# Lutz-Stoker v. Saul

> District Court, M.D. Pennsylvania · May 8, 2020

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10408716

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, M.D. Pennsylvania
- **Decided:** May 8, 2020
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10408716

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- stating that an ALJ is required to provide “specific reasons for rejecting lay testimony”

## Opinion text

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA

MEGAN LUTZ-STOKER, : Civil No. 3:19-CV-1601
:
Plaintiff :
:
v. :
: (Magistrate Judge Carlson)
ANDREW SAUL, :
Commissioner of Social Security, :
:
Defendant :

MEMORANDUM OPINION

I. Introduction

This case comes before us for consideration of the plaintiff’s claims that a
Social Security Administrative Law Judge erred in evaluating medical opinion
evidence, assessing the disabling effect of a claimant’s pain, and formulating a
residual functional capacity assessment for the plaintiff, a younger worker in her
30’s. With respect to this appeal, the Supreme Court has recently underscored for us
the limited scope of our review when considering Social Security disability
determinations, noting that:
The phrase “substantial evidence” is a “term of art” used throughout
administrative law to describe how courts are to review agency
factfinding. T-Mobile South, LLC v. Roswell, 574 U.S. ––––, ––––,
135 S. Ct. 808, 815, 190 L.Ed.2d 679 (2015). Under the substantial-
evidence standard, a court looks to an existing administrative record
and asks whether it contains “sufficien[t] evidence” to support the
agency’s factual determinations. Consolidated Edison Co. v. NLRB,
305 U.S. 197, 229, 59 S. Ct. 206, 83 L.Ed. 126 (1938) (emphasis
deleted). And whatever the meaning of “substantial” in other contexts,
the threshold for such evidentiary sufficiency is not high. Substantial
evidence, this Court has said, is “more than a mere scintilla.” Ibid.; see,
e.g., Perales, 402 U.S. at 401, 91 S. Ct. 1420 (internal quotation marks
omitted). It means—and means only—“such relevant evidence as a
reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.”
Consolidated Edison, 305 U.S. at 229, 59 S. Ct. 206. See Dickinson v.
Zurko, 527 U.S. 150, 153, 119 S. Ct. 1816, 144 L.Ed.2d 143 (1999)
(comparing the substantial-evidence standard to the deferential clearly-
erroneous standard).
Biestek v. Berryhill, 139 S. Ct. 1148, 1154 (2019).

In the instant case, while it is apparent that the plaintiff at one time faced
significant impairments due to jaw pain, when we consider the ALJ’s decision
through the deferential lens required by the law, we are constrained to conclude that
substantial evidence supported the ALJ’s decision. Mindful of the fact that
substantial evidence “means only—‘such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind
might accept as adequate to support a conclusion,’ ” Biestek, 139 S. Ct. at 1154, we
find that substantial evidence supported the ALJ’s findings in this case. Therefore,
for the reasons set forth below, we will affirm the decision of the Commissioner
denying this claim.
II. Statement of Facts and of the Case

On December 29, 2015, Megan Lutz-Stoker applied for disability and
supplemental security income benefits under Titles II and XVI of the Social Security
Act, alleging that she had become disabled as of June, 2014. (Tr. 17, 67, 72-73, 139-
55). At the time that she applied for these disability benefits, the plaintiff was 31
years old and qualified as a younger worker under the Commissioner’s regulations.
(Tr. 71). Lutz-Stoker was a high school graduate, had attended college, and had

previously worked in the health care field. (Tr. 71-72, 183, 1432).
In her disability application, the plaintiff identified an array of medical and
emotional impairments including fibromyalgia, diabetes, migraines, obesity,

arthritis, depression, and anxiety, but her principal presenting physical condition was
jaw pain which exacerbated both her physical and emotional impairments. (Tr. 20).
This jaw pain began after Lutz-Stoker underwent surgery in 2010 and became
progressively more severe over time. (Tr. 202-11).

The medical records relating to this jaw pain are both extensive and somewhat
equivocal. For example, these records reveal that Lutz-Stoker repeatedly sought
emergency room treatment for her pain, (Tr. 512, 558, 572, 684, 706, 714, 749, 759,

768, 780, 785, 800), but also often reflected generally unremarkable findings upon
examination of the plaintiff. (Tr. 515, 574, 763, 811). Likewise, Lutz-Stoker
obtained mental health treatment for depression and anxiety that she attributed to
this chronic pain. (Tr. 313, 328, 337, 346, 356, 386, 406, 416, 446, 458, 976, 1511,

1553, 1722, 1742, 1752, 1790, 1828, 1846, 1868, 1911). Yet, during these sessions
she often exhibited normal speech and language, intact recent and remote memory,
and intact attention span and concentration, mental health status findings which
suggested some ability to work. (Tr. 319, 546, 561, 589, 600, 757, 783, 1254, 1444,
1448, 1452, 1454, 1475, 1478).

