# Dunn v. Tunkhannock Township

> District Court, M.D. Pennsylvania · March 24, 2021

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10410053

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, M.D. Pennsylvania
- **Decided:** March 24, 2021
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10410053

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- finding that, based on undisputed material facts, police officers were entitled to summary judgment on Fourth Amendment excessive force claims
- discussing similarities and differences between ADA and RA
- noting that “[e]ven though there is some disagreement concerning the point during a law enforcement encounter at which the ADA applies to police conduct, no court of appeals has held that the ADA does not apply at all”

## Opinion text

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
MIDDLE DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA

MELINDA DUNN,

Plaintiff, CIVIL ACTION NO. 3:20-cv-00515

v. (SAPORITO, M.J.)

TUNKHANNOCK TOWNSHIP,
et al.,

Defendants.

MEMORANDUM
The plaintiff, Melinda Dunn, appearing through counsel, filed her
original complaint in this action on March 31, 2020. (Doc. 1.) She filed
her amended complaint on June 30, 2020. (Doc. 12.) The defendants,
Tunkhannock Township and Stephen Williams, also appearing through
counsel, have filed a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss the amended
complaint for failure to state a claim. (Doc. 13.) The motion is fully briefed
and ripe for decision. (Doc. 14; Doc. 15; Doc. 16.)
I. FACTUAL ALLEGATIONS
Shortly after midnight on July 30, 2018, the plaintiff, Melinda
Dunn, was involved in a motor vehicle accident. Dunn was driving under
the influence of alcohol at the time. While driving, her cell phone rang
and she briefly took her eyes off the road. Dunn then struck an

abandoned car that was parked off the roadway, near a home. Dunn’s
vehicle became inoperable, with smoke coming from the engine
compartment of her car. She was injured in the accident, with wounds on

her arms and a chest contusion from the deployment of her car’s airbag.
Dunn’s husband, Kenneth Nestorick, arrived on the scene and
moved her vehicle away from the abandoned car and the home in case it

caught fire. One of the defendants, Officer Williams, arrived on the scene
while Nestorick was moving Dunn’s vehicle. Williams had been driving
by the scene, transporting another individual in the back seat of his

patrol vehicle. Nestorick told Williams that Dunn had been in a car
accident. Meanwhile, Dunn had exited the vehicle and walked a few
yards away. Emergency medical personnel had arrived on the scene, and

Dunn was seeking medical attention. Before she was seen by the medical
personnel, however, Williams approached Dunn and told her he smelled
alcohol.

Williams grabbed Dunn by the arm, spun her around, and threw
her to the ground, face down. Williams then kneeled with one knee on
Dunn’s left arm, causing injury to her rotator cuff. While kneeling on
Dunn’s injured left arm, Williams reached to bring her right arm behind

her back to handcuff her. Williams handcuffed Dunn so tightly that the
handcuffs broke the skin on her wrists.
As Williams was handcuffing Dunn, he changed position and sat on

the backs of Dunn’s feet. Dunn, however, suffers from congenital club
feet.1 Dunn exclaimed: “You are hurting me! I have medical problems
with my feet!” After she said this, Williams sat back on her feet, further

crushing them into the ground. He did nothing to accommodate her
disability. Although Dunn did not resist in any way, Williams told her to
“stop resisting.”

Eventually, Williams allowed emergency medical personnel to treat
Dunn. When state police officers arrived, Williams gave his handcuff key

1 The amended complaint alleges that, over the course of years,
Dunn has had multiple surgeries to attempt to correct this medical
condition. It further alleges that Dunn had been determined to be
“disabled” by the Social Security Administration, but this administrative
determination is insufficient to show that she is disabled for the purposes
of the ADA, as the social security disability regulations employ an
entirely different standard. See Tice v. Centre Area Transp. Auth., 247
F.3d 506, 513 n.5 (3d Cir. 2001). At least one federal court, however, has
found the same condition to constitute a disability for the purposes of an
ADA failure-to-provide-reasonable-accommodations claim at the
pleadings stage. See Brown v. Woodford, No. C 05-2937 SI (pr), 2007 WL
735768, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 7, 2007).
to the emergency medical personnel and left the scene, presumably to

continue transporting the individual he had in the back of his patrol car.
Dunn was transported to a hospital for emergency medical
treatment, and then released. She was diagnosed and treated for an

