# SCOTT v. ZAPPALA

> District Court, W.D. Pennsylvania · October 19, 2021

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10417135

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, W.D. Pennsylvania
- **Decided:** October 19, 2021
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

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## Opinion text

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA

THOMAS A. SCOTT, )
)
Petitioner, ) Civil Action No. 2:19-cv-551
)
v. )
) Magistrate Judge Patricia L. Dodge
STEPHEN A. ZAPPALA, JR., )
MICHAEL CLARK and )
JOSH SHAPIRO, )
Respondents. )

MEMORANDUM

Pending before the Court1 is the Petition for a Writ of Habeas Corpus (ECF 3) filed by state
prisoner Thomas A. Scott (“Petitioner”) under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. For the reasons set forth below,
the Court will deny the Petition because all of his claims are time-barred, and will deny a certificate
of appealability as to each claim.
I. Relevant Background2
In May 2011, the Commonwealth charged Petitioner with two counts of Criminal Attempted
Homicide, 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 901; two counts of Assault of Law Enforcement Officer, 18 Pa.
Cons. Stat. § 2702.1 (Counts 3 and 4); two counts of Aggravated Assault, 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 2702;
and two counts of Reckless Endangerment, 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 2705. These charges arose out of
an incident that occurred in the early morning hours of March 9, 2011 between Petitioner and

1 In accordance with the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(c)(1), the parties voluntarily consented to
have a United States Magistrate Judge conduct proceedings in this case, including entry of a final
judgment.
2 Respondents electronically filed as exhibits to their answer (ECF 20) relevant parts of the state
court record. They have also submitted a hard copy of the Court of Common Pleas’ file for
Petitioner’s criminal case, including the trial transcript.
Sergeant Jason Snyder and Detective Mark Goob, both of whom were assigned to the narcotics and
vice section of the City of Pittsburgh Police Department.
Petitioner retained Attorney William Jones (“trial counsel”) to represent him. His jury trial
was held on August 24 through August 29, 2011.

In its Appellate Rule 1925(a) opinion issued after Petitioner filed a direct appeal, the trial
court summarized the evidence introduced by the Commonwealth as follows:
City of Pittsburgh Police Sergeant Jason Snyder, a narcotics detective, testified that
on March 9, 2011, he was on patrol in a high crime area of Pittsburgh while in an
unmarked police vehicle with Detective Jedidiah Pollock. Detectives Ed Fallert and
Mark Goob were trailing him in a second unmarked vehicle. Sergeant Snyder heard
multiple gunshots to his right. He turned and saw a male in dark clothing in an alley
firing a handgun. Sergeant Snyder, who testified he was wearing his badge around
his neck, exited his vehicle and loudly declared, “Pittsburgh Police, drop your
weapon.” (TT 50-53.) The assailant, identified by the Sergeant as [Petitioner],
immediately turned and fired more than eight rounds at the Sergeant. Sergeant
Snyder returned fire and hit [Petitioner], causing him to fall face forward. (TT 53,
55.)
Detective Mark Goob also testified that he observed [Petitioner] shoot at
Sergeant Snyder. (TT 150.) He heard the shots and saw the muzzle flash. (TT 150-
151.) After [Petitioner] was hit, Detective Goob approached him to determine if
[he] remained a threat and to render medical aid if possible. (TT 152.) During his
cautious approach, Detective Goob repeatedly instructed [Petitioner] to drop the
weapon which the Detective could see in [Petitioner’s] hand. Instead, while
Detective Goob was approximately five yards away, [Petitioner] turned, pointed his
gun at Detective Goob and started to fire again. (TT 155.) Detective Goob heard
the gun discharge and returned fire, hitting [Petitioner] in the leg. The Officer saw
the slide of [Petitioner’s] gun lock back, an indication that [Petitioner] was out of
bullets. [Petitioner] then said words indicating that he quit or was done and dropped
his gun. (TT 156-157.)
Detective Edward Fallert testified similarly to having observed [Petitioner]
turn and fire at Sergeant Snyder. (TT 349.) Once Sergeant Snyder shot [Petitioner]
to the ground, Detective Fallert heard Detective Goob repeatedly shout to
[Petitioner] to drop the gun. (TT 352.) Instead of complying with the Officer’s
demand, Detective Fallert observed [Petitioner] roll with gun in hand toward
Detective Goob. After getting shot by Detective Goob, Detective Fallert saw
[Petitioner] drop the gun and surrender, the gun in slide-lock, open chamber
position. (TT 352.) Detective Fallert also noted an odor of alcohol emanating from
[Petitioner]. (TT 354.)
Detective Jeffrey Palmer recovered the Glock pistol, .40 caliber belonging
to [Petitioner] and testified that the gun was recovered with the slide in the locked
position. (TT 418-419.)
Detective Scott Evans arrived after the shooting and recovered shell casings
at the scene. Eight of the casings were brass in color, which would not have been
consistent with police-issued ammunition. (TT 247.) Other casings recovered at the
scene matched in caliber, make and color with standard issue police ‘duty ammo.’
Ibid. Detective Evans concluded that some casings were fired by police-issued
weapons and others were not. Upon further research, Detective Evans discovered
that the gun found at the scene was owned by [Petitioner] who did not have a license
to carry a firearm on his person. (TT 270-271.)
(Resp’s Ex. 4, ECF 20-1 at 30-31.)
Petitioner testified at the trial that he finished work between 10:00 and 11:00 p.m. on
March 8, 2011. He then drove his co-worker, Will Harris, to the home of Harris’ fiancé, located
on Bennett Street in the Homewood neighborhood of Pittsburgh. Petitioner, Harris, his fiancé and
another individual played a drinking game for approximately one and a half to two hours. (Trial
Tr. at 517-19, 602.)
Petitioner left the house around 1:00 a.m. (Id. at 520, 606.) He testified that, when his
vehicle would not start, he decided to walk to a nearby alley and test-fire the handgun he had
recently purchased to see if it was working properly. (Id. at 607-10.) Petitioner stated that he
walked across Bennett Street and that, when he reached Felicia Way from an alley, he fired his
gun approximately four times in the direction of nearby dirt mounds. (Id. at 610-13.)
Petitioner further testified that he did not point his weapon and discharge it in the direction
of Sergeant Snyder or anyone else. (Id. at 616.) He stated that after he fired his gun at the dirt
mounds and was walking back to his vehicle, he felt his right leg give out and then he fell to the
ground on his right side. (Id. at 614.) Petitioner stated that he did not understand why he had fallen
and he tried to pick up his head to look around, and in so doing raised his right arm. (Id. at 615.)
Detective George Satler interviewed Petitioner on March 9, 2011 after he had been
transported to the hospital following the incident. Detective Satler testified that Petitioner told him
that when he decided to test-fire his gun it was fully loaded with a clip that contained as least
fifteen rounds. (Id. at 521-22.) Petitioner also told Detective Satler that he shot in the direction of
the dirt mounds at least three times. (Id. at 522.) Detective Statler further testified that, although
Petitioner did not give him a definitive answer, he acknowledged during the interview that it was

possible that the police had identified themselves to him prior to shooting him and also that he
may have fired his weapon after he had been shot and was on the ground. (Id. at 522-24.)
On August 29, 2011, the jury acquitted Petitioner of the two counts of Criminal Attempted
Homicide but found him guilty on all other counts. That same date, the trial court sentenced
Petitioner to a total aggregate sentence of 40 to 80 years of imprisonment as follows: Count 3
(Assault of Law Enforcement Officer—Sergeant Snyder) a term of 20 to 40 years; Count 4
(Assault of Law Enforcement Officer—Detective Goob) a term of 20 to 40 years, to run
consecutive to Count 3; Count 5 (Aggravated Assault) at term of 5 to 10 years, to run concurrent
with Count 3; Count 6 (Aggravated Assault), a term of 5 to 10 years, to run concurrent with
Count 4. The trial court imposed no further penalty at Counts 7 or 8 (Reckless Endangerment).

