# CLAYTON v. DOLLAR BANK

> District Court, W.D. Pennsylvania · October 5, 2021

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10417015

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, W.D. Pennsylvania
- **Decided:** October 5, 2021
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10417015

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- noting that state courts are competent to consider ordinary preemption as an affirmative defense

## Opinion text

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA

MARY CLAYTON, )
Plaintiff, )
v. ) 2:21-CV-843
DOLLAR BANK, )
Defendant. )
)
)
)

OPINION
Introduction
Plaintiff Mary Clayton (“Clayton”) filed the complaint in this case in the Court of
Common Pleas of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania (the “state court”), and asserted only state
law claims. On June 30, 2021, defendant Dollar Bank (“Dollar”) filed a notice of removal.
Dollar argues that Subpart B of Federal Reserve Board Regulation J, 12 C.F.R. § 210.25
(“Regulation J”) governs the Fedwire system and completely preempts state law causes of action,
such that this court may exercise federal question jurisdiction.
On July 7, 2021, the court issued an Order to Show Cause why the case should not be
remanded to the state court for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. Dollar filed its position with
respect to the show cause order (ECF No. 7); Clayton filed a response (ECF No. 8) and Dollar
filed a reply brief (ECF No. 9). Upon consideration of the filings, the court will remand this case
to the state court FORTHWITH.

Factual and Procedural Background
Clayton, a 79-year-old widow, was a long-time customer of Dollar. The complaint
alleges that Clayton became the victim of an unknown scam artist. Over the course of several
months in 2019, Clayton went to the Bethel Park branch office of Dollar and, with the assistance
of bank personnel, executed four wire transfers totalling $4,300,000.00. In each instance, Dollar
wired the funds to Silvergate Bank in La Jolla, California, for the account of Paxos Trust
Company LLC, located in New York, NY. The bank employees never asked whether Clayton
intended, or knew, that the wire transfers were being made through a crypto currency bank to a

crypto currency trust company. A Dollar employee procured an ITBIT Wallet Deposit ID for
Clayton, without which the transfers could not have been processed. Complaint ¶ 34.
Clayton alleges that Dollar was negligent in not protecting her from this fraudulent
scheme. Clayton also alleges that Dollar’s advertising claims about keeping its clients’
information safe from scams were misleading and violated the Pennsylvania Unfair Trade
Practices and Consumer Protection Law (“PUTPCPL”), Pa. Stat. Ann. § 201-1 et seq., for which
she seeks treble damages. See Complaint, ECF No. 1-2. Dollar was served with the complaint
on June 1, 2021, and filed its timely notice of removal on June 30, 2021.

Standard of Review
The court has a nondelegable duty to ensure that it may properly exercise subject-matter
jurisdiction over a case. The burden to establish that subject-matter jurisdiction is proper rests on
the party invoking that jurisdiction. Auto-Owners Ins. Co. v. Stevens & Ricci Inc., 835 F.3d 388,
395 (3d Cir. 2016). In this case, Dollar, as the removing party, has the burden.
The removal statute provides:
Except as otherwise expressly provided by Act of Congress, any civil action
brought in a State court of which the district courts of the United States have
original jurisdiction, may be removed by the defendant or the defendants, to the
district court of the United States for the district and division embracing the place
where such action is pending.
28 U.S.C. § 1441(a). The statute is to be strictly construed against removal. Samuel-Bassett v.
KIA Motors Am., Inc., 357 F.3d 392, 396 (3d Cir. 2004). All doubts are to be resolved in favor
of remand to the state court. Boyer v. Snap-on Tools Corp., 913 F.2d 108, 111 (3d Cir. 1990)
(citing Steel Valley Auth. v. Union Switch and Signal Div., 809 F.2d 1006, 1010 (3d Cir. 1987).
The strict removal policy “has always been rigorously enforced by the courts.” St. Paul

Mercury Indem. Co. v. Red Cab Co., 303 U.S. 283, 288 (1938)). In part, the strict removal
policy implements Congress’ intent. See Samuel-Bassett, 357 F.3d at 396 (“so that the
Congressional intent to restrict federal diversity jurisdiction is honored.”). The policy also
reflects federalism and prudential concerns. In Abels v. State Farm Fire & Casualty Co., the
court explained: “Because lack of jurisdiction would make any decree in the case void and the
continuation of the litigation in federal court futile, the removal statute should be strictly
construed and all doubts resolved in favor of remand.” Abels, 770 F.2d 26, 29 (3d Cir. 1985).
Dollar recognizes that: (1) the complaint asserts only state law causes of action for
negligence and violation of the PUTPCPL; (2) removal would be proper only under the narrow