Achilles tendon rupture, which required her to spend several weeks in a
wheelchair and to receive home healthcare. She was also diagnosed with
a torn rotator cuff, which required medical treatment and physical

therapy.
Dunn was charged by the state police with the misdemeanor
offenses of driving under the influence of alcohol and resisting arrest, and

the summary offenses of disregarding traffic lanes and careless driving.
Dunn pleaded guilty to driving under the influence of alcohol because she
was guilty of that offense. The charge of resisting arrest was withdrawn,

allegedly because she did not resist arrest.2
II. LEGAL STANDARD
Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure authorizes a

defendant to move to dismiss for “failure to state a claim upon which

2 According to publicly available state court records, the summary
offenses were nolle prossed.
relief can be granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). “Under Rule 12(b)(6), a

motion to dismiss may be granted only if, accepting all well-pleaded
allegations in the complaint as true and viewing them in the light most
favorable to the plaintiff, a court finds the plaintiff’s claims lack facial

plausibility.” Warren Gen. Hosp. v. Amgen Inc., 643 F.3d 77, 84 (3d Cir.
2011) (citing Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555–56
(2007)). In deciding the motion, the Court may consider the facts alleged

on the face of the complaint, as well as “documents incorporated into the
complaint by reference, and matters of which a court may take judicial
notice.” Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S. 308, 322

(2007). Although the Court must accept the fact allegations in the
complaint as true, it is not compelled to accept “unsupported conclusions
and unwarranted inferences, or a legal conclusion couched as a factual

allegation.” Morrow v. Balaski, 719 F.3d 160, 165 (3d Cir. 2013) (quoting
Baraka v. McGreevey, 481 F.3d 187, 195 (3d Cir. 2007)). Nor is it required
to credit factual allegations contradicted by indisputably authentic

documents on which the complaint relies or matters of public record of
which we may take judicial notice. In re Washington Mut. Inc., 741 Fed.
App’x 88, 91 n.3 (3d Cir. 2018); Sourovelis v. City of Philadelphia, 246 F.
Supp. 3d 1058, 1075 (E.D. Pa. 2017); Banks v. Cty. of Allegheny, 568 F.

Supp. 2d 579, 588–89 (W.D. Pa. 2008).
III. DISCUSSION
The amended complaint is comprised of four counts. In Count One,
the plaintiff asserts a § 1983 federal civil rights claim against Williams

for the excessive use of force in effecting her arrest, in violation of her
Fourth Amendment right to be free from unreasonable seizure. In Count
Two, she asserts federal claims against Williams’s employer, the

Township, for discrimination on the basis of her disability, in violation of
Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”), 42 U.S.C. § 12131

et seq., and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act (“RA”), 29 U.S.C. § 794.
Finally, in Counts Three and Four, she asserts state-law tort claims for
assault and battery against Williams. For relief, she seeks an unspecified

award of compensatory and punitive damages from both defendants.
The defendants have moved to dismiss this action. First, they seek
dismissal of the plaintiff’s § 1983 excessive force claim to the extent it is

based on the Fourteenth Amendment rather than the Fourth
Amendment. Second, they seek dismissal of the plaintiff’s § 1983
excessive force and state-law assault and battery claims on the ground
that the force used by Williams was reasonable under the circumstances

alleged. Third, they seek dismissal of the plaintiff’s ADA/RA claims
against the Township on the ground that she has failed to allege that the
alleged discriminatory conduct by Williams occurred because of her

disability. Finally, they seek dismissal of the plaintiff’s claims for
punitive damages against the Township and against Williams to the
extent he is sued in his official capacity.