At the conclusion of Petitioner’s trial and sentencing on August 29, 2011, the trial court
permitted trial counsel to withdraw as Petitioner’s attorney. (Trial Tr. at 759.) The trial court issued
an order appointing the Law Office of the Office of Allegheny Public Defender (“post-
sentence/direct appeal counsel”) to represent Petitioner on September 2, 2011,3 although it did not
file that order on its docket until September 7, 2011. (See Resp’s Ex. 6, ECF 20-2 at 1-8,
Commonwealth v. Scott, No. 1582 WDA 2011, slip op. at 7 (Pa. Super. Ct. June 18, 2013) (“Scott
I”)).

3 Petitioner initially was represented by Attorney Jessica L. Herndon with the Public Defender’s
Office. Other attorneys with that office were assigned to Petitioner’s case when it was on appeal
before the Superior Court of Pennsylvania.
Petitioner did not file post-sentence motions, which were due by September 8, 2011, or a
notice of appeal, which was due by September 28, 2011. Petitioner, through counsel, subsequently
filed an unopposed collateral petition requesting that his direct appeal rights be reinstated nunc pro
tunc. (Resp’s Ex. 2, ECF at 18-21). In this petition, it was explained that counsel missed the

deadline to file a direct appeal by one day due to a legal secretary’s calendaring error, which
incorrectly recorded the date by which the notice of direct appeal was due. (Resp’s Ex. 2, ECF at
18-21.)
The trial court granted that petition and reinstated Petitioner’s right to file a direct appeal
nunc pro tunc. Petitioner, through counsel, then filed a direct appeal with the Superior Court of
Pennsylvania, in which he raised the following two claims:
1. “The evidence presented is insufficient to establish that [Petitioner] fired
any shots in the direction of the police officers. The testimony provided only
the location of the shell casings, there were no slugs recovered from any
spot around the officers, there were no injury to the officers or any
testimony that they saw or heard projectiles traveling in their direction. The
evidence agrees only that [Petitioner] was firing his weapon, but, even from
his own admission, [he] was firing into a dirt mound and not at the officers.”
(Resp’s Ex. 2, ECF 20-1 at 56; see also id. at 62-70); and,

2. The trial court effectively denied Petitioner’s right to counsel for post-
sentence motions because the order appointing the Office of the Public
Defender was not docketed until September 7, 2011, at which point “nine
out of ten days allowed to file post-sentence motions had lapsed[,]” and,
therefore, counsel was “provided no time” to file post-sentence motions.
(Id. at 58; see also id. at 57-60.)

On June 18, 2013, the Superior Court affirmed Petitioner’s judgment of sentence in Scott I.
(Resp’s Ex. 2, ECF 20-2 at 1-8.) In denying Petitioner’s sufficiency of the evidence claim, the
Superior Court held:
[Petitioner] posits that all three of the crimes of which he was convicted required a
finding that he fired his gun at the police officers, but that the Commonwealth
presented insufficient evidence to establish that he did so. See Appellant’s Brief at
24, 31, 33. This assertion is belied by the evidence of record, as Sergeant Snyder,
Detective Goob and Detective Fallert all testified that they saw [Petitioner] fire at
Sergeant Snyder. N.T., 8/24/11, at 53, 100, 149; N.T., 8/25/11, at 349. Sergeant
Snyder and Detective Goob also testified that they observed [Petitioner] fire at
Detective Goob when he approached [Petitioner] as he lay on the ground. N.T.,
8/24/11, at 57, 109, 155, 157. This testimony, when viewed in the light most
favorable to the Commonwealth, is sufficient to establish that [Petitioner] fired his
firearm at police officers.
Much of [Petitioner’s] argument on this issue is that the jury should have
accepted his testimony about the events of the night in question over the testimony
of the Commonwealth’s witnesses.3 See id. at 26-30. This is an argument addressed
to the weight, not the sufficiency of the evidence. Commonwealth v. Gibbs, 981
A.2d 274, 281 (Pa. Super. 2009). As [Petitioner] has not challenged the weight of
the evidence underlying his convictions, this argument is misplaced.
(Resp’s Ex. 2, Scott I, ECF 20-2 at 4-5) (footnotes omitted.) In denying Petitioner’s second
claim, the Superior Court held:
[O]ur review of the record reveals that the trial court did appoint counsel in
time for the filing of post-sentence motions. [Petitioner] was sentenced on
August 29, 2011, and so he had until September 8, 2011 to file post-sentence
motions. See Pa.R.Crim.P. 720(A) (providing that post-sentence motions must be
filed within 10 days of the imposition of sentence). At sentencing on
August 29, 2011, the trial court ascertained that [Petitioner’s] counsel would be
withdrawing, and so it stated that it would appoint counsel for [him]. [Trial Tr.] at
759. The trial court issued an order appointing counsel for [Petitioner] four days
later, on September 2, 2011. This order was docketed on September 7, 2011. Thus,
while the trial court’s procedure (specifically, the delay in entering the order
appointing counsel) was less than ideal, it did appoint counsel prior to the expiration
of the period in which to file post-sentence motions.
While we may agree with [Petitioner] that the trial court could have taken a
“more prudent” course of action in the appointment of counsel, Appellant’s Brief
at 23, we note that [Petitioner’s] appointed counsel could have employed a more
prudent approach as well, by seeking an extension of time in which to file post-
sentence motions. [Petitioner] offers no explanation as to why his appointed
counsel did not, or could not, have sought such an extension. Moreover, as the trial
court points out, [Petitioner] could have, but did not, seek the reinstatement of his
right to file post-sentence motions in the [petition] that sought the reinstatement of
his appellate rights. Following our disposition here, [Petitioner] will have the right
to file [a petition for collateral relief under Pennsylvania’s Post Conviction Relief
Act (“PCRA”)]. Commonwealth v. Barnett, 25 A.3d 371, 373 n.7 (Pa. Super. 2011),
(“Upon restoration of direct appeal rights nunc pro tunc, a subsequent PCRA
petition will be considered a first petition for timeliness purposes.”). Therefore, if
[Petitioner] is entitled to the relief he seeks (the right to file post-sentence motions
nunc pro tunc), it would come from the successful allegations of ineffective
assistance of counsel in such a petition. We note that we express no opinion on the
validity of such a PCRA claim.
(Id. at 6-8.)
The Pennsylvania Supreme Court denied a petition for allowance of appeal on
November 19, 2013. (Resp’s Ex. 7, ECF 20-2 at 9.) Petitioner did not file a petition for a writ of
certiorari with the United States Supreme Court. Accordingly, his judgment of sentence became
final under both state and federal law on February 17, 2014, when the 90-day period for him to file
a petition for a writ of certiorari expired. 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 9545(b)(3); 28 U.S.C.
§ 2244(d)(1)(A) and Gonzalez v. Thaler, 565 U.S. 134, 149-50 (2012).
On April 30, 2014, Petitioner filed a pro se PCRA petition4 (Resp’s Ex. 8, ECF 20-2 at 10-
32) in which he raised the following three claims:

1. Trial counsel was ineffective for failing introduce Petitioner’s medical records
to show that he “was shot from behind” and, therefore, was not facing Sergeant
Snyder when Sergeant Snyder shot him;

2. Trial counsel was ineffective for “not arguing that the [crime scene]
photographs show[ed] that [Petitioner] fired nine times before officers got out
of their cars and could not have fired [his gun] as many times as [the officers]
said”; and

3. The Commonwealth knowingly introduced perjured testimony at trial because
if, as the officers testified, Petitioner fired his weapon at Sergeant Snyder, then
Petitioner would have had “at least 1 chest wound or at least 1 wound to the
front of his person” when Sergeant Snyder returned fire and hit him and “there
would have been more shell casings” around the area where Petitioner fell.

(Id. at 15-18.)
The trial court, now the PCRA court appointed Attorney Scott Coffey (“PCRA counsel”)
to represent Petitioner. PCRA counsel subsequently filed an application for leave to withdraw and
an accompanying “no-merit” letter pursuant to Commonwealth v. Turner, 544 A.2d 927 (Pa. 1988)

4 Since this collateral petition was in effect Petitioner’s first PCRA petition, the Court shall refer
to this proceeding as the “first PCRA proceeding.”
and Commonwealth v. Finley, 550 A.2d 213 (Pa. 1988) (en banc). (Resp’s Ex. 9, ECF 20-2 at 34-
46.)5
On June 6, 2014, the PCRA court issued a notice in accordance with Pennsylvania Rule of
Criminal Procedure 907 in which it advised Petitioner of its intent to grant PCRA counsel’s request

for leave to withdraw from representation and dismiss the PCRA petition. (Resp’s Ex. 1, ECF 20-
1 at 8; Resp’s Ex. 10, ECF 20-2 at 48.) The PCRA court advised Petitioner that he had twenty days
to file a response to this notice.6 (Id.)
Petitioner did not file a timely response to the PCRA court’s notice. On June 26, 2014, the
PCRA court issued an order in which it dismissed the Petitioner’s PCRA petition, granted PCRA
counsel’s request to withdraw, and advised Petitioner that he had the right to file an appeal to the
Superior Court within thirty days. (Resp’s Ex. 11, ECF 20-2 at p. 49.)

5 Pennsylvania law provides that before appointed counsel can be permitted to withdraw from
representing a petitioner under the PCRA, counsel is required to file and obtain approval of a “no-
merit” letter pursuant to the mandates of Turner/Finley. “The no-merit letter must set forth: 1) the
nature and extent of counsel’s review of the case; 2) each issue that the petitioner wishes to raise
on appeal; and 3) counsel’s explanation of why each of those issues is meritless.” Commonwealth
v. Kelsey, 206 A.3d 1135, 1139 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2019) (citations omitted). Counsel must file the
Turner/Finley letter and send copies of it and an application to withdraw to the petitioner with the
advisement that the petitioner has the right to proceed pro se or with a privately retained attorney.
Id.; see also Jenkins v. Superintendent of Laurel Highlands, 705 F.3d 80, 90 (3d Cir. 2013). The
court must then conduct its own independent evaluation of the record to determine if it agrees with
counsel that the PCRA petition is without merit. Commonwealth v. Rykard, 55 A.3d 1177, 1184
(Pa. Super. Ct. 2012). If the court agrees with counsel that the petition is meritless, the petitioner
may proceed pro se or with a privately retained attorney. Id.
6 Pennsylvania law requires a petitioner to raise a claim of PCRA counsel’s ineffectiveness in
response to the PCRA court’s Rule 907 notice of intent to dismiss or risk waiver. Commonwealth
v. Pitts, 981 A.2d 875, 879-80 (Pa. 2009); see also Commonwealth v. Betts, 240 A.3d 616, 622
(Pa. Super. Ct. 2020); Commonwealth v. Henkel, 90 A.3d 16, 25 (Pa. Super. 2014) (en banc)
(“[T]he Pitts majority mandated that a petitioner raise any allegations of PCRA counsel’s
ineffectiveness in response to the PCRA court’s notice of dismissal.”); see also Brunner v. Clark,
No. 2:16-cv-766, 2019 WL 1506006, at *10-12 (W.D. Pa. Apr. 5, 2019) (same).
Petitioner filed a pro se appeal to the Superior Court. In his concise statement of matters
complained of on appeal which he filed pursuant to Appellate Rule 1925(b), he raised the same
three claims that he raised in his pro se PCRA petition. (Resp’s Ex. 13, ECF 20-2 at 56-57). The
PCRA court issued its Appellate Rule 1925(a) opinion setting forth why these claims lacked merit:

[Petitioner] first alleges that [trial] counsel was ineffective because he failed to
introduce medical records to support [the defense] theory of the case that he was
shot in the back….
[This claim] lacks merit. Evidence of the location of the shots from police
which struck [Petitioner] was introduced through [Petitioner’s] testimony, which
the Commonwealth did not contest. (TT 627-628.) Therefore, the medical records
would have been cumulative and unnecessary. Furthermore, at closing argument
[trial counsel] emphasized the inconsistency between the police testimony
regarding the wounds and the actual location of the wounds. (TT 694-695.)
[Petitioner] next alleges that [trial counsel] was ineffective for failing to
argue that crime scene photographs stood in contrast with the testimony of the
Commonwealth’s witnesses. [He] alleges that the crime scene photographs show
that [he] did not fire his gun as many times as [the] Commonwealth’s witnesses
testified….
… [T]he crime scene photos, which the Commonwealth admitted,
supported the Commonwealth’s theory of the case. The shell casings at the scene
established that [Petitioner] fired his gun eleven times. According to [Petitioner],
four of those rounds were aimed at a dirt mound. The exact number of rounds fired,
as indicated by the photographs, is immaterial to the ultimate disposition in this
case. The photographs support the jury’s finding that [Petitioner] shot at the police
officers. As [Petitioner] did not suffer prejudice, his claim is without merit.
Lastly, [Petitioner] alleges that his due process rights were violated by
numerous witnesses committing perjury. For a statement to be a perjured one, it
must be willfully and corruptly false. Commonwealth v. Hawkins, 284 A.2d 730,
731 (Pa. 1971). Because his allegation lacks specificity, the Court is left in the
uncomfortable position of having to speculate as to which witness [Petitioner]
believes committed perjury and what portions of their testimony were untrue. Based
on his PCRA petition, it appears [Petitioner] is most concerned with [Sergeant]
Snyder’s statement that [Petitioner] turned and fired at him [and then Sergeant
Snyder] shot [Petitioner] in the chest. [Petitioner] was shot between his right hip
and rib, and between his left hip and rip. At best, [Sergeant] Snyder’s statement as
to the location of [Petitioner’s] wound is marginally inaccurate, which is hardly
willfully and corruptly false. Furthermore, [Petitioner] did not suffer prejudice in
that the location of the bullet wounds in no way precludes the jury’s finding that he
shot at police officers.
(Resp’s Ex. 14, ECF 20-2 at 59-61.)
In the appellate brief Petitioner filed with the Superior Court (Resp’s Ex. 15, ECF 20-3 at
1-92), he raised new grounds for relief that his did not raise in either his pro se PCRA petition or
in his concise statement of matters complained of on appeal. He claimed that PCRA counsel “had
a legal basis to amend [the] pro se petition to develop ineffective [assistance of trial counsel]