“complete preemption” or Grable doctrines; (3) the Supreme Court and United States Court of
Appeals for the Third Circuit have not addressed the specific issue raised in this case; and (4) at
best, there is a circuit-split among the courts that have addressed it. As discussed below, Dollar
did not meet its burden to demonstrate that removal jurisdiction is proper.
In any event, as will also be discussed below, the court concludes that the more
persuasive case law reflects that only Congress (not a federal agency in a regulation) can
completely preempt a state law cause of action to create removal jurisdiction. See AmSouth Bank
v. Dale, 386 F.3d 763, 776-77 (6th Cir. 2004). The alleged circuit split is illusory because the
decisions relied upon by Dollar, i.e., Eisenberg v. Wachovia Bank, N.A., 301 F.3d 220, 223 (4th
Cir. 2002), and Donmar Enterprises, Inc. v. S. Nat. Bank of N. Carolina, 64 F.3d 944, 949 (4th
Cir. 1995), involve “defensive preemption” not “complete preemption.”

Discussion
Dollar concedes that the complaint in this case asserts only state law causes of action, but

contends that federal question jurisdiction exists under the doctrine of complete preemption. In
essence, Dollar argues that Regulation J governs the Fedwire system and completely preempts
Clayton’s state law negligence claim. Dollar argues that the court should exercise supplemental
jurisdiction over the PUTPCPL claim. Clayton argues that removal is improper because her
lawsuit does not implicate Regulation J. Clayton points out that the complaint does not allege
any problem with the actual wire transfers, but instead focuses on Dollar’s misconduct prior to
the wire transfers, in particular, in obtaining the ITBIT Wallet Deposit ID. Dollar maintains that
the conduct is intertwined with the wire transfers, and therefore, is exclusively governed by
Regulation J.

1. Federal question jurisdiction – general rule
Pursuant to the long-established “well-pleaded complaint” rule, “a suit arises under the
Constitution and laws of the United States only when the plaintiff's statement of [her] own cause
of action shows that it is based upon those laws or that Constitution.” Beneficial Nat'l Bank v.
Anderson, 539 U.S. 1, 6 (2003) (quoting Louisville & Nashville R. Co. v. Mottley, 211 U.S. 149,
152 (1908)). In other words, federal question jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331 exists
when a federal question is presented “on the face of the plaintiff's properly pleaded complaint.”
Caterpillar Inc. v. Williams, 482 U.S. 386, 392 (1987).
The existence of a federal defense, including a defense that the plaintiff’s claims are
preempted by a federal statute, does not confer federal question jurisdiction. Id.; Franchise Tax
Bd. of Cal. v. Constr. Laborers Trust for S. Cal., 463 U.S. 1, 12 (1983). It is “settled law that a
case may not be removed to federal court on the basis of a federal defense, including the defense
of pre-emption, even if the defense is anticipated in the plaintiff's complaint, and even if both

parties concede that the federal defense is the only question truly at issue.” Caterpillar, 482 U.S.
at 393 (citing Franchise Tax Bd., 463 U.S. at 12) (emphasis in original).
“As a general rule, absent diversity jurisdiction, a case will not be removable if the
complaint does not affirmatively allege a federal claim.” Beneficial Nat'l Bank, 539 U.S. at 6.
See generally Wright & Miller, 14C Fed. Prac. & Proc. Juris. § 3722.2 (Rev. 4th ed., April 2021
update) (noting the important distinction between “complete” preemption and the “ordinary”
preemption defense).
In this case, it is undisputed that Clayton and Dollar are both citizens of Pennsylvania and
diversity of citizenship does not exist. It is also undisputed that the face of Clayton’s complaint

does not affirmatively allege a federal claim; she asserts only state law claims. The mere fact
that Dollar intends to assert Regulation J as a preemption defense does not create removal
jurisdiction.