A. Fourteenth Amendment
The defendants seek dismissal of Count One to the extent it relies
on the Fourteenth Amendment, arguing that the Fourth Amendment is

the proper and exclusive vehicle for an § 1983 excessive force claim.
It is clearly established that “all claims that law enforcement
officers have used excessive force—deadly or not—in the course of an

arrest, investigatory stop, or other ‘seizure’ of a free citizen should be
analyzed under the Fourth Amendment and its ‘reasonableness’
standard, rather than under a [Fourteenth Amendment] ‘substantive due

process’ approach.” Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 388 (1989); see also
Davenport v. Borough of Homestead, 870 F.3d 273, 279 (3d Cir. 2017). As
the defendants note in their briefs, this is the “more specific provision” or
“explicit source rule,” derived from the Supreme Court’s decision in

Albright v. Oliver, 510 U.S. 266 (1994). See Cost v. Borough of Dickson
City, Civil Action No. 3:18-1494, 2020 WL 6083272, at *3 (M.D. Pa. Oct.
15, 2020), appeal filed, No. 20-3120 (3d Cir. Oct. 21, 2020).

But the plaintiff here does not assert a substantive due process
claim. She has explicitly brought this claim under the Fourth
Amendment, referencing the Fourteenth Amendment only to recognize

that the Fourth Amendment—which applies on its face to the federal
government only—was incorporated against the states later by operation
of the Fourteenth Amendment’s due process clause. See Williams v. Papi,

30 F. Supp. 3d 306, 311–12 (M.D. Pa. 2014). This is the “incorporation
doctrine,” and its invocation is entirely appropriate in this context. See
id. Thus, the defendants’ argument is not well taken.

B. § 1983 Excessive Force Claim
The defendants have moved to dismiss the plaintiff’s § 1983
excessive force claim for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be

granted. They argue that, based on the allegations of the amended
complaint, Williams’s use of force during Dunn’s arrest was reasonable.
To state a § 1983 claim for excessive force in violation of the Fourth
Amendment, “a plaintiff must show that a ‘seizure’ occurred and that it

was unreasonable.” Estate of Smith v. Marasco, 318 F.3d 497, 515 (3d
Cir. 2003). The test of reasonableness under the Fourth Amendment is
whether, under the totality of the circumstances, the officer’s actions

were “‘objectively reasonable’ in light of the facts and circumstances
confronting [the officer], without regard to [his or her] underlying intent
or motivations.” Graham, 490 U.S. at 397. “Thus, if a use of force is

objectively unreasonable, an officer’s good faith is irrelevant; likewise, if
a use of force is objectively reasonable, any bad faith motivation on the
officer’s part is immaterial.” Estate of Smith, 318 F.3d at 515. Among the

factors to be considered in determining whether a seizure was reasonable
are “the severity of the crime at issue, whether the suspect poses an
immediate threat to the safety of the officer[] or others, and whether he

is actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight.”
Graham, 490 U.S. at 396; see also Estate of Smith, 318 F.3d at 515.
Additional factors may include “the possibility that the persons subject

to the police action are themselves violent or dangerous, the duration of
the action, whether the action takes place in the context of effecting an
arrest, the possibility that the suspect may be armed, and the number of
persons with whom the police officer[] must contend at one time.”

Sharrar v. Felsing, 128 F.3d 810, 822 (3d Cir. 1997); see also Estate of
Smith, 318 F.3d at 515.
The issue of reasonableness is typically a question of fact for a jury

to resolve. See Rivas v. City of Passaic, 365 F.3d 181, 198 (3d Cir. 2004);
Estate of Smith, 318 F.3d at 516; Abraham v. Raso, 183 F.3d 279, 290 (3d
Cir. 1999). “In cases removing any issue of fact after the completion of

discovery, summary judgment may be appropriate.” Ford v. City of
Pittsburgh, Civil Action No. 13-1364, 2014 WL 7338758, at *3 (W.D. Pa.
Dec. 22, 2014); see also Plumhoff v. Rickard, 572 U.S. 765, 775–77 (2014)

(finding that, based on undisputed material facts, police officers were
entitled to summary judgment on Fourth Amendment excessive force
claims).

Here, viewing the facts alleged in the light most favorable to the
plaintiff and considering the totality of circumstances alleged, we are not
persuaded that the facts alleged are insufficient to “plausibly give rise to

an entitlement for relief.” See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 679 (2009).
At the time of the allegedly unreasonable use of force by Williams, the
plaintiff was steps away from her vehicle, seeking medical attention from
emergency medical personnel. Based on a smell of alcohol, Williams

suspected that Dunn had been driving her now-immobilized vehicle while
intoxicated. But she posed no immediate threat to the officer or to others.
As alleged in the amended complaint, she was not violent or dangerous,

she did not attempt to flee or otherwise evade arrest, and she did not
resist arrest in any way. There was nothing to suggest that she might be
armed, and there were no other suspects with whom Williams had to

contend.3 Despite this context, Williams allegedly manhandled Dunn,
throwing her to the ground, kneeling first on her arm and then on her
feet while he handcuffed her. He allegedly did so with sufficient force to

tear her rotator cuff and rupture her Achilles tendon.4 Dunn allegedly
told him that she was in pain and had a medical condition with her feet,
but Williams continued—or perhaps even increased—the application of

his weight to her feet after being so advised.

3 The facts alleged suggest that Williams may have had another
person detained in the back of his patrol vehicle, but that person was
confined there and posed no concurrent threat to the officer or others.
4 The defendants argue that these injuries alone do not demonstrate
that the force used was excessive, but as the plaintiff has noted in her
brief, “the fact that the physical force applied was of such an extent as to
lead to injury is indeed a relevant factor to be considered as part of the
totality.” Sharrar, 128 F.3d at 822.
Based on these same factual allegations, the defendants contend

that the force used was reasonable under the circumstances. This
contrary interpretation of the same facts may itself be reasonable, but a
plaintiff is simply not required to disprove alternative interpretations of

the facts at the pleading stage. See Kriss v. Fayette Cty., 827 F. Supp. 2d
477, 497 (W.D. Pa. 2011), aff’d, 504 Fed. App’x 182 (3d Cir. 2012); see also
Ford, 2014 WL 7338758, at *4.

C. State-law Assault and Battery Claims
The defendants have moved to dismiss the plaintiff’s state-law tort
claims on the very same ground, arguing that the force used by Williams

during Dunn’s arrest was reasonable.
“A claim brought under Pennsylvania law for excessive force by a
police officer is a claim for assault and battery.” Russoli v. Salisbury

Twp., 126 F. Supp. 2d 821, 870 (E.D. Pa. 2000) (citing Renk v. City of
Pittsburgh, 641 A.2d 289 (1994)). As the state supreme court has
explained:

Assault is an intentional attempt by force to do an
injury to the person of another, and a battery is
committed whenever the violence menaced in an
assault is actually done, though in ever so small a
degree, upon the person. A police officer may use
reasonable force to prevent interference with the
exercise of his authority or the performance of his duty.
In making a lawful arrest, a police officer may use such
force as is necessary under the circumstances to
effectuate the arrest. The reasonableness of the force
used in making the arrest determines whether the
police officer’s conduct constitutes an assault and
battery.
Renk, 641 A.2d at 293 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
For the very same reasons given above with respect to the plaintiff’s
§ 1983 excessive force claim, we find that, viewing the facts alleged in the
light most favorable to the plaintiff, she has alleged sufficient facts to
state a plausible claim that the force used by Williams was unreasonable,
thus constituting assault and battery under Pennsylvania common law.

A plaintiff is not required to anticipate and contradict a defendant’s
alternative interpretations of these same facts at the pleadings stage. See
Kriss, 827 F. Supp. 2d at 497; Ford, 2014 WL 7338758, at *4.

D. ADA/RA Discrimination Claims
The defendants have moved to dismiss the plaintiff’s ADA/RA
claims against the Township for failure to state a claim upon which relief
can be granted. The defendants argue that Dunn has failed to sufficiently

allege that she was discriminated against on the basis of her disability.
Specifically, they argue that she has failed to allege that the arresting
officer used excessive force against her because of her disability. Among

other things, they note that she has failed to allege that the officer was
aware of her disability prior to engaging in force that exacerbated a
preexisting medical condition.

As the Third Circuit has recognized, “the ADA can indeed apply to
police conduct during an arrest.” Haberle v. Troxell, 885 F.3d 170, 180 (3d
Cir. 2018); see also id. at 181 (noting that “[e]ven though there is some

disagreement concerning the point during a law enforcement encounter
at which the ADA applies to police conduct, no court of appeals has held
that the ADA does not apply at all”).5 This court has previously held that

compensatory damages are available in the arrest context under the ADA
and the RA. See Young v. Sunbury Police Dep’t, 160 F. Supp. 3d 802, 810
(M.D. Pa. 2016).

This court has also previously noted that “there are two theories

5 Claims under Title II of the ADA and Section 504 of the RA are
largely coextensive. The substantive standards for determining liability
under both statutes are the same. See McDonald v. Pa. Dep’t of Pub.
Welfare, 62 F.3d 92, 94–95 (3d Cir. 1995). There are some distinctions
between the two statutory schemes, but none are relied upon by the
defendants in their motion to dismiss. See generally Yeskey v. Pa. Dep’t
of Corr., 118 F.3d 168, 170 (3d Cir. 1997) (discussing similarities and
differences between ADA and RA), aff’d, 524 U.S. 206 (1998).
under which police actions have been found to fall under the ADA and

RA: the ‘wrongful arrest’ theory and the ‘reasonable accommodation’
theory.” Id. at 809. Here, the plaintiff relies on the “reasonable
accommodation” theory, which “applies when police investigate and

arrest a person with a disability for a crime unrelated to that disability,
but fail to ‘reasonably accommodate the person’s disability in the course
of investigation or arrest, causing the person to suffer greater injury or

indignity in that process than other arrestees.’” Id. at 810 (quoting Gohier
v. Enright, 186 F.3d 1216, 1220–21 (10th Cir. 1999)).
The plaintiff alleges that she has a disability—club feet—and that

the arresting officer failed to reasonably accommodate her disability,
causing her to suffer greater injury—a ruptured Achilles tendon6—in
that process than other arrestees would have suffered. But “[i]f a police

officer incurs a duty to reasonably accommodate a person’s disability
during an arrest, this duty would have arisen only if [the arresting
officer] had known that [the plaintiff] needed an accommodation.” J.H.

ex rel. J.P. v. Bernalillo Cty., 806 F.3d 1255, 1261 (10th Cir. 2015). The

6 She does not argue that her torn rotator cuff was caused by the
officer’s failure to reasonably accommodate her disability.
defendants argue that the arresting officer was not aware of Dunn’s

disability “prior to engaging” with her. But the plaintiff has alleged that
she told the officer of her disability and that she was experiencing pain
during the engagement. After he was made aware of this, the arresting

officer allegedly continued—or perhaps even increased—the application
of his weight to her feet, and we find it reasonable to infer from the facts
alleged that the ruptured tendon may have been caused by this later

portion of the officer’s use of force.
Based on the facts alleged in the amended complaint, viewed in the
light most favorable to the plaintiff, we find that she has pleaded

sufficient facts to establish that the arresting officer failed to reasonably
accommodate her disability in the course of her arrest, which caused her
to suffer injury. See Johnson v. Shasta Cty., 83 F. Supp. 3d 918, 929–30

(E.D. Cal. 2015) (plaintiffs adequately alleged failure to reasonably
accommodate post-surgical sequalae with significant limitations known
to the arresting officers); cf. Gorman v. Bartch, 152 F.3d 907, 913–14 (8th

Cir. 1998); Sacchetti v. Gallaudet Univ., 181 F. Supp. 3d 107, 129–30
(D.D.C. 2016); Young, 160 F. Supp. 3d at 811–12.
E. Punitive Damages
The defendants have moved to dismiss the plaintiff’s claims for

punitive damages against the Township and against Williams in his
official capacity.
In the demand for relief in her amended complaint, the plaintiff has

requested an award of punitive damages against the Township under
Count Two, which asserts disability discrimination claims under Title II
of the ADA and Section 504 of the RA. It is well settled that punitive

damages are not an available remedy under either Title II of the ADA or
under Section 504 of the RA. See Barnes v. Gorman, 536 U.S. 181, 189

(2002). In her opposition brief, Dunn has conceded as much. (Doc. 15, at
24.) Thus, we will grant the motion with respect to Count Two and
dismiss the plaintiff’s claim for punitive damages against the Township.

The plaintiff also seeks an award of punitive damages against
Williams in Counts One, Three, and Four of the amended complaint,
which assert § 1983 excessive force and state-law assault and battery

claims. The defendants seek to dismiss punitive damages claims against
Williams to the extent he is sued in his official capacity. The amended
complaint itself does not explicitly state whether Williams is sued in his
personal or official capacity, and we note that the Township is not named

as a defendant to any of these claims asserted against Williams.7
It is well-established that “a municipality is immune from punitive
damages under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.” City of Newport v. Fact Concerts, Inc.,

453 U.S. 247, 271 (1981). Likewise, punitive damages are not available
against a municipality under state law. Feingold v. Se. Pa. Transp. Auth.,
488 A.2d 284, 293 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1985), aff’d, 517 A.2d 1270 (Pa. 1986).

See generally City of Newport, 453 U.S. at 259–60 & n.21 (“The general
rule today is that no punitive damages are allowed unless expressly
authorized by statute.”). Meanwhile, “[a]n official-capacity suit is

generally merely another way of pleading an action against an entity of
which an officer is an agent. Such a suit is properly treated as a suit
against the entity.” Strickland v. Mahoning Twp., 647 F. Supp. 2d 422,

428 (M.D. Pa. 2009) (citation omitted). “Since a municipality cannot be
liable for punitive damages, neither can an individual sued in her official

7 The amended complaint seeks to hold the Township liable for
ADA/RA violations only. If it had named the Township as a defendant to
the § 1983 or state-law tort claims as well, any claims against Williams
in his official capacity would have been subject to dismissal as redundant.
See M.S. ex rel. Hall v. Susquehanna Twp. Sch. Dist., 43 F. Supp. 3d 412,
419 (M.D. Pa. 2014).
capacity.” Id.

In her opposition brief, the plaintiff implicitly concedes that
punitive damages are not available against an official-capacity municipal
defendant such as Williams, construing her own amended complaint as

suing Williams in his personal capacity only.8 (See Doc. 15, at 22.) While
it is not clear from the face of the pleading itself that Dunn has sued
Williams in his personal capacity only, in light of this concession in her

brief, the amended complaint’s explicit demand for punitive damages, the
unequivocal bar against obtaining punitive damages from municipal
defendants in their official capacities, and the absence of any allegation

in the amended complaint of a municipal policy or custom that caused
the allegedly unconstitutional conduct by Williams,9 we will adopt her
interpretation of the complaint as alleging personal-capacity claims only

against Williams.10 The defendants’ motion will be denied with respect to

8 Punitive damages are available against an individual defendant
in his or her personal capacity. Strickland, 647 F. Supp. 2d at 428–29.
9 See generally Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Serv., 436 U.S. 658, 690–91
(1978); Jiminez v. All American Rathskeller, Inc., 503 F.3d 247, 249 (3d
Cir. 2007); Losch v. Borough of Parkesburg, 736 F.2d 903, 910 (3d Cir.
1984).
10 While “[a] defendant being sued in his or her personal capacity
should be given adequate notice that his or her personal assets are at
(continued on next page)
this issue because the amended complaint seeks punitive damages from

Williams in his personal capacity only.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the defendants’ motion to dismiss will be
granted in part and denied in part. The plaintiff’s punitive damages claim

against Tunkhannock Township will be dismissed with prejudice, and
the action otherwise will be permitted to proceed. The defendants will be
directed to answer the complaint.

An appropriate order follows.

Dated: March 24, 2021 s/Joseph F. Saporito, Jr.
JOSEPH F. SAPORITO, JR.
United States Magistrate Judge

stake,” and some other circuits “require the complaint to specifically
identify the capacity in which a defendant is being sued” or face a
presumption that official-capacity claims only are intended, the Third
Circuit “has taken a more flexible approach,” requiring us to “interpret
the pleading” instead of applying a strict rule presuming one capacity or
the other when the complaint is silent on the matter. See Melo v. Hafer,
912 F.2d 628, 636 & n.7 (3d Cir. 1990); see also Gregory v. Chehi, 843 F.2d
111, 119 (3d Cir. 1988) (“The plaintiff’s federal court complaint is
deficient in failing to indicate whether he sues the individual defendants
in their official or personal capacities. We therefore must interpret the
pleading to ascertain what plaintiff should have stated specifically.”). Of
course, “[i]t is obviously preferable for the plaintiff to be specific in the
first instance to avoid any ambiguity.” Melo, 912 F.2d at 636 n.7.

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10410053. Public record. Not legal advice.