# Rodgers v. Pennsylvania State Police

> District Court, M.D. Pennsylvania · March 28, 2024

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10414490

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, M.D. Pennsylvania
- **Decided:** March 28, 2024
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10414490

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- explaining that a plaintiff must demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence a causal link between the Brady violation and his conviction
- noting that an indictment establishes probable cause “by definition”

## Opinion text

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA

CARL E. RODGERS, : Civil No. 1:20-CV-2115
:
Plaintiff, :
:
v. :
:
PENNSYLVANIA STATE POLICE, :
JEFFREY STINE, DEAN SHIPE, :
SCOTT DENISCH, SEAN MOYER, :
MARK MAYGAR and JOHN DOES, :
:
Defendants. : Judge Sylvia H. Rambo

M E M O R A N D U M
In April 1983, a 23-year-old wife and mother was found dead in the woods
off a remote road in rural Pennsylvania. More than thirty year later, her husband,
Carl Rodgers, was charged with her murder but later acquitted by a jury. Rodgers
has now initiated this Section 1983 action, wherein he asserts violations of his
constitutional rights and seeks money damages from the Pennsylvania State Police
(“PSP”) and the state troopers involved in the investigation. Rodgers alleges, inter
alia, that the troopers maliciously withheld potentially exculpatory evidence to
convince the grand jury that probable cause existed to support filing charges against
him. But not every failed prosecution is a malicious one.
I. Factual Background and Procedural History1
The events underlying Rodgers’ criminal prosecution began to unfold four

decades ago on April 23, 1983, when his wife, Debra Rodgers (“Debra”), went
missing. At approximately 4 p.m. that day, Rodgers called Debra’s mother to inquire
about Debra’s whereabouts, prompting her family to immediately drive to the

couple’s dairy farm in Loysville, Pennsylvania. Remarkably, Rodgers then led her
family directly to a dirt road in a heavily wooded area where they soon found Debra’s
car. Debra, however, was nowhere to be found. The next morning, Debra’s brothers
located her body several hundred yards away from where her car had been

abandoned. Her body had visible signs of trauma as well as deep slashes across both

1 Local Rule 56.1 requires that a motion for summary judgment pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 56.1 be supported “by a separate, short, and concise statements of material facts, in
numbered paragraphs, as to which the moving party contends there is no genuine issue to be tried.”
LOCAL RULE OF COURT 56.1. A party opposing a motion for summary judgment must file a
separate statement of material facts, responding to the numbered paragraphs set forth in the moving
party’s statement and identifying genuine issues for trial. See id.

In addition to providing a brief responsive statement of material facts (see Doc. 52-3), Rodgers
included within his opposing brief a “contra statement of facts” (see Doc. 52 pp. 3-7). Neither Rule
56.1 nor Local Rule 56.1 authorizes this portion of his filing, and Rodgers did not request leave of
court for its inclusion. Defendants thus object to its consideration. (See Doc. 53 pp. 5-7 (moving
to strike contra statement of facts)). However, because the court prefers to resolve disputes on the
merits rather than on procedural deficiencies, and considering the record on summary judgment
must be viewed in the light most favorable to the non-movant, the court has considered and
scrutinized this supplemental information as well as the entire record to determine the
uncontroverted facts in this matter.

Unless otherwise noted, the factual background herein derives from the parties’ Rule 56.1
statements of material facts, Rodgers’ contra statement of facts, and the exhibits of record.
wrists, indicative of suicide. A knife and sheath bearing Rodgers’ name was
recovered nearby.

An investigative grand jury convened shortly after Debra’s body was
discovered for the purpose of determining whether the Commonwealth should
commence criminal proceedings against Rodgers in connection with his wife’s

death. At the conclusion of its investigation, however, the grand jury was not
requested to issue a presentment.
In 2015, another investigative grand jury convened to consider whether
criminal proceedings should be instituted against Rodgers.2 This time, the grand jury

issued a presentment, recommending that the Commonwealth charge Rodgers with

2 Shortly before the second grand jury convened, a PSP criminal investigative assessment unit met
to discuss the then-stale investigation and recommended it resume as follows:

1. Interview husband Carl. Record interview. Lock him into a story, then confront
and accuse him. 2. Interview daughter [Christine Rodgers]. 3. If she is on board, do
a consensual call. 4. Research if any phone calls are available. It appears that news
of the new state job was the trigger. 5. Sort through evidence. Determine if any
evidence can be submitted for testing under new technologies. Look for fingernail
scrapings for DNA testing. 6. Check with Clerk of Courts and DA’s office for all
grand jury transcripts. 7. Interview Carl’s brother. Ask if he would be willing to
wear a wire and talk to his brother about murder. 8. Re-interview victim’s friends
and co-workers. 9. Talk to all of Carl’s friends and co-workers to see if he ever
discussed wife’s death or marital issues. 11. Media blitz to rattle Carl. 12. Grand
Jury presentment. 13. Discuss case with DA. See if charges will be approved now.
Use outside county if needed. 14. Obtain DHQ copy of report. There may be new
information not in station copy.

(Doc. 52-5 pp. 93-94.)
murder. The presentment detailed the grand jury’s findings in support of its
conclusion. It read, in its entirety, as follows:

The Grand Jury conducted an investigation into the death of 23-year-
old Debra Jane Rodgers. Debra’s body was discovered by her mother
on April 24, 1983 in a heavily wooded area of Perry County,
Pennsylvania. She suffered severe blunt force trauma to her head and
body. Both of her wrists had been deeply slashed as if to make her death
appear to be the result of suicide. The Grand Jury determined, however,
that Debra was murdered by her husband, Carl Rodgers.

The Grand Jury heard testimony that Carl and Debra Rodgers married
in 1977 and had a daughter. They lived in a trailer on the Rodgers’
family dairy farm located in Loysville, Perry County. The two-bedroom
trailer was located approximately 50 yards from the main house where
Carl's parents and grandmother lived. The Grand Jury learned that Carl
worked full-time on the family farm and that Debra worked as a
seasonal clerk at Little Buffalo State Park in Newport, Perry County.

