lotus Food Inc and OC Partners LLC. See supra note 6.
two restaurants can be considered a “single employer” “for all purposes.” NLRB. v. Browning-
Ferris Indus. of Pa., Inc., 691 F.2d 1117, 1122 (3d Cir. 1982).
The question of whether SG I and SG II constitute a single employer is in the Court’s view,
much closer, and ultimately the Court concludes that Plaintiff has plausibly alleged that SG I and
SG II constitute a single employer.

Plaintiff specifically alleges that multiple employees of SG I (including himself) were
directed with some frequency to report instead to SG II, and that Plaintiff received transportation
to SG II from either his supervisor at SG I or by riding in the company transportation van. (ECF
No. 38-7, at 2.) Plaintiff’s further allegation that employees based at SG I were always paid by
SG I regardless of how many days they worked at SG II practically dispels the alternative
possibility that they were concurrently but independently employed by both restaurants. (Id.) The
allegations instead suggest a system in which employees were allocated across the two restaurants
according to acute changes in staffing needs at both. While perhaps not as integrated as a system
in which employees regularly work certain days of the week at one location and other days at a

second location, the Court cannot discount that the facts pleaded do suggest a significant degree
of centralized control of labor relations between SG I and SG II.
There are also other indications that the operations of the two restaurants are substantially
interrelated. Plaintiff alleges, for example, that SG II would regularly prepare raw ingredients such
as chili oil, hot pot soup base, and doubanjiang (spicy bean sauce) for use in both restaurants. (Id.
at 3.) Additionally, Plaintiff alleges that the restaurants shared a website. (Id.) While (as
Defendants argue) sharing a website may not be sufficient on its own to demonstrate integrated
operations, (see ECF No. 52, at 18 (citing Apolinar v. R.J. 49 Rest., LLC, Civ. No. 15-cv-8655,
2016 WL 2903278, at *13 (S.D.N.Y May 18, 2016))), the further fact that online orders were
allegedly allocated to the location closest to the customer suggests a high degree of coordination,
(ECF No. 38-7, at 3).12
As a non-managerial employee, Plaintiff understandably does not have access to detailed
information about the financial implications of such an ordering system, or insight into other
aspects of corporate structure and high-level operational control. Cf. Thompson v. Real Est. Mortg.

Network, 748 F.3d 142, 149 (3d Cir. 2014) (explaining that Plaintiff, a “low-level employee with
each of the defendant companies, has had no opportunity for discovery as to payroll and taxation
documents, disciplinary records, internal corporate communications, or leadership and ownership
structures”). But at the Motion to Dismiss stage, the Court concludes that Plaintiff has put forth
sufficient allegations regarding the “single employer” factors to state a plausible claim that SG I
and SG II operated as a “single employer.” The Court’s decision is based both on the procedural
posture of the dispute and on the fact that a finding of a “single employer” relationship does not
require all four factors to point in the same direction. Id.; Pearson v. Component Tech. Corp., 247
F.3d 471, 486 (3d Cir. 2001) (citing Browning-Ferris, 691 F.2d at 1122).

The Court further concludes that Plaintiff has pleaded sufficient allegations to establish an
employer-employee relationship between himself and the combined SG enterprise, through the
alleged actions of Weixiang You, who according to the Amended Complaint hired, fired,
supervised, paid, and kept payroll records relating to Plaintiff. (See ECF No. 38, at 5.) The Motion
to Dismiss with respect to SG II will be denied on the grounds that Plaintiff has plausibly alleged
that SG I and SG II constitute a single employer.

12 The Court also concludes that the facts alleged here are distinguishable from those in Goh v. Nori O Inc., where the
Court recognized the potential of a single employer theory but granted a motion to dismiss where it was “undisputed”
that the Plaintiff never performed work for the second enterprise and the two involved enterprises had “separate
employees and different functions.” No. 2:16-CV-2811, 2020 WL 7640518, at *9 (D.N.J. Dec. 23, 2020). That case
involved a restaurant and a separate catering business. Id. While the two businesses shared a kitchen, that space was
used for two separate purposes—restaurant staff prepared dine-in and take-out food and chefs from the catering
business prepared food for off-site sale. Id.
IV. CONCLUSION
The threshold question in any FLSA dispute is the existence of an employer-employee
relationship, defined according to economic reality and operationalized through the Enterprise
control test. The Court concludes that Plaintiff has not pleaded sufficient allegations to establish
that any of the following Moving Defendants were his employer as defined by that test: Yongjun

Zhang, Yongpeng Xia, Zhong Zhuang, Kuohwa Wang, Taimei Wang, Lotus Food Inc, and OC
Partners LLC. The Motion to Dismiss (ECF No. 51) is therefore GRANTED with respect to each
of those Defendants. The Court further concludes that while Plaintiff has not pleaded sufficient
allegations to establish that Sichuan Gourmet II was his employer under a theory of joint employer
liability, the allegations in the Amended Complaint are sufficient to establish a plausible claim that
Sichuan Gourmet I and Sichuan Gourmet II were in a single employer relationship with Plaintiff.
The Motion to Dismiss is therefore DENIED with respect to Sichuan Gourmet II.
An appropriate Order will follow.

_/s/ Mark R. Hornak___________
Mark R. Hornak
Chief United States District Judge

Dated: March 18, 2022
cc: All counsel of record

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10417526. Public record. Not legal advice.