2. The “complete preemption” exception
Dollar appears to concede that this case is not removable under the “well-pleaded
complaint” rule. Instead, Dollar invokes the complete preemption doctrine, which is “a well-
recognized albeit narrow exception to the well-pleaded complaint rule.” Mercedes-Benz USA,
LLC v. Nippon Yusen Kabushiki Kaisha, No. CV 18-13764, 2018 WL 6522487, at *3 (D.N.J.
Dec. 12, 2018). As succinctly summarized in Mercedes-Benz:
The Supreme Court has held that complete preemption applies when a federal
cause of action “wholly displaces the state-law cause of action” asserted in a
complaint such that the claim, though ostensibly seeking relief under state law, in
reality arises under federal law and is thus removable under section 1441.
Beneficial Nat'l Bank, 539 U.S. at 8. “Complete preemption is a short-hand for the
doctrine that in certain matters Congress so strongly intended an exclusive federal
cause of action that what a plaintiff calls a state law claim is to be recharacterized
as a federal claim.” Fayard v. Ne. Vehicle Servs., LLC, 533 F.3d 42, 45 (1st Cir.
2008). The doctrine of complete preemption in effect “converts a state-law claim
into a federal one.” Caterpillar, 482 U.S. at 393; see also Tishman, 760 F.3d at
302 (holding that complete preemption “operates to confer original federal subject
matter jurisdiction notwithstanding the absence of a federal cause of action on the
face of the complaint.”).

Mercedes-Benz, 2018 WL 6522487, at *3.

The standard for a removing party to establish complete preemption is difficult to meet.
The claim must come within the scope of a federal statute that has “unusually powerful
preemptive force,” that is, federal authority “ ‘so powerful as to displace entirely any state cause
of action.’ ” Beneficial Nat'l Bank, 539 U.S. at 7 (quoting Franchise Tax Bd., 463 U.S. at 23-24).
In addition, the federal statute must provide “the exclusive cause of action for the claim asserted
and also set forth procedures and remedies governing that cause of action.” Id. at 8.
For many years, the only statute that gave rise to complete preemption was § 301 of the
Labor-Management Relations Act of 1947 (“LMRA”), as interpreted in Avco Corp. v.
Machinists, 390 U.S. 557 (1968). In Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. Taylor, 481 U.S. 58, 65
(1987), the Supreme Court explained that it would have been reluctant to find complete
preemption despite the extraordinary preemptive power in ERISA. The Court, however, found
Congress intended complete preemption under ERISA § 501(a)(1)(B) based on the statutory
parallels with § 301 of the LMRA and a conference report that stated: “All such actions in
Federal or State courts are to be regarded as arising under the laws of the United States in similar
fashion to those brought under section 301 of the [LMRA].” Id. The complete preemption
doctrine also applies to §§ 85 and 86 of the National Bank Act. See Beneficial Nat'l Bank, 539
U.S. at 10–11 (usury claims against federally chartered banks).1 In Beneficial, the Supreme
Court clarified that the proper inquiry is “whether Congress intended the federal cause of action

to be exclusive rather than on whether Congress intended that the cause of action be removable.”
539 U.S. at 9. Therefore, the fact that a statute at issue was enacted prior to the removal statute
is irrelevant. Id.
In Mercedes-Benz, the court explained that one overlooked aspect of the complete
preemption doctrine is that the federal statute with completely preemptive force must also give
rise to original federal jurisdiction. Mercedes-Benz, 2018 WL 6522487, at *5 (D.N.J. Dec. 12,
2018) (citing Sullivan v. Am. Airlines, Inc., 424 F.3d 267, 276 (2d Cir. 2005)) (emphasis in
original). In Mercedes-Benz and Sullivan, the courts concluded that although the statutes at issue
(the Shipping Act of 1984 and Railway Labor Act, respectively) had strong preemptive force, the

statutes did not create an original federal cause of action and, therefore, removal was improper.

