# Rittenhouse Entertainment, Inc. v. City of Wilkes-Barre

> District Court, M.D. Pennsylvania · May 7, 2021

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10410345

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, M.D. Pennsylvania
- **Decided:** May 7, 2021
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

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## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- noting that courts have the discretion to decide which prong of the qualified immunity analysis should be decided first
- noting that unpublished cases cannot establish a right

## Opinion text

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
RITTENHOUSE ENTERTAINMENT, : Civil No. 3:11-CV-00617
INC., et al., :
:
Plaintiffs, :
:
v. :
:
CITY OF WILKES-BARRE, et al., :
:
Defendants. : Judge Jennifer P. Wilson
MEMORANDUM
This is a civil rights case that is currently before the court on remand from
the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit with instructions to
consider whether Defendants are entitled to qualified immunity and whether
Defendants are entitled to summary judgment as to Plaintiffs’ tortious interference
with a contract claim. For the reasons that follow, summary judgment as to the
remaining Defendants is granted in part and denied in part.
BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Plaintiff Thomas J. Greco (“Greco”) is the owner or principal of several
companies, including Rittenhouse Entertainment, Inc. (“Rittenhouse”), The Mines,
Inc. (“The Mines”), G Net Comm. Co. Inc. (“G Net”), and Phoenix Estates
(“Phoenix”), all of which are named as plaintiffs in this action. (See Doc. 36 ¶¶ 1–
5.) The facts of this case primarily concern The Mines, which is the owner and

1
operator of a nightclub of the same name located in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania.1
(Id. ¶ 2.) Plaintiffs allege generally that Defendants have acted in a concerted

effort to violate The Mines’ constitutional rights by selectively enforcing state and
local laws against The Mines and that this selective enforcement was motivated by
racial animus due to the fact that The Mines served significantly more Black and

Hispanic customers than other similarly situated nightclubs in the same geographic
area.
Plaintiffs first filed suit on April 4, 2011, bringing eight claims for relief
against seventeen defendants. (Doc. 1.) The named defendants were the City of

Wilkes-Barre (“Wilkes-Barre” or “the City”); Thomas Leighton (“Leighton”), who
was the mayor of the City at all times relevant to this case; Gerry Dessoye
(“Dessoye”), who was the City’s chief of police at all relevant times; J.J. Murphy

(“Murphy”), who was the city administrator at all relevant times; Butch Frati
(“Frati”), who was the City’s director of operations at all relevant times; Tony
Thomas, Jr., Kathy Kane, William Barrett, Rick Cronauer, and Michael Merritt
(collectively referred to as “the City Council Defendants”), who all served on the

Wilkes-Barre City Council during the period of time relevant to this case; King’s
College, which is a private college located across the street from The Mines in

1 The court will refer to both the corporation and the nightclub collectively as “The Mines”
throughout this opinion.
2
Wilkes-Barre; Thomas J. O’Hara (“O’Hara”), who was the president of King’s
College at all relevant times; Robert McGonigle (“McGonigle”), who was

associate vice president for student affairs and the dean of students at King’s
College at all relevant times; Paul Lindenmuth (“Lindenmuth”), who was the chair
of King’s College’s criminal justice and sociology department at all relevant times;

John McAndrew (“McAndrew”), who was the King’s College director of public
relations2 at all relevant times; Luzerne County (“Luzerne County” or “the
county”); and Michael Savokinas (“Savokinas”), who was the sheriff of Luzerne
County at all relevant times. (Doc. 1, ¶¶ 6–18; Doc. 139, ¶ 139.)

Defendants divided into three separate groups, all of which moved to
dismiss the complaint. The City Defendants (Wilkes-Barre, Leighton, Dessoye,
Murphy, Frati, Thomas, Kane, Barrett, Cronauer, and Merritt) moved to dismiss

the complaint on June 6, 2011. (Doc. 12.) The College Defendants (King’s
College, O’Hara, McGonigle, Lindenmuth, and McAndrew) moved to dismiss on
the same day. (Doc. 13.) The County Defendants (Luzerne County and
Savokinas) moved to dismiss on June 15, 2011. (Doc. 15.)

2 The complaint identifies McAndrew as the King’s College dean of students, but the record
indicates that McAndrew’s actual position was director of public relations. (See Doc. 139, ¶
139.)
3
United States District Judge A. Richard Caputo granted the motions to
dismiss in part and denied them in part on March 19, 2012, and granted Plaintiffs

leave to file an amended complaint. (Docs. 31, 32.) Plaintiffs filed their amended
complaint on April 6, 2012. (Doc. 36.)
In the amended complaint, which remains the operative pleading in this case,

Plaintiffs raised six causes of action against the Defendants. In Count I, Plaintiffs
raised a claim under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983 and 1985 for violation of the Equal
Protection Clause under the Fourteenth Amendment. (Id. ¶¶ 103–07.) In Count II,
Plaintiffs raised a claim for retaliation in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment

under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981, 1982, and 1985. (Id. ¶¶ 108–09.) In Count III, Plaintiffs
raised a claim for violation of their right to substantive due process under the
Fourteenth Amendment. (Id. ¶¶ 110–11.) In Count IV, Plaintiffs Greco, G Net,

and Phoenix Estates raised due process and equal protection claims arising from
the City Defendants’ alleged interference with the Plaintiffs’ efforts to secure
benefits and development funding under the Keystone Opportunity Zone (“KOZ”)
program. (Id. ¶¶ 112–13.) In Count V, Plaintiffs raised several state tort law

claims against all individual City and College Defendants, including tortious
interference, trade disparagement, and defamation. (Id. ¶¶ 114–15.) In Count VI,
Plaintiff Greco raised a claim for retaliation against Defendants Leighton and

Dessoye, alleging that they had selectively prosecuted him for a felony in
4
retaliation for his complaints regarding the City’s treatment of The Mines. (Id. ¶¶
116–20.)

All defendants moved to dismiss the amended complaint on April 20, 2012.
(Docs. 39–41.) Judge Caputo addressed the motions through a memorandum and
order on June 4, 2012, granting the motions in part and denying them in part.

(Docs. 59–60.) Specifically, Judge Caputo: (1) dismissed Count I of the amended
complaint to the extent that it was raised by Plaintiffs Greco and Rittenhouse; (2)
dismissed Count I to the extent that it raised a § 1985 claim against the County
Defendants; (3) dismissed Count II to the extent that it was raised against the

County Defendants; (4) dismissed Count II to the extent that it was raised by
Plaintiff Rittenhouse; (5) dismissed Count II to the extent that it raised § 1981 and
§ 1982 claims against the City Council Defendants, Defendant Murphy, or

Defendant Frati; and (6) dismissed Count V to the extent that it raised trade
disparagement and defamation claims.3 (Doc. 59.) Defendants then answered the
amended complaint on September 6, 2012. (Docs. 62–64.)
Following the close of fact discovery, all three groups of Defendants moved

for summary judgment as to all remaining claims. (Docs. 135, 138, 141.) Judge

3 The trade disparagement and defamation claims had actually been dismissed in Judge Caputo’s
earlier opinion and his August 16, 2012 order simply confirmed that they were dismissed. The
claims are nonetheless included in this summary of the August 16, 2012 opinion to aid the
reader’s understanding of the procedural history of this case.
5
Caputo addressed the motions for summary judgment in a memorandum and order
on August 8, 2018. (Docs. 201–02.) Judge Caputo granted summary judgment as

to all remaining federal claims and declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction
over the remaining state law claim in light of his grant of summary judgment on
the federal claims. (Doc. 201.) Plaintiffs appealed. (Doc. 203.)

On appeal, the Third Circuit vacated and remanded in part and affirmed in
part. Rittenhouse Entm’t, Inc. v. City of Wilkes-Barre, 782 F. App’x 148, 150 (3d
Cir. 2019). The Third Circuit found that summary judgment was inappropriate as
to the claims raised in Counts I, II, and III against the City and College Defendants

and accordingly vacated and remanded for further proceedings on those claims. Id.
at 153–54. The Third Circuit affirmed the grant of summary judgment as to all
claims raised against the County Defendants and all claims raised in Counts IV and

VI. Id. at 155–56. Because the Third Circuit vacated and remanded as to some of
Plaintiffs’ federal claims, the court additionally vacated Judge Caputo’s decision to
decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the tortious interference claim
and remanded for further proceedings on that claim. Id. at 156 n.6. The Third

Circuit accordingly instructed the district court on remand to consider two issues
that had been raised before Judge Caputo but on which Judge Caputo had not
ruled: (a) whether the City Defendants are entitled to qualified immunity as to the

6
remaining federal claims and (b) whether the remaining Defendants are entitled to
summary judgment as to Plaintiffs’ tortious interference claim. Id. at 156 nn.5–6.4

Following remand from the Third Circuit, the case was reassigned to the
undersigned on June 1, 2020. The court ordered supplemental briefing on the
qualified immunity and tortious interference issues on June 17, 2020. (Doc. 215.)

Defendants5 filed briefs arguing that they should be granted summary judgment on
August 14, 2020 and August 17, 2020. (Docs. 221–22.) Plaintiffs filed opposition
briefs on September 11, 2020. (Docs. 225–26.) Defendants filed reply briefs on
October 9, 2020 and October 23, 2020. (Docs. 236–37.) Accordingly, the

4 To recap, and to aid the reader’s understanding of the procedural posture of the case, the case
proceeds on remand from the Third Circuit’s decision as to the following claims:

1. Count I to the extent that it is raised by The Mines against all City and College
Defendants other than Lindenmuth and McAndrew.
2. Count II to the extent that it is raised by The Mines and Greco against Defendants
Wilkes-Barre, Leighton, and Dessoye.
3. Count II to the extent that it is raised by The Mines and Greco against Defendants
Murphy, Frati, Thomas, Kane, Barrett, Cronauer, and Merritt under 42 U.S.C. § 1985
only.
4. Count II to the extent that it is raised by The Mines and Greco against all College
Defendants other than Lindenmuth and McAndrew, except that Greco’s claim under §
1985 is dismissed.
5. Count III to the extent that it is raised by The Mines, Greco, and Rittenhouse against
all City and College Defendants other than Lindenmuth and McAndrew.
6. Count V to the extent that it raises a tortious interference claim against the individual
City and College Defendants other than Lindenmuth and McAndrew.

5 Because the County Defendants have been granted summary judgment as to all remaining
claims, the court will collectively refer to the City Defendants and the College Defendants as
“Defendants” throughout the remainder of this opinion.
7
qualified immunity and tortious interference issues are ripe for the court’s
disposition.

JURISDICTION
This court has jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331, which allows a district
court to exercise subject matter jurisdiction in civil cases arising under the

Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States, and 28 U.S.C. § 1367, which
gives district courts supplemental jurisdiction over state law claims that are so
closely related to federal claims as to be part of the same case or controversy.
STANDARD OF REVIEW

A court may grant a motion for summary judgment when “there is no
genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A dispute of fact is material if resolution of

the dispute “might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law.”
Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). Summary judgment is
not precluded by “[f]actual disputes that are irrelevant or unnecessary.” Id. “‘A
dispute is genuine if a reasonable trier-of-fact could find in favor of the

nonmovant’ and ‘material if it could affect the outcome of the case.’” Thomas v.
Tice, 943 F.3d 145, 149 (3d Cir. 2019) (quoting Lichtenstein v. Univ. of Pittsburgh
Med. Ctr., 691 F.3d 294, 300 (3d Cir. 2012)).

8
In reviewing a motion for summary judgment, the court must view the facts
in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and draw all reasonable

inferences in that party’s favor. Jutrowski v. Twp. of Riverdale, 904 F.3d 280, 288
(3d Cir. 2018) (citing Scheidemantle v. Slippery Rock Univ. State Sys. of Higher
Educ., 470 F.3d 535, 538 (3d Cir. 2006)). The court may not “weigh the evidence”

or “determine the truth of the matter.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249. Instead, the
court’s role in reviewing the facts of the case is “to determine whether there is a
genuine issue for trial.” Id.
The party moving for summary judgment “bears the initial responsibility of

informing the district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those
portions of ‘the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions
on file, together with the affidavits, if any,’ which it believes demonstrate the

absence of a genuine issue of material fact.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S.
317, 323 (1986) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)). The non-moving party must then
oppose the motion, and in doing so “‘may not rest upon the mere allegations or
denials of [its] pleadings’ but instead, ‘must set forth specific facts showing that

there is a genuine issue for trial. Bare assertions, conclusory allegations, or
suspicions will not suffice.’” Jutrowski, 904 F.3d at 288–89 (quoting D.E. v. Cent.
Dauphin Sch. Dist., 765 F.3d 260, 268–69 (3d Cir. 2014)).

9
Summary judgment is appropriate where the non-moving party “fails to
make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that

party’s case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial.”
Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322. “The mere existence of a scintilla of evidence in support
of the plaintiff’s position will be insufficient; there must be evidence on which the

jury could reasonably find for the plaintiff.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 252. “Where
the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the
non-moving party, there is no genuine issue for trial.” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co.,
Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986).

MATERIAL FACTS
Under Local Rule 56.1, a party moving for summary judgment must include
a separate, short and concise statement of material facts, and the party opposing

summary judgment must include a statement responding to the moving party’s
statement. M.D. Pa. L.R. 56.1. In this case, Defendants filed statements of
material facts in support of their motions for summary judgment, see Docs. 137,
139, 143, but Plaintiffs did not file statements that responded to the Defendants’

statements. Instead, Plaintiffs filed their own independent statement of material
facts, which they separately filed in response to all three motions for summary
judgment. (See Docs. 160, 162, 164.) In light of Plaintiffs’ failure to comply with

Local Rule 56.1, Judge Caputo previously ruled that the factual allegations in
10
Defendants’ statements of material facts would be deemed admitted “except where
Plaintiffs have clearly disputed them with adequate record references.” (Doc. 201,

p. 21.)6 The Third Circuit upheld this ruling on appeal. Rittenhouse, 782 F. App’x
at 151 n.3. Accordingly, for purposes of the current summary judgment
discussion, Defendants’ statements of material facts are deemed admitted except

where Plaintiffs have clearly disputed them with adequate record references. (Doc.
201, p. 21.) The court accordingly turns its attention to the facts that are material
to the instant summary judgment discussion.
Prior to the events at issue in this lawsuit, The Mines was open on Thursday,

Friday, and Saturday nights. (Doc. 137, ¶ 21.) Plaintiff Greco estimated that
approximately 30–40% of The Mines’ customers were Black or Hispanic, while
James Sperazza, who handled security for The Mines, estimated that 30% of the

club’s customers were Black or Hispanic. (Id. ¶¶ 75–76.) A comparable bar in the
area, The Hardware Bar, only had approximately 20% minority customers. (Id. ¶
79.) Wilkes-Barre police were called to The Hardware Bar more often than they
were called to The Mines, and the Wilkes-Barre Police Department directed more

resources towards The Hardware Bar than The Mines. (Id. ¶ 80.)

6 For ease of reference, the court utilizes the page numbers from the CM/ECF header.
11
Fights sometimes occurred outside of The Mines when it closed for the
night, which Greco witnessed and helped to break up. (Id. ¶¶ 30–31.) When

employees could not control a fight outside The Mines, the local police would be
called. (Id. ¶ 36.) As a result, the Wilkes-Barre police came to the Mines fairly
frequently. (Id. ¶ 37.)

Violent crime in Wilkes-Barre was increasing in 2009. (Id. ¶ 61.) This
included stabbings in the neighborhood around The Mines and large fights that
occurred behind the building in which The Mines was located. (Id. ¶ 68.) The
Mines regularly turned away customers who were wearing gang colors, customers

who were suspected of criminal activity, and customers who were carrying
weapons. (Id. ¶¶ 42–56, 69–70.)
On January 16, 2009, four individuals were arrested outside of The Mines

for disorderly conduct, involving fighting and yelling. (Id. ¶ 95.) Later that night,
at approximately 2:11 a.m., a fight broke out outside of The Mines, which resulted
in a crowd of approximately 100–150 people. (Id. ¶ 96.) Several other arrests
were made outside The Mines later that month. (Id. ¶¶ 97–101.)

On March 6, 2009, a large fight occurred outside of The Mines. (Id. ¶ 102.)
Eleven police officers responded to the fight, and a crowd of approximately 100
people amassed around the fight. (Id. ¶¶ 102–03.) Several other arrests and other

incidents requiring police responses followed later that month. (Id. ¶¶ 104–11.)
12
A second large fight broke out on March 27, 2009. (Id. ¶ 112.) Accounts
differed as to how many people were involved in the fight. (Id.; Doc. 160, ¶ 89.)

Police who observed the fight reported that there were about 200 people involved,
but Greco, who had also observed the fight, reported that there were less than 50
people involved. (Doc. 137, ¶ 112; Doc. 160, ¶ 89.) Wilkes-Barre police officers

responding to the fight were surrounded by a crowd of people and had to call for
backup from the Pennsylvania state police as well as the township police
departments of Kingston, Plains, and Wilkes-Barre townships. (Doc. 137, ¶ 113.)
The officers felt that they needed to call for backup because they were surrounded

and outnumbered by the crowd. (Id. ¶ 115.) Eleven police cruisers from the other
departments responded to the scene and arrested five individuals. (Id. ¶ 114.)
Another fight occurred outside The Mines the next night, on March 28,

2009. (Id. ¶ 116.) Several police officers responded to the scene, and the men
involved in the fight fled. (Id. ¶ 119.) Several other arrests and violent incidents
followed in April 2009 and subsequent months. (Id. ¶¶ 120–40.)
Around this same time and beginning in the fall of 2008, there was an

increase in criminal incidents involving King’s College students. (Doc. 139, ¶ 23.)
On March 27, 2009, a student was stabbed in the back on Jackson Street. (Id. ¶
24.a.) On March 28, 2009, a student sitting outside of the women’s residence hall

on the King’s College campus was attacked by a young man who had come
13
running out of The Mines. (Id. ¶ 24.b.) The student’s jaw was broken as a result
of the incident. (Id.) On April 3, 2009, a gun was fired from a car in the vicinity

of a group of King’s College students. (Id. ¶ 30.) On April 5, 2009, a student was
held up at gun point on Union Street. (Id. ¶ 24.c.) Some students and parents
threatened to leave King’s College as a result of the violent incidents that had

occurred near the college, and the college received several complaints about
violence around the college. (Id. ¶¶ 31–39.)
To address students’ concerns, King’s College scheduled a student forum to
discuss student safety. (Id. ¶¶ 45–46.) Plaintiff Greco received notice that the

forum was scheduled and contacted Defendant O’Hara to ask if he could attend.
(Doc. 160, ¶¶ 49–50.) Greco and O’Hara arranged a meeting in O’Hara’s office at
King’s College, during which O’Hara said that The Mines was not a good mix with

King’s College and said that The Mines had the wrong crowd. (Id. ¶¶ 50–51, 56.)
O’Hara also told Greco that he had received letters from parents of King’s College
students saying that they would have to pull their children out of the college if the
situation involving The Mines was not remedied or The Mines was not closed. (Id.

¶ 59.) O’Hara told Greco that Greco could not attend the forum. (Id. ¶ 62.)
The King’s College student forum proceeded as scheduled. (Doc. 139, ¶
63.) The college’s announcement of the forum contained a bullet point indicating

that the college was working with the Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board
14
“regarding problems with The Mines.” (Doc. 160, ¶ 1142.) Defendant Dessoye
attended the forum, but Defendant Leighton did not. (Doc. 139, ¶¶ 63–64.) After

the forum occurred, Defendant O’Hara summarized what was discussed in an
email to his colleagues on the King’s College faculty on April 15, 2009. (Id. ¶ 66.)
This email did not specifically mention The Mines. (Id. ¶ 67.)

During this same period, Defendant O’Hara met with Defendants Leighton
and Dessoye to discuss the growing violence in the area around King’s College.
(Id. ¶ 47.) O’Hara told Leighton and Dessoye that he thought police needed to be
more proactive in the area. (Id. ¶ 48.) The Defendants did not specifically discuss

The Mines during this meeting. (Id. ¶ 50.) Leighton told O’Hara that the City was
working to address the situation. (Id. ¶ 52.)
Defendant McGonigle had also expressed concerns about the violence

around King’s College and the Wilkes-Barre Police Department’s response in a
meeting with O’Hara. (Doc. 160, ¶ 1112.) McGonigle thought that the police
were not responding fast enough to incidents around King’s College and thought
that police should be stationed near The Mines on Thursday, Friday, and Saturday

nights so that they could respond promptly. (Id. ¶¶ 1123–24.) McGonigle advised
another King’s College employee to tell admitted students that the college was
working with the City on the problems with The Mines. (Id. ¶ 1127.) McGonigle

also speculated in a series of emails in preparation for the student forum that
15
students would ask why the college had not been able to close down The Mines
and why the college did not have police officers stationed outside The Mines. (Id.

¶¶ 1130–33.)
In a separate meeting, Defendant Leighton met with Defendant Murphy to
discuss the increased crime in the area surrounding King’s College. (Id. ¶ 946.)

As a result of this meeting, Defendant Leighton decided that there should be
increased police patrol in the area. (Id. ¶ 947.) Leighton subsequently met with
Murphy, Dessoye, and a member of Dessoye’s staff about Leighton’s concerns.
(Id. ¶ 953.) Leighton’s positions during these and other meetings about crime in

the area was that there was a general localized increase in crime that could not be
attributed to any specific source. (Id. ¶ 959.) The Mines was never specifically
mentioned during these meetings by Leighton or anyone else. (Id. ¶ 960.)

On April 20, 2009, Defendant O’Hara called Plaintiff Greco on the phone
and stated that he was very upset by the recent violent incidents at The Mines. (Id.
¶ 63.) O’Hara reiterated that he was receiving complaints from King’s College
parents and alumni about The Mines and said that The Mines could not continue to

operate. (Id. ¶ 64.) O’Hara stated that either King’s College or King’s College
parents would petition to have The Mines closed. (Id. ¶ 65.) O’Hara allegedly told
Greco during this meeting “we’re going to close you down.” (Id. ¶ 176.)

16
Around this same time, Defendant Dessoye informed Defendant Leighton
that King’s College was concerned about crime in the area. (Id. ¶ 962.) Defendant

O’Hara expressed this concern to Leighton in a phone call between the two
individuals. (Id. ¶ 963.) Leighton advised O’Hara that the City and the police
department were working to address the situation. (Id. ¶ 964.)

In late April 2009, the Wilkes-Barre Police Department significantly
increased its presence in and around The Mines. (Id. ¶ 71.) This included police
presence in The Mines’ parking lot, police presence in and around the entries to
The Mines, and regular presence of police cruisers and canine units. (Id. ¶¶ 71–

72.) The police also placed bags on the parking meters outside The Mines. (Id. ¶
73; Doc. 137, ¶ 187.) This was done at the direction of Captain Donald Crane
(“Crane”). (Doc. 160, ¶ 864.) Comparable bars in the area were not subjected to

equivalent police presence. (Id. ¶ 78.) One Black customer of The Mines, Arnell
Cozart, was told by Wilkes-Barre police to not come back to The Mines. (Id. ¶
199.)
On April 30, 2009, the Wilkes-Barre Police Department carried out a

saturation patrol in the area outside The Mines. (Doc. 137, ¶ 197.) A saturation
patrol is an increase in police presence in a certain area or neighborhood to address
criminal activity, trends, or excessive complaints. (Id. ¶ 195.) Prior to the

saturation patrol, Defendant Dessoye told Crane that increased law enforcement
17
presence was needed due to the March 27, 2009 incident in which Wilkes-Barre
police officers had been surrounded by a crowd of people outside The Mines. (Id.

¶ 202.) The saturation patrol was also motivated by the other recent criminal
incidents in the area. (Id. ¶ 203.) Dessoye and Crane coordinated the saturation
patrol, and Leighton was not involved in the coordination. (Id. ¶¶ 205–08.)

Nevertheless, as Wilkes-Barre’s mayor, Leighton had authority over the Wilkes-
Barre Police Department and accordingly had the authority to order the department
to not conduct a saturation patrol. (Doc. 160, ¶¶ 943–44.)
Because the March 27, 2009 incident in which officers were surrounded

originated at The Mines, Defendant Dessoye made the area outside of The Mines a
particular focus of the saturation patrol. (Doc. 137, ¶¶ 212, 219.) Although The
Mines was a focal point, the saturation patrol covered a two-block area of North

Main Street and did not exclusively focus on the area outside of The Mines. (Id. ¶
213.) As a result, a police officer was stationed near every bar on the street,
including The Mines, Senuna’s, Beer Boys, and Gonda’s, and the areas outside of
all the bars were subjected to the saturation patrol. (Id. ¶¶ 216–26.) Although

police officers were stationed in and around The Mines during the saturation
patrol, id. ¶ 226, the police officers did not physically stop or otherwise prevent
customers from entering The Mines. (Id. ¶ 230.) Several officers involved in the

18
saturation patrol purportedly stated that the reason for the patrol was to deal with
The Mines and the kind of people that frequented The Mines. (Doc. 160, ¶ 353.)

Prior to the April 30, 2009 saturation patrol, the Wilkes-Barre Police
Department had conducted saturation patrols at several other bars in Wilkes-Barre,
including The Hardware Bar, Chew’s, Desi’s, Liam’s, Airey Tavern, and the

Poplar Inn. (Doc. 137, ¶¶ 239, 243.)
Shortly after the saturation patrol, in May 2009, the Wilkes-Barre Police
Department conducted a seatbelt check on North Main Street near the location of
The Mines. (Id. ¶ 180.) This seatbelt check was performed at the direction of

either Dessoye or Crane, but Dessoye specifically gave permission for it to occur.
(Doc. 160, ¶¶ 881, 906.)
Plaintiff Greco spoke with Defendant Murphy in May 2009. (Id. ¶ 40.)

Murphy told Greco that he had had a conversation with Defendants Dessoye and
O’Hara about problems involving The Mines and told Greco that he should speak
with Dessoye. (Id.) Greco subsequently contacted Dessoye and Dessoye told him
that The Mines did not have a good mix and that it had the wrong crowd. (Id. ¶

41.)
The Mines’ business slowed down in the time after the April 30, 2009
saturation patrol. (Id. ¶ 212.) Some of the people employed at The Mines

attributed the slowed business to the increased police presence around the bar.
19
(See id. ¶¶ 316, 417, 436, 463, 486–87.) The business eventually closed in June or
July of 2009. (Doc. 137, ¶ 24.) The Mines had originally opened in September

2008 and was open for less than one year before it closed. (Id. ¶¶ 23–24.)
DISCUSSION
A. Qualified Immunity

The court will first address whether Defendants are entitled to qualified
immunity as to the remaining federal claims. The doctrine of qualified immunity
recognizes that despite their participation in constitutionally impermissible
conduct, government officials “may nevertheless be shielded from liability for civil

damages if their actions did not violate ‘clearly established statutory or
constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.’” Hope v.
Pelzer, 536 U.S. 730, 739 (2002) (quoting Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818

(1982)).
The qualified immunity doctrine “protects all but the plainly incompetent or
those who knowingly violate the law.” Kisela v. Hughes, 584 U.S. __, 138 S. Ct.
1148, 1152 (2018) (quoting White v. Pauly, 580 U.S. __, 137 S. Ct. 548, 551

(2017)). Thus, a government official may be entitled to qualified immunity even
when his actions are “constitutionally deficient” if the officer “reasonably
misapprehends the law governing the circumstances” of his actions. Taylor v.

Riojas, 592 U.S. __, 141 S. Ct. 52, 53 (2020). In other words, a government
20
official is entitled to qualified immunity if the official shows “that a reasonable
person in their position at the relevant time could have believed, in light of clearly

established law, that their conduct comported with recognized legal standards.”
E.D. v. Sharkey, 928 F.3d 299, 306 (3d Cir. 2019).
Defendants asserting that they are entitled to qualified immunity have the

burden to prove that the doctrine applies. Halsey v. Pfeiffer, 750 F.3d 273, 288 (3d
Cir. 2014). Courts follow a two-pronged test to determine whether qualified
immunity applies. Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 232 (2009). First, the court
must determine whether the defendants violated the plaintiff’s statutory or

constitutional right. District of Columbia v. Wesby, 583 U.S. __, 138 S. Ct. 577,
589 (2018) (citing Reichle v. Howards, 566 U.S. 658, 664 (2012)). Second, the
court must determine whether the right at issue was clearly established at the time

of the violation. Id. (citing Reichle, 566 U.S. at 664). The court may exercise its
discretion in deciding “which of the two prongs of the qualified immunity analysis
should be addressed first in light of the circumstances in the particular case at
hand.” Pearson, 555 U.S. at 236.

1. City Defendants
Applying the above qualified immunity principles to the individual
defendants’ arguments, the court turns its attention to whether the individual City

21
Defendants are entitled to qualified immunity.7 The court will first consider
whether the right at issue—which the court defines as the right of a business to be

free from selective enforcement of local laws based on the race or ethnicity of its
clientele—was clearly established at the time of the alleged violation. See
Pearson, 555 U.S. at 236 (noting that courts have the discretion to decide which

prong of the qualified immunity analysis should be decided first).
A right is clearly established if “every reasonable official would have
understood that what he is doing violates that right.” Mullenix v. Luna, 577 U.S. 7,
11 (2015) (quoting Reichle, 566 U.S. at 665). To be clearly established, there does

not have to be a case that is directly on point, “but existing precedent must have
placed the statutory or constitutional question beyond debate.” Id. (quoting
Ashcroft v. Al-Kidd, 563 U.S. 731, 741 (2011)). In determining whether a right is

clearly established, courts must not define the right “at a high level of generality.”
Id. (quoting Al-Kidd, 563 U.S. at 742.) Rather, the analysis should focus on
“whether the violative nature of particular conduct is clearly established.” Id.
(quoting Al-Kidd, 563 U.S. at 742).

7 Only the individual City Defendants assert qualified immunity because a city is not entitled to
qualified immunity. Grant v. City of Pittsburgh, 98 F.3d 116, 126 n.7 (3d Cir. 1996) (citing
Owen v. City of Independence, Mo., 445 U.S. 622, 638 (1980)).
22
To determine whether a right is clearly established, the court may look to
cases from the Supreme Court, controlling circuit precedent, or “a robust

consensus of cases of persuasive authority” from other circuit courts. Porter v. Pa.
Dep’t of Corrs., 974 F.3d 431, 449 (3d Cir. 2020) (quoting Barna v. Bd. of Sch.
Dirs. of Panther Valley Sch. Dist., 877 F.3d 136, 142 (3d Cir. 2017)). Unpublished

cases cannot establish a right because they do not constitute binding authority. El
v. City of Pittsburgh, 975 F.3d 327, 340 (3d Cir. 2020). In rare cases, the
unlawfulness of a government official’s conduct may be established from the
obviously unlawful nature of the defendant’s conduct “even though existing

precedent does not address similar circumstances.” Wesby, 138 S. Ct. at 590
(citing Brosseau v. Haugen, 543 U.S. 194, 199 (2004)).
In this case, the City Defendants argue that the right at issue was not clearly

established at the time of the alleged violation of Plaintiffs’ rights. (Doc. 136, p.
64.) Plaintiffs argue that the right was clearly established, but the only case
Plaintiffs cite that is factually on point8 is Desi’s Pizza, Inc. v. City of Wilkes-

8 The other cases cited by Plaintiffs stand only for the general proposition that discrimination on
the basis of race is unconstitutional. See Gibson v. Superintendent of N.J. Dep’t of Law & Public
Safety – Div. of State Police, 411 F.3d 427, 430–31 (3d Cir. 2005) (racially motivated traffic
stop); In re Montgomery County, 215 F.3d 367, 377 (3d Cir. 2000) (retaliatory firing based on
employee’s complaints of race discrimination); Liotta v. Nat’l Forge Co., 629 F.2d 903 (3d Cir.
1980) (same); Mahone v. Waddle, 654 F.2d 1018, 1028 (3d Cir. 1977) (racially motivated arrest
and prosecution); Branch v. Odhner, No. 3:15-CV-01971, 2018 WL 1129596, at *8 (M.D. Pa.
Mar. 1, 2018) (selective enforcement of an ordinance governing solicitation without a license
based on the race of the person soliciting); Grier ex rel. Grier v. Galinac, 740 F. Supp. 338
23
Barre, No. 01-CV-00480, 2006 WL 2460881 (M.D. Pa. Aug. 23, 2006), an
unpublished case from this district in which the owners of a pizza shop in Wilkes-

Barre alleged that Wilkes-Barre and various Wilkes-Barre employees had violated
its constitutional rights by selectively enforcing local laws against the pizza shop
based on the race of the pizza shop’s customers. Id. at *1. In that case, the court

found that it was clearly established that “unequal enforcement of the laws against
an establishment based on the race of its clientele . . . violate[s] the Fourteenth
Amendment.” Id. at *37. Desi’s Pizza, however, cannot establish a right because
it is an unpublished case. See El, 975 F.3d at 340 (noting that unpublished cases

cannot establish a right).
This is also not a case where the violation of Plaintiffs’ rights is so obvious
that the right may be deemed clearly established despite the lack of on-point

precedent. See Wesby, 138 S. Ct. at 590. Notably, a well-respected judge in this
district previously concluded that Defendants were entitled to summary judgment
as to Plaintiffs’ civil rights claims based on a lack of evidence that Defendants had
committed the alleged violations. Although that conclusion was overturned on

(M.D. Pa. 1990) (racially motivated arrest). Accordingly, because a court considering whether a
defendant is entitled to qualified immunity must not define the right at issue at a high level of
generality, Mullenix, 577 U.S. at 11, the court will disregard these cases in determining whether
the right at issue in the present case was clearly established.
24
appeal to the Third Circuit, it nonetheless supports the notion that this is not the
rare case where a right may be deemed established without the aid of precedent.

The court therefore finds that the right at issue in this case was not clearly
established at the time of the alleged violation and accordingly concludes that the
individual City Defendants are entitled to qualified immunity.

2. College Defendants
Having concluded that the individual City Defendants are entitled to
qualified immunity, the court turns its attention to whether individual College
Defendants O’Hara and McGonigle are entitled to qualified immunity. Before

doing so, however, the court must consider a threshold argument raised by
Plaintiffs that the College Defendants are not permitted to assert qualified
immunity at this stage of litigation. (Doc. 225, p. 23.)

Plaintiffs argue that the College Defendants cannot assert qualified
immunity for two reasons. First, because the Third Circuit directed the court to
consider only whether the City Defendants are entitled to qualified immunity, see
Rittenhouse, 782 F. App’x at 156 n.5, and second, because the College Defendants

did not assert qualified immunity in their original summary judgment briefing.
(Doc. 225, p. 23.)
Plaintiffs are incorrect. When a summary judgment ruling is vacated and

remanded from a circuit court, the district court on remand is free to consider any
25
new motions or issues that it deems appropriate. Krieger v. Ownership Corp., 270
F.2d 265, 273 (3d Cir. 1959) (per curiam) (on petition for rehearing en banc); see

also Quinn v. Stone, 978 F.2d 126, 137 (3d Cir. 1992) (citing Krieger for the
proposition that a district court on remand is free to consider additional summary
judgment motions); TRACY BATEMAN ET AL., FEDERAL PROCEDURE, LAWYER’S

EDITION § 62:694 Effect of Remand of Summary Judgment, Westlaw (database
updated March 2021) (“[U]pon remand, the district court is free to consider any
motion which may be presented to it, including the renewal of the motion for
summary judgment, and to permit such amendments to the pleadings or the filing

of such affidavits by either party to the action as it may deem permissible.”).
Furthermore, the court does not construe the Third Circuit’s opinion as
directing the court to only consider whether the City Defendants are entitled to

qualified immunity to the exclusion of the College Defendants. The Third Circuit
instructed the court to consider whether the City Defendants are entitled to
qualified immunity because at that point in the case the qualified immunity defense
had only been asserted by the City Defendants. Nothing in the court’s opinion

indicated that the court meant to exclude the College Defendants from also
asserting qualified immunity.
Accordingly, this court on remand had the discretion to order briefing on the

question of whether all remaining defendants are entitled to qualified immunity,
26
and that is exactly what the court did. (See Doc. 215.) Plaintiffs are therefore
incorrect that the College Defendants are precluded from asserting qualified

immunity at this stage of litigation.
Turning to the merits of the College Defendants’ qualified immunity
argument, the College Defendants argue that O’Hara and McGonigle are entitled to

qualified immunity under the principles set forth in Filarsky v. Delia, 566 U.S. 377
(2012). (Doc. 221 at 8–10.) In Filarsky, the Supreme Court held that an attorney
who had been temporarily retained by a municipality for the purpose of conducting
an internal affairs investigation into the conduct of one of the municipality’s

firefighters was entitled to qualified immunity notwithstanding the fact that the
attorney was not a full-time employee of the municipality. 566 U.S. at 393–94.
O’Hara and McGonigle assert that they are entitled to qualified immunity

under Filarsky because Plaintiffs allege that they were working in concert with
government actors to violate Plaintiffs’ rights. (Doc. 221, pp. 8–10.) Although
O’Hara and McGonigle deny that were working in concert with government actors,
they argue that “Plaintiffs cannot have it both ways”:

Either Father O’Hara and Mr. McGonigle worked in concert with the
City and therefore they are “state actors,” which in turn provides them
with immunity, or they did not act in concert, which causes Plaintiffs
federally based claims to fail against them, since they are not state
actors and liability for Constitutional violations does not attach.

(Id. at 10.)
27
Plaintiffs respond that they can, in fact, “have it both ways” because the
question of whether a defendant is acting in concert with government actors and

the question of whether the same defendant is entitled to qualified immunity are
subject to different standards. (Doc. 225, p. 25.) Plaintiffs note that O’Hara and
McGonigle do not provide any argument as to why they are entitled to qualified

immunity beyond the fact that they were allegedly acting in concert with
government actors and argue that they therefore fail to establish qualified
immunity. (Id. at 25–26.)
Plaintiffs are correct that the question of whether a defendant has acted in

concert with a government actor is a distinct question from whether the defendant
is entitled to qualified immunity and that O’Hara and McGonigle have not raised
any arguments as to why they are entitled to qualified immunity. Although O’Hara

and McGonigle assert that this case is analogous to Filarsky, they do not take the
extra and necessary step of arguing why they are entitled to qualified immunity if
Filarsky does apply. Nevertheless, the court still concludes that O’Hara and
McGonigle are entitled to qualified immunity because, as detailed above, the right

at issue in this case was not clearly established at the time of the facts of this case.
Accordingly, assuming without deciding that Filarsky applies to the present case,
the individual College Defendants are granted summary judgment as to Counts I,

II, and III on the basis of qualified immunity.
28
B. Intentional Interference
The court will next consider whether Defendants are entitled to summary

judgment as to Plaintiffs’ tortious interference with a contract claim. When this
claim was previously considered by the court, Judge Caputo declined to exercise
supplemental jurisdiction over it in light of his conclusion that Defendants were

entitled to summary judgment as to all remaining federal claims. (See Doc. 201, p.
31.) The Third Circuit reversed the grant of summary judgment as to some of the
federal claims and accordingly directed this court to consider whether Defendants
are entitled to summary judgment as to the tortious interference claim. See

Rittenhouse, 782 F. App’x at 156, n.6.
To establish tortious interference with a contract under Pennsylvania law, a
plaintiff must prove:

(1) the existence of a contractual or prospective contractual or
economic relationship between the plaintiff and a third party; (2)
purposeful action by the defendant, specifically intended to harm an
existing relationship or intended to prevent a prospective relation from
occurring; (3) the absence of privilege or justification on the part of the
defendant; (4) legal damage to the plaintiff as a result of the defendant’s
conduct; and (5) for prospective contracts, a reasonable likelihood that
the relationship would have occurred but for the defendant’s
interference.

Duran v. Cty. of Clinton, 380 F. Supp. 3d 440, 455 (M.D. Pa. 2019) (quoting
Acumed LLC v. Advanced Surgical Servs., Inc., 561 F.3d 199, 212 (3d Cir. 2009)).
29
At the outset, the court will grant summary judgment to the extent that
Plaintiffs’ tortious interference claim is based on Defendants’ alleged interference

with the Plaintiffs’ efforts to secure benefits and development funding under the
KOZ program because the City Defendants argue that there is no evidence to
support such a claim and Plaintiffs do not oppose this argument. See Diodato v.

Wells Fargo Ins. Servs., USA, Inc., 44 F. Supp. 3d 541, 556 (M.D. Pa. 2014) (“[A]
non-movant’s failure to offer any response to an opposing party’s summary
judgment arguments constitutes an abandonment of claims left undefended.”).
Accordingly, the court will analyze the tortious interference claim only to the

extent that it is based on Defendants’ allegedly tortious interference with The
Mines’ business.
Turning then to the Defendants’ alleged interference with The Mines’

business, Defendants make several arguments as to why they should be granted
summary judgment as to Plaintiffs’ tortious interference claim. First, both groups
of Defendants argue that Plaintiffs’ tortious interference claim fails because
Defendants’ actions were privileged or justified. (Doc. 221, pp. 3–6; Doc. 222, p.

10.) Specifically, the College Defendants argue that their actions were privileged
because the only actions that College Defendants allegedly took was to report true
information to King’s College students and the police. (Doc. 221, pp. 3–6.) The

City Defendants argue that the actions by the police were justified because the
30
police “had a law enforcement justification for being present due to the well-
recorded criminal issues in the neighborhood of The Mines.” (Doc. 222, p. 10.)

The question of whether a defendant’s actions are privileged or justified
hinges on whether the actions were “improper.” Meyer v. Del. Valley Lift Truck,
Inc., 392 F. Supp. 3d 483, 496 (E.D. Pa. 2019) (quoting Salsgiver Commc’ns, Inc.

v. Consol Commc’ns Holdings, Inc., 150 A.3d 957, 966 (Pa. Super. 2016)).
“Although what is proper conduct in a given situation is not capable of being
precisely defined, the central inquiry is whether the defendant’s conduct is
‘sanctioned by the rules of the game which society has adopted.’” Ecore Int’l, Inc.

v. Downey, 343 F. Supp. 3d 459, 503 (E.D. Pa. 2018) (quoting Adler, Barish,
Daniels, Levin, & Creskoff v. Epstein, 393 A.2d 1175, 1184 (Pa. 1978)).
Whether a defendant’s actions are privileged or justified “is ordinarily a fact

intensive inquiry that necessitates jury consideration.” Audi of Am., Inc. v.
Bronsberg & Hughes Pontiac, Inc., 321 F. Supp. 3d 503, 522 (M.D. Pa. 2018).
The court sees no reason to depart from this general principle in this case. There is
sufficient evidence for a reasonable finder of fact to conclude that the police

selectively enforced local law against The Mines and that this selective
enforcement was caused by the efforts of the College Defendants. The question of
whether the Defendants’ actions were privileged or justified should therefore go to

a jury.
31
The College Defendants next argue that Plaintiffs have failed to identify a
third party or prospective third party who was a party to a contract with which the

Defendants interfered. (Doc. 221, pp. 6–8.) This is very similar to an argument
made in Cole v. Encapera, No. 2:15-CV-00104, 2017 WL 3503121 (W.D. Pa.
Aug. 16, 2017), reversed in nonrelevant part, 758 F. App’x 252 (3d Cir. 2018), a

recent case in which the Western District of Pennsylvania analyzed a tortious
interference claim involving facts that were very similar to the facts of this case.
In Cole, local police allegedly parked their cars outside of a plaintiff’s bar
and regularly accosted individuals as they entered and exited the bar, which

allegedly caused customers to stop going to the bar. Id. at *4. The plaintiff
brought a claim for tortious interference with a contract, and one of the defendant
police officers moved for summary judgment, arguing that the tortious interference

claim failed because the plaintiff could not specifically name any customers who
had stopped going to the bar as a result of the police presence. Id. at *20. The
court rejected this argument, finding it immaterial that the plaintiff could not name
any specific customers who had stopped going to the bar, since there was evidence

in the record from which it could be inferred that the police presence had caused
people to stop going to the bar. Id.
The court finds the reasoning of Cole persuasive. It is undisputed in this

case that business at The Mines slowed considerably in the months following the
32
increased police presence and that the bar eventually closed in the summer of
2009, and a reasonable finder of fact could infer that this slowdown in business

was because of the increased police presence. Plaintiffs have therefore presented
sufficient evidence to establish the existence of a contract or a prospective
contractual or economic relationship.

The City Defendants additionally argue that the police did not tortiously
interfere with The Mines’ business because the police who were stationed outside
of The Mines did not physically stop or otherwise prevent customers from entering
The Mines. (Doc. 222, p. 9.) The court is not persuaded. The City Defendants

offer no support for the assertion that police must physically prevent customers
from entering a nightclub in order to tortiously interfere with the nightclub’s
business, and the court finds that a reasonable finder of fact could infer tortious

interference from the increased police presence around The Mines.
The court accordingly concludes that a reasonable finder of fact could find
that the increased police presence in and around The Mines constituted tortious
interference with a contract. Defendants Leighton and Dessoye could be held

liable for this tortious interference because they exercised direct control over the
Wilkes-Barre Police Department. Defendants O’Hara and McGonigle could also
be held liable for this tortious interference because there is evidence in the record

from which a reasonable finder of fact could conclude that they intentionally
33
caused the Wilkes-Barre Police Department’s increased presence in the area
outside of The Mines.

The other individual defendants—Murphy, Thomas, Kane, Barrett,
Cronauer, Merritt, and Frati—cannot be held liable for tortious interference with a
contract because there is no evidence in the record from which a reasonable finder

of fact could conclude that they exercised direct control over the Wilkes-Barre
Police Department or caused the increase police presence outside of The Mines.
Accordingly, the court will grant summary judgment on the tortious
interference claim as to Defendants Murphy, Thomas, Kane, Barrett, Cronauer,

Merritt, and Frati, but deny summary judgment as to Defendants Leighton,
Dessoye, O’Hara, and McGonigle.
C. Plaintiffs G Net and Phoenix Are Dismissed

Finally, the court notes that the only claims pertaining to Plaintiffs G Net
and Phoenix are the claims arising from Plaintiffs’ efforts to secure benefits and
development funding under the KOZ program. Because all such claims have been
dismissed, the court will dismiss Plaintiffs G Net and Phoenix from this case.

CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the individual Defendants are granted summary
judgment as to Counts I, II, and III on the basis of qualified immunity and

Defendants Murphy, Thomas, Kane, Barrett, Cronauer, Merritt, and Frati are
34
granted summary judgment as to Count V. The case shall accordingly proceed as
to Counts I, II, and III against Defendants Wilkes-Barre and King’s College and as

to the tortious interference claim in Count V against Defendants Leighton,
Dessoye, O’Hara, and McGonigle. All other defendants shall be dismissed from
the case. Plaintiffs G Net and Phoenix will also be dismissed. An appropriate

order follows.
s/Jennifer P. Wilson
JENNIFER P. WILSON
United States District Court Judge
Middle District of Pennsylvania

Dated: May 7, 2021

35

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10410345. Public record. Not legal advice.