claims, and PCRA counsel’s failure to do so rendered [Petitioner] un-counseled and deprived [him]
of effective assistance of counsel” and, therefore, “the PCRA court erred when granting PCRA
counsel’s motion to withdraw” and dismissing the PCRA petition. (Id. at 23-24; see also id. at 14-
24.) Specifically, Petitioner claimed that PCRA counsel should have filed an amended PCRA
petition and raise claims that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to: (1) “employ expert’s
investigation into the exculpatory and impeachment evidence presented by the Commonwealth”
in order to bolster Petitioner’s credibility (id. at 25) and (2) file a motion to suppress the statement
Petitioner gave to Detective Satler (id. at 43). Petitioner also asserted that PCRA counsel should
have raised the claim that post-sentence/direct appeal counsel was ineffective “in neglecting to
preserve and raise . . . the issue that the sentence [the trial court] imposed was manifestly excessive

and unreasonable” (id. at 49.)
On December 14, 2015, the Superior Court issued its decision affirming the dismissal of
the PCRA petition. (Resp’s Ex. 16, ECF 20-4 at 1-7, Commonwealth v. Scott, No. 1354 WDA
2014, slip op. (Pa. Super. Ct. Dec. 14, 2015) (“Scott II”)). It held that Petitioner waived all claims
raised in his appellate brief, explaining:
All of [Petitioner’s] claims on appeal are waived, as [Petitioner] did not include the
claims in his PCRA petition or in his court-ordered Rule 1925(b) statement.
Commonwealth v. McGill, 832 A.2d 1014, 1021-1022 (Pa. 2003) (a claim that
PCRA counsel was ineffective is separate and distinct from a claim that trial
counsel was ineffective); Commonwealth v. Rigg, 84 A.3d 1080, 1085 (Pa. Super.
2014) (“where the new issue is one concerning PCRA counsel’s representation, a
petitioner can preserve the issue by including that claim in his Rule 907 response
or raising the issue while the PCRA court retains jurisdiction. Since [a]ppellant did
not seek leave to amend his petition or otherwise preserve his . . . PCRA counsel
ineffectiveness claims, he waived the issues he raised for the first time in his [Rule]
1925(b) statement[ ]”) (internal citations omitted); Commonwealth v. Jacobs, 727
A.2d 545, 547 (Pa.1999) (“issues [that] were not raised in [an] original PCRA
petition, counsel’s amended petition, or the oral amendments made to [a] petition
before the PCRA court . . . . are waived”); Pa.R.A.P.1925(b)(4)(vii) (“[i]ssues not
included in the [Rule 1925(b)] statement . . . are waived”); Commonwealth v.
Castillo, 888 A.2d 775, 780 (Pa. 2005) (“[a]ny issues not raised in a
Pa.R.A.P.1925(b) statement will be waived”).
(Id. at 6) (altered text supplied by the Superior Court).
Petitioner did not file a petition for allowance of appeal with the Pennsylvania Supreme
Court following the Superior Court’s decision in Scott II. In February 2016, he filed another pro se
PCRA petition (“second PCRA petition”), which he moved to voluntarily withdraw in April 2016.
The PCRA court granted his request and dismissed that second PCRA petition on June 20, 2016.
(Resp’s Ex. 1, ECF 20-1 at 11.)
According to Petitioner, he retained Attorney Lea T. Bickerton to represent him in around
May 2016. (ECF 30 at 7.) He has attached as exhibits to his Reply (ECF 30) letters that he contends
they exchanged. Pursuant to Rule 7 of the Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases in the United
States District, the Court shall expand the record to include the exhibits Petitioner attached to his
Reply. The Court assumes for the purposes of this Memorandum only that the exhibits Petitioner
attached to his Reply are authentic. See Williams v. Woodford, 384 F.3d 567, 590-91 (9th Cir.
2004) (expansion of the record is a permissible step that may avoid the necessity of an expensive
and time consuming evidentiary hearing); Boyko v. Parke, 259 F.3d 781, 790 (7th Cir. 2001) (Rule
7 “can be used to introduce new factual information into the record in lieu of an evidentiary
hearing”).
Petitioner’s exhibits show that in correspondence dated July 12, 2016, Attorney Bickerton
sent him a “working draft” of a federal habeas petition. (Pet’s Exs. 1 & 2, ECF 30-1 at 1-10.)
Petitioner responded to Attorney Bickerton in a letter dated July 17, 2016. (Pet’s Ex. 3, ECF 30-3
at 2-3.) He answered questions she had asked of him and he commented on the draft petition. (Id.)
In a letter dated December 7, 2016, Petitioner asked Attorney Bickerton about the status of
the habeas petition and stated that he “was told that the deadline to file it was in December but I

was not told when in December. I would like to … read it before it’s due if possible. I would also
like to know when the petition is due.” (Pet’s Ex. 4, ECF No. 30-4 at 1-2.) Petitioner has not
produced or described Attorney Bickerton’s response to this letter.
Petitioner asserts that “[r]ather th[a]n filing a timely” federal habeas petition, Attorney
Bickerton instead filed another collateral petition in state court. (ECF 30 at 33.) Indeed, on
January 13, 2017, Petitioner filed, through counsel, another petition in state court. (Resp’s Ex. 17,
ECF 20-4 at 8-14.) In this state-court petition he asserted that PCRA counsel was ineffective for
failing to raise the claim that the mandatory minimum sentence he is serving violates the rule of
Alleyne v. United States, 570 U.S. 99 (2013). (Id. at 13-14.) In Alleyne, the Supreme Court held
for the first time that any fact that increases the mandatory minimum is an “element” that must be