Dean Peters, Debra's brother, testified before the Grand Jury and stated
that he was visiting his parents on Saturday, April 23, 1983 when the
family received a telephone call at approximately 4:00 p.m. from Carl
who advised that Debra was missing. Debra’s sister, Elizabeth Peters
Derr, testified that she answered the telephone call and Carl asked if
Debra was with the Peters family. Elizabeth responded that Debra was
not with them.

Ruby Voorhees testified that while she was at the trailer, Carl stated
that Debra was upset and frustrated with her job because she was not
learning everything quickly enough. Carl further stated that he and
Debra had discussed this issue the previous evening and that they had
argued about it. Ruby testified that when she pressed Carl for
information, he “explained that, after they had their argument, he went
to bed and then she stayed out in the living room with [their daughter]
and watched TV until late and he fell asleep. Then when he woke up
later, she had gotten in the car and left. He heard her car start up and
leave.”
David Peters testified that Carl told the family that Debra had gone to
work on Saturday morning. A family member called Debra’s place of
employment, however, and was told that Debra had not reported to
work that day. Debra’s mother then noticed that Debra’s jacket was
hanging on a peg in the trailer and that her purse was also in the trailer.
David testified that the family members decided to go look for Debra.

Dean Peters testified that the family asked Carl where to search for
Debra and he suggested a specific location. Carl claimed that patrons
of Little Buffalo State Park had asked about various locations and
Debra “was upset about not knowing where these places were.”3 Dean
testified that he and Carl were in the same vehicle—which was the lead
vehicle—and that Carl directed Dean where to go. At approximately
7:00 p.m., Debra’s vehicle was located.4 According to Dean, the family
did not search anywhere else before arriving at the location where
Debra's vehicle was found.

The Grand Jury learned that the location where Debra’s vehicle was
found was approximately 4.6 miles from the Rodgers’ farm. The main
road is Route 850, also known as Fort Robinson Road. The dirt road
that Carl directed Dean to turn onto from Route 850 was known at the
time as Tower Road and is now known as Little Valley Road. It is a
state forest access road in a remote area that is heavily wooded on either
side. There is no lighting on this narrow dirt road. Debra’s vehicle was
located approximately six-tenths of a mile into Tower Road from Route
850. Members of the Pennsylvania State Police (“PSP”) travelled the
route taken as directed by Carl on the night of the search for Debra. The
route was recorded using a PSP patrol vehicle dashboard camera. The
Grand Jury viewed the footage and observed the isolated nature of
Tower Road. The area where Debra’s car was located was
approximately 50-100 feet below a pull-off on the right side of Tower
Road on a logging path that continued downhill deeper into the woods.
Her vehicle was not located in the pull-off area itself, but farther down
the hill.

3 In a sworn affidavit disputing several facts outlined in a PSP report, Rodgers states that Debra
actually asked him about three different locations during their conversation. (Doc. 52-5 p. 74 ¶ 2.)

4 Rodgers avers that, contrary to the PSP report, both he and Dean spotted the vehicle
simultaneously. (Id. at p. 74 ¶ 1.)
David Peters and Ruby Vorhees both testified that upon arrival at
Debra’s vehicle, Carl unlocked her car with a set of keys from his
pocket. Upon entering the car, Carl immediately reached under the
passenger side floor mat and retrieved a second key.5 Dean Peters
testified that Carl suggested they continue driving up the logging road
while the other family members searched the woods near the vehicle.
David described Carl’s demeanor as very subdued and quiet. He also
noted that Carl would not make eye contact with members of Debra’s
family.

David Peters testified that at some point during the search, he and Ruby
Vorhees went back to the Rodgers’ farm to call the police. However,
the police advised them that Debra had not been missing long enough
to start an investigation. David testified that Carl’s parents, Earl and
Shirley Rodgers (now deceased), were reluctant to contact the police
and repeatedly questioned David as to whether that was what Carl
wanted. The Rodgers also advised that they did not have any flashlights
to provide for the search nor did they ask how the search was
progressing.

The Grand Jury learned that the search for Debra was called off at
approximately 10:00 p.m. or 11:00 p.m. once it became too dark to
continue. David Peters testified that Carl refused to leave Debra's car
where the family had found it and insisted on driving it back to the farm.
David testified that he expressed concern that, “What happens if she is
down here and comes back for her car? She is going to be cold and
needs to get it. No. No. No. I'll take the car back, and he didn't want to
leave it set there.” Mark Peters stated that he also was concerned about
Carl taking the car and that he said, “What if she comes back? She
knows where the car is. She won't be able to get home.”6

Mark Peters, another one of Debra’s brothers, testified that he arrived
at the location where the car was found at approximately 6:00 a.m. on
Sunday, April 24, 1983 to continue the search with other family

5 Rodgers claims that it was actually Debra’s mother who retrieved the keys. (Id. at p. 74 ¶ 4.)

6 Rodgers disputes that he drove Debra’s car home over the objection of others, stating that “[t]he
truth is [his] father and/or Debra’s father decided that the car should not be left at the scene.” (Id.
at p. 74 ¶ 3.)
members. He testified that Carl approached him and suggested that the
two of them search the ridge opposite of where Debra’s body was
ultimately found while other family members searched the woods
below.

Mark Peters testified that he heard a car horn blow and assumed Debra
had been found. Debra's father picked up Mark and Carl and told them
that they had found Debra. Carl did not ask any questions despite the
fact that her father did not say whether Debra had been found alive or
dead. Mark was present when Debra's body was removed from the
location. Mark testified that Carl did not say anything.

William Miller, Debra’s cousin, told the Grand Jury that he was present
when Carl was informed that Debra was dead. He stated that Carl was
expressionless and did not ask any questions as to where she was found
nor did he make any other inquiries.

Debra’s body was located several hundred yards from where her
vehicle was located at the bottom of the hill in a wooded area. Her shirt
was pulled approximately halfway up her torso as though she had been
dragged to the location. One shoe was off her foot and her glasses were
located several feet from her body. In addition, a knife was located
approximately 15 feet from her body along with its sheath bearing the
name “Carl.”