Lutz-Stoker’s self-reported activities of daily living also provided a mixed
medical picture. While she reported frequent, severe, and intractable pain, the
plaintiff also: cared for her seven-year old son, taking him to and from school,

feeding him, making dinner, and supervising his bath time; (Tr. 203) spent time with
her husband - “doing chores, running errands, watching tv, doing homework with
[their] son, eating dinner as a family;” (Tr. 206) regularly attended church, doctor’s
appointments, support group, her son’s school, and boy scouts; (Tr. 206)

experienced no problems with personal care; (203-04) and did not need reminders
to take her medication (Tr. 204). Lutz-Stoker reported that she prepared simple
meals, performed light housecleaning including laundry, shopped for groceries and

clothing, got outside every day, enjoyed reading, watching television, playing
games, hiking trails, playing in the creek, fishing, and attending bible studies. (Tr.
204-06). According to the plaintiff, she could follow written instructions and get
along with authority figures “very well”, and follow spoken instructions “well.” (Tr.

207-08).
Given this profoundly equivocal clinical picture, it is hardly surprising that
the medical opinion evidence was also marked by some competing and contrasting

views. For example, with respect to Lutz-Stoker’s physical impairments, the plaintiff
presented no treating source opinion supporting her claim of complete disability.
Instead, treating source records indicated that her primary care physician cleared her

for return to full-time work in February 2014, (Tr. 805, 1271), and declined to write
a note excusing her from work for an extended period of time in June of 2014. (Tr.
775-76). Further, Lutz-Stoker was cleared by her doctors to return to full-time work

on September 27, 2017. (Tr. 80-81). Given the paucity of medical opinion support
for Lutz-Stoker’s physical impairments, on February 5, 2018, the ALJ requested a
medical opinion regarding her physical capacity to work from medical expert Thao
Le Thanh, M.D. (Tr. 17, 2528). After reviewing Lutz-Stoker’s medical records and

interrogatories, Dr. Thanh concluded that her medically determinable impairments
did not meet listing level severity, (Tr. 2536-38), and found that Lutz-Stoker had “no
functional limitations or restrictions.” (Tr. 2538).

As for Lutz-Stoker’s emotional impairments, the medical opinion evidence
was marked by some area of consensus, as well as contrasting opinions. Two mental
health professionals opined regarding the plaintiff’s ability to meet the stresses of
the workplace, a consulting examining expert, Dr. Everding, and a state agency non-

examining expert, Dr. Mrykalo. Dr. Everding found that Lutz-Stoker experienced
only mild limitations in her ability to understand, remember, carry out complex
instructions, and make judgments on complex work-related decisions, and found that

she had no limitations on her ability to understand, carry out, and remember simple
instructions. (Tr. 1437). However, Dr. Everding found that Lutz-Stoker faced
marked limitations in her ability to respond appropriately to usual work situations

and to changes in a routine work setting, and concluded that she experienced
moderate limitations when it came to interacting appropriately with the public,
supervisors, and coworkers. (Tr. 1438).

In contrast, Dr. Mrykalo found that Lutz-Stoker had mild restrictions in
activities of daily living, mild difficulties in maintaining social functioning,
moderate difficulties in maintaining concentration, persistence, and pace, and had
encountered no repeated episodes of decompensation. (Tr. 951). According to Dr.

Mrykalo, Lutz-Stoker could make simple work-related decisions; cope with minor
work-related demands; follow simple, one-to-two step task directives; perform
simple, routine-type tasks; and comprehend and retain simple task instructions. (Tr.

104). Notably, Dr. Mrykalo reached these conclusions relying, in part, upon some of
the clinical findings reported by Dr. Everding, who had noted that the plaintiff stated
that she was “able to do her [activities of daily living] independently” and observed
that Lutz-Stoker possessed adequate language skills, coherent and goal-directed

thoughts with intact memory, average intellectual functioning, and fair insight and
judgment. (Tr. 109-10).
While these medical matters involved conflicting elements of proof, on one

thing all parties agree—Following jaw surgery in August 2016, the plaintiff’s health
improved. Thus, by September 2017, Lutz-Stoker was released by her surgeon to
return to work. (Tr. 81). Lutz-Stoker is currently employed on a full-time basis.

(Doc. 8 at 6).
It is against this clinical backdrop that a hearing was held on this disability
application on November 7, 2017, where Lutz-Stoker and a vocational expert

appeared and testified. (Tr. 65-96). Following this hearing, on July 3, 2018, the ALJ
issued a decision denying this application for benefits, finding that Lutz-Stoker was
capable of performing a range of light work in the national economy during the
closed period of this disability claim. (Tr. 14).