submitted to the jury and proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Petitioner also argued that the court
should construe his filing as a “petition for a writ of habeas corpus or coram nobis” and not as
another PCRA petition. (Id. at 10-14.)
Petitioner wrote a letter to Attorney Bickerton on January 17, 2017, three days after this
state-court petition was filed. (Pet’s Ex. 5, ECF 30-5 at 2-3.) This letter demonstrates that Petitioner
was aware that counsel had filed the state-court petition and not a federal habeas petition. Petitioner
asked Attorney Bickerton “what would be next if Judge Rangos [the state court judge who presided
over his trial and PCRA proceedings] ruled in our favor on the illegal sentence[?]” (Id. at 3.) He
also discussed issues that he believed could “still be raised in a federal habeas petition[.]” (Id.)
The Commonwealth filed a motion to dismiss Petitioner’s state-court petition in which it
argued that although Petitioner had entitled his pleading a “petition for a writ of habeas corpus or
coram nobis,” it was in actuality an untimely PCRA petition.7 (Resp’s Ex. 18, ECF 20-4 at 16-22.)
The PCRA court issued a Rule 907 notice of intent to dismiss, to which Petitioner, through counsel,

filed a response. (Resp’s Ex. 1, ECF 20-1 at 12.)
On March 17, 2017, the PCRA court dismissed the “petition for a writ of habeas corpus or
coram nobis. It agreed with the Commonwealth’s argument that it was in fact a PCRA petition
over which it lacked jurisdiction because it was filed outside the PCRA’s one-year statute of
limitations. (Resp’s Ex. 19, ECF 20-4 at 23.)
Petitioner, through counsel, filed an appeal with the Superior Court. On January 21, 2018,
when his case was on appeal, Petitioner wrote to Attorney Bickerton: “I am writing to inform you
that as of 1/21/18 I still have not received any cop[ies] of motions, brief[s], or judge’s opinion[s]
that I requested.” (Pet.’s Ex. 6, ECF 30-6 at 2.) He asked that she provide those documents to him.
(Id.)

The following month, on February 27, 2018, the Superior Court issued its decision in
Petitioner’s appeal. (Resp’s Ex. 23, ECF 20-4 at 60-67, Commonwealth v. Scott, No. 586 WDA
2017, slip op. (Pa. Super. Ct. Feb. 27, 2018) (“Scott III”)). The Superior Court held that the PCRA
court properly construed his “petition for a writ of habeas corpus or coram nobis” as an untimely
PCRA petition over which it lacked jurisdiction. (Id. at 60, 66.) It also noted, however, that
Petitioner’s claim lacked merit because it had previously “determined that the mandatory
minimum sentence provision at issue here does not implicate Alleyne.” (Id. at 66 n.6.) It explained:

7 The PCRA’s one-year statute of limitations is jurisdictional and, therefore, a Pennsylvania court
cannot ignore a petition’s untimeliness and reach the merits of the claims stated therein. See, e.g.,
Commonwealth v. Mitchell, 141 A.3d 1277, 1284 (Pa. 2016).
Section 9719.1 does not require proof of any additional elements beyond those
already required to convict a defendant of assault of a law enforcement officer in
the first degree under 18 Pa.C.S. § 2702.1(a). Nor does section 9719.1 follow the
statutory scheme that allowed a trial court to apply a mandatory minimum sentence
if the Commonwealth established the triggering fact for the mandatory minimum
by a preponderance of the evidence, which this Court found unconstitutional under
Alleyne.... Instead, section 9719.1 simply describes the legislatively-required
sentence for an offender convicted of assaulting a law enforcement officer pursuant
to section 2702.1(a). Because it does not require proof of facts that increase a
mandatory minimum sentence, and does not follow the statutory construction that
allowed trial courts to find such facts by a preponderance of the evidence at
sentencing, section 9719.1 is not unconstitutional under Alleyne or its Pennsylvania
progeny.
(Id., quoting Commonwealth v. Reid, 117 A.3d 777, 785-86 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2015)).
On March 29, 2018, Petitioner, through counsel, filed a petition for allowance of appeal
with the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. (Resp’s Ex. 20, ECF 20-4 at 26.) About a month and a half
later, on May 13, 2018, Petitioner wrote to Attorney Bickerton that he had previously requested
that she send him, but had not yet received, a copy of the brief she filed on his behalf and a judicial
decision (presumably the Superior Court’s decision in Scott III). (Pet’s Ex. 7, ECF 30-7 at 2.) He
also wrote that he understood that she was busy but that he was trusting her with is life and freedom
and wanted “to know what’s going on and try to read and understand the direction you [are] going
in.” (Id.)
On August 13, 2018, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court issued an order in which it denied
the petition for allowance of appeal. (Pet’s Ex. 8, ECF 30-8 at 3.) Attorney Bickerton mailed that
order to Petitioner on August 29, 2018. (Id. at 2-3.) In her accompanying letter, she wrote: “We
have until November 12, 2018 to file for review before the United States Supreme Court. If you
do not file for review from the US Supreme Court, we will have to file a federal habeas corpus
petition as soon as possible.” (Id. at 2.)
Petitioner did not file a petition for a writ of certiorari with the United States Supreme
Court. Nor did he file at this time a federal habeas petition, either through counsel or pro se.
Petitioner asserts that Attorney Bickerton “abandoned” him after she sent him the
August 29, 2018 letter and that every attempt by him and his family to contact her after that point
“went unanswered.” (ECF 30 at 9; id. at 34.) In support of this assertion, he cites a letter dated
September 22, 2018 that he sent to Attorney Bickerton which contained a copy of a brief to assist

in the preparation of a federal habeas petition. (Pet’s Ex. 9, ECF 30-9 at 2.) He wrote: “I would
like to raise these issues along with any issues you want to raise. With your skill you can condense
it to fit what you’[re] trying to do. I would like to ask for an evidentiary hearing.” (Id.) Petitioner
also cites a letter he wrote Attorney Bickerton on December 28, 2018, in which he “ask[ed] for an
update on the [h]abeas petition[.]” (Pet’s Ex. 10, ECF 30-10 at 2.) He also provided her with “two
cases I have found that will help with the petition” and stated, “I look forward to hearing from
you.” (Id.)
Petitioner filed his pro se Petition for a Writ of Habeas Corpus (ECF 3) with this Court on
May 7, 2019, which is the date he certified he placed it in the prison mailing system. (Id. at 15).
He raises the following nine claims in the Petition:

Post-sentence/direct appeal counsel was ineffective for failing to:
• request that his right to file a post-sentence motion be reinstated (Claim 1) (ECF 3
at 5);

• litigate the claim that the prosecution committed “misconduct” for introducing
alleged “perjured testimony” (Claim 5) (id. at 16) and his alleged “involuntary
statement” (Claim 7) (id. at 17).