3. Preemption decisions involving “Regulation J”
Several decisions have addressed preemption in the specific context of Regulation J. In
AmSouth Bank v. Dale, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals directly considered removal
jurisdiction based on complete preemption. The court began its analysis by observing that “only
Congress can completely preempt a state cause of action.” Dale, 386 F.3d at 776 (citing

1 In Hahn v. Rauch, the court noted that the Supreme Court has also found complete preemption based upon the
Price–Anderson Act, 42 U.S.C. § 2014(hh), and certain circuits have found complete preemption under § 301 of the
Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. § 301(a)), but agreed that the doctrine is “extremely limited.” Hahn, 602 F. Supp. 2d 895,
910 n. 7 (N.D. Ohio 2008).
Beneficial Nat'l Bank, 539 U.S. at 8, 9 & n. 5). The court noted the “balance struck between an
agency's ability to promulgate regulations with the force of federal law—and therefore its ability
to preempt state causes of action through ordinary preemption—and its inability to create a right
of action where Congress has not intended it do so.” Id. at 776-77 (quoting Alexander v.
Sandoval, 532 U.S. 275, 291 (2001) (“Language in a regulation may invoke a private right of

action that Congress through statutory text created, but it may not create a right that Congress
has not.”)). “The true question is whether Congress, in enacting [the enabling statute], intended
to create a remedy for violations of [the regulation].” Id. (quoting Marx v. Centran Corp., 747
F.2d 1536, 1544 (6th Cir.1984)). In sum, “[w]hile the agency can create federal law, it cannot
expand federal jurisdiction.” Id.
The proper inquiry, therefore, focuses on Congress’ intent, as reflected in the Federal
Reserve Act, 12 U.S.C. § 221 et seq., the enabling statute for Regulation J. Dale, 386 F.3d at
777. In Dale, the court determined that the Federal Reserve Act does not reflect congressional
intent for Regulation J to completely preempt state law:

The regulations were promulgated pursuant to the authority granted by four
different sections of the Act: § 11(i) and (j) (12 U.S.C § 248(i) and (j)); § 13 (12
U.S.C. § 342); paragraph fourteen of § 16 (12 U.S.C. § 248(o)); and § 19(f) (12
U.S.C. § 464). None of these sections provide specific authority for the Fedwire
system—instead, they are general provisions—and none of them reference causes
of action having to do with the Federal Reserve system, or any of the markers
associated with complete preemption.

Id. Dollar argues that these sections of the Federal Reserve Act demonstrate a broad delegation
of authority by Congress to the agency. Dollar, however, does not cite any statutory language
that supports complete preemption.
In Hutchins v. Modern Woodmen Fraternal Financial, 978 F. Supp.2d 637 (S.D. Miss.
2013), the court addressed a factual situation similar to this case, involving a victim of a fraud
scheme who sued a bank in state court for negligence and negligence per se relating to a wire
transfer and the bank sought removal arguing that the claims were completely preempted by
Regulation J. The parties agreed that the relevant wire transfer occurred via the FedWire. The
court reviewed the general principles for removing a case and emphasized the important
distinction between defensive preemption and the complete preemption necessary to create

removal jurisdiction. Id. at 644-45 (quoting Bartolome v. Homefield Financial Inc., No. CV 09–
7258, 2009 WL 4907050, *3 (C.D. Cal. Dec. 11, 2009) (“the extraordinary consequences of
complete preemption counsel against finding the requisite Congressional intent when the
regulation reflects only the views of an executive branch agency acting without Congressional
guidance”); and Bullard v. Southwest Crop Ins. Agency, Inc., 984 F.Supp. 531, 537–538
(E.D.Tex.1997) ( “it is quite another matter to conclude that an agency may also completely or
super preempt an area, thereby allowing an agency to create federal court subject matter
jurisdiction where none exists.”)). In Hutchins the court concluded that the bank failed to meet
its burden to demonstrate a basis for removal and remanded the case to the state court. Id. at
647.2

Dollar relies on two decisions from the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals. In Donmar, the
court held that Regulation J preempted state law claims of negligence and wrongful payment
involving wire transfers. Donmar, 64 F.3d at 946. In Eisenberg, the court reached a more
nuanced result. In Eisenberg, the court cited Donmar with approval and examined whether a
state law cause of action would be inconsistent with or duplicative of the rules established in
Regulation J. 301 F.3d at 224 & n.1. State law claims based on the manner in which the bank