Carol Orris (“Orris") testified before the Grand Jury. She stated that she
lived in Ickesburg, Perry County across Route 850 from a hunting camp
known as Camp Ten Points and near the area where Debra’s body was
found. Camp Ten Points is a privately owned hunting camp in a heavily
wooded area. The unpaved lane to the camp is long and wooded on
either side. Towards the top of the lane, there is a house and a pond on
the right side. At the top of the lane, there is a large clearing to the left
abutting the wooded area where Debra’s body was found.

Orris testified that, at approximately 2:00 a.m. on Saturday, April 23,
1983, she observed a vehicle turn left from Route 850 onto the private
dirt lane leading to the camp. She stated that the vehicle drove all the
way up the lane until she could no longer see its headlights. She stated
that approximately one half-hour later, she observed the vehicle come
back down the lane and turn right onto Route 850. Orris explained that
she was concerned about seeing the vehicle because the camp’s owners
were not present that weekend and it was unusual for a vehicle to be
going up the lane in the middle of the night.

Travelling from the Rogers’ farm, the turnoff to Tower Road from
Route 850 is before the turnoff to Camp Ten Points and the Orris
residence. There is easier, level access to the location where Debra’s
body was found from Camp Ten Points than from the area where her
car was found on Tower Road. Debra’s body was located
approximately 200-250 yards from the cleared area at the top of the
private lane leading to Camp Ten Points. PSP Trooper Sean Moyer
testified that in 1983, part of the wooded area abutting the clearing was
a field. Accordingly, the field would have provided even closer access
to the location where Debra’s body was found. The entrance to Camp
Ten Points is approximately one-half of a mile from the entrance to
Tower Road on Route 850. Orris described the vehicle she observed in
the early morning hours of Saturday, April 23, 1983 as turning left into
the entrance to Camp Ten Points (from the direction of the Rodgers’
frum and Tower Road) and later turning right back onto Route 850
(towards the Rogers’ farm and Tower Road).

On May 2, 1983, Carl was interviewed by now-retired PSP Trooper
Michael Brennan (“Trooper Brennan”). Carl stated that on Friday,
April 22, 1983, he was working with his parents in the barn on the
family farm and that Debra was late returning from work. He stated that
he and Debra went to their trailer at approximately 7:30 p.m. and he
took a shower. After getting out of the shower, he found Debra sitting
on their bed, appearing distraught. Carl told Trooper Brennan that he
asked her what was wrong and she stated, “Just let me die in peace.”
According to Carl, Debra stated that she was not any good to anyone
and that her co-workers had to guide her through her work. Carl claimed
that he told Debra that he and their daughter, then five years of age,
loved and needed her.7

Carl further told Trooper Brennan that he and Debra continued the
discussion about Debra's work. Carl claimed that Debra asked him how

7 Although the court cannot ascertain a substantive difference in these facts, Rodgers affirmatively
disagrees with the portrayal of this conversation, stating that he actually said “[h]e loved Debra
and that Chrissy loved and needed her.” (Id. at p. 75 ¶ 5.)
to get to various locations in the area that she had been asked about at
work. One of these areas, according to Carl, was Tower Road. Carl
claimed that Debra stated that she had been asked about these locations
at work and was bothered by her inability to provide directions. The
Grand Jury learned that the area of Tower Road where Debra’s car was
found has no point of interest and was used mainly as a logging road in
1983.

Carl stated that he eventually went to bed at approximately 1:15 a.m.
and Debra fell asleep shortly after. He stated that he awoke at
approximately 5:15 a.m. and discovered that Debra was gone. He
explained that he had assumed that Debra had gone into work early.

Carl stated that, at approximately 3:00 p.m. on April 23, 1983, he drove
to Little Buffalo State Park but did not see Debra’s vehicle. He told
Trooper Brennan that he started calling people in an effort to locate
Debra at approximately 5:00 p.m. Carl stated that he accompanied
members of Debra’s family to look for her and told them about the area
on Tower Road. Carl acknowledged that he spotted Debra’s car off of
Tower Road. He further advised that her body was found the following
morning.

Carl initially denied that he had an argument with Debra on Friday
evening. He claimed that Debra stated that she could not do anything
right anymore, that she was losing her memory and that their daughter
and Carl would be better off without her. Carl denied striking Debra
and denied leaving the trailer after 7:30 p.m. Upon being confronted by
Trooper Brennen that he felt Carl was holding back information, Carl
stated that he thought Debra was going to kill herself and so he checked
his gun cabinet. Carl explained that is when he noticed that his knife
was missing. He stated that he assumed Debra had used the knife to hurt
herself.

Carl subsequently admitted that he and Debra had argued on Friday
evening. He claimed that Debra wanted to quit her job but he did not
want her to do so. He stated that the two “hollered” at each other,
resulting in their daughter coming into the bedroom and Carl sending
her back out. He claimed that Debra stated that she would be better off
dead and Carl replied, “maybe so.” Carl stated that he did not remember
if he struck Debra, but he did not think that he had.
Carl then told Trooper Brennan that he went to bed at 9:50 p.m. He
believed he recalled Debra coming to bed but was not certain of it. He
again stated that he did not remember hitting his wife but admitted that
he did grab her once by the right arm. He denied killing her. According
to Trooper Brennan, Carl refused to believe that Debra had been
murdered until he was shown pictures of her injuries at which point he
agreed that she had been murdered.

On November 1, 1985, now-retired PSP Trooper Theodore Engle
interviewed Carl. During that interview, Carl stated that Debra had been
having problems during the second week of her employment at Little
Buffalo State Park because she was not sure of herself and did not know
if she could handle the job. Carl further relayed a story regarding two
park patrons whom he claimed made inappropriate remarks to Debra
on the Friday before she went missing.

Carl reiterated that he and Debra argued on Friday after she came home
late from work. He stated that he and his parents were well into the
milking time on the farm and that Debra did not arrive until 6:30 p.m.
or later. Carl stated that he confronted Debra about her whereabouts and
she stated that she was at the grocery store. Carl did not think Debra
had enough grocery items to account for the late arrival, however. Carl
stated that they argued and he grabbed Debra by the wrist. He explained
that when Debra said he would be better off without her, he thought she
meant she was going to divorce him. He stated at one point Debra was
crying and told Carl she would be better off dead. According to Carl,
he asked if she was planning anything and Debra replied that she did
not have the courage. Carl stated that he went to bed at approximately
9:00 p.m. and woke up at 5:00 a.m. to discover that Debra was not there.