Trial counsel was ineffective for failing to:
• present medical records at trial (Claim 2) (id. at 7);
• file a motion to suppress the statement he gave to Detective Satler (Claim 3) (id. at
8);

• object to the “known perjured testimony” given by “multiple witnesses of the
Commonwealth” (Claim 4) (id. at 10);
• argue that the crime scene photographs presented at trial discredited the testimony
given by the Commonwealth’s witnesses (Claim 6) (id. at 16);

PCRA counsel was ineffective for failing to:
• raise the claim that the cumulative effect of trial counsel’s errors entitled Petitioner
to PCRA relief (Claim 8) (id. at 18);

• raise the claim that his sentence violated the rule of Alleyne (Claim 9) (id. at 18-
19).8

In their Answer (ECF 20), Respondents assert that the Court must dismiss the Petition
because all of Petitioner’s claims are time-barred under the applicable one-year statute of
limitations, which is set forth in the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996
(“AEDPA”) and codified at 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d).9 Petitioner concedes in his Reply (ECF 30) that
he filed his habeas claims outside the AEDPA’s one-year statute of limitations. He argues that he
is entitled to equitable tolling and also that, in accordance with the Supreme Court’s decision in

8 The Court notes that because Petitioner did not have a federal constitutional right to counsel
during his PCRA proceeding, Pennsylvania v. Finley, 481 U.S. 551, 555 (1987), he cannot receive
habeas relief on a claim that his PCRA counsel was ineffective, a fact codified by statute at
28 U.S.C. § 2254(i), which expressly provides: “[t]he ineffectiveness of counsel during Federal or
State collateral post-conviction proceedings shall not be ground for relief in a proceeding arising
under section 2254.” See also Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 752-53 (1991) (“There is no
constitutional right to an attorney in state post-conviction proceedings.... Consequently, a
petitioner cannot claim constitutionally ineffective assistance of counsel in such proceedings.”)
Thus, Claims 8 and 9 are not cognizable and are denied for that reason. However, if the Court
construes Petitioner’s claims of PCRA counsel’s ineffectiveness as in fact raising the underlying
claim (that is, as raising stand-alone claims that his sentence violated the rule in Alleyne claim and
that the cumulative effect of trial counsel’s alleged errors prejudiced him) these claims are still
subject to denial because they are, like Petitioner’s other claims, time-barred.
9 Respondents also asserts that Petitioner procedurally defaulted his claims and that they have no
merit. The Court’s disposition on timeliness makes it unnecessary for it to reach these additional
issues.
McQuiggin v. Perkins, 569 U.S. 383 (2013), the Court must excuse his failure to comply with
AEDPA’s limitations period because he is “actually innocent.”10
II. Discussion
A. Jurisdiction

The Court has jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 2254, the federal habeas statute applicable to
prisoners in custody pursuant to a state-court judgment. It permits a federal court to grant a state
prisoner a writ of habeas corpus “on the ground that he or she is in custody in violation of the
Constitution…of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a). Errors of state law are not cognizable.
Id.; see, e.g., Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 67-68 (1991). It is Petitioner’s burden to prove that
he is entitled to the writ. See, e.g., Vickers v. Sup’t Graterford SCI, 858 F.3d 841, 848-49 (3d Cir.
2017).
In 1996, Congress made significant amendments to the federal habeas statutes with the
enactment of AEDPA, which “modified a federal habeas court’s role in reviewing state prisoner
applications in order to prevent federal habeas ‘retrials’ and to ensure that state-court convictions

are given effect to the extent possible under law.” Bell v. Cone, 535 U.S. 685, 693 (2002) (citing
Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 403-04 (2000)). AEDPA reflects the view that habeas corpus is
a “guard against extreme malfunctions in the state criminal justice systems, not a substitute for
ordinary error correction through appeal.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 102-03 (2011)
(internal quotations and citation omitted).

10 The magistrate judge to whom this case was initially assigned issued a report and
recommendation (ECF 4) recommending that the Petition be dismissed prior to service because it
was facially untimely. Petitioner filed objections asserting that he could overcome the time-bar.
Therefore, the district court judge to whom the case was assigned at that time declined to adopt
the report and recommendation and directed that the Petition be served upon the Respondents. The
parties subsequently voluntarily consented to have a United States Magistrate Judge conduct
proceedings in this case.
AEDPA substantially revised the law governing federal habeas corpus. Among other
things, AEDPA set a one-year limitations period for filing a federal habeas petition. See Pace v.
DiGuglielmo, 544 U.S. 408, 410 (2005).
B. Petitioner’s Claims are Time-barred

AEDPA’s statute of limitations is codified at 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d) and it requires, with a
few exceptions not applicable here, that habeas corpus claims under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 be filed
within one year of the date the petitioner’s judgment of sentence became final. 28 U.S.C.
§ 2244(d)(1)(A).11 AEDPA also provides that “[t]he time during which a properly filed application
for State post-conviction or other collateral review with respect to the pertinent judgment or claim
is pending shall not be counted toward any period of limitation under this subsection.” 28 U.S.C.
§ 2244(d).
As set forth above, Petitioner’s judgment of sentence became final on February 17, 2014.
He filed the first PCRA petition 72 days later, on April 30, 2014. In accordance with § 2244(d)(2),
that first PCRA proceeding statutorily tolled AEDPA’s limitations period beginning on
April 30, 2014.12 Petitioner’s first PCRA proceeding remained pending through on or around

January 12, 2016, which is the date the 30-day time period expired for him to file a petition for

11 The date upon which AEDPA’s one-year limitations period commenced is determined on a
claim-by-claim basis. Fielder v. Varner, 379 F.3d 113, 118-22 (3d Cir. 2004). In this case, the
statute of limitations for each of Petitioner’s claims began to run on the date his judgment of
sentence became final in accordance with § 2244(d)(1)(A). The remaining provisions § 2244(d)(1)
do not apply to Petitioner’s case. 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(B)-(D).
12 Petitioner does not argue, and there is no basis for this Court to conclude, that the second PCRA
petition he filed pro se in February 2016 statutorily tolled the limitation’s period under
§ 2244(d)(2). As for the third PCRA petition he filed, through counsel, on January 13, 2017, it was
filed after AEDPA’s statute of limitations expired, so it could not serve to statutorily toll the
limitations period. Moreover, because it was deemed to be untimely under state law, it could not
statutorily toll AEDPA’s statute of limitations. Pace, 544 U.S. at 417 (a state postconviction
petition that is “rejected . . . as untimely . . . was not ‘properly filed’ . . . and . . . [does] not entitle[]
a federal habeas corpus petitioner] to statutory tolling under § 2244(d)(2).”).
allowance of appeal from the Superior Court’s December 14, 2015 decision in Scott II. Swartz,
204 F.3d at 419-20.
AEDPA’s limitations period began to run again the next day, on January 13, 2016. Since
72 days had expired already from the limitations period, Petitioner had 293 more days—until on

or around November 1, 2016—to file a timely federal habeas petition. He did not file his Petition
with this Court until May 7, 2019, thereby making the claims he raised in the Petition untimely by
approximately 916 days.13
Petitioner acknowledges that he filed his claims outside of AEDPA’s one-year statute of
limitations, but contends that the limitations period should be equitably tolled. Equitable tolling
would apply here only if Petitioner established that (1) he pursued his rights diligently;14 and
(2) some extraordinary circumstance stood in his way and prevented timely filing. Holland v.
Florida, 560 U.S. 631 (2010); see, e.g., Wallace v. Mahanoy, 2 F.4d 133, 143-44 (3d Cir. 2021);