In that decision, the ALJ first concluded that Lutz-Stoker met the insured
status requirements of the Social Security Act through December 31, 2019 and had
not engaged in any substantial gainful activity since her alleged onset of disability

in June of 2014. (Tr. 19-20). At Step 2 of the sequential analysis that governs Social
Security cases, the ALJ found that Lutz-Stoker suffered from the following severe
impairments: jaw pain, fibromyalgia, diabetes, migraines, obesity, arthritis,
depression, and anxiety. (Tr. 20). At Step 3, the ALJ then concluded that none of the

plaintiff’s impairments met a Social Security listing requirement. (Tr. 20-4).
Having made these findings, the ALJ then fashioned a residual functional
capacity (“RFC”) for Lutz-Stoker finding that she could:

[P]erform a reduced range of light work as defined in 20 CFR
404.1567(b) and 416.967(b). The [Plaintiff] is further limited to
occupations that do not require her to climb on ladders, ropes, or
scaffolds, do not subject her to frequent exposure to dangerous
machinery or unprotected heights, and allow her to avoid concentrated,
prolonged exposure to environments with temperature extremes,
excessive noise, excessive vibration, and extreme dampness and
humidity. She is also limited to occupations that require no more than
simple, routine, repetitive tasks that are not performed in a fast-paced
production environment and involve only simple, work-related
decisions and in general, relatively few work place changes.

(Tr. 24).

In reaching this RFC assessment, the ALJ carefully considered the clinical
evidence, Lutz-Stoker’s self-reported activities of daily living, and the competing
medical opinions. (Tr. 24-8). On this score, the ALJ gave significant weight to the
physical RFC opinions expressed by Dr. Thanh, the only physician who opined
regarding Lutz-Stoker’s physical impairments, but imposed greater exertional
restrictions upon the plaintiff than those found by the doctor. (Id.) The ALJ further
concluded that the mental RFC assessment of Dr. Mrykalo deserved greater weight
than Dr. Everding’s opinion, noting that Dr. Everding’s opinion was not entirely
consistent with her reports of her clinical encounter with the plaintiff. (Tr. 28).
Further, the ALJ found that Lutz-Stoker’s complaints regarding the severity and
persistence of her pain were only partially credible since they were not consistent
with the clinical evidence and the plaintiff’s reported activities of daily living. (Id.)
Having made these findings, the ALJ concluded at Step 4 of this sequential
analysis that Lutz-Stoker could not return to her past work, (Tr. 29), but found at
Step 5 that there were other light work positions in the regional and national
economy that Lutz-Stoker could fill. (Tr. 30). Accordingly, the ALJ held that Lutz-

Stoker did not meet the stringent standard for disability set by the Social Security
Act and denied this disability claim. (Tr. 31).
This appeal followed. (Doc. 1). On appeal, Lutz-Stoker advances three claims,

arguing that the ALJ erred: (1) in evaluating the plaintiff’s complaints of pain; (2) in
basing a physical RFC upon the uncontradicted report of Dr. Thanh; and (3) in
weighing the competing medical opinions of Dr. Mrykalo and Dr. Everding. This
case is fully briefed and is, therefore, ripe for resolution. For the reasons set forth

below, under the deferential standard of review that applies here, we will affirm the
decision of the Commissioner.
III. Discussion
A. Substantial Evidence Review – the Role of this Court

When reviewing the Commissioner’s final decision denying a claimant’s
application for benefits, this Court’s review is limited to the question of whether the
findings of the final decision-maker are supported by substantial evidence in the

record. See 42 U.S.C. § 405(g); Johnson v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 529 F.3d 198, 200
(3d Cir. 2008); Ficca v. Astrue, 901 F. Supp. 2d 533, 536 (M.D. Pa. 2012).
Substantial evidence “does not mean a large or considerable amount of evidence, but
rather such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to
support a conclusion.” Pierce v. Underwood, 487 U.S. 552, 565 (1988). Substantial
evidence is less than a preponderance of the evidence but more than a mere scintilla.

Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401 (1971). A single piece of evidence is not
substantial evidence if the ALJ ignores countervailing evidence or fails to resolve a
conflict created by the evidence. Mason v. Shalala, 994 F.2d 1058, 1064 (3d Cir.

1993). But in an adequately developed factual record, substantial evidence may be
“something less than the weight of the evidence, and the possibility of drawing two
inconsistent conclusions from the evidence does not prevent [the ALJ’s decision]
from being supported by substantial evidence.” Consolo v. Fed. Maritime Comm’n,

383 U.S. 607, 620 (1966). “In determining if the Commissioner’s decision is
supported by substantial evidence the court must scrutinize the record as a whole.”
Leslie v. Barnhart, 304 F. Supp. 2d 623, 627 (M.D. Pa. 2003).

The Supreme Court has recently underscored for us the limited scope of our
review in this field, noting that:
The phrase “substantial evidence” is a “term of art” used throughout
administrative law to describe how courts are to review agency
factfinding. T-Mobile South, LLC v. Roswell, 574 U.S. ––––, ––––,
135 S.Ct. 808, 815, 190 L.Ed.2d 679 (2015). Under the substantial-
evidence standard, a court looks to an existing administrative record
and asks whether it contains “sufficien[t] evidence” to support the
agency's factual determinations. Consolidated Edison Co. v. NLRB,
305 U.S. 197, 229, 59 S.Ct. 206, 83 L.Ed. 126 (1938) (emphasis
deleted). And whatever the meaning of “substantial” in other contexts,
the threshold for such evidentiary sufficiency is not high. Substantial
evidence, this Court has said, is “more than a mere scintilla.” Ibid.; see,
e.g., Perales, 402 U.S. at 401, 91 S.Ct. 1420 (internal quotation marks
omitted). It means—and means only—“such relevant evidence as a
reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.”
Consolidated Edison, 305 U.S. at 229, 59 S.Ct. 206. See Dickinson v.
Zurko, 527 U.S. 150, 153, 119 S.Ct. 1816, 144 L.Ed.2d 143 (1999)
(comparing the substantial-evidence standard to the deferential clearly-
erroneous standard).
Biestek v. Berryhill, 139 S. Ct. 1148, 1154 (2019).

The question before this Court, therefore, is not whether the claimant is
disabled, but rather whether the Commissioner’s finding that she is not disabled is
supported by substantial evidence and was reached based upon a correct application
of the relevant law. See Arnold v. Colvin, No. 3:12-CV-02417, 2014 WL 940205,
at *1 (M.D. Pa. Mar. 11, 2014) (“[I]t has been held that an ALJ’s errors of law denote
a lack of substantial evidence.”) (alterations omitted); Burton v. Schweiker, 512 F.
Supp. 913, 914 (W.D. Pa. 1981) (“The Secretary’s determination as to the status of
a claim requires the correct application of the law to the facts.”); see also Wright v.
Sullivan, 900 F.2d 675, 678 (3d Cir. 1990) (noting that the scope of review on legal
matters is plenary); Ficca, 901 F. Supp. 2d at 536 (“[T]he court has plenary review

of all legal issues . . . .”).
Several fundamental legal propositions flow from this deferential standard of
review. First, when conducting this review “we are mindful that we must not
substitute our own judgment for that of the fact finder.” Zirnsak v. Colvin, 777 F.3d

607, 611 (3d Cir. 2014) (citing Rutherford, 399 F.3d at 552). Thus, we are enjoined
to refrain from trying to re-weigh the evidence. Rather, our task is to simply
determine whether substantial evidence supported the ALJ’s findings. However, we
must also ascertain whether the ALJ’s decision meets the burden of articulation

demanded by the courts to enable informed judicial review. Simply put, “this Court
requires the ALJ to set forth the reasons for his decision.” Burnett v. Comm’r of Soc.
Sec. Admin., 220 F.3d 112, 119 (3d Cir. 2000). As the Court of Appeals has noted

on this score:
In Burnett, we held that an ALJ must clearly set forth the reasons for
his decision. 220 F.3d at 119. Conclusory statements . . . are
insufficient. The ALJ must provide a “discussion of the evidence” and
an “explanation of reasoning” for his conclusion sufficient to enable
meaningful judicial review. Id., at 120; see Jones v. Barnhart, 364 F.3d
501, 505 & n. 3 (3d Cir. 2004). The ALJ, of course, need not employ
particular “magic” words: “Burnett does not require the ALJ to use
particular language or adhere to a particular format in conducting his
analysis.” Jones, 364 F.3d at 505.
Diaz v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 577 F.3d 500, 504 (3d Cir. 2009).

Thus, in practice, ours is a twofold task. We must evaluate the substance of
the ALJ’s decision under a deferential standard of review, but we must also give that
decision careful scrutiny to ensure that the rationale for the ALJ’s actions is
sufficiently articulated to permit meaningful judicial review.
B. Initial Burdens of Proof, Persuasion, and Articulation for the ALJ

To receive benefits under the Social Security Act by reason of disability, a
claimant must demonstrate an inability to “engage in any substantial gainful activity
by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which can
be expected to result in death or which has lasted or can be expected to last for a
continuous period of not less than 12 months.” 42 U.S.C. §423(d)(1)(A); 42 U.S.C.

§1382c(a)(3)(A); see also 20 C.F.R. §§404.1505(a), 416.905(a). To satisfy this
requirement, a claimant must have a severe physical or mental impairment that
makes it impossible to do his or her previous work or any other substantial gainful

activity that exists in the national economy. 42 U.S.C. §423(d)(2)(A); 42 U.S.C.
§1382c(a)(3)(B); 20 C.F.R. §§404.1505(a), 416.905(a). To receive benefits under
Title II of the Social Security Act, a claimant must show that he or she contributed
to the insurance program, is under retirement age, and became disabled prior to the

date on which he or she was last insured. 42 U.S.C. §423(a); 20 C.F.R. §404.131(a).
In making this determination at the administrative level, the ALJ follows a
five-step sequential evaluation process. 20 C.F.R. §§404.1520(a), 416.920(a). Under

this process, the ALJ must sequentially determine: (1) whether the claimant is
engaged in substantial gainful activity; (2) whether the claimant has a severe
impairment; (3) whether the claimant’s impairment meets or equals a listed
impairment; (4) whether the claimant is able to do his or her past relevant work; and

(5) whether the claimant is able to do any other work, considering his or her age,
education, work experience, and RFC. 20 C.F.R. §§404.1520(a)(4), 416.920(a)(4).
Between Steps 3 and 4, the ALJ must also assess a claimant’s residual

functional capacity (“RFC”). RFC is defined as “that which an individual is still able
to do despite the limitations caused by his or her impairment(s).” Burnett v. Comm’r
of Soc. Sec., 220 F.3d 112, 121 (3d Cir. 2000) (citations omitted); see also 20 C.F.R.

§§404.1520(e), 404.1545(a)(1), 416.920(e), 416.945(a)(1). In making this
assessment, the ALJ considers all of the claimant’s medically determinable
impairments, including any non-severe impairments identified by the ALJ at step

two of his or her analysis. 20 C.F.R. §§404.1545(a)(2), 416.945(a)(2).
At Steps 1 through 4, the claimant bears the initial burden of demonstrating
the existence of a medically determinable impairment that prevents him or her from
engaging in any of his or her past relevant work. Mason, 994 F.2d at 1064. Once this

burden has been met by the claimant, it shifts to the Commissioner at Step 5 to show
that jobs exist in significant number in the national economy that the claimant could
perform that are consistent with the claimant’s age, education, work experience, and

RFC. 20 C.F.R. §§404.1512(f), 416.912(f); Mason, 994 F.2d at 1064.
The ALJ’s disability determination must also meet certain basic substantive
requisites. Most significant among these legal benchmarks is a requirement that the
ALJ adequately explain the legal and factual basis for this disability determination.

Thus, in order to facilitate review of the decision under the substantial evidence
standard, the ALJ’s decision must be accompanied by “a clear and satisfactory
explication of the basis on which it rests.” Cotter v. Harris, 642 F.2d 700, 704 (3d

Cir. 1981). Conflicts in the evidence must be resolved and the ALJ must indicate
which evidence was accepted, which evidence was rejected, and the reasons for
rejecting certain evidence. Id., at 706-07. In addition, “[t]he ALJ must indicate in his

decision which evidence he has rejected and which he is relying on as the basis for
his finding.” Schaudeck v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 181 F.3d 429, 433 (3d Cir. 1999).
C. Legal Benchmarks for the ALJ’s Assessment of Medical Opinion
Evidence and Lay Testimony
The Commissioner’s regulations also set standards for the evaluation of
medical evidence, and define medical opinions as “statements from physicians and

psychologists or other acceptable medical sources that reflect judgments about the
nature and severity of [a claimant’s] impairment(s), including [a claimant’s]
symptoms, diagnosis and prognosis, what [a claimant] can still do despite

impairments(s), and [a claimant’s] physical or mental restrictions.” 20 C.F.R.
§ 404.1527(a)(2). Regardless of its source, the ALJ is required to evaluate every
medical opinion received. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(c).
In deciding what weight to accord competing medical opinions and evidence,

the ALJ is guided by factors outlined in 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(c). “The regulations
provide progressively more rigorous tests for weighing opinions as the ties between
the source of the opinion and the individual become weaker.” SSR 96-6p, 1996 WL

374180 at *2. Treating sources have the closest ties to the claimant, and therefore
their opinions generally entitled to more weight. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(c)(2)
(“Generally, we give more weight to opinions from your treating sources . . . .”); 20
C.F.R. § 404.1502 (defining treating source). Under some circumstances, the
medical opinion of a treating source may even be entitled to controlling weight. 20

C.F.R. § 404.1527(c)(2); see also SSR 96-2p, 1996 WL 374188 (explaining that
controlling weight may be given to a treating source’s medical opinion only where
it is well-supported by medically acceptable clinical and laboratory diagnostic

techniques, and it is not inconsistent with the other substantial evidence in the case
record).
Where no medical source opinion is entitled to controlling weight, the
Commissioner’s regulations direct the ALJ to consider the following factors, where

applicable, in deciding the weight given to any non-controlling medical opinions:
length of the treatment relationship and frequency of examination; nature and extent
of the treatment relationship; the extent to which the source presented relevant

evidence to support his or her medical opinion, and the extent to which the basis for
the source’s conclusions were explained; the extent to which the source’s opinion is
consistent with the record as a whole; whether the source is a specialist; and, any
other factors brought to the ALJ’s attention. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(c).

Oftentimes, as in this case, an ALJ must evaluate medical opinions and
records tendered by a number of different medical sources. Judicial review of this
aspect of ALJ decision-making is guided by several settled legal tenets. First, when

presented with a disputed factual record, it is well-established that “[t]he ALJ – not
treating or examining physicians or State agency consultants – must make the
ultimate disability and RFC determinations.” Chandler v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 667

F.3d 356, 361 (3d Cir. 2011). Thus, when weighing competing medical opinions
“the ALJ may choose whom to credit but ‘cannot reject evidence for no reason or
for the wrong reason.’ ” Morales v. Apfel, 225 F.3d 310, 317 (3d Cir. 2000) (quoting

Mason, 994 F.2d at 1066). Therefore, provided that the decision is accompanied by
an adequate, articulated rationale, it is the province and the duty of the ALJ to choose
which medical opinions and evidence deserve greater weight.
Further, in making this assessment of medical evidence:

An ALJ is [also] entitled generally to credit parts of an opinion without
crediting the entire opinion. See Thackara v. Colvin, No. 1:14–CV–
00158–GBC, 2015 WL 1295956, at *5 (M.D. Pa. Mar. 23, 2015);
Turner v. Colvin, 964 F. Supp. 2d 21, 29 (D.D.C. 2013) (agreeing that
“SSR 96–2p does not prohibit the ALJ from crediting some parts of a
treating source’s opinion and rejecting other portions”); Connors v.
Astrue, No. 10–CV–197–PB, 2011 WL 2359055, at *9 (D.N.H. June
10, 2011). It follows that an ALJ can give partial credit to all medical
opinions and can formulate an RFC based on different parts from the
different medical opinions. See e.g., Thackara v. Colvin, No. 1:14–CV–
00158–GBC, 2015 WL 1295956, at *5 (M.D. Pa. Mar. 23, 2015).
Durden v. Colvin, 191 F. Supp. 3d 429, 455 (M.D. Pa. 2016).

Similar considerations govern an ALJ’s evaluation of lay testimony. When
evaluating lay testimony regarding a claimant’s reported degree of disability, we are
reminded that:
[T]he ALJ must necessarily make certain credibility determinations,
and this Court defers to the ALJ's assessment of credibility. See Diaz v.
Comm’r, 577 F.3d 500, 506 (3d Cir. 2009) (“In determining whether
there is substantial evidence to support an administrative law judge’s
decision, we owe deference to his evaluation of the evidence [and]
assessment of the credibility of witnesses . . . .”). However, the ALJ
must specifically identify and explain what evidence he found not
credible and why he found it not credible. Adorno v. Shalala, 40 F.3d
43, 48 (3d Cir. 1994) (citing Stewart v. Sec’y of Health, Education and
Welfare, 714 F.2d 287, 290 (3d Cir. 1983)); see also Stout v. Comm’r,
454 F.3d 1050, 1054 (9th Cir. 2006) (stating that an ALJ is required to
provide “specific reasons for rejecting lay testimony”). An ALJ cannot
reject evidence for an incorrect or unsupported reason. Ray v. Astrue,
649 F. Supp. 2d 391, 402 (E.D. Pa. 2009) (quoting Mason v. Shalala,
994 F.2d 1058, 1066 (3d Cir. 1993)).
Zirnsak v. Colvin, 777 F.3d 607, 612-13 (3d Cir. 2014).

Yet, it is also clear that:
Great weight is given to a claimant’s subjective testimony only when it
is supported by competent medical evidence. Dobrowolsky v. Califano,
606 F.2d 403, 409 (3d Cir. 1979); accord Snedeker v. Comm’r of Soc.
Sec., 244 Fed. App’x 470, 474 (3d Cir. 2007). An ALJ may reject a
claimant’s subjective testimony that is not found credible so long as
there is an explanation for the rejection of the testimony. Social
Security Ruling (“SSR”) 96–7p; Schaudeck v. Comm’r of Social
Security, 181 F.3d 429, 433 (3d Cir. 1999). Where an ALJ finds that
there is an underlying medically determinable physical or mental
impairment that could reasonably be expected to produce the
individual’s pain or other symptoms, however, the severity of which is
not substantiated by objective medical evidence, the ALJ must make a
finding on the credibility of the individual’s statements based on a
consideration of the entire case record.

McKean v. Colvin, 150 F. Supp. 3d 406, 415-16 (M.D. Pa. 2015) (footnotes
omitted). Thus, we are instructed to review an ALJ’s evaluation of a claimant’s
subjective reports of pain under a standard of review which is deferential with
respect to the ALJ’s well-articulated findings but imposes a duty of clear articulation
upon the ALJ so that we may conduct meaningful review of the ALJ’s conclusions.

In the same fashion that medical opinion evidence is evaluated, the Social
Security Rulings and Regulations provide a framework under which the severity of
a claimant’s reported symptoms are to be considered. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1529,

416.929; SSR 16–3p. It is important to note that though the “statements of the
individual concerning his or her symptoms must be carefully considered, the ALJ is
not required to credit them.” Chandler v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 667 F.3d 356, 363
(3d. Cir. 2011) (referencing 20 C.F.R. § 404.1529(a) (“statements about your pain

or other symptoms will not alone establish that you are disabled.”). It is well-settled
in the Third Circuit that “[a]llegations of pain and other subjective symptoms must
be supported by objective medical evidence.” Hantraft v. Apfel, 181 F.3d 358, 362

(3d Cir. 1999) (referring to 20 C.F.R. § 404.1529). When evaluating a claimant’s
symptoms, the ALJ must follow a two-step process in which the ALJ resolves
whether a medically determinable impairment could be the cause of the symptoms
alleged by the claimant, and subsequently must evaluate the alleged symptoms in

consideration of the record as a whole. SSR 16-3p.
First, symptoms, such as pain or fatigue, will only be considered to affect a
claimant’s ability to perform work activities if such symptoms result from an

underlying physical or mental impairment that has been demonstrated to exist by
medical signs or laboratory findings. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1529(b), 416.929(b); SSR
16–3p. During the second step of this credibility assessment, the ALJ must determine

whether the claimant’s statements about the intensity, persistence or functionally
limiting effects of his or her symptoms are substantiated based on the ALJ’s
evaluation of the entire case record. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1529(c), 416.929(c); SSR 16–

3p. This includes but is not limited to: medical signs and laboratory findings,
diagnosis and other medical opinions provided by treating or examining sources, and
other medical sources, as well as information concerning the claimant’s symptoms
and how they affect his or her ability to work. Id. The Social Security Administration

has recognized that individuals may experience their symptoms differently and may
be limited by their symptoms to a greater or lesser extent than other individuals with
the same medical impairments, signs, and laboratory findings. SSR 16–3p.

Thus, to assist in the evaluation of a claimant’s subjective symptoms, the
Social Security Regulations identify seven factors which may be relevant to the
assessment of the severity or limiting effects of a claimant’s impairment based on a
claimant’s symptoms. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1529(c)(3), 416.929(c)(3). These factors

include: activities of daily living; the location, duration, frequency, and intensity of
the claimant’s symptoms; precipitating and aggravating factors; the type, dosage,
effectiveness, and side effects of any medication the claimant takes or has taken to

alleviate his or her symptoms; treatment, other than medication that a claimant has
received for relief; any measures the claimant has used to relieve his or her
symptoms; and, any other factors concerning the claimant’s functional limitations

and restrictions. Id.; see George v. Colvin, No. 4:13–CV–2803, 2014 WL 5449706,
at *4 (M.D. Pa. Oct. 24, 2014); Koppenaver v. Berryhill, No. 3:18-CV-1525, 2019
WL 1995999, at *9 (M.D. Pa. Apr. 8, 2019), report and recommendation adopted

sub nom. Koppenhaver v. Berryhill, No. 3:18-CV-1525, 2019 WL 1992130 (M.D.
Pa. May 6, 2019); Martinez v. Colvin, No. 3:14-CV-1090, 2015 WL 5781202, at *8-
9 (M.D. Pa. Sept. 30, 2015).
D. The ALJ’s Decision in this Case is Supported by Substantial
Evidence.
Our review of the factual findings and legal conclusions made by the ALJ is

highly deferential. In this setting, we are mindful that we are not free to substitute
our independent assessment of the evidence for the ALJ’s determinations. Rather,
we must simply ascertain whether the ALJ’s decision is supported by substantial
evidence, a quantum of proof which is less than a preponderance of the evidence but

more than a mere scintilla, Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401 (1971), and
“does not mean a large or considerable amount of evidence,” Pierce v. Underwood,
487 U.S. 552, 565 (1988), but rather “means—and means only—‘such relevant

evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.’ ”
Biestek v. Berryhill, 139 S. Ct. 1148, 1154 (2019).
Judged against these deferential standards of review, we find that substantial
evidence supported the ALJ’s decision.

At the outset, with respect to the physical RFC assessment, we find that the
ALJ did not err in giving weight to Dr. Thanh’s opinion. In this regard, it is
noteworthy that Dr. Thanh was the only medical source to opine on Lutz-Stoker’s

physical capabilities. Thus, there is no treating source who has claimed that Lutz-
Stoker was disabled. Quite the contrary, treating source records indicated that her
primary care physician cleared her for return to full-time work in February 2014,
(Tr. 805, 1271), and declined to write a note excusing her from work for an extended

period of time in June of 2014. (Tr. 775-76). Thus, the ALJ’s decision was in accord
with the only medical opinion which addressed the plaintiff’s physical impairments.
There is no requirement in this setting that the ALJ affirmatively seek out additional

medical opinions or order further consultative examinations. Rather, it is well-settled
under the Social Security Regulations that the decision to seek out further medical
advice rests in the sound discretion of the ALJ, see Rosa v. Colvin, 956 F. Supp. 2d
617, 622 (E.D. Pa. 2013), and that an “ALJ’s duty to develop the record does not

require a consultative examination unless the claimant establishes that such an
examination is necessary to enable the ALJ to make the disability determination.”
Thompson v. Halter, 45 F. App’x 146, 149 (3d Cir. 2002); see also Mruk v. Colvin,

2014 WL 3881976, at *7 (M.D. Pa. Aug. 7, 2014). In the instant case, given Dr.
Thanh’s opinion and the refusal of treating sources to opine that the plaintiff was
disabled, there was no need to further develop the medical opinion evidence relating

to the plaintiff’s physical impairments.
Likewise, Lutz-Stoker’s complaint that the ALJ erred in assigning greater
weight to the psychological evaluation of Dr. Mrykalo than he afforded to the

opinion of Dr. Everding also fails under the deferential standard of review we must
employ in Social Security appeals. As we have noted, in this case the ALJ concluded
that the mental RFC assessment of Dr. Mrykalo deserved greater weight than Dr.
Everding’s opinion, observing that Dr. Everding’s opinion was not entirely

consistent with her reports of her clinical encounter with the plaintiff, and finding
that Dr. Mrykalo’s evaluation was more congruent with the plaintiff’s treatment
records. (Tr. 28).

These are proper grounds for assessing medical opinion evidence, and
substantial evidence supported the ALJ’s conclusions on this score. In particular, an
ALJ may conclude that discrepancies between a source’s medical opinion and the
source’s actual treatment notes justify giving a medical source opinion little weight

in a disability analysis. Torres v. Barnhart, 139 Fed. App’x 411, 415 (3d Cir. 2005).
Therefore, the disparity between Dr. Everding’s opinions regarding Lutz-Stoker’s
impairments and her treatment notes, justified the ALJ’s decision to give limited

weight to this opinion. Kilmer v. Berryhill, No. 4:16-CV-2542, 2018 WL 1322065,
at *8 (M.D. Pa. Jan. 12, 2018), report and recommendation adopted, No. 4:16-CV-
2542, 2018 WL 1315657 (M.D. Pa. Mar. 14, 2018). Likewise, it is well settled that:

“an opinion from a [medical] source about what a claimant can still do . . . would
not be entitled to controlling weight if there was other substantial evidence that the
claimant engaged in activities that were inconsistent with the opinion.” Tilton v.

Colvin, 184 F. Supp. 3d 135, 145 (M.D. Pa. 2016). Further, it is undisputed that an
ALJ may discount such opinions when they conflict with other objective tests or
examination results. Johnson v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 529 F.3d 198, 202-03 (3d Cir.
2008); Kilmer v. Berryhill, No. 4:16-CV-2542, 2018 WL 1322065, at *8 (M.D. Pa.

Jan. 12, 2018), report and recommendation adopted, No. 4:16-CV-2542, 2018 WL
1315657 (M.D. Pa. Mar. 14, 2018). Therefore, the ALJ properly considered the
plaintiff’s activities of daily living and her frequently unremarkable treatment

records when deciding to assign less weight to the opinion of Dr. Everding. There
was no error here.
Finally, Luz-Stoker argues that the ALJ erred in finding that the plaintiff’s
statements regarding the intensity, persistence, and limiting effects of her symptoms

were not entirely consistent with the evidence. However, the ALJ discussed these
reports and subjective complaints and determined that they were inconsistent with
the clinical medical evidence, medical opinions, and the plaintiff’s reported activities

of daily living. Overall, the ALJ determined that these subjective complaints
concerning the severity of this pain and her impairments were inconsistent with the
record as a whole. It is the right and responsibility of the ALJ to make such

assessments and we find that substantial evidence; that is “such relevant evidence as
a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion,” Biestek, 139
S. Ct. at 1154, supported these determinations.

We further find that the ALJ’s evaluation of the lay testimony complied with
the requirements prescribed by the Commissioner’s regulations and the law. At
bottom, it appears that the plaintiff is requesting that this court re-weigh the
evidence. This we may not do. See Chandler v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 667 F.3d 356,

359 (3d Cir. 2011) (citing Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401 (1971) (“Courts
are not permitted to re-weigh the evidence or impose their own factual
determinations”); see also Gonzalez v. Astrue, 537 F. Supp. 2d 644, 657 (D. Del.

2008) (“In determining whether substantial evidence supports the Commissioner’s
findings, the Court may not undertake a de novo review of the Commissioner’s
decision and may not re-weigh the evidence of the record”) (internal citations
omitted)). Rather, our task is simply to determine whether the ALJ’s decision is

supported by substantial evidence, a quantum of proof which is less than a
preponderance of the evidence but more than a mere scintilla, Richardson, 402 U.S.
at 401, and “does not mean a large or considerable amount of evidence, but rather
such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a
conclusion.” Pierce, 487 U.S. at 565. Here, that deferential standard is met.

In closing, we are constrained to follow the law and in this case the ALJ’s
assessment of the evidence complied with the dictates of the law and was supported
by substantial evidence. Thus, notwithstanding the argument that this evidence

might have been viewed in a way which would have also supported a different
finding, we are obliged to affirm this ruling once we find that it is “supported by
substantial evidence, ‘even [where] this court acting de novo might have reached a
different conclusion.’ ” Monsour Med. Ctr. v. Heckler, 806 F.2d 1185, 1190-91 (3d

Cir. 1986) (quoting Hunter Douglas, Inc. v. NLRB, 804 F.2d 808, 812 (3d Cir.
1986)). Accordingly, under the deferential standard of review that applies to appeals
of Social Security disability determinations, we find that substantial evidence

supported the ALJ’s evaluation of this case and will affirm this decision.
IV. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the decision of the Commissioner in this case is
affirmed and the plaintiff’s appeal denied. An appropriate order follows.

Submitted this 8th day of May 2020.

/s/ Martin C. Carlson
Martin C. Carlson
United States Magistrate Judge

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10408716. Public record. Not legal advice.