Carl further claimed that Debra’s car had been moved from Tower Road
because it had begun to rain and the car would have gotten stuck in the
mud. Carl claimed that it was either the idea of Debra’s father or the
idea of his own father to take the car.

Harold Weibley (“Weibley”) testified that he was a friend of Carl’s in
1983. He testified that following Debra’s death, he spoke to Carl on a
number of occasions about her death. Weibley testified that two or three
months after Debra’s death, Carl told him that Debra came home late
from work on the Friday before she went missing. Weibley stated that
Carl told him that he and Debra had an argument that night. He also
testified that Carl told him that Debra was upset about her work and
Carl told her that, “if it was going to upset her that much, why, maybe
she should just quit work.” Carl told Weibley that he and Debra went
to bed Friday night and Carl woke up on Saturday morning and Debra
wasn’t there. Carl told Weibley that Debra’s purse was at the trailer so
he rode his motorcycle to Little Buffalo State Park to give it to her but
her car was not there. Weibley stated that Carl told him that he (Carl)
called the park in the late afternoon and was told Debra had not been to
work.

Weibley testified that Carl told him that the search party had gone to
Tower Road because it was an area that Debra really liked. Weibley
stated that when Carl was telling him how Debra died, Carl made a hand
gesture across his wrist to indicate that Debra had cut her wrist. Carl
never mentioned any of the other injuries to Wiebley. Weibley testified
that Carl never told him that Debra had been murdered. Instead, Carl
always expressed that her death was the result of suicide.

Laurie Mohler (“Mohler”) testified that she married Carl in 1988 or
1989 and they later divorced. She testified that Carl told her his first
wife, Debra, had committed suicide by cutting her wrists. Carl told her
that the police thought it was a murder.

Pamela Barkley (“Barkley”) testified that she was a clerical supervisor
for the Pennsylvania Department of Welfare and supervised Debra
prior to Debra’s employment at Little Buffalo State Park. She described
Debra as “very diligent and “excellent.” Barkley provided a
recommendation for Debra when she applied to Little Buffalo State
Park. Barkley further testified that Debra did not appear depressed and
she would never believe that Debra would commit suicide. She told the
Grand Jury that Debra loved her daughter very much and talked about
her “all the time.”

Michael Brennan (“Brennan”) testified that he was the Little Buffalo
State Park superintendent in 1983 and was responsible for hiring Debra.
He described Debra as in the top 10 percent of the approximate 800
individuals he had hired over the course of his career. He testified that
Debra was conscientious and seemed very comfortable with her job
responsibilities. He further testified that Debra gave him the impression
that her husband and father-in-law were not happy that she was seeking
employment outside of the family farm. He testified that Debra’s
husband once called him because he wanted to know what his wife
would be doing at work. Brennan testified that Debra wanted to
improve her life and was planning to go to college.

Carole Sutch (“Sutch”) testified that she worked with Debra at Little
Buffalo State Park. She testified that Debra was not having any
difficulty learning her job there. The Grand Jury learned that Sutch saw
Debra at work on Friday, April 22, 1983. She identified the sweater
Debra was wearing when her body was discovered as being the sweater
Debra was wearing at work on Friday.

Robert Gaffron (“Gaffron”) testified that he also worked with Debra at
Little Buffalo State Parle He testified that Debra was more than capable
of doing her job. He also testified that he spoke with Debra on April 22,
1983 and the two discussed the fact that they would both be working
the next day. Gaffron testified, however, that Debra did not report to
work on Saturday.

Testimony revealed that the Pennsylvania State Police received a
packet of documents from the records custodian of the Pennsylvania
Liquor Control Board (“PLCB”) related to the prospective employment
of Debra. The Grand Jury was informed that on March 21, 1983, Debra
received a “Certificate of Eligibles” for employment after successfully
completing the state civil service examination. She was seeking full-
time employment as a Clerk Typist II with the PLCB located in
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Included within the packet was a letter of
recommendation dated March 23, 1983 from Thelma I. Johnson,
Income Maintenance Supervisor for the Perry County Board of
Assistance/Department of Public Welfare. The letter reflected that
Debra “could be depended upon to be prompt. She did not miss a day
during her four months with our agency. She was always looking for a
new challenge. Her attitude was superb, and Debra was a definite asset
to our office.”

The packet further indicated that Debra completed an employment
application to the PLCB on April 15, 1983. The application reflected
Debra’s position at Little Buffalo State Park in the employment history
section with her salary listed as $10,289. The packet included an
“interview notice/availability” survey which reflected that Debra was
selected to be interviewed for the Clerk Typist II position at a salary of
$12,245 on April 21, 1983. A letter dated April 25, 1983 confirmed that
Debra was in fact selected for the position.

Additionally, David Peters testified that he was close with his sister,
Debra. He testified that she was not having any problems at work. Dean
Peters also told the Grand Jury that he was close with Debra and that
she never expressed that she was having any problems at work. He
stated that she did not seem depressed. Instead, she appeared happy and
was a good mother. Dean testified that Debra graduated second in her
class from high school. Elizabeth Peters Derr testified that she was with
Debra the weekend before her death and that Debra was happy. She
stated that Debra did not seem depressed and never mentioned
problems at work. Elizabeth also testified that Debra was a loving
mother.

Mark Peters informed the Grand Jury that Debra had called to ask him
about getting a ride with Mark’s father-in-law to the new job in
Harrisburg and that she seemed excited about it. He stated that she
sounded upbeat and did not seem depressed.

The Grand Jury received a report from Samuel Land, M.D. (“Dr. Lan),
Chief of Medical and Forensic Pathology at Forensic Pathology
Associates located in Allentown, Pennsylvania. Dr. Land reviewed the
police reports, autopsy report of D.K. Chang, M.D., the consultation
report by forensic pathologist Isidore Mihalakis, M.D., as well as scene
and autopsy photographs. Dr. Land concluded that the cause of Debra's
death was blunt force trauma to the head and torso. Dr. Land described
the injuries to Debra's head to include:

Stellate laceration of left parieto-temporal scalp;
depressed skull fractures of the left temporal bone;
subdural hemorrhage; left temporal lobe laceration; right
temporal and frontal cerebral contusions; basilar skull
fractures; contusions of the left parietal scalp; fractures of
the left temporal bone, left parietal bone and left side of
the occipital bone; and fractures of the right temporal bone
and right side of the frontal bone.
He described the injuries to Debra’s torso to include a fracture of a left
rib, lacerations to the right lobe of the liver and laceration of the spleen.

Dr. Land determined that the blunt force trauma to the head was the
result of several severe impacts and most likely would have caused
altered consciousness immediately and would have caused death within
minutes. He found that the trauma to the torso was caused by several
blows to both sides of the body and would have caused death within
minutes to hours.

Dr. Land also described lacerations to both wrists which were peri-
mortem, in other words, at or near the time of death. Dr. Land
determined that several tendons of both wrists had been cut and that it
was extremely unlikely that the injuries were self-inflicted. Dr. Land
determined that the injuries were inflicted in order to “imply suicidal
activity.”

Dr. Land determined that the manner of death was homicide.

The Grand Jury finds that Carl Rodgers concocted all of the claims that
Debra was depressed as well as the claims that she was struggling at
work in order to support his efforts to make her death appear to be a
suicide and not a homicide. He was the only individual with a motive
to make her death appear to be a suicide.

(Doc. 40-1 pp. 4-16.)

The Honorable J. Wesley Oler, supervising judge of the grand jury, issued an
order on June 20, 2017, accepting the presentment and authorizing the Attorney
General or his designee to prosecute Rodgers as recommended. Thereafter, on
November 13, 2017, PSP filed a criminal complaint against Rodgers for murder, in
violation of 18 Pa.C.S. § 2502(a), (c).
A jury trial was held in 2019. As part of the defense strategy at trial, Rodgers’
criminal defense attorney, Geoffrey S. McInroy, Esquire (“McInroy”), pointed to

potentially exculpatory evidence that was either not preserved or produced by
Defendants. According to McInroy, that evidence included:
1. The bloody shirt of the deceased [Debra] Rodgers. The shirt she was
wearing at the time her body was found. This would tend to show
that the blood inside the sleeves was hers and was there when she
cut her wrists before she died.

2. The bloody down jacket she was wearing at the time her body was
found. This item would have revealed blood inside the sleeves that
must have been deposited pre-mortem, contrary to the theory of the
Commonwealth that her wrists were cut by Carl Rodgers
perimortem.

3. The pants of the decedent with potential blood on the top of the thigh
area (left and right) would have supported the defense theory that
[Debra] Rodgers had cut her own wrists and, while in a seated
position, blood from her wrists was deposited on her denim covered
thighs.

4. The decedent’s bra and underwear could have contained exculpatory
evidence (i.e. genetic material) from an unknown alternative
suspect.

5. The decedent’s shoes could have contained potentially exculpatory
evidence such as blood drips or spatter of [Debra] Rodgers’ blood,
supporting the defense theory that she suffered self-inflicted wounds
to her wrists, stood and fell. They would also help to confirm that
there was no evidence of dragging to refute the Commonwealth’s
assertion that her body was dragged by her killer.

6. Tissue samples from the wound on the left wrist of [Debra] Rodgers
(including tissue samples from the hesitation cuts) would have been
exculpatory because they would have demonstrated that the wrist
wounds were pre-mortem, contrary to the Commonwealth’s theory
that they were perimortem.

7. Tissue samples from the decedent’s right wrist wound would have
been exculpatory because they would have demonstrated that the
wrist wounds were pre-mortem, contrary to the Commonwealth’s
theory that they were perimortem.

8. Executed and signed property logs for evidence collected but not
produced, including a hair from the knife sheath, the driver’s license
of [Debra] Rodgers, and among other things, the family photo album
and yearbook.

9. All negatives from the rolls of film used by the troopers
photographing the crime scene and the autopsy that are clearly
exculpatory, because the copies of photos that were produced were
grossly pixelated and contained no fine detail for the examination
by a defense expert. The photos that were eventually produced on
the eve of trial were of a resolution dictated by the Commonwealth
and there was no way of determining if the prints could have been
further refined or otherwise improved without the actual negatives.

(Doc. 52-5, pp. 89-90.)
At the conclusion of trial—and after deliberating for only one hour—the jury
acquitted Rodgers of Debra’s murder.
Against this background, on November 13, 2020, Rodgers commenced this
action by filing a complaint against PSP and the state troopers involved in the
investigation, asserting that they violated his constitutional rights when they
maliciously initiated a criminal proceeding against him without probable cause and
following what he claims was an inadequate and unreasonable investigation.8 At the
conclusion of discovery, Defendants filed a motion for summary judgment together

with supporting papers. The motion has been fully briefed and is ripe for disposition.
II. Legal Standard
Through summary adjudication, the court may dispose of those claims that do

not present a “genuine dispute as to any material fact” and for which a jury trial
would be an empty and unnecessary formality. FED. R. CIV. P. 56(a). The burden of
proof tasks the non-moving party to come forth with “affirmative evidence, beyond
the allegations of the pleadings,” in support of its right to relief. Pappas v. City of

Lebanon, 331 F. Supp. 2d 311, 315 (M.D. Pa. 2004); see also Celotex Corp v.
Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23 (1986). This evidence must be adequate, as a matter
of law, to sustain a judgment in favor of the non-moving party on the claims.

Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 250-57 (1986); Matsushita Elec.
Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587-89 (1986). Only if this threshold
is met may the cause of action proceed. Pappas, 331 F. Supp. 2d at 315.

8 Specifically, Rodgers asserts three claims pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983: 1) a Fourteenth
Amendment claim pursuant to Brady for failure to disclose exculpatory evidence and fabrication
of inculpatory evidence; 2) a Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment malicious prosecution claim; and
3) a supervisory liability claim. (Doc. 1.)
III. Discussion
Section 1983 of Title 42 of the United States Code provides a cause of action

to redress violations of federal law committed by state officials. See 42 U.S.C. §
1983. Section 1983 is not a source of substantive rights, but merely a method for
vindicating those rights otherwise protected by federal law. Gonzaga Univ. v. Doe,

536 U.S. 273, 284-85 (2002); Kneipp v. Tedder, 95 F.3d 1199, 1204 (3d Cir. 1996).
To establish a claim under § 1983, a plaintiff must show a deprivation of a “right
secured by the Constitution and the laws of the United States . . . by a person acting
under color of state law.” Kneipp, 95 F.3d at 1204 (quoting Mark v. Borough of

Hatboro, 51 F.3d 1137, 1141 (3d Cir. 1995)). There is no dispute that Defendants
are state actors for purposes of § 1983. The court thus considers only whether
Defendants deprived Rodgers of his constitutional rights.
A. Malicious Prosecution and the Presumption of Probable Cause9

9 The court notes that the complaint is devoid of any particular allegation made regarding the
Fourteenth Amendment and that Rodgers’ malicious prosecution claims instead largely implicate
the Fourth Amendment. The Supreme Court has held that, “[w]here a particular Amendment
‘provides an explicit textual source of constitutional protection’ against a particular sort of
government behavior, ‘that Amendment, not the more generalized notion of ‘substantive due
process,’ must be the guide for analyzing these claims.’” Albright v. Oliver, 510 U.S. 266, 273
(1994) (quoting Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 395 (1989)). This rule has been extended to
preclude both procedural and substantive due process claims where the rights underlying the same
are derived from and otherwise protected by the Fourth Amendment. See Meketa v. Kamoie, 955
F. Supp. 2d 345, 365 (M.D. Pa. 2013) (citing Robinson v. Clemons, 987 F. Supp. 280, 284-85
(D.Del.1998) (substantive due process claim premised on “no probable cause” argument is
governed by Fourth, not Fourteenth, Amendment); Posey v. Swissvale Borough, No. 2:12-CV-955,
2013 WL 989953, at *15 (W.D. Pa. Mar. 13, 2013) (plaintiff's claims of false arrest and malicious
prosecution “are more properly analyzed under the Fourth Amendment rather than procedural due
process”)). Thus, where the core of a plaintiff's claim arises from allegations of unlawful arrest,
Rodgers’ main contention in this case is that Defendants maliciously
prosecuted him for murder without probable cause in violation of the Fourth and

Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution. Under § 1983, malicious
prosecution is established by showing that: (1) the defendant commenced a criminal
proceeding; (2) the proceeding terminated in the plaintiff’s favor; (3) the defendant

“initiated the proceeding without probable cause;” (4) the defendant acted
maliciously or with a purpose apart from bringing the plaintiff to justice; and (5) the
plaintiff “suffered a deprivation of liberty consistent with the concept of seizure as
a consequence of a legal proceeding.” Halsey v. Pfeiffer, 750 F.3d 273, 296-97 (3d

Cir. 2014). Under prong three, a showing of probable cause is a complete defense to
civil liability. Goodwin v. Conway, 836 F.3d 321, 327 (3d Cir. 2016).
As is relevant here, probable cause exists when the facts and circumstances

within the officer’s knowledge would convince a reasonable person that an
individual has committed an offense. Orsatti v. N.J. State Police, 71 F.3d 480, 483
(3d Cir. 1995); accord Wright v. City of Phila., 409 F.3d 595, 602 (3d Cir. 2005)
(“While ‘the probable-cause standard is incapable of precise definition or

quantification,’ all interpretations of probable cause require a belief of guilt that is

imprisonment, or prosecution, courts are directed to analyze those claims through the prism of the
Fourth and not the Fourteenth Amendment. The court will therefore address Rodgers’ claims
through the Fourth Amendment.
reasonable, as opposed to certain.”) Although the question of probable cause is
generally left to the jury, a court may conclude based on the totality of the

circumstances that probable cause exists as a matter of law if the evidence, viewed
most favorably to the nonmoving party, reasonably would not support a contrary
finding.10 Goodwin, 836 F.3d at 327 (citation and quotations omitted).

Significantly, in a malicious-prosecution suit, “a grand jury indictment or
presentment constitutes prima facie evidence of probable cause to prosecute.”
Woodyard v. Cty. Of Essex, 514 F. App’x 177, 183 (3d Cir. 2013) (quoting Rose v.
Bartle, 871 F.2d 331, 353 (3d Cir. 1989); Trabal v. Wells Fargo Armored Serv.

Corp., 269 F.3d 243, 251 (3d Cir. 2001) (noting that an indictment establishes
probable cause “by definition”). This is called the “presumption of probable cause,”
and Rodgers, who was charged as recommended by the grand jury’s presentment,

can only rebut it by showing that the presentment resulted from “fraud, perjury or
other corrupt means.” Costino v. Anderson, 786 F. App’x 344, 347 (3d Cir. 2018)

10 As the Third Circuit has noted, “[t]here is tension inherent in evaluating probable cause at the
summary judgment stage.” Dempsey v. Bucknell Univ., 834 F.3d 457, 468 (3d Cir. 2016). The
summary judgment standard asks whether there is a genuine dispute as to any material fact. The
probable cause standard, on the other hand, “allows for the existence of conflicting, even
irreconcilable, evidence.” Id. (citing Wright v. City of Phila., 409 F.3d 595, 603 (3d Cir. 2005)).
Thus, the summary judgment standard as it pertains to probable cause “must tolerate conflicting
evidence to the extent it is permitted by the probable cause standard.” Id. That is, where a
reasonable jury could conclude that the facts, viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving
party, did not demonstrate a “fair probability” that a crime occurred, “only then would the
existence of conflicting evidence rise to the level of a genuine dispute as to any material fact.” Id.
(citations and quotations omitted). To make that showing, Rodgers suggests that
corrupt means should be presumed at this stage not only from the fact that a second

grand jury was convened decades after his wife’s death without any new evidence
being uncovered but also because the presentment was successfully procured based
on wholly circumstantial evidence and in the absence of potentially exculpatory

evidence. In effect, he argues that Defendants maliciously reinstituted the
proceedings without probable cause, which, in and of itself, is tantamount to fraud,
perjury or other corrupt means. But the record shows otherwise.
Though the state troopers may have overlooked some evidence or failed to

present other evidence to the grand jury, Rodgers does not insinuate—and the record
does not support—that the troopers fabricated any evidence. Instead, Rodgers argues
that probable cause was necessarily lacking due to the troopers’ ignoring or

mishandling potentially exculpatory evidence, including their failure to collect and
preserve Debra’s clothing and to produce tissue samples and the knife sheath to the
grand jury or during pretrial discovery. Also undermining any possible finding of
probable cause, according to Rodgers, is that the 2015 grand jury did not hear

testimony from his daughter Christine, who in April 1984, at approximately six years
old, testified that her mother left the home on her own the night she went missing
while her father stayed behind with her.11 (Doc. 52 p. 4.)

Even if this evidence was favorable to Rodgers, which is questionable, it does
not undercut probable cause. First, failing to disclose potentially exculpatory
evidence, such as Christine’s testimony, differs from affirmatively falsifying

evidence, committing perjury, or engaging in corrupt means to obtain an indictment.
Costino, 768 F. App’x at 348. In fact, investigators and prosecutors are under no
obligation to present exculpatory evidence—let alone potentially exculpatory
evidence—to grand juries. Id. (citing United States v. Williams, 504 U.S. 36, 53

(1992)).
Second, the alleged failure to produce certain evidence in discovery, such as
the tissue samples and knife sheath, occurred after Rodgers was indicted and thus

11 Rodgers similarly complains that several of the officers who interviewed Christine failed to ask
pertinent questions and to include summaries of her statements in their reports. (See Doc. 52 p. 4)
(“Christine Rodgers was interviewed by Trooper Richard L. Geedey in 1998. The interview report
makes no reference to any inquiry as to what Ms. Rodgers remembered on the evening of April
22, 1983. Trooper Geedey . . . testified that despite the fact Christine Rodgers[’] testimony could
be important information, [he] does not remember asking Christine what she specifically could
recall from that evening and he acknowledged his report did not reflect making such an inquiry.
Christine Rodgers was interviewed by Defendant Troopers Denisch and Moyer in 2016. The
interview report makes no reference to any inquiry as to what Ms. Rodgers remembered on the
evening of April 22, 1983. Trooper Moyer . . . testified that the aforementioned report did not list
any specific questions of Christine’s observations of neither her mother nor father that evening . .
. . Defendant Trooper Moyer . . . testified that he was not aware of Christine Rodgers[’] testimony
at the 1984 Grand Jury Proceeding. Defendant Trooper Denisch . . . testified that although he was
aware of the convening of the 1984 Grand Jury, he was not aware of Christine Rodgers[’]
testimony.”) (citations omitted).
could not have influenced the grand jury’s presentment.12 To the extent Rodgers is
implying that these later actions, or inactions, are relevant to show a malicious course

of conduct on the part of Defendants, the court is unpersuaded because Rodgers has
not proffered any evidence of actual malice, let alone anything to suggest a course
of conduct.

Third, the purported deficiencies in the investigation and the allegedly
exculpatory evidence that was either not preserved or not presented to the grand jury
does not negate the compelling, albeit circumstantial, evidence that the investigators
presented. See Costino, 786 F. App’x at 348 (requiring a plaintiff bringing a

malicious prosecution claim to show that the evidence in question was “material, or
necessary to the finding of probable cause”) (citing Wilson v. Russo, 212 F.3d 781,
786-87 (3d Cir. 2000)). The overwhelming evidence presented to the grand jury

included Rodgers’ inconsistent statements regarding Debra’s disappearance; his
leading Debra’s family directly to the location of Debra’s missing car on a remote
rode; the discovery of Rodger’s knife near her body; his not asking if she was dead
or alive when she was found; his admission that they had engaged in a physical fight

12 Defendants dispute that they were in possession of any tissue samples and, thus, that they could
have presented any findings from the samples to the grand jury or provided them to the defense
during discovery. (Doc. 53 p. 13.) Regardless, the details surrounding the tissue samples are not
pertinent to the court’s analysis.
on the night in question;13 and an expert witness report by Dr. Land opining that
Debra died from blunt force trauma to the head and that the slashes to her wrist were

unlikely to be self-inflicted. Thus, even if the grand jury had known about the
troopers’ failure to collect Debra’s bloody clothing, for example, or had been
presented with Christine’s distant recollections of the night in question, there was
still more than enough evidence to support probable cause.14

Fourth, the court need not delve into the details regarding any omissions or
discrepancies in the investigation, such as the purported misstatements in the PSP
report. A mere failure to disclose or misstatement of a fact, such as who first spotted

Debra’s car of found her keys, does not equate to acting with malice. In any event,
this purported evidence was immaterial because it does not thwart probable cause.
In sum, these alleged errors and omissions fall well short of suggesting malice

or rebutting the presumption of probable cause. Despite Rodgers’ insistence that
these are triable issues of fact, a court’s obligation to draw all reasonable inferences
in favor of the non-moving party when deciding a motion for summary judgment

13 As detailed in the grand jury’s presentment, though Rodgers could not recall if he hit Debra on
the night she purportedly left the home alone, he did acknowledge that he had grabbed her during
their fight.

14 When asked whether the grand jury should have been made aware that Debra’s clothing was not
collected, Trooper Denish astutely replied: “No. It was not inculpatory or exculpatory. It wasn’t
there so why would we tell them about evidence that we don’t have? There could have been
evidence on [the clothing] that implicated Mr. Rodgers.” (Doc. 53 p. 13.)
does not authorize it to jump leaps and bounds to infer a nefarious motive in the
absence of any such suggestion.15 Summary judgment will therefore be granted on

Rodgers’ malicious prosecution claim. 16
B. Brady Violation
Relying on many of the same allegations underlying his malicious prosecution

claim, Rodgers argues that Defendants’ alleged failures to preserve Debra’s clothing,
produce the tissue samples, and present Christine’s account of the night her mother
went missing deprived him of due process in violation of Brady v. Maryland, 373
U.S. 83 (1963). In essence, Rodgers urges this court to find that, although he was

ultimately acquitted of the murder charge, he was denied his right to a fair process

15 Rodgers apparently asks this court to make an unreasonable inference when he alleges that
Defendants sought to fabricate autopsy photographs for trial. In support of this allegation, Rodgers
cites an email sent by a PSP trial technologist discussing the creation of demonstrative trial exhibits
and offering to “make one up of the autopsy photos.” (See Doc. 53-1 p. 1.) However, a plain
reading—indeed, the only reasonable reading—of this email does not permit the inference of
collusion to falsify evidence. Instead, enlarging photographs is common trial practice designed to
assist the jury in viewing the exhibit simultaneously.

16 Though not necessary at this juncture, these shortcomings would also entitle Defendants to
qualified immunity. Public officials are entitled to qualified immunity unless their conduct violated
a clearly established constitutional right. Thus, to resolve a claim of qualified immunity, courts
engage in two distinct inquiries: whether, based on the evidence of record, the plaintiff has shown
a violation of a constitutional right and, if so, whether the right was clearly established at the time
of the alleged violation. Goodwin v. Conway, 836 F.3d 321, 326-27 (3d Cir. 2016). The Fourth
Amendment right to be free from prosecution without probable cause where a deprivation of
liberty occurs was well established at the time in question. Gallo, 161 F.3d at 222. However, the
court’s finding of probable cause is a complete defense to Rodgers’ constitutional claims and
entitles Defendants to qualified immunity. Goodwin at 327.
due to Defendants’ purported suppression of this evidence. This position, however,
is contrary to law in this Circuit.

In Brady, the United States Supreme Court held that “suppression by the
prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon request violates due process
if the evidence is material either to guilt or punishment, irrespective of the good faith

or bad faith of the prosecution.” Id. at 87. Although “this duty of disclosure is tightly
tethered to constitutional guarantees of due process, ‘the Constitution is not violated
every time the government fails or chooses not to disclose evidence that might prove
helpful to the defense.’” Smith v. Holtz, 210 F.3d 186, 196 (3d. Cir. 2000) (quoting

Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 436-37 (1995). Instead, a failure to disclose rises to
the level of a constitutional violation “only if the government's evidentiary
suppression undermines confidence in the outcome of the trial.’” Id. (quoting Kyles,

514 U.S. at 434); see also Strickler v. Greene, 527 U.S. 263 (1999) (“[S]trictly
speaking, there is never a real ‘Brady violation’ unless the nondisclosure was so
serious that there is a reasonable probability that the suppressed evidence would have
produced a different verdict.”) It therefore follows that where the § 1983 plaintiff

was acquitted of the charges against him, Brady is not implicated. Telzer v. Borough
of Englewood Cliffs, 783 F. App’x 253, 258 (3d Cir. 2019); Frameli v. Singer, 2:19-
CV-00331, 2020 WL 475750, at *3 (W.D. Pa. Jan. 29, 2020) (finding no § 1983

Brady violation where § 1983 plaintiff had been acquitted on all criminal charges);
Muchinski v. Solomon, 258 F. Supp. 3d 534 (W.D. Pa. 2017) (explaining that a
plaintiff must demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence a causal link between

the Brady violation and his conviction).
Accordingly, because Rodgers was acquitted of his wife’s murder, he cannot
recover pursuant to § 1983 for a due process Brady violation. In other words, there

necessarily can be no undermining of the confidence in the outcome of the trial to
Rodger’s prejudice since, after all, he prevailed. 17
C. Supervisory Liability
Finally, Rodgers’ inability to advance factual matter that plausibly establishes

a constitutional violation necessarily bars a § 1983 claim based on supervisory
liability. To establish supervisory liability, Rodgers must show that a supervisor at
PSP “participated in violating [his] rights, or that he directed others to violate them,

or that he ... had knowledge of and acquiesced in his subordinates’ violations.” Baker
v. Monroe Twp., 50 F.3d 1186, 1190-91 (3d Cir. 1995). However, as is logically
implied, a supervisor cannot be liable in the absence of an underlying constitutional
violation by a supervisee. Crawford v. Lappin, 446 F. App’x 413, 416 (3d Cir.2011)

(citing Argueta v. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, 643 F.3d 60, 70 (3d

17 The court notes, in passing, that even if Rodgers had been convicted, the allegations underlying
his Brady claim are meritless. The failure to collect or preserve certain evidence does not amount
to withholding it, and further, this evidence was clearly not material as Rodgers was, in fact,
acquitted.
Cir. 2011). See e.g. Cabrera v. Clark, No. 1:16-CV-00392, 2018 WL 347729, at *7
(M.D. Pa. Jan. 10, 2018) (Rambo, J.) (“The Court need not address Defendant

Killian’s argument regarding supervisory liability since the Court has found no
constitutional violation and accordingly, a supervisory claim cannot lie.”) (citing
Powell v. Weztel, No. 1:12-cv-2455, 2014 WL 2472088, at *4 (M.D. Pa. June 3,

2014)); Dempsey v. Bucknell Univ., 76 F. Supp. 3d 565, 579 (M.D. Pa. 2015) (“[I]n
order to assert a claim under Section 1983 of either supervisory liability or bystander
liability, a violation of that section must have occurred.”); Mitchell v. Flaherty, No.
2:11–cv–610, 2012 WL 266467 at *8 (W.D. Pa. Jan.30, 2012) (interpreting

Arguenta to preclude all forms of § 1983 supervisory liability in the absence of a
constitutional violation); Agarwal v. Schuylkill Cnty. Tax Claim Bureau, No. 3:09-
CV-1921, 2010 WL 5175090, at *9 (M.D. Pa. July 28, 2010), report and

recommendation adopted, No. 3:09-CV-1921, 2010 WL 5175003 (M.D. Pa. Dec.
15, 2010) (“When there is no constitutional violation, there can be no local
governmental or individual supervisory liability.”) This court has already held that
Rodgers’ claims for malicious prosecution and a Brady violation fail as a matter of

law. Thus, by logical extension, his supervisory liability claim also fails.
IV. Conclusion
For the reasons set forth above, Defendants’ motion for summary judgment

will be granted in its entirety. An appropriate order shall follow.

s/Sylvia H. Rambo
SYLVIA H. RAMBO
United States District Judge

Dated: March 28, 2024

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10414490. Public record. Not legal advice.