13 Respondents and Petitioner both state that Petitioner had until October 3, 2016 to file a timely
petition for a writ of habeas corpus. It appears to the Court that they did not account for the fact
that the first PCRA proceeding remained pending during the thirty-day period Petitioner had to
file a petition for allowance of appeal following the Superior Court’s issuance of Scott II.
14 The Court of Appeals has explained:
The diligence required for equitable tolling purposes is reasonable diligence, not
maximum, extreme, or exceptional diligence. Holland, 130 S. Ct. at 2565…. A
determination of whether a petitioner has exercised reasonable diligence is made
under a subjective test: it must be considered in light of the particular circumstances
of the case. See Schlueter v. Varner, 384 F.3d 69, 74 (3d Cir. 2004) (“Due diligence
does not require the maximum feasible diligence, but it does require diligence in
the circumstances.”) (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted); see also Doe v. Busby, 661 F.3d 1001, 1013 (9th Cir. 2011) (“To
determine if a petitioner has been diligent in pursuing his petition, courts consider
the petitioner’s overall level of care and caution in light of his or her particular
circumstances." (emphasis added)).
Ross v. Varano, 712 F.3d 784, 799 (3d Cir. 2013).
Ross, 712 F.3d at 798-804; United States v. Thomas, 713 F.3d 165, 174-75 (3d Cir. 2013);
Munchinski v. Wilson, 694 F.3d 308, 329-32 (3d Cir. 2012). “This conjunctive standard requires
showing both elements before we will permit tolling.” Sistrunk v. Rozum, 674 F.3d 181, 190 (3d
Cir. 2012) (emphasis in original)). The Court of Appeals has further instructed that:

“[t]here are no bright lines in determining whether equitable tolling is warranted in
a given case.” Pabon v. Mahanoy, 654 F.3d 385, 399 (3d Cir. 2011). Nevertheless,
“courts must be sparing in their use of equitable tolling,” Seitzinger v. Reading
Hosp. & Medical Ctr., 165 F.3d 236, 239 (3d Cir. 1999), and should do so “only
when the principles of equity would make the right application of a limitation
period unfair.” Miller [v. New Jersey State Dept. of Corr.], 145 F.3d [616, 618 (3d
Cir. 1998)].
Id.
Petitioner has failed to establish that extraordinary circumstances prevented him from filing
a timely federal petition for a writ of habeas corpus, at least for the amount of time that would be
required to save his claims from being time-barred. Attorney Bickerton may have given him
incorrect information as to when AEDPA’s statute of limitations expired or whether he should first
file the third PCRA petition and then a federal habeas petition. However, such errors do not qualify
as an extraordinary circumstance sufficient to warrant equitable tolling. Holland, 560 U.S. at 651-
62 (“a garden variety claim of excusable neglect, such as a simple ‘miscalculation’ that leads a
lawyer to miss a filing deadline, does not warrant equitable tolling.”) (citations and internal
quotations omitted); Lawrence v. Florida, 549 U.S. 327, 336-37 (2007) (“Attorney miscalculation
is simply not sufficient to warrant equitable tolling, particularly in the postconviction context
where prisoners have no constitutional right to counsel.”); Johnson v. Hendricks, 314 F.3d 159,
162-63 (3d Cir. 2002) (rejecting the petitioner’s argument that he established “extraordinary
circumstances” because he relied upon his attorney’s erroneous advice regarding the expiration of
the AEDPA’s statute of limitations.) See also Maples v. Thomas, 565 U.S. 266, 281, 283 (2012)
(“[W]e reasoned in Coleman, [501 U.S. at 753-54], because the attorney is the prisoner’s agent,
and under ‘well-settled’ principles of agency law,’ the principal bears the risk of negligent conduct
on the part of his agent. Thus, when a petitioner’s postconviction attorney misses a filing deadline,
the petitioner is bound by the oversight and cannot rely on it to establish case. We do not disturb
that general rule. A markedly different situation is presented, however, when an attorney abandons

his client without notice, and thereby occasions the default. Having severed the principal-agent
relationship, an attorney no longer acts, or fails to act, as the client’s representative. His acts or
omissions therefore ‘cannot fairly be attribute to [the client].’ Coleman, 501 U.S. at 753.”)
(additional citations omitted).
In Holland, the Supreme Court recognized the possibility that more egregious conduct on
the part of counsel may constitute an extraordinary circumstance. It remanded for a lower court to
make an extraordinary-circumstances determination where the attorney “failed to file [the] federal
petition on time despite [the petitioner’s] many letters that repeatedly emphasized the importance
of his doing so,” “apparently did not do the research necessary to find out the proper filing date,”
“failed to inform [the client] in a timely manner about the crucial fact that the Florida Supreme

Court had decided his case,” and “failed to communicate with his client over a period of years,
despite various pleas from [the client] that [the attorney] respond to his letters.” 560 U.S. at 652
(emphasis added). The Supreme Court observed in Holland that the petitioner’s “case may well be
an ‘extraordinary’ instance in which petitioner’s attorney’s conduct constituted far more than
‘garden variety’ or ‘excusable neglect.’” Id.
In contrast, in this case the letters between Petitioner and Attorney Bickerton demonstrate
that he was aware of the course of action she took on his behalf and that they were in
communication from the time he retained her in 2016 through August 29, 2018, when she sent the
letter informing him that the Pennsylvania Supreme Court denied his petition for allowance of
appeal following the Superior Court’s decision in Scott III. Petitioner does not allege that Attorney
Bickerton deceived him in any manner. For example, he does not assert that she told him that she
filed a federal habeas petition on his behalf when in fact she had not.
Petitioner does assert that Attorney Bickerton abandoned him after she sent the

August 29, 2018 letter. If that is true, he does not explain why he waited until May 7, 2019 to file
his pro se federal habeas petition. Petitioner may not have understood the ramifications of waiting
so long file his federal habeas petition—particularly after Attorney Bickerton allegedly stopped
communicating with him after she sent him the August 29, 2018 letter—but it is well established
that a petitioner’s “lack of legal knowledge or legal training does not alone justify equitable
tolling.” Ross, 712 F.3d at 799-800 (citing Brown v. Shannon, 322 F.3d 768, 774 (3d Cir. 2003)
(equitable tolling not justified where petitioner had one month left in limitations period in which
he could have filed “at least a basic pro se habeas petition” at the time that petitioner’s attorney
informed him that he would not file an appeal in state court on his behalf and could no longer
adequately represent him); and Doe v. Menefee, 391 F.3d 147, 177 (2d Cir. 2004) (“Given that we