2 The court noted that even “defensive preemption” may not apply. Id. at 646 n.4 (citing Regions Bank v. Provident
Bank, Inc., 345 F.3d 1267, 1274 (11th Cir. 2003) (Regulation J is not the exclusive means by which a plaintiff can
seek redress for alleged harms arising from a funds transfer); see Fragale v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 480 F.
Supp.3d 653, 660 (E.D. Pa. 2020) (claims premised on the opening of an account prior to the wire transfer are not
preempted).
received and credited the wire transfer would be preempted. Id. at 223. The court determined,
however, that state law negligence claims rooted in the duties, obligations and liabilities
applicable to bank functions having nothing to do with a Fedwire transfer can evade preemption
because Regulation J does not address those kinds of claims. Id. at 224 (“State law claims
premised on conduct not covered by Subpart B cannot create a conflict with or duplicate the

rules established in Subpart B.”). The court concluded that claims regarding the opening and
management of fake accounts would not be preempted. Id.
The court in Dale distinguished Eisenberg and Donmar, without discussion, as examples
of “ordinary preemption” (i.e., a preemption defense), rather than the complete preemption that
would justify removal jurisdiction. Id. at 776. In Hutchins the court discussed the Donmar and
Eisenberg decisions at length and concluded that those decisions did not support removal under
the complete preemption doctrine. The court noted that in the complaint in Donmar, the plaintiff
asserted a federal question claim for violation of Regulation J in addition to state law claims, and
therefore, the court did not need to discuss complete preemption. Hutchins, 978 F. Supp.2d at

642-43 (citing Donmar, 64 F.3d at 948). Indeed, Donmar did not involve removal at all – the
complaint was originally filed in the United States District Court for the Western District of
North Carolina. See Donmar Enterprises, Inc. v. S. Nat. Bank of N. Carolina, 828 F. Supp. 1230,
1234 (W.D.N.C. 1993), aff'd, 64 F.3d 944 (4th Cir. 1995) (“Plaintiff's suit seeks recovery of at
least $187,276.71 under three legal theories; 12 C.F.R. 210 et seq (Federal Reserve Board
Regulation J), common law negligence, and wrongful payment.”). In Hutchins, the court
correctly explained that Eisenberg similarly did not involve removal. The plaintiff in Eisenberg
filed that suit in federal court on the basis of diversity jurisdiction. 301 F.3d at 222. In sum,
both Donmar and Eisenberg involved “defensive preemption,” not removal based on complete
preemption. In Hutchins the court determined that only the Dale decision was directly on point
and that Dale was correctly decided. 978 F. Supp.2d at 643-44.
This court agrees with the analysis in Dale and Hutchins. There is no evidence of
congressional intent for the kind of complete preemption that would support removal under the
facts of this case. The complaints in Donmar and Eisenberg were initially filed in federal court.

The discussions of preemption in those decisions, therefore, did not involve the “complete
preemption” necessary to invoke removal, but only a preemption defense. In other words, the
alleged circuit split is illusory.3 Dollar will have the opportunity to assert its preemption defense
in the state court. See Railway Labor Ex. Ass’n v. Pittsburgh L. Erie RR, 858 F.2d 936, 943 (3d
Cir. 1988) (noting that state courts are competent to consider ordinary preemption as an
affirmative defense).

4. Whether Regulation J creates a private right of action
In addition, the court harbors doubts about the “overlooked aspect of the complete

preemption doctrine,” i.e., whether Regulation J gives rise to original federal jurisdiction.
Mercedes-Benz, 2018 WL 6522487, at *5. Although Regulation J provides that it “governs the
rights and obligations” of various participants in the Fedwire funds transfer system, there is no
express language providing a private right to seek redress in federal court. 12 C.F.R. § 210.25.

3 The court is aware of one clearly inconsistent decision. In Bensman v. Citicorp Tr., N.A., 354 F. Supp. 2d 1330,
1333 (S.D. Fla. 2005), the district court held that removal was proper because the plaintiff’s state law claim was
completely preempted by Regulation J. For the reasons set forth above, the court concludes that Bensman is
wrongly decided and based on a misreading of Bonmar and Eisenberg. In Utility Supply Co. v. AVB Bank, No. 10-
CV-124, 2010 WL 4941506, at *3 (N.D. Okla. Nov. 30, 2010), the court denied a motion to remand, finding that
Regulation J applied to portions of the plaintiff’s state law claims, but the decision did not explicitly address the
“complete preemption” doctrine.
Courts should be reluctant to read an implied private cause of action into a statute in light
of the general presumption that only Congress can create a private cause of action. Alexander v.
Sandoval, 532 U.S. 275, 286-87 (2001). There is a stronger presumption against reading an
implied private right of action into a regulation. Id. at 286 (quoting Central Bank of Denver,
N.A. v. First Interstate Bank of Denver, N.A., 511 U.S. 164, 173 (1994) (a “private plaintiff may

not bring a [suit based on a regulation] against a defendant for acts not prohibited by the text of
[the statute]”). The Court reiterated: “it is most certainly incorrect to say that language in a
regulation can conjure up a private cause of action that has not been authorized by Congress.”
Id. at 291. In Alexander, the Court summarized: “a failure to comply with regulations
promulgated under [the statutory authority] that is not also a failure to comply with [the statute
itself] is not actionable.” Id. at 286.
There is limited authority about whether the relevant provisions of the Federal Reserve
Act or Regulation J create a private right of action. In Donmar (involving a complaint that
explicitly asserted a claim under Regulation J), the court concluded, without analysis, that a

private cause of action can be maintained pursuant to Regulation J. Donmar, 64 F.3d at 946. In
United States v. PNC Bank, No. CV 07-417, 2009 WL 10736701 (E.D. Pa. Mar. 31, 2009), the
court stated, in dicta: “Although not addressed by the Parties, it appears that Regulation J allows
a private cause of action.” Id. at *3 (citing Donmar). In Texas Brand Bank v. Luna & Luna,
LLP, No. 3:14-CV-1134-P, 2014 WL 11515857, at *2 (N.D. Tex. Aug. 29, 2014), the bank
argued that Regulation J does not provide a private cause of action, and the court assumed,
arguendo, that federal law does not create that kind of claim. In In re Corestates Trust Fee
Litigation, 39 F.3d 61, 68 (3d Cir. 1994), the court concluded that Congress did not intend to
create a private cause of action when it enacted § 92a of the Federal Reserve Act. In sum, courts
must hesitate to imply a private cause of action and the applicable legal authorities are murky, at
best. Because the better view is that there in no private cause of action under Regulation J, the
court would remand on this basis, as well.

5. Preemptive force of Regulation J

As explained above, only Congress, not an administrative agency, can create removal
jurisdiction. Even if the court considered the regulatory intent with respect to Regulation J, it
would reach the same result.
The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (“Board”) provided commentary
in adopting Regulation J. Appendix A constitutes an official Board position designed “to help
readers interpret that provision.” 12 C.F.R. § Pt. 210, Subpt. B, App. A. The Commentary to
Regulation J addresses preemption as follows:
[R]egulations of the Board may pre-empt inconsistent provisions of state law.
Accordingly, subpart B of this part supersedes or pre-empts inconsistent
provisions of state law. It does not affect state law governing funds transfers
that does not conflict with the provisions of subpart B of this part, such as
Article 4A, as enacted in any state, as it applies to parties to funds transfers
through Fedwire whose rights are not governed by subpart B of this part.

Id. (emphasis added). Thus, as recognized in Donmar, Regulation J “specifies that inconsistent
provisions of state law are pre-empted, while state law that does not conflict is not pre-empted.”
Donmar, 64 F.3d at 949.
This official position of the Board creates a preemption defense, but falls far short of
demonstrating an intent to occupy the entire field so completely that any state law claim is in
reality a federal claim, such that removal jurisdiction is proper. Regulation J “does not affect”
certain state law claims and does not provide the exclusive cause of action. See Beneficial Natl.
Bank, 539 U.S. at 9 (even if statute provides a complete federal defense, there is no removal
jurisdiction unless Congress intended the federal statute to provide the exclusive cause of action).

6. Grable Doctrine
In the alternative, Dollar contends that subject-matter jurisdiction is proper under the

Grable doctrine, see Grable & Sons Metal Prods., Inc. v. Darue Mfg., 545 U.S. 308 (2005).
Courts typically refer to “Grable jurisdiction,” but the doctrine is more precisely described as
another method for determining whether federal question jurisdiction exists. See Inselberg v.
New York Football Giants, Inc., 661 F. App'x 776, 779 (3d Cir. 2016). Under Grable,
jurisdiction may exist over a state law claim if a federal issue is: (1) necessarily raised; (2)
actually disputed; (3) substantial; and (4) capable of resolution in federal court without
disrupting the federal-state balance approved by Congress.” Gunn v. Minton, 133 S. Ct. 1059,
1065 (2013). The Grable doctrine has been described as “narrow and unusual.” Brown v.
Organon USA, Inc., No. 07-3092, 2008 WL 2625355, at *4 (D.N.J. June 27, 2008). It is Dollar’s

burden, as the party asserting federal jurisdiction, to establish that jurisdiction under the Grable
analysis is proper.
A federal issue is “necessarily raised” if an element of the state law claim requires
construction of federal law. MHA LLC v. HealthFirst, Inc., 629 F. App'x 409, 412–13 (3d Cir.
2015). In determining whether the federal issue is “actually disputed and substantial,” the
Supreme Court distinguishes cases presenting pure questions of law that would govern numerous
other cases (as in Grable), from those that are “fact-bound and situation-specific.” Id. at 413
(citation omitted). To be “substantial,” the issue must be significant “to the federal system” as
opposed to only the parties. Id.
The prototypical examples of the kind of jurisdiction described in Grable are where the
federal government itself seeks access to a federal forum, an action of the federal government
must be adjudicated, or where the validity of a federal statute is in question. Id. at n.6 (citing
Gunn, 133 S. Ct. at 1066). None of these situations apply here. Indeed, Clayton argues that no
federal issues are implicated because her claims involve Dollar’s activities prior to the wire

transfers, such as obtaining an ITBIT Wallet ID. See Eisenberg, 301 F.3d at 223-24.
Dollar relies on Texas Brand, 2014 WL 11515857 at *3, a nonprecedential decision
which concluded that under the Grable doctrine, jurisdiction over a bank's breach of
contract/indemnity claim was proper. Texas Brand involved a claim filed by the bank after it
restored the disputed fraudulent funds to its customer’s account and the crux of the case was
whether the bank’s security procedures were commercially reasonable under Regulation J. The
plaintiff bank affirmatively clarified that it was bringing its claims pursuant to UCC Article 4A
as codified in Regulation J, not state law. Id. at *1. In this case, by contrast, Regulation J is
being raised by Dollar as a defense, not as part of the plaintiff’s claim. See Caterpillar, 482 U.S.

at 399 (when a plaintiff invokes a federal right, the plaintiff has chosen to plead a federal claim,
and removal is at the defendant's option; by contrast, “a defendant cannot, merely by injecting a
federal question into an action that asserts what is plainly a state-law claim, transform the action
into one arising under federal law”) (emphasis in original).
In Hutchins (involving a similar dispute about a fraudulent wire transfer), the court
determined there was no jurisdiction under the Grable doctrine and stated: “it is clear to the court
that [the bank] has failed to demonstrate that there exists a substantial federal question as would
support an exercise of federal jurisdiction.” Hutchins, 978 F. Supp.2d at 646 n.5. The court held
that the bank failed to establish any of the Gunn factors. The court explained that even if federal
standards and duties apply to a state law claim, those standards do not implicate a substantial
federal question. Id. at 646-47 (citing Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Thompson, 478
U.S. 804). A substantial federal question arises only where an essential issue in the cause of
action raises a conflict with the federal standard; “no federal jurisdiction [exists] based on mere
allegation that violation of federal standard is proof of negligence.” Id. (citing Richard v.

Fleetwood Enterprises, Inc., 4 F.Supp.2d 650, 656–57 (E.D.Tex. 1998)).
The court finds the reasoning in Hutchins persuasive. The basis for jurisdiction under the
Grable doctrine in this case is even weaker – Dollar seeks to create federal jurisdiction based on
an allegation that its compliance with the federal standard is a defense to a negligence claim.
There is no discrete or important federal question of law and no federal actor; rather, this is a
fact-bound, individualized dispute, perhaps implicating a federal preemption defense. Accord
C4Polymers, Inc. v. Huntington Nat. Bank, No. 12 CV 2400, 2013 WL 102644, at *3 (N.D. Ohio
Jan. 8, 2013) (rejecting a similar argument about jurisdiction under the Grable doctrine). Here,
Dollar did not meet its burden to justify removal jurisdiction.

Conclusion
For the reasons set forth above, Dollar did not meet its burden to demonstrate that
removal is proper. This case will be remanded FORTHWITH to the state court.
An appropriate order follows.
Dated: October 5, 2021

/s/ Joy Flowers Conti
Joy Flowers Conti
Senior United States District Judge

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10417015. Public record. Not legal advice.