# TOHIDI v. CITY OF READING POLICE DEPARTMENT

> District Court, E.D. Pennsylvania · June 13, 2024

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10407416

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, E.D. Pennsylvania
- **Decided:** June 13, 2024
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10407416

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- explaining that “a prima facie case is an evidentiary standard, not a pleading requirement, and hence is not a proper measure of whether a complaint fails to state a claim” (internal quotations and citations omitted)
- holding that leave to amend “must be granted in the absence of undue delay, bad faith, dilatory motive, unfair prejudice, or futility of amendment”
- concluding that “some symptoms are so obviously manifestations of an underlying disability that it would be reasonable to infer that an employer actually knew of the disability”

## Opinion text

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
__________________________________________

SEAN TOHIDI, :
Plaintiff, :
:
v. : No. 5:24-cv-0591
:
CITY OF READING POLICE DEPARTMENT, :
Defendant. :
__________________________________________

O P I N I O N
Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss, ECF No. 11 – Granted in part, Denied in part

Joseph F. Leeson, Jr. June 13, 2024
United States District Judge

I. INTRODUCTION
Plaintiff Sean Tohidi brings this employment discrimination action against his former
employer, the City of Reading Police Department. While a police trainee, Tohidi, who has
Tourette’s syndrome, was allegedly discriminated against and harassed because of his disability,
as well as his sexual orientation. The City has filed a partial Motion to Dismiss based on
Tohidi’s purported failure to exhaust certain claims at the administrative level and failure to state
certain claims. For the reasons set forth below, the Motion is denied on exhaustion grounds, but
granted in part with respect to Tohidi’s disability retaliation claims and they are dismissed.
II. BACKGROUND
Tohidi has Tourette’s syndrome, which is a condition that impacts the nervous
system and manifests in involuntary movements and/or sounds. See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 10, 17, ECF
No. 9. Due to his Tourette’s, the City’s agents perceived Tohidi as disabled even though he was
capable of performing his job duties. Id. Tahiti contends that his Tourette’s syndrome
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substantially limits one or more of his major life activities, including, sleeping, concentrating,
caring for himself, and working. See id. ¶ 29.
In January 2022, Tohidi was hired by the City as a police trainee. See id. ¶ 8. Tohidi
asserts that he was capable of performing his job duties as a police officer despite his disability,
but the City’s agents perceived him as disabled. See id. ¶¶ 10, 29. From the beginning of his
employment, they called Tohidi retarded and threatened him with termination for mistakes his
peers also made without threats of termination. See id. ¶¶ 9, 11. Tohidi complained to his

supervisor, who did not redress his complaints and, instead, he was thereafter called “retarded”
more regularly by his colleagues. See id. ¶¶ 12, 19. Throughout his employment, Tohidi was
. . . subjected to unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other
verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature. . . .

Such conduct included, but was not limited to:
Unwelcome sexual comments, jokes, or gestures directed at or about Plaintiff;
Unwanted physical contact and advances;
Displaying sexually suggestive objects or pictures in the workplace;
Sending sexually explicit messages or emails to Plaintiff

See id. ¶¶ 115-116 (Count X). Tohidi’s training officer, Sana, also frequently called Tohidi
“retarded,” homosexual, and gay, and joked about Tohidi liking men. See id. ¶ 13. On one
occasion, Sana told Tohidi’s colleagues that Tohidi was “retarded and liked dick,” which made
Tohidi extremely uncomfortable and purportedly created a hostile work environment. See id. ¶
14. This hostile behavior included, but was not limited to:
Repeated derogatory remarks and jokes about Plaintiff’s disability in the presence
of colleagues and superiors;

Systematic exclusion from work-related activities and meetings essential to
Plaintiff’s role, directly related to assumptions about Plaintiff’s disability;

Unwarranted and excessive scrutiny of Plaintiff’s work performance and
productivity, not similarly imposed upon non-disabled employees;

2
Failure or refusal to accommodate reasonable requests that were essential for
Plaintiff to perform his/her job duties effectively, exacerbating the hostile
environment.

Such conduct was not isolated but rather part of a continuous pattern, creating an
intimidating, hostile, and offensive working environment for Plaintiff.

See id. ¶ 123 (Count XI). As a result of the daily berating, Tohidi was purportedly constructively
discharged in December 2022. See id. ¶ 14.
In a charge of discrimination before the Pennsylvania Human Relations Commission
(“PHRC”) dated March 29, 2023, Tohidi asserted discrimination based on “Retaliation,”
“Disability,” and “Hostile Work Environment” in violation of the Americans With Disabilities
Act (“ADA”). See PHRC charge, Ex. A, ECF No. 11-4. Tohidi alleged that he has Tourette’s
syndrome and “was held differently from his other coworkers when it comes to making
mistakes” and “was punished differently from the others.” Id. Tohidi alleged that he “was
always threatened that he would be terminated [while his] colleagues were not.” Id. Tohidi
alleged that he “resigned voluntarily because it was hard for him to work [at the City of Reading
Police Department] due to the unfair treatment he was getting from his officers. . . .” Id.
Tohidi filed an amended charge of discrimination with the PHRC on October 27, 2023.
See Am. PHRC Charge, Ex. A, ECF No. 12-1. In the amended charge, Tohidi claimed
discrimination based on “Retaliation,” “Disability,” and “Sex” in violation of the Americans
With Disabilities Act (“ADA”). Id. Tohidi included the allegations from the original charge and
also alleged: “[a]long with being called retarded all the time, . . . Sana always called him a homo
sexual.” Id. Sana told Tohidi: “‘you know you’re gay or like make jokes about like him dating a
guy and stuff.” Id. Additionally, a coworker called Tohidi “retard all the time” and also said:
“yeah, Mr. Tohidi ‘:you [sic] know he’d like dick.’” Id.
3
In February 2024, Tohidi initiated the above-captioned action by filing a twelve-count
complaint against the City. See ECF No. 1. The City filed a Motion to Dismiss for failure to
exhaust administrative remedies and failure to state a claim. See ECF No. 8. Tohidi responded
by filing an Amended Complaint. See Am. Compl. The Amended Complaint is nearly identical
to the original pleading, except for the addition of paragraphs fifteen (15) to twenty-two (22).
The Amended Complaint sets forth the following counts:
Count I- ADA discrimination
Count II- ADA retaliation
Count III- Title VII sexual harassment and discrimination
Count IV (first)1- Title VII hostile work environment sexual harassment
Count IV (second)- Title VII sexual harassment retaliation
Count V- PHRA2 disability discrimination
Count VI- PHRA sexual orientation discrimination
Count VII- PHRA disability discrimination retaliation
Count VIII- PHRA disability discrimination hostile work environment
Count IX- PHRA sexual harassment retaliation
Count X- PHRA sexual harassment hostile work environment
Count XI- ADA hostile work environment

The City filed a Motion to Dismiss the Amended Complaint for the same reasons set out
in its motion to dismiss the original complaint. See Mot., ECF No. 11; Mem., ECF No. 11-2.
The City argues: (1) the sexual harassment claims should be dismissed for failure to exhaust
administrative remedies; (2) the hostile work environment claims should be dismissed for failure
to exhaust administrative remedies; (3) the disability discrimination claims should be dismissed
for failure to state a claim; and (4) the retaliation claims should be dismissed for failure to state a
claim. See Mem. 7-16. The City attaches several exhibits to its Motion, including the PHRC
complaint Tohidi filed with the PHRC signed March 29, 2023.3 See PHRC charge, Ex. A, ECF

1 The Amended Complaint, as did the original complaint, includes two counts labeled as
Count IV. They are distinguished for purposes of this Opinion as the first and second Count IV.
2 Pennsylvania Human Relations Act (“PHRA”)
3 The remaining exhibits are not incorporated into the complaint by reference, nor are they
matters of which a court may take judicial notice; therefore, they are not considered by the Court
4
No. 11-4. See also ECF No. 13-1. This form is also attached to Tohidi’s opposition to the
Motion, as is the amended PHRC complaint signed on October 27, 2023. See Am. PHRC
Charge, Ex. A, ECF No. 12-1.
III. LEGAL STANDARDS
A. Motion to Dismiss, Rule 12(b)(6) - Review of Applicable Law
In rendering a decision on a motion to dismiss, this Court must “accept all factual
allegations as true [and] construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.”

Phillips v. Cnty. of Allegheny, 515 F.3d 224, 233 (3d Cir. 2008) (quoting Pinker v. Roche
Holdings Ltd., 292 F.3d 361, 374 n.7 (3d Cir. 2002)) (internal quotation marks omitted). Only if
“the ‘[f]actual allegations . . . raise a right to relief above the speculative level’” has the plaintiff
stated a plausible claim. Id. at 234 (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 540, 555
(2007)). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the
court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.”
Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). However, “the tenet that a court must accept as true
all of the allegations contained in a complaint is inapplicable to legal conclusions.” Id.
(explaining that determining “whether a complaint states a plausible claim for relief . . . [is] a
context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and

common sense”). “[C]ourts must consider the complaint in its entirety, as well as other sources
courts ordinarily examine when ruling on Rule 12(b)(6) motions to dismiss, in particular,
documents incorporated into the complaint by reference, and matters of which a court may take
judicial notice.” Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S. 308, 322 (2007). See also
Mayer v. Belichick, 605 F.3d 223, 230 (3d Cir. 2010) (“In deciding a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, a

in deciding the Motion to Dismiss. See Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S.
308, 322 (2007); Mayer v. Belichick, 605 F.3d 223, 230 (3d Cir. 2010).
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court must consider only the complaint, exhibits attached to the complaint, matters of public
record, as well as undisputedly authentic documents if the complainant’s claims are based upon
these documents.”); In re Burlington Coat Factory Sec. Litig., 114 F.3d 1410, 1426 (3d Cir.
1997) (holding that “a document integral to or explicitly relied upon in the complaint may be
considered” (internal quotations omitted)). The defendant bears the burden of demonstrating that
a plaintiff has failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Hedges v. United States,
404 F.3d 744, 750 (3d Cir. 2005) (citing Kehr Packages, Inc. v. Fidelcor, Inc., 926 F.2d 1406,

1409 (3d Cir. 1991)).
B. Exhaustion – Review of Applicable Law
Title I of the ADA, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the PHRA “establish
administrative remedies and procedures that claimants must exhaust prior to bringing a civil
action in court.” Burgh v. Borough Council of Montrose, 251 F.3d 465, 469 (3d Cir. 2001)
(citing 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5; 43 Pa. C.S. § 962(c)); Cook v. City of Phila., 94 F. Supp. 3d 640,
647 (E.D. Pa. 2015) (“Title I [of the ADA] incorporates the administrative procedures of Title
VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.”). “Once a charge of some sort is filed with the EEOC, [the
Third Circuit Court of Appeals] has held that the scope of a resulting private civil action in the
district court is ‘defined by the scope of the EEOC investigation which can reasonably be

expected to grow out of the charge of discrimination. . . .’” Hicks v. ABT Assocs., Inc., 572 F.2d
960, 966-67 (3d Cir. 1978) (considering whether “there is a close nexus between the facts
supporting the [EEOC and new] claims”) (quoting Ostapowicz v. Johnson Bronze Co., 541 F.2d
394, 398 (3d Cir. 1976)). A “district court may assume jurisdiction over additional charges if
they are reasonably within the scope of the claimant’s original charges and if a reasonable
investigation by the EEOC would have encompassed the new claims,” regardless of whether the

6
actual EEOC investigation uncovered any evidence of the new claim. See Howze v. Jones &
Laughlin Steel Corp., 750 F.2d 1208, 1212 (3d Cir. 1984).
C. Disability Discrimination – Review of Applicable Law
“[E]mployers are prohibited from discriminating ‘against a qualified individual with a
disability because of the disability of such individual in regard to . . . the hiring, advancement, or
discharge of employees, employee compensation, job training, and other terms, conditions, and
privileges of employment.’” Taylor v. Phoenixville Sch. Dist., 184 F.3d 296, 305 (3d Cir. 1999)

(quoting 42 U.S.C. § 12112(a)). “A ‘disability’ is defined as: ‘(A) a physical or mental
impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities of [an] individual;
(B) a record of such impairment; or (C) being regarded as having such an impairment.’” Id. at
305-06 (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 12102(2)). “[M]ajor life activities include, but are not limited to,
caring for oneself, . . . sleeping, . . . concentrating. . . .” 42 U.S.C. § 12102(2)(A).
To state a prima facie case of discrimination under the ADA and/or the PHRA, a plaintiff
must show: “(1) he is a disabled person within the meaning of the ADA; (2) he is otherwise
qualified to perform the essential functions of the job, with or without reasonable
accommodations by the employer; and (3) he has suffered an otherwise adverse employment
decision as a result of discrimination.” Gaul v. Lucent Techs., 134 F.3d 576, 580 (3d Cir. 1998);

Colwell v. Rite Aid Corp., 602 F.3d 495, 499 n.3 (3d Cir. 2010) (holding that “the same legal
standard that applies to the ADA applies equally to disability discrimination claims under the
PHRA”). However, at the motion to dismiss stage, “a plaintiff is not required to establish the
elements of a prima facie case but instead, need only put forth allegations that raise a reasonable
expectation that discovery will reveal evidence of the necessary element.” Fowler v. UPMC
Shadyside, 578 F.3d 203, 213 (3d Cir. 2009) (internal quotations omitted).

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D. Retaliation – Review of Applicable Law
To establish a prima facie case of retaliation under Title VII, the ADA, and/or the PHRA,
“a plaintiff must show: (1) protected employee activity; (2) adverse action by the employer either
after or contemporaneous with the employee’s protected activity; and (3) a causal connection
between the employee’s protected activity and the employer’s adverse action.” Krouse v. Am.
Sterilizer Co., 126 F.3d 494, 500 (3d Cir. 1997); Boykins v. SEPTA, No. 17-1980, 2018 WL
460652, at *2, *6 (3d Cir. 2018) (analyzing claims under Title VII and the PHRA the same).

Pursuant to the first element, a report to a superior may constitute protected activity
where discrimination is specifically alleged in the verbal or written report. LeBlanc v. Hill Sch.,
No. 14-1675, 2015 WL 144135, at *14 (E.D. Pa. Jan. 12, 2015) (citing Barber v. CSX Distrib.
Servs., 68 F.3d 694, 702 (3d Cir. 1995)); see also Moore v. City of Phila., 461 F.3d 331, 341 (3d
Cir. 2006) (stating that the employee must have a good faith, reasonable belief that the activity
complained of is unlawful (citing Clark Cnty v. Breeden, 532 U.S. 268, 271 (2001))).
As to the second element, a plaintiff must show that “a reasonable employee would have
found the alleged retaliatory actions ‘materially adverse’ in that they ‘well might have dissuaded
a reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of discrimination.’” Moore, 461 F.3d at
341 (citing Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 68 (2006)). “Under

the constructive discharge doctrine, an employee’s reasonable decision to resign because of
unendurable working conditions is assimilated to a formal discharge for remedial purposes. . . .
The inquiry is objective: Did working conditions become so intolerable that a reasonable person
in the employee’s position would have felt compelled to resign?” Pa. State Police v. Suders, 542
U.S. 129, 141 (2004).
Under the third element, a plaintiff must show a causal connection between the protected
activity and the retaliatory act. Moore, 461 F.3d at 341-42. In determining causation, courts
8
often look to the “temporal proximity between the protected activity and the alleged
discrimination” and “the existence of a pattern of antagonism in the intervening period.” Jensen
v. Potter, 435 F.3d 444, 450 (3d Cir. 2006) (citing Abramson v. William Paterson Coll. of N.J.,
260 F.3d 265, 288 (3d Cir. 2001)) (internal quotation marks omitted), overruled on other
grounds by Burlington Northern, 548 U.S. 53. Since there is no single, definite way of showing
causation, the court must look at the evidence “as a whole” to determine if retaliation has been
sufficiently pled. See Jensen, 435 F3d at 450 (citing Farrell v. Planters Lifesavers Co., 206 F.3d

271, 280-81 (3d Cir. 2000)). However, “for purposes of pleading sufficiency, a complaint need
not establish a prima facie case in order to survive a motion to dismiss.” Connelly v. Lane
Constr. Corp., 809 F.3d 780, 788 (3d Cir. 2016) (explaining that “a prima facie case is an
evidentiary standard, not a pleading requirement, and hence is not a proper measure of whether a
complaint fails to state a claim” (internal quotations and citations omitted)). “Instead of
requiring a prima facie case, the post-Twombly pleading standard simply calls for enough facts
to raise a reasonable expectation that discovery will reveal evidence of the necessary
element[s].” Connelly, 809 F.3d at 789 (internal quotations and citations omitted).
IV. ANALYSIS
A. All claims are exhausted.

The City argues that Tohidi’s claims for sexual harassment and retaliation, discrimination
based on sexual orientation, and hostile work environment, should be dismissed for failure to
exhaust administrative remedies. See Mem. 8-16. The City asserts that the PHRC charge did not
allege any facts or claims for discrimination or retaliation based on sex or sexual orientation. See
id. at 8-11. As to the hostile work environment claim, the City acknowledges that on the PHRC
charge the “Other” box was checked and the words “Hostile Work Environment” were typed

9
below, but suggests the particulars of the charge were dedicated to alleging disability
discrimination. See id. 12-16.
i. Sexual harassment, sexual orientation, and retaliation claims
Although the PHRC Charge dated March 29, 2023, did not allege facts pertaining to
discrimination or retaliation based on sex, the Amended PHRC Charge dated October 27, 2023,
did. Specifically, in that charge the boxes were checked for “Retaliation” and “Sex.” See Am.
PHRC Charge. In the particulars for the charge, Tohidi alleged that “Sana always called him a

homo sexual” and told him “‘you know you’re gay or like make jokes about like him dating a
guy and stuff.” Id. The Amended PHRC Charge further alleged that a coworker said “yeah, Mr.
Tohidi ‘:you [sic] know he’d like dick.’” Id. These allegations, coupled with Tohidi’s
allegations that the comments made him “very uncomfortable” and that he resigned due to the
unfair treatment, see id., are sufficient from which to find that his Title VII and PHRA claims for
sexual harassment are reasonably within the scope of the Amended PHRC Charge. See Angelis
v. Phila. Hous. Auth., No. 23-460, 2024 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 26342, at *11-14 (E.D. Pa. Feb. 15,
2024) (concluding that the plaintiff’s sex discrimination claim relies on the theory that the
defendant discriminated against the plaintiff for not conforming to gender stereotypes of men,
which also support the plaintiff’s claim that he was discriminated against because of his sexual

orientation). Additionally, the facts in the PHRC Amended Charge are closely related to the
facts underlying the claims in this case. For example, Count X (PHRC sexual harassment hostile
work environment) alleges that the unwelcome sexual conduct “included, but was not limited to:
[u]nwelcome sexual comments, jokes, or gestures directed at or about Plaintiff.” See Am.
Compl. ¶ 116. The facts underlying the PHRC Amended Charge, which also asserted that
“Tohidi had a meeting with his supervisor about his situation” and he “was scared to speak up as
he might be framed,” are also closely connected to Tohidi’s retaliation claims under Title VII
10
and PHRA. See Flora v. Wyndcroft Sch., No. 12-6455, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 25292, at *14
(E.D. Pa. Feb. 25, 2013) (“Where the facts underlying the properly alleged discrimination claims
are closely connected to the facts underlying the retaliation claims, courts have deemed the
retaliation claims fairly within the scope of an EEOC investigation, notwithstanding the failure to
clearly enumerate the basis for such a claim.”). Consequently, the sexual harassment and
retaliation claims and discrimination based on sexual orientation claim (Counts III, IV (first), IV
(second), VI, IX) are exhausted.

ii. Hostile work environment claims
The hostile work environment claims were exhausted in the PHRC Charge dated March
29, 2023. Contrary to the City’s suggestion that the particulars were limited to allegations of
disability discrimination, Tohidi also alleged that “it was hard for him to work [at the City of
Reading Police Department] due to the unfair treatment he was getting from his officers,” that
the “[s]tress was too much for him,” and that he “was always threatened that he would be
terminated.” See PHRC Charge. Although these allegations may not be extensive, a reasonable
investigation by the PHRC would have encompassed the hostile work environment claims,
especially given that Tohidi specially claimed hostile work environment before the PHRC. See
id. Moreover, the alleged facts supporting the hostile work environment claims4 share a
sufficient nexus with the particulars in the PHRC Charge.5 See Huff v. Quakertown Cmty. Sch.

Dist., No. 16-2740, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 147140, at *10 (E.D. Pa. Sep. 12, 2017) (finding

4 Count XI (ADA hostile work environment) alleges, inter alia, that the hostile behavior
included, but was not limited to, “. . . [u]nwarranted and excessive scrutiny of Plaintiff’s work
performance and productivity, not similarly imposed upon non-disabled employees.” See Am.
Compl. ¶ 123.
5 The PHRC Charge alleged, inter alia, that Tohidi “was held differently from his other
coworkers when it comes to making mistakes” and “was punished differently from the others.”
See PHRC Charge.
11
sufficient overlap between the EEOC charge and the plaintiff’s hostile work environment claim,
which both mentioned that the defendant placed the plaintiff on a “performance improvement
plan” and his accommodation request was denied because of that plan, for it to reasonably have
grown out of the administrative charge). The hostile work environment claims Counts IV (first),
VIII, X, XI) are therefore exhausted.
B. Tohidi has sufficiently pled disability discrimination.
The City asserts that Counts I and V (disability discrimination) should be dismissed for

failure to state a claim because Tohidi fails to show pretext under the McDonnell Douglas
framework. See Mot. 16-17, 19-20. The City further contends that Tohidi voluntarily resigned
and has produced no evidence of the City’s knowledge of Tohidi’s alleged disability. See id.
(relying on the PHRC’s investigative findings). However, these arguments are not appropriate at
the motion to dismiss stage. See Connelly, 809 F.3d at 791 (holding that at the motion to dismiss
stage the plaintiff is not required to show pretext, establish a prima facie case, or to engage in the
sort of burden-shifting rebuttal that McDonnell Douglas requires later in the proceedings, but
need only “plead facts that, construed in her favor, state a claim of discrimination that is
‘plausible on its face’” (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570)); Real-Loomis v. The Bryn Mawr Tr.
Co., No. 20-0441, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 90234, at *10 n.5 (E.D. Pa. May 12, 2021) (stating

that “for purposes of the instant 12(b)(6) analysis, [Plaintiff] need not establish by a
preponderance of evidence that Defendant’s purported reason for terminating Plaintiff’s
employment was a pretext for discriminatory conduct”); Diallo v. Commonwealth Support
Servs., No. 18-1517, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 656, at *11 (E.D. Pa. Jan. 3, 2019) (“The issue of
whether Plaintiff was constructively discharged is a ‘fact-intensive question’ that is inappropriate
for a Motion to Dismiss under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6).”); Sever v. Henderson, 381 F. Supp. 2d

12
405, 419 (M.D. Pa. 2005) (Vanaskie, J.) (addressing the plaintiff’s evidence showing that the
defendant knew of his disability at the motion for summary judgment stage).
The Amended Complaint alleges that Tohidi has Tourette’s syndrome, which causes him
to make involuntary movements and/or sounds, and that because of his Tourette’s, the City’s
agents perceived Tohidi as disabled and called him “retarded.” See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 9-11, 17.
The allegations are sufficient to plausibly infer that the City’s agents perceived Tohidi as
disabled. See Hedberg v. Ind. Bell Tel. Co., 47 F.3d 928, 934 (7th Cir. 1995) (concluding that

“some symptoms are so obviously manifestations of an underlying disability that it would be
reasonable to infer that an employer actually knew of the disability”); Bentler v. Nederostek, No.
3:22-1107, 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 86788, at *30 n.4 (M.D. Pa. May 17, 2023) (concluding that
the plaintiff’s allegation that the defendants knew he suffered from a mental health condition by
virtue of his panicked 911 call was sufficient at the motion to dismiss stage to plausibly infer the
defendants knew the plaintiff suffered from a mental disability so as to state an ADA claim).
Tohidi’s allegations that as a result of the name calling and discriminatory treatment he
experienced, he was constructively discharged, see Am. Compl. ¶ 123, are also sufficient at the
motion to dismiss stage to plead adverse action. See Turner v. Pennsylvania, No. 07-273 Erie,
2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 62621, at *13 (W.D. Pa. June 29, 2009) (concluding that the plaintiff’s

allegations that the defendants were aware of her diabetes, that her diabetes constitutes a
disability under the ADA, and that she was demoted because of her disability, was sufficient to
survive a motion to dismiss). These allegations combined with Tohidi’s allegation that he was
disabled but capable of performing his job duties, see Am. Compl. ¶¶ 10, 29, are sufficient to
state a claim for disability discrimination. See Purcell v. Pa. Dep’t of Corr., No. 95-6720, 1998
U.S. Dist. LEXIS 105, at *23 (E.D. Pa. Jan. 9, 1998) (determining that whether the plaintiff’s

13
Tourette’s affected him seriously enough to qualify as a disability under Title II must be
determined at trial).
C. The disability retaliation claims are dismissed.
The City argues that Counts II and VII (disability retaliation) should be dismissed for
failure to state a claim because, consistent with the PHRC’s investigative findings, the City had
no knowledge of Tohidi’s alleged disability. See Mot. 17-18, 20-21. The City also asserts that
Tohidi has not established that he engaged in protected activity because no clear facts of the

alleged complaints were presented, nor any details of the method or timing of his complaints.
See id. 18, 21. The City further contends that Tohidi fails to present a causal connection between
the alleged complaints and any increased discrimination or the conclusion of his employment.
See id. 18, 20-21 (asserting that his termination was voluntary). The City suggests that the
retaliation claim pertains to sexual harassment, not disability discrimination. See id. 20-21.
As mentioned in the previous section, the City’s assertion that it had no knowledge of
Tohidi’s disability is contrary to the allegations in the Amended Complaint and not proper at the
motion to dismiss stage. See Diallo, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 656, at *11 (holding that a
challenge to whether the plaintiff was constructively discharged is not proper for a motion to
dismiss). Although the sufficiency of the evidence showing constructive discharge is also not

appropriate for a motion to dismiss, see Sever, 381 F. Supp. 2d at 419 (addressing the plaintiff’s
evidence showing that the defendant knew of his disability at the motion for summary judgment
stage), Tohidi’s allegation of constructive discharge resulting from the alleged harassment,
discrimination, and/or hostile work environment is insufficient to plausibly infer adverse action
to support a separate retaliation claim. See Hall v. Guardsmark, LLC, No. 11-115, 2012 U.S.
Dist. LEXIS 61923, at *34-36 (W.D. Pa. May 3, 2012) (determining that the plaintiff had
“pointed to no adverse employment action that she suffered as a result of her having complained
14
about incidents of sexual harassment in the workplace[, r]ather, the hostile work environment
about which she had complained continued and led to her decision to leave, but this series of
events does not permit her to maintain a separate claim for retaliation”). Tohidi’s other
allegations of adverse action also fail to support his retaliation claim and he fails to connect the
same to his protected complaints.
The Amended Complaint alleges that “[f]rom the beginning of his employment, [Tohidi]
experienced discrimination and harassment.” See Am. Compl. ¶ 9. Although Tohidi alleges that

he complained to his supervisor, he does not identify to whom he complained or even suggest
when he complained. It could have been merely days or almost a year before his employment
was terminated. “Adverse action that is not close in time with the protected activity may be
insufficient to establish a causal connection.” See Theriault v. Dollar Gen., 336 F. App’x 172,
175 (3d Cir. 2009) (concluding that the employee “did not establish causation because she was
terminated several months after her alleged protected activity”). See also Breeden, 532 U.S. at
273-74 (citing a case that determined a three-month gap between the employer’s knowledge of
protected activity and an adverse employment action was insufficient evidence of causality to
establish a prima facie case). Moreover, although Tohidi alleges that he “was only treated worse
after he complained,” such broad conclusions are insufficient to state a retaliation claim. See

Rodriguez v. Allegheny Cty., No. 2:14-cv-1690, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 43812, at *12 (W.D. Pa.
Apr. 2, 2015) (“A bald, unsupported legal conclusion that Rodriguez was ‘treated worse’ after
she asked for a transfer is not entitled to any weight and will be disregarded.”). Tohidi does
allege that his colleagues called him “retarded” more regularly after he complained, but “name-
calling, even if true, does not suffice” to state a retaliation claim. See Kidd v. Pennsylvania, 37
F. App’x 588, 591 (3d Cir. 2002) (finding that name-calling does not constitute an adverse
employment decision).
15
The City’s Motion to Dismiss Counts II and VII is therefore granted. These counts are
dismissed with prejudice.6
V. CONCLUSION
The sexual harassment, sexual orientation, retaliation, and hostile work environment
claims were exhausted in the PHRC proceedings and the motion to dismiss on exhaustion
grounds is denied. Also denied is the request to dismiss Counts I and V for disability
discrimination because the Amended Complaint has sufficiently pled such claims. The

allegations pertaining to disability retaliation, however, are insufficient as they fail to show
constructive discharge resulting from the retaliation, as opposed to the alleged hostile work
environment, and the alleged retaliatory name-calling is insufficient to support the claim.
Further, Tohidi’s allegations are woefully deficient of any details regarding the nature and timing
of his complaints. Counts II and VII are dismissed with prejudice.
A separate order will be issued.

BY THE COURT:

/s/ Joseph F. Leeson, Jr.____________
JOSEPH F. LEESON, JR.
United States District Judge

6 Considering that the deficiencies in the retaliation claims were specified in the City’s
Motion to Dismiss the original complaint and counsel failed to cure the same in the Amended
Complaint, the Court finds that allowing further leave to amend would be futile and cause undue
delay. See Grayson v. Mayview State Hosp., 293 F.3d 103, 108 (3d Cir. 2002) (holding that
leave to amend “must be granted in the absence of undue delay, bad faith, dilatory motive, unfair
prejudice, or futility of amendment”); Lorenz v. CSX Corp., 1 F.3d 1406, 1414 (3d Cir. 1993)
(holding that leave to amend may be denied “based on bad faith or dilatory motives, truly undue
or unexplained delay, repeated failures to cure the deficiency by amendments previously
allowed, or futility of amendment”).
16

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10407416. Public record. Not legal advice.