expect pro se petitioners to know when the limitations period expires . . . such inadvertence on
Doe's part cannot constitute reasonable diligence.”)
Petitioner also argues that in accordance with the Supreme Court’s decision in McQuiggin
v. Perkins, 569 U.S. 383 (2013), the Court must excuse his failure to comply with AEDPA’s
limitations period because he is innocent. In McQuiggin, the Supreme Court recognized that the
actual-innocence “gateway” to federal habeas review developed in Schlup v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298
(1995) for procedurally defaulted claims extends to cases where a petitioner’s claims would
otherwise be barred by the expiration AEDPA’s one-year statute of limitations.
In Schlup, the Supreme Court held that a viable claim of actual innocence requires a
petitioner “to support his allegations of constitutional error with new reliable evidence—whether
it be exculpatory scientific evidence, trustworthy eyewitness accounts, or critical physical
evidence—that was not presented at trial.” 513 U.S. at 324. Importantly, “‘[a]ctual innocence’

means factual innocence, not mere legal insufficiency.” Sistrunk v. Rozum, 674 F.3d 181, 191 (3d
Cir. 2012) (quoting Bousley v. United States, 523 U.S. 614, 623 (1998)).
The Supreme Court’s ruling in McQuiggin was “grounded in the ‘equitable discretion’ of
habeas courts to see that federal constitutional errors do not result in the incarceration of innocent
persons.” 569 U.S. at 392-93 (quoting Herrera v. Collins, 506 U.S. 390, 404 (1993)). It held that
the “actual innocence” exception will apply only to a “severely confined category” of cases,” id.
at 395, and instructed “[t]he gateway should open only when a petition presents ‘evidence of
innocence so strong that a court cannot have confidence in the outcome of the trial unless the court
is also satisfied that the trial was free of nonharmless constitutional error.’” Id. at 401 (quoting
Schlup, 513 U.S. at 316).

In Reeves v. Fayette SCI, 897 F.3d 154, 160-61 (3d Cir. 2018), the Court of Appeals
explained:
To satisfy this standard, first, “a petitioner must present new, reliable evidence” and
second, “show by a preponderance of the evidence ‘that it is more likely than not
that no reasonable juror would have convicted him in the light of the new
evidence,’” Houck v. Stickman, 625 F.3d 88, 93 (3d Cir. 2010) (citing and quoting
Schlup, 513 U.S. at 324, 327, 115 S. Ct. 851), or stated differently, that it is “more
likely than not any reasonable juror would have reasonable doubt,” House v. Bell,
547 U.S. 518, 538, 126 S. Ct. 2064, 165 L.Ed.2d 1 (2006).
It further explained:
“[M]ere impeachment evidence is generally not sufficient to satisfy the [actual
innocence gateway] standard.” Munchinski v. Wilson, 694 F.3d 308, 338 (3d Cir.
2012). However, new, reliable evidence that “undermine[s] the [trial] evidence
pointing to the identity of the [perpetrator] and the motive for the [crime]” can
suffice to show actual innocence. Goldblum v. Klem, 510 F.3d 204, 233 (3d Cir.
2007); see also Munchinski, 694 F.3d at 336-37 (explaining that actual innocence
was demonstrated where new evidence both showed that the crime could not have
happened in the way the Commonwealth presented at trial and provided an
alternative theory that was more appropriate and better fit the facts of the case). In
weighing the evidence, “[t]he court’s function is not to make an independent factual
determination about what likely occurred, but rather to assess the likely impact of
the evidence on reasonable jurors”; the actual innocence standard “does not require
absolute certainty about the petitioner’s guilt or innocence.” House, 547 U.S. at
538, 126 S. Ct. 2064.
The gateway actual innocence standard is “demanding” and satisfied only
in the “rare” and “extraordinary” case where “a petition presents evidence of
innocence so strong that a court cannot have confidence in the outcome of the trial
unless the court is also satisfied that the trial was free of nonharmless constitutional
error.” McQuiggin, 569 U.S. at 386, 392, 401, 133 S. Ct. 1924 (internal quotation
marks and citations omitted).
Id. at 161 (altered text added by court of appeals).
Petitioner has not produced new evidence of his innocence that provides a “gateway”
through which the Court may consider his untimely federal habeas claims. He has attached to his
Reply, as Exhibits 11 through 14, a printout of a map of the location of the shooting (Pet’s Ex. 11,
ECF 30-11) and three photographs taken of the crime scene that indicate where shell casings were
located. (Pet’s Ex. 12, ECF 30-12; Pet’s Ex. 13, ECF 30-13; and Pet’s Ex. 14, ECF 30-14. See also
ECF 30 at 18, 23-25.) He cites to these exhibits and portions of the trial transcript to support his
contention that he “fired [his] weapon from at a telephone pole across from the dirt mound.”) It
appears that these exhibits were introduced at his trial. Therefore, they do not satisfy the threshold
requirement for applying the actual innocence standard, which requires the presentation of “new
evidence” that was not presented at trial. Schlup, 513 U.S. at 324; See also Hubbard v. Pinchak,
378 F.3d 333, 340-41 (3d Cir. 2004) (evidence which is a mere “repackaging of the record as
presented at trial” is not considered “new” evidence which may properly support a claim of actual
innocence).
Moreover, to the extent that Petitioner’s Exhibits 11 through 14 were not introduced at
trial, they at most amount to evidence that the defense could have used to attempt to impeach the
testimony of the Commonwealth’s witnesses and bolster the credibility of Petitioner’s testimony
that he did not shoot at Sergeant Snyder or Detective Goob and only shot at a dirt mound. The
evidence does not qualify as the type of evidence of actual innocence sufficient to allow review of
his time-barred claims.

Based upon the forgoing, Petitioner has shown neither that an “extraordinary
circumstance” stood in his way of filing his habeas claims within AEDPA’s statute of limitations
or that he acted with the required diligence sufficient to justify the amount of equitable tolling that
would be required to save his claims from being time-barred. Nor has Petitioner demonstrated that
this is one of the rare cases where the actual innocence exception to the statute of limitations
recognized by McQuiggin applies. Therefore, his habeas claims are time-barred and the Court will
deny them for that reason.
III. Certificate of Appealability
AEDPA codified standards governing the issuance of a certificate of appealability for
appellate review of a district court’s disposition of a habeas petition. It provides that “[a] certificate

of appealability may issue...only if the applicant has made a substantial showing of the denial of a
constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). “When the district court denies a habeas petition on
procedural grounds without reaching the prisoner’s underlying constitutional claim, a [certificate
of appealability] should issue when the prisoner shows, at least, that jurists of reason would find it
debatable whether the petition states a valid claim of the denial of a constitutional right and that
jurists of reason would find it debatable whether the district court was correct in its procedural
ruling.” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000). Applying that standard here, jurists of reason
would not find it debatable whether Petitioner’s claims should be denied as untimely. Accordingly,
a certificate of appealability is denied with respect to each claim.
IV. Conclusion
Based upon the foregoing, the Court will deny each of Petitioner’s habeas claims and will
deny a certificate of appealability with respect to each claim.

An appropriate Order follows.

/s/ Patricia L. Dodge
Date: October 19, 2021 PATRICIA L. DODGE
United States Magistrate Judge

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10417135. Public record. Not